Umthombo wefoto: Zarateman - CC0
NguDaniel Falcone kunye noStephen Zunes, Uluhlu lwezahlulo, Septemba 1, 2022
UStephen Zunes ngumfundi wobudlelwane bamazwe ngamazwe, umlweli, kunye nonjingalwazi wezopolitiko kwiYunivesithi yaseSan Francisco. UZunes, umbhali weencwadi ezininzi kunye namanqaku, kuquka neyakhe yamva nje, I-Western Sahara: Imfazwe, ubuzwe, kunye noSombululo longquzulwano (I-Syracuse University Press, ehlaziyiweyo kwaye yandisiwe uhlelo lwesibini, 2021) sisifundiswa esifundwa ngokubanzi kunye nomgxeki womgaqo-nkqubo wamazwe angaphandle waseMelika.
Kulo dliwano-ndlebe olubanzi, iZunes idiliza imbali (1973-2022) yokungazinzi kwezopolitiko kummandla. UZunes ukwalandelela ooMongameli uGeorge W. Bush (2000-2008) ukuya kuJoseph Biden (2020-Present) njengoko eqaqambisa imbali yozakuzo yase-US, ijografi, kunye nabantu balo mda wembali. Uchaza indlela i-press "ubukhulu becala ayikho" kulo mbandela.
UZunes uthetha malunga nendlela lo mgaqo-nkqubo wamazwe angaphandle kunye nomba wamalungelo oluntu oza kudlalwa ukusukela kunyulo lwe-Biden njengoko eqhubeka etyhila ubudlelwane be-Western Sahara-Morocco-US ngokwesivumelwano se-bipartisan. Uyaqhawuka MINURSO (uMbutho weZizwe eziManyeneyo weReferendum eNtshona yeSahara) kwaye unika umfundi imvelaphi, iinjongo ezicetywayo, kunye nemeko yemeko yezopolitiko, okanye ingxoxo, kwinqanaba leziko.
I-Zunes kunye ne-Falcone banomdla kwiziganeko zembali. Bakwahlalutya ukuba kutheni kwaye kutheni izicwangciso zokuzimela isilele kancinci kwiNtshona yeSahara kwaye yintoni eyenza ulungelelwaniso phakathi kwezinto ezifunyaniswe zizifundiswa kunye noko kubonelelwa luluntu, malunga nokufunda ngamathemba oxolo kulo mmandla. Iimpembelelo zokwaliwa okuqhubekayo kweMorocco kuxolo nenkqubela phambili, kunye nokusilela kwamajelo eendaba ukunika ingxelo ngazo ngokuthe ngqo, kuphuma kumgaqo-nkqubo wase-United States.
UDaniel Falcone: Ngo-2018 waqaphela i-academic Damien Kingsbury, ehleliweyo I-Western Sahara: uMthetho waMazwe ngaMazwe, uBulungisa kunye nobutyebi beNdalo. Ungandinika imbali emfutshane yeNtshona yeSahara ebandakanyiweyo kule akhawunti?
UStephen Zunes: INtshona yeSahara yindawo enabemi abambalwa malunga nobukhulu beColorado, ekunxweme lweAtlantiki kumntla-ntshona weAfrika, kumazantsi eMorocco. Ngokwembali, ulwimi lwezizwana, inkqubo yokuzalana, nenkcubeko, basisizwe esahlukileyo. Ngokwemveli kwakuhlala izizwe zama-Arabhu ezihlala, ezidibeneyo ezaziwa ngokuba Isi-Sahara kwaye idume ngembali yabo ende yokuchasa ulawulo lwangaphandle, lo mmandla wawumiwe yiSpain ukusuka ekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1800 ukuya phakathi koo-1970. ISpain ibambelele kulo mmandla ngaphezu kweminyaka elishumi emva kokuba amazwe amaninzi aseAfrika eyifumene inkululeko yawo kubukoloniyali baseYurophu, ubuzwe. Polisario Front yasungula umzabalazo wenkululeko oxhobileyo ngokuchasene neSpain ngowe-1973.
