Yintoni eyosinda kwi-Genocide?

NguDavid Swanson, Juni 18, 2019

Jeffrey Ostler Ukusinda kwi-Genocide: Amazwe aseMelika kunye ne-United States ukusuka kwi-American Revolution kuya eBleeding Kansas, uxela ibali elinzima, elithembekileyo, elincinci lezinto eziqhelekileyo kunye nakwiindawo ezininzi ezihambelanayo nencazelo ye-UN kunye nombono oqhelekileyo wokulwa nohlanga. Ngoko, ke, kubaluleke kakhulu ibali hayi ukusasazeka kwintshaba, nangona ndicinga ukuba bekuya kuba yintloko ye "Dog Bites Man" kwiphina umvakalisi.

Kodwa ezinye zebali zihlala zihlala. Abanye abasindayo besikhashana. Abantu baphucula kwaye banciphisa intlekele. Kukho izifundo apho bonke abantu njengoko kuqhubeka ukutshabalalisa isimo sezulu. Kukho izifundo ngakumbi kwiPalestina kunye nabanye abajongene nokuhlaselwa okufanayo namhlanje. Kwaye ezinye zokuhlala ziye zadlulela kude kube ngoku. Ukunciphisa kwinani, iintlanga ezininzi ziye zasinda.

Enyanisweni, ngokusebenzisa inkqubo yokuqhubela iintlanga zasemntla kwintshona kunye nokubetha, kwakukho okuqhubekayo okusinda kunokuba bekuvunywa ngokubanzi. Kwi-akhawunti ye-Ostler, urhulumente wase-US wayenomgaqo ocacileyo ukususela ekuqaleni, kungekhona nje kwi-1830, yokuhambisa amaMelika aseMerika ngasentshonalanga ye-Mississippi, kwaye wamisela loo mgaqo-nkqubo. Nangona kunjalo, phakathi kwe-1780 kunye ne-1830, inani labantu baseMerika asempuma ye-Mississippi landa. Umgaqo-nkqubo owenziwe ngokusemthethweni kunye nokukhawuleza wokususwa owenziwe kwi-1830 uqhutywe ngumkhwa wobuhlanga kunye nenzondo yobuhlanga, kungekhona nangomnye umntu onomdla wokunceda abantu basekuhlaleni basinde ngokubathuthela kwindawo engcono apho bengeke bafune ukujamelana nokungafi. Baya kuphila ngokubhetele xa beshiya bodwa, kunokuba baphoqeleke ekuhambeni okunzima kumazwe asele asele kunye namazwe angenayo indlela yokuzigcina.

Ubukrakra bomhlaba kubonakala ngathi buyinto ebalulekileyo. Amacandelo amancinci aseMerika aseMpuma angahlali kwindawo enqwenelekayo avunyelwe ukuhlala, kwaye kwezinye iimeko ziye zahlala nanamhla. Abanye ababeka umkhosi omkhulu bavunyelwa ukuba bahlale ixesha. Abanye abaye bamkela iindlela zezolimo zaseYurophu kunye nazo zonke izinto ezibizwa ngokuba "yimpucuko" (kubandakanywa ubukhoboka) bavunyelwe ukuba bahlale kude kube nomhlaba wabo ube mnqweno. Ukuthi ukuhluleka kweentlanga zasekhaya ukuba "ziphucuke" kubonakala kungabi nasisiseko sokwenyusa kwabo kunokuba bafune ukufa. Akunjalo na okufunekayo ukuba benze uxolo phakathi kwabo. Izizwe zalwela omnye nomnye njengoko ziqhutyelwa kwintsimi yomnye ngabase-colonists base-US.

I-United States ngamanye amaxesha yayenza uxolo phakathi kweentlanga ezilwa, kodwa kuphela xa zenza injongo ethile, njengokuhambisa ukufuduka kwabantu abaninzi kwilizwe labo. Umsebenzi wobukhosi wawungewona umsebenzi wobuqhetseba obuthile. Kuninzi "ukudibanisa" kwakufuneka. Iimvumelwano zafuneka zenziwe ngasese kunye namaqela amancinci kwiintlanga zasemakhaya. Iimvumelwano zafuneka zibekwe ngasese ukuba zithetha into eyahlukileyo yento ebonakala ngayo. Iinkokeli kwakufuneka zihluthe okanye zidibaniswe kwiintlanganiso, ize zifakwe okanye zibulewe. Iikroti kunye neentonga kwakufuneka zisetyenziswe de kube abantu "ngokuzithandela" bakhethe ukushiya amakhaya abo. Ipropaganda kwakufuneka iphuhliswe ukuze ihlambuluke. Iimfazwe zombuso ngoku ezibizwa ngokuba ngabantu baseMelika kunye nokulwa nezixhobo ezibizwa ngokuba ngabantu baseMelika ziyingxenye yembali yobukhosi eyaqala ngaphambi kwe1776. Urhulumente wase-US uye wazisa ukuba i-Iran ihlasele iinqanawa, okanye ilingana, ixesha elide.