Oku—kwakunye nengcinezelo yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo—ekugqibeleni kwanyanzela iMadrid ukuba ithembise abantu bendawo eyayisaziwa ngokuba yiSahara yaseSpeyin ngelo xesha ngovoto malunga nesiphelo saloo mmandla ekupheleni kowe-1975. INkundla Yezizwe Ngezizwe Yobulungisa (ICJ) yaphulaphula. IMorocco neMauritania yalawula ngo-Okthobha we-1975 ukuba-nangona izibhambathiso zokunyaniseka kukumkani waseMorocco emva phayaa ngenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba ziinkokeli zezizwe ezithile ezikumda walo mmandla, kunye nobudlelwane obusondeleyo bobuhlanga phakathi kwabanye. Izizwe zaseSahrawi kunye neMauritanian—ilungelo lokuzikhethela laliphambili. I-mission ekhethekileyo yokutyelela evela kwiZizwe eziManyeneyo yenza uphando lwemeko kwintsimi ngaloo nyaka kwaye yabika ukuba uninzi lwamaSahrawis luxhasa ukuzimela phantsi kobunkokeli bePolisario, kungekhona ukudibanisa neMorocco okanye iMauritania.
Nge-Morocco isoyikisa imfazwe kunye neSpain, iphazanyiswe kukufa okusondeleyo kozwilakhe wexesha elide uFrancisco Franco, baqala ukufumana uxinzelelo oluvela e-United States, eyayifuna ukuxhasa ihlakani layo laseMorocco, UKumkani uHassan II, kwaye wayengafuni ukubona iPolisario esekhohlo isiza kulawulo. Ngenxa yoko, iSpain yasikhaba isithembiso sayo sokuzilawula yaza endaweni yoko yavuma ngoNovemba 1975 ukuvumela ulawulo lweMoroccan kwisibini esithathwini seWestern Sahara kunye nolawulo lweMauritanian lwesithathu esisemazantsi.
Njengoko imikhosi yaseMorocco yafudukela kwiNtshona yeSahara, phantse isiqingatha sabemi sabalekela kwilizwe elingummelwane iAlgeria, apho sona nenzala yabo sisahleli kwiinkampu zeembacu ukuza kuthi ga ngoku. IMorocco neMauritania zala uthotho lwezimvo ngamxhelo mnye Izigqibo zeBhunga loKhuseleko leZizwe eziManyeneyo icela ukurhoxiswa kwemikhosi yamazwe angaphandle kunye nokuqondwa kwelungelo lamaSahrawis lokuzilawula. IUnited States neFransi, nangona zazivotela ezi zigqibo, zavala iZizwe Ezimanyeneyo ekuzinyanzeliseni. Kwangaxeshanye, iPolisario—eyayigxothwa kwiindawo ezinabemi abaninzi kumantla nakwintshona yelizwe—yabhengeza inkululeko njengelizwe. Iriphabliki Ekhululekile yamaArabhu eSahrawi (SADR).
Enkosi ngokuyinxenye kubantu base-Algeria ababonelela ngezixa ezibalulekileyo zezixhobo zomkhosi kunye nenkxaso yezoqoqosho, abavukeli basePolisario balwe kakuhle ngokuchasene nemikhosi yomibini ebambeleyo kwaye bayoyisa iMauritania ngo. 1979, okubenza bavume ukujikela isithathu sabo seWestern Sahara kwiPolisario. Nangona kunjalo, abantu baseMorocco baphinda bathabatha indawo esemazantsi yelizwe.
IPolisario emva koko yajolisa umzabalazo wayo wezigalo ngokuchasene neMorocco kwaye ngo-1982 yayikhulule phantse amashumi asibhozo anesihlanu eepesenti zelizwe labo. Kwiminyaka emine eyalandelayo, nangona kunjalo, umsinga wemfazwe waguqukela eMorocco ngenxa yombulelo kwi-United States kunye neFransi ngokumangalisayo yokwandisa inkxaso yabo kwimfazwe yaseMorocco, kunye nemikhosi yase-US inikezela ngoqeqesho olubalulekileyo kumkhosi waseMorocco kwi-counter-inurgency. amaqhinga. Ukongeza, amaMerika kunye namaFrentshi anceda iMorocco yakha Iikhilomitha ezili-1200 "udonga," eyona nto iqulathe iintsholongwane zesanti ezimbini ezinqatyisiweyo ezinxuseneyo, ezithe ekugqibeleni zavala ngaphezulu kwekota yesithathu yeSahara eNtshona-kubandakanya zonke iidolophu ezinkulu zommandla kunye nemithombo yendalo-esuka ePolisario.
Kwangaxeshanye, urhulumente waseMorocco, ngenkxaso-mali yesisa yezindlu nezinye iingenelo, waphumelela ukukhuthaza amashumi amawaka abemi baseMorocco—abanye babo ababesuka kumazantsi eMorocco nabezizwe zaseSahrawi—ukuba bafudukele eNtshona Sahara. Ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1990, aba baphambukeli baseMorocco baba ngaphezu kwamaSahrawi aseleyo omthonyama ngomlinganiselo ongaphezu kwesibini komnye.
Ngelixa yayingafane ikwazi ukungena kumhlaba olawulwa yiMoroccan, iPolisario yaqhubeka nohlaselo lwarhoqo ngokuchasene nemikhosi yaseMoroccan eyayimi eludongeni de kwangowe-1991, xa iZizwe eziManyeneyo zayalela ukuba kuyekwe ukudubula ukuba kubekwe iliso kumkhosi wokugcina uxolo weZizwe Ezimanyeneyo owaziwa ngokuba MINURSO (UMbutho weZizwe eziManyeneyo weReferendum eNtshona Sahara). Esi sivumelwano siquka amalungiselelo okubuyiswa kweembacu zaseSahrawi eNtshona yeSahara kulandelwa yi-referendum eyonganyelwe yiZizwe eziManyeneyo malunga nekamva lommandla, nto leyo eya kuvumela abantu baseSahrawis abazalelwa kwiNtshona yeSahara ukuba bavotele inkululeko okanye ukudityaniswa neMorocco. Noko ke, akukhange kubuyiselwe ekhaya okanye kuvoto-zimvo, ngenxa yokunyanzeliswa kweMorocco ekuqokeleleni uluhlu lwabavoti kunye nabemi baseMorocco kunye nabanye abemi baseMorocco abathi banamakhonkco ezizwe eNtshona yeSahara.
Unobhala Jikelele uKofi Annan ubhalise ngaphambili Unobhala welizwe laseMelika uJames Baker njengommeli wakhe okhethekileyo ukunceda ukusombulula ingxaki. I-Morocco, nangona kunjalo, iqhubekile nokungazinaki iimfuno eziphindaphindiweyo ezivela kwiZizwe eziManyeneyo ukuba isebenzisana nenkqubo ye-referendum, kwaye izoyikiso zaseFransi neMelika ze-veto zithintele iBhunga lezoKhuseleko ekunyanzeliseni igunya lalo.
UDaniel Falcone: Ubhale ngaphakathi Ijenali yoMgaqo-nkqubo waNgaphandle ngoDisemba ka-2020 malunga nokunqongophala kwale ndawo xa kuxoxwa kumajelo eendaba asentshona ngelithi:
"Akuqhelekanga ukuba iWestern Sahara ibe sematheni kumazwe ngamazwe, kodwa embindini kaNovemba yenzekile: I-14 kaNovemba iphawule intlekele-ukuba ayimangalisi-uqhekeko lweminyaka engama-29 yokuyeka ukudubula eNtshona Sahara phakathi korhulumente waseMorocco kunye -abalweli benkululeko. Uqhambuko lobundlobongela aluxhaphakanga nje ngenxa yokuba lubhabha ebusweni malunga namashumi amathathu eminyaka obunzima, kodwa nangenxa yokuba impendulo yoorhulumente baseNtshona kungquzulwano oluphinda luphinde lwenzeke inokuba kukunyusa-kwaye ngaloo ndlela kuthintele kwaye kugunyazise unaphakade — ngaphezulu kwe-75 iminyaka yokusekwa kwemigaqo yezomthetho yamazwe ngamazwe. Kunyanzelekile ukuba uluntu lwehlabathi luqonde ukuba, kwiNtshona yeSahara naseMorocco, indlela eya phambili ikukubambelela kumthetho wamazwe ngamazwe, ungawunanzi.”
Ungaluchaza njani usasazo lweendaba malunga nomsebenzi woshicilelo lwase-United States?
UStephen Zunes: Ubukhulu becala azikho. Kwaye, xa kukho ukhuselo, iPolisario Front kunye nentshukumo engaphakathi kumhlaba othathiweyo kudla ngokubizwa ngokuba “ngokwahlulahlula” okanye “ukwahlula,” igama eliqhele ukusetyenziswa kwiintshukumo zobuzwe ngaphakathi kwemida yelizwe eyaziwayo ngamazwe, engeyiyo iNtshona yeSahara. Ngokufanayo, iWestern Sahara idla ngokubizwa ngokuba yi- indawo “ekuphikiswanayo” ngayo, ngokungathi ngumba womda apho omabini amaqela anamabango asemthethweni. Oku kuza nangona iZizwe eziManyeneyo zisayamkela ngokusesikweni iNtshona yeSahara njengommandla ongalawulekiyo (iyenza ikoloniyali yokugqibela yase-Afrika) kwaye iNdibano yeZizwe eziManyeneyo iyibiza ngokuba ngummandla othathiweyo. Ukongeza, i-SADR yamkelwa njengelizwe elizimeleyo ngoorhulumente abangaphezulu kwamashumi asibhozo kwaye iNtshona yeSahara ililizwe elipheleleyo loMbutho weManyano ye-Afrika (eyayisakuba nguMbutho woManyano lwe-Afrika) ukususela ngo-1984.