Xa ndifunda kuyo Ukusinda kuKhuselo ukuba isisiseko esiyinhloko urhulumente wesigqeba esetyenziselwe ukwenza iiCreeks zibuhlungu gqitha ukuba zihambe ngasentshonalanga yindawo yaseAlabama, ebonakala ngathi iyangqiqeka kum. Ndicinga ngombono waseAlabama njengabantu abanezakhono kakhulu ekwenzeni abantu badabuke. Kodwa, ngokuqinisekileyo, inokuphuhliswa kwezo zakhono njengoko zazizisebenzisayo malunga namaCreeks, kwaye nabani na owenza i-Alabama ibuhlungu ngenxa yokuba ingaba ngabaxhamli baloo mbali.

Kwakukho amandla amaninzi. I-Ostler ibonisa ukuba amagosa ase-US aphuhlise umgaqo-nkqubo othi "iimfazwe zokubhubha" zazingekho mfuneko kuphela, kodwa zichanekile kwaye zisemthethweni. "Izizathu zokunciphisa phakathi kwabantu basekuhlaleni zibandakanya ukubulala ngokuthe ngqo, ubundlobongela obuthathaka ngokubanzi kuquka nokudlwengulwa, ukutshisa iidolophu nezityalo, ukuxoshwa kwamanye amazwe, kunye nokusabalalisa ngokweqhinga kwezifo kunye nokusela utywala kubantu ababuthathaka. U-Ostler ubhala ukuba ukufunyanwa kwezinto ezivela kutshanje kubona ukubhujiswa okubangelwa zizifo zaseYurophu kubangelwa ukusilela kwe-immunity yabantu baseMelika, kwaye baninzi ukusuka ebuthathaka kunye nendlala eyenziwa yintshatshazo enogonyamelo yamakhaya abo.

Imfazwe yaseMerika yokuzimela (ukuba umntu oyedwa ovela kwelinye ngeendleko zabantu abemi bomthonyama nabakhoboka) wayebandakanya ukuhlaselwa okuninzi kwabemi baseMelika kunokuba babe neemfazwe ezandulelayo apho uGeorge Washington ayifumene negama eliMdaka. Isiphumo semfazwe yimbi yeendaba.

Ukuhlaselwa kwabantu basekuhlaleni kwakuza kuvela kurhulumente wase-US, oorhulumente karhulumente kunye nabantu abaqhelekileyo. Abahlali babeza kubangela ukuba iimbambano ziqhubele phambili, kwaye kwiindawo ezihlala kwiMpuma apho abantu baseMelika basele khona, abantu babeza kubaba umhlaba wabo, babulale, baze bahlukumeze. Kwakukho amaqela afana namaQuaker ayenzelana kakhulu nenkohlakalo nabantu basekuhlaleni. Kukho ama-ebbs kunye nokuhamba, kwaye zonke iintlanga zinombali ohlukileyo. Kodwa ngokusemthethweni, iUnited States inqwenela ukulahla amaMerika aseMerika kwaye yalahla abaninzi kwaye ithatha ininzi yelizwe abahlala kuyo.

Ngokuqinisekileyo, into eqhubekayo kwi-genocide yiyo ulwazi, iinyani ezivumela imemori echanekileyo kunye neemvavanyo ezenzakalayo zokwenza ngcono ngoku.

Ndiphefumulelwe ukuba ndiyifake isikhalazo kuMongameli weYunivesithi yaseVirginia uJames Ryan esithi "Susa iSikhumbuzo kwi-Genocide esamkela abantu kwi-UVA. "

Umbhalo wokubhaliweyo

Susa umfanekiso kaGeorge Rogers Clark owenzela ulwaphulo-mthetho kwiimyuziyam apho kungenziwa khona njengento ehlazolayo.

Kutheni oku kubalulekile?

"UGeorge Rogers Clark, uMnqobi weMntla-ntshona" ngumfanekiso omkhulu ophakanyisiwe kwi-1920s, njengemifanekiso yeSharlottesville kaLee noJackson (kunye noMeriwether Lewis noWilliam Clark). Yayihlawulelwa ngu-gazillioneire owodwa onguhlanga oye wahlawula izifanekiselo zikaLee noJackson (kunye noLee no-Clark). Kwabandakanya inqanaba elifanayo lokuthatha isigqibo sentando yesininzi ngabantu baseCharlottesville, okungekho. Kwakhona, kubonisa indoda emhlophe ngehashe, igqoke imfazwe. Kwakhona, inokuthi ihlale isiganeko semfazwe, kwaye ngoko ikhuselwe ngumthetho welizwe, ngokuzimeleyo ngokupheleleyo ukuba ngaba kufuneka sigqibe ukuba asiyithandi. Nangona kunjalo, iimfazwe zikaClark azikho uluhlu lweemfazwe ukuba urhulumente waseVirginia uthi kufuneka zikhusele izikhumbuzo zabo. Amaxesha amaninzi imfazwe kumaMerika aseMelika ayabalwa njengemfazwe yangempela, kwaye loo nto inokuba nenzuzo apha. UVA, kubonakala ngathi unamandla okususa ukuhlambalaza kwaye akenzanga.