Ngexesha leMfazwe Yomlomo, i IPolisi yayingachanekanga kubhekiselwa kuyo njenge "Marxist" kwaye, kutshanje, kukho amanqaku aphinda amabango angenangqondo kwaye ahlala ephikisana namaMoroccans ePolisario edibanisa ne-Al-Qaeda, i-Iran, i-ISIS, i-Hezbollah, kunye nezinye ii-extremists. Oku kuza nangona amaSahrawis, ngelixa amaSilamsi azinikeleyo, esenza ukutolika ngokukhululekileyo kokholo, abafazi bakwizikhundla ezibalaseleyo zobunkokeli, kwaye abazange babandakanyeke kubunqolobi. Amajelo eendaba aqhelekileyo ahlala enzima ukwamkela ingcamango yokuba umbutho wesizwe ochaswa yi-United States-ingakumbi umzabalazo wamaSilamsi kunye nama-Arabhu-inokuba yinto enkulu yentando yesininzi, yehlabathi, kwaye ingenalo ubundlobongela.
UDaniel Falcone: U-Obama wayebonakala engayihoyi indawo yaseMorocco ngokungekho mthethweni. Ngaba uTrump uqinise kangakanani ingxaki yoluntu kulo mmandla?
UStephen Zunes: Kwityala lika-Obama, uye wabuya umva ngandlel’ ithile kwimigaqo-nkqubo evulekileyo ye-pro-Moroccan ye-Reagan, Clinton, kunye ne-Bush yolawulo kwindawo yokungathathi hlangothi, walwa neenzame ze-bipartisan kwiNkongolo yokumisela ngokusemthethweni ukuhlala kwe-Morocco, kwaye wayityhalela iMorocco. ukuphucula imeko yamalungelo oluntu. Ukungenelela kwakhe kusenokwenzeka ukuba kwasindisa ubomi bomntu Aminatou Haidar, ibhinqa laseSahrawi eliye lakhokela umzabalazo wokuzimela geqe phakathi kommandla othathiweyo phezu kokubanjwa ngokuphindaphindiweyo, ukuvalelwa entolongweni nokungcungcuthekiswa. Nangona kunjalo, akazange enze okuncinci ukunyanzela urhulumente waseMorocco ukuba aphelise umsebenzi kwaye avumele ukuzimela.
Imigaqo-nkqubo kaTrump yayingacacanga ekuqaleni. Isebe lakhe likarhulumente likhuphe iziteyitimenti ezibonakala zibuvuma ulongamo lwaseMorocco, kodwa uMcebisi wakhe woKhuseleko lweSizwe John Bolton-nangona iimbono zakhe ezigqithisileyo kwimiba emininzi-ekhonza ixesha elithile kwiqela leZizwe eziManyeneyo elijolise kwi-Western Sahara kwaye yayinokunyanya ngokukrakra kwiMoroccans kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo yabo, ngoko ke ixesha elithile linokuthi liphembelele iTump ukuba ithathe indawo ephakathi.
Nangona kunjalo, kwiiveki zakhe zokugqibela e-ofisini ngoDisemba ka-2020, uTrump wothusa uluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe ngokuqaphela ngokusemthethweni ukufakwa kweMoroccan eNtshona yeSahara-ilizwe lokuqala ukwenza oko. Kubonakala ngathi oku kwakuyimbuyekezo yokuba iMorocco iqonde uSirayeli. Kuba iNtshona yeSahara ililungu elipheleleyo leManyano ye-Afrika, uTrump wavuma ukoyiswa kwelinye ilizwe lase-Afrika elaziwayo lelinye. Yayiluthintelo loloyiso lwemimandla oluchazwe kwiSigqeba seZizwe eziManyeneyo apho iUnited States yanyanzelela ukuba ixhaswe ngokumisela umthetho. Imfazwe yeGulf ngo-1991, ibuyisela umva uloyiso lweIraq eKuwait. Ngoku, iUnited States ithi ilizwe lama-Arabhu lihlasela kwaye libambe ummelwane walo omncinci osemazantsi lilungile emva kwayo yonke loo nto.
UTrump ucaphule “isicwangciso sokuzimela geqe” saseMorocco kulo mmandla “njengesinzulu, sithembekile, kwaye sinokwenyani” kwaye “Esona siseko KUPHELA sesisombululo esinobulungisa nesihlala sihleli” nangona sisilela kakhulu kwinkcazo yezomthetho yamazwe ngamazwe “yokuzimela” kwaye ngenene iya kuthi. qhubeka nje nomsebenzi. Human Rights Watch, Amnesty International kunye namanye amaqela alwela amalungelo oluntu abhale phantsi ukucinezelwa okuxhaphakileyo kwemikhosi yaseMorocco yabathetheleli abanoxolo benkululeko, bephakamisa imibuzo enzulu malunga nokuba kuya kujongeka njani na “ukuzimela geqe” phantsi kobukumkani. I-Freedom House ikwindawo ehlala iNtshona yeSahara ineyona nkululeko incinci yezopolitiko kulo naliphi na ilizwe emhlabeni ngaphandle kweSyria. Isicwangciso sokuzimela ngenkcazo sikhupha ukhetho lokuzimela, ngokomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe, abemi bommandla ongazilawulanga njengeNtshona yeSahara kufuneka babe nelungelo lokukhetha.
UDaniel Falcone: Ngaba unokuthetha malunga nendlela inkqubo yamaqela amabini ase-US eqinisa ngayo ubukhosi baseMorocco kunye / okanye i-neoliberal ajenda?
UStephen Zunes: Bobabini iDemocrats kunye neRiphabhlikhi kwiCongress baye baxhasa iMorocco, edla ngokuchazwa njengelizwe "eliphakathi" lama-Arabhu-njengokuxhasa iinjongo zomgaqo-nkqubo wangaphandle wase-US kunye nokwamkela imodeli ye-neoliberal yophuhliso. Kwaye urhulumente waseMorocco uvuzwe ngoncedo lwesisa lwangaphandle, isivumelwano sokurhweba simahla, kunye nenqanaba elikhulu elingelona i-NATO. Zombini George W. Bush njengomongameli kunye uHillary Clinton njengoNobhala kaRhulumente ngokuphindaphindiweyo wagalela indumiso kwi-autocratic ukumkani Mohammed VI, hayi nje ngoyaba umsebenzi, kodwa ubukhulu becala ukugxotha ulawulo lokuphathwa gadalala kwamalungelo oluntu, urhwaphilizo, kunye nokungalingani okugqithisileyo kunye nokungabikho kweenkonzo ezininzi ezisisiseko imigaqo-nkqubo yayo eye yabangela abantu baseMorocco.
I-Clinton Foundation yamkele unikezelo ngo Iofisi Cherifien des Phosphates (OCP), inkampani yezemigodi ephantsi kolawulo lorhulumente exhaphaza ngokungekho mthethweni oovimba bephosphate kwiNtshona yeSahara, ukuba ibe ngumxhasi ophambili kwinkomfa ye-Clinton Global Initiative yowama-2015 eMarrakech. Uthotho lwezisombululo kunye neeleta zaBalingane abaBekekileyo ezixhaswa sisininzi samaqela amabini eNkongolo iye yasivuma isindululo saseMorocco sokwamkelwa kokufakwa kweWestern Sahara ukutshintshiselana nesicwangciso “sokuzimela geqe” esingacacanga nesilinganiselweyo.
Kukho iqaqobana lamalungu eCongress acele umngeni kwinkxaso yase-US kulo msebenzi kwaye acele ukuzimisela kokwenyani kwi-Western Sahara. Okumangalisayo kukuba, abaquki kuphela iinkululeko ezibalaseleyo ezifana noRep. KULUNGILE.)[1]
UDaniel Falcone: Ngaba ubona naziphi na izisombululo zezopolitiko okanye amanyathelo amaziko anokuthi athathwe ukuphucula imeko?