Kukho umahluko phakathi kweemifanekiso zikaLee noJackson. Kule meko, uClark unabanye abesilisa abaneempundu emva kwakhe, kwaye ufikelele emveni kwebhamu. Kukho abathathu baseMerika phambi kwakhe. Iphephandaba labafundi be-UVA beligubungela umfanekiso xa iqala ukudala "ukuchaza ukungabi nantlupheko yokuchasana." Isiseko sesicatshulwa u-Clark "uMnqobi weMntla-ntshona." Intshona-ntsholongwane ithetha indawo ebanzi yase-Illinois namhlanje. Ukutshatyalaliswa kuthetha ukuthatha uhlanga. Omnye wabantu abathathu baseMerika abonakala bephethe umntwana.

Andifuni ukunciphisa ukwesaba okuboshwe kwizikhumbuzo kwiMfazwe yombutho okanye kwiMfazwe yaseVietnam okanye kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi I okanye nayiphi na i-Paeans ye-Charlottesville kunye ne-UVA enkulu yokubulala abantu, kodwa kuphela ukuphambuka kwezobugcisa kubonisa ngokugqithisileyo ubundlobongela obubulalayo kubantu kunye nekratshi nokungaboni. URobert E. Lee unokukhwela kwi-parade ukuba nabani na onokuyitshela kwisikhumbuzo sakhe. Not Clark. Ubonakaliswe ekubandakanyekeni oko akuchazela ngokucacileyo kwaye wenzelwa: ukubulawa okukhethiweyo kwabemi baseMerika ekuphandeleni ukupheliswa kwabo.

UGeorge Rogers Clark ngokwakhe wathi ebeya kuthanda "ukubona lonke uhlanga lwamaIndiya luphelile" kwaye "ngekhe amsindise umntu oyindoda okanye umntwana kubo angabeka izandla zakhe kuye." UClark ubhale ingxelo kwizizwe ngezizwe zaseIndiya nalapho ebegrogrisa esithi “Abafazi nabantwana baKho banikwa izinja ukuba zitye.” Ngelixa abanye benokuthi baphikise kwanomfanekiso wesikhumbuzo ongaphantsi kulo mbulali, enye apho wayemi okanye ehamba yedwa, iCharlottesville ayinayo enye yazo. Inesikhumbuzo sokubulawa kohlanga, ngokungenazintloni ukubonisa ubuhlanga.

I-Charlottesville / UVA inezikhumbuzo ku-Thomas Jefferson, owathi, njengeGurisi waseVirginia, wathumela uClark entshonalanga ukuba ahlasele amaMerika aseMelika, ebhala ukuba injongo "kufuneka ibe yinkangala yabo, okanye ukususwa ngaphesheya kwamachibi okanye kumlambo wase-Illinois." UClark wabulala kwaye wabhubhisa izityalo zalabo bathunyelwa nguJefferson ukuba baqothule okanye basuse. UClark kamva akacebisi ngokuthe xaxa ukuhambela kwezempi ukuya kuGrandan Governor Benjamin Harrison ukuze abonise "ukuba sihlala sikwazi ukuwachoboza."

UClak wayejongwa njengeqhawe ngenxa yokuba iinkolelo zakhe nezenzo zamukelwa ngokupheleleyo okanye zisekelwa. Inxalenye yakhe yendima yayidlala ekuhlaselweni ngokubanzi kwabantu abahlala kweli zwekazi. Zonke izibhengezo malunga nokucaphuna kwe-Clark ngasentla zibhalwe kwincwadi entsha evela kwiYunivesithi ye-Yale ebizwa ngokuthi "Ukusinda kwiSigodi" nguJeffrey Ostler. I-Ostler ibonisa ukuba amagosa ase-US aphuhlise umgaqo-nkqubo othi "iimfazwe zokubhubha" zazingekho mfuneko kuphela, kodwa zichanekile kwaye zisemthethweni. "Izizathu zokunciphisa phakathi kwabantu basekuhlaleni zibandakanya ukubulala ngokuthe ngqo, ubundlobongela obuthathaka ngokubanzi kuquka nokudlwengulwa, ukutshisa iidolophu nezityalo, ukuxoshwa kwamanye amazwe, kunye nokusabalalisa ngokweqhinga kwezifo kunye nokusela utywala kubantu ababuthathaka. U-Ostler ubhala ukuba ukufunyanwa kwezinto ezivela kutshanje kubona ukubhujiswa okubangelwa zizifo zaseYurophu kubangelwa ukusilela kwe-immunity yabantu baseMelika, kwaye baninzi ukusuka ebuthathaka kunye nendlala eyenziwa yintshatshazo enogonyamelo yamakhaya abo.

Ngomhla kaGeorge Rogers Clark, uJohn Heckewelder (umthunywa wevangeli kunye nomlobi weencwadi kwizithethe zabemi baseMerika) wathi abaxhamli belizwe bafumene "imfundiso. . . ukuba amaNdiya ayengamaKhanani, awayewatshatyalaliswa ngumyalelo kaThixo. "Ngomhla wethu, senza isikhumbuzo sikaClark ebomini kubomi bethu baseburhulumenteni eCharlottesville, apho sibingelela abo bafika besuka kwidolophu baya kwi-University of Virginia.