UStephen Zunes: Njengoko kwenzeka ngexesha le Ngoo-1980 kuMzantsi Afrika kunye nakwimimandla yasePalestine eyayiphethwe ngamaSirayeli, indawo yomzabalazo wenkululeko weNtshona yeSahara iye yaguquka ukusuka kumanyathelo omkhosi kunye nozakuzo ombutho oxhobileyo ogxothiweyo waya kuxhathiso oludumileyo olungaxhomekanga ngaphakathi. Abaphembeleli abancinci kwindawo ehlaselweyo kunye nakwiindawo ezihlala abantu baseSahrawi kumazantsi eMorocco baye bajongana nemikhosi yaseMoroccan kwimiboniso yasesitratweni kunye nezinye iindlela zezenzo ezingenabugorha, ngaphandle komngcipheko wokudutyulwa, ukubanjwa kwabantu abaninzi kunye nokuthuthunjiswa.
AmaSahrawi aphuma kumacandelo ahlukeneyo oluntu aye abandakanyeka kuqhankqalazo, ugwayimbo, imibhiyozo yenkcubeko, nezinye iindlela zokuchasa uluntu ezigxile kwimiba enjengomgaqo-nkqubo wezemfundo, amalungelo oluntu, ukukhululwa kwamabanjwa ezobupolitika nelungelo lokuzikhethela. Baye baphakamisa iindleko zokusebenza kurhulumente waseMorocco kwaye bandise ukubonakala kwesizathu saseSahrawi. Ewe, mhlawumbi okona kubalulekileyo, ukuchasana kwabantu kwanceda ukwakha inkxaso yentshukumo yaseSahrawi phakathi kwezizwe ngezizwe NGO, amaqela omanyano, kwanabemi baseMorocco abanovelwano.
IMorocco ikwazile ukuqhubeka ityeshela izibophelelo zayo zomthetho zamazwe ngamazwe kwiNtshona yeSahara ikakhulu ngenxa yokuba. Fransi kwaye iUnited States iqhubekile nokuxhobisa imikhosi yaseMorocco kwaye ithintele ukunyanzeliswa kwezigqibo kwiBhunga lezoKhuseleko leZizwe eziManyeneyo ifuna ukuba iMorocco ivumele ukuzimela okanye ivumele ngokulula ukubeka iliso kwamalungelo oluntu kwilizwe elithathiweyo. Kuyadabukisa ke ngoko, ukuba kuye kwanikwa ingqwalasela encinci kwinkxaso yase-US ngokuhlala kwe-Morocco, nangabalweli boxolo kunye namalungelo oluntu. EYurophu, kukho iphulo elincinci kodwa elikhulayo lokwayikwa/lokwahlulwa/lokwayo (BDS) egxile kwi-Western Sahara, kodwa akukho msebenzi omninzi kweli cala le-Atlantiki, nangona indima ebalulekileyo i-United States idlalwe kwiminyaka engamashumi eminyaka.
Uninzi lwemiba efanayo-efana nokuzimisela, amalungelo oluntu, umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe, ukungabikho mthethweni kobukoloniyali kwindawo ehlalwayo, ubulungisa kubabaleki, njl njl. amaSahrawi afanelwe yinkxaso yethu njengasePalestina. Ewe, ukubandakanya iMorocco kwiifowuni ze-BDS ngoku ezijolise ku-Israyeli kuphela kuya komeleza iinzame zobumbano kunye nePalestine, kuba yayiza kucela umngeni kwingcinga yokuba u-Israyeli wayekhethwe ngokungekho sikweni.
Ubuncinci njengento ebaluleke kakhulu njengokunganyangeki okungapheliyo kweSahrawis, yinto enokwenzeka yesenzo esingenabugorha ngabemi baseFransi, eUnited States nakwamanye amazwe avumela iMorocco ukuba igcine umsebenzi. Loo maphulo aba nendima enkulu ekunyanzeliseni iOstreliya, iGreat Britain, neUnited States ukuba ziphelise ukuxhasa kwawo ukuhlasela kweIndonesia i-East Timor, nto leyo eyabangela ukuba elo thanga lalisakuba lithanga lamaPhuthukezi likhululeke. Ekuphela kwethemba eliqinisekileyo lokuphelisa ukuhlaliswa kweNtshona yeSahara, ukusombulula ingxabano, kunye nokugcina imigaqo ebaluleke kakhulu emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II echazwe kuMqulu weZizwe eziManyeneyo owalela naliphi na ilizwe ekwandiseni ummandla walo ngomkhosi womkhosi, inokuba liphulo elifanayo. luluntu jikelele.
UDaniel Falcone: Ukususela kunyulo lwe Biden (2020), ungabonelela ngohlaziyo kule ndawo yezozakuzo ixhalabisayo?
UStephen Zunes: Kwakukho ithemba lokuba, xa sele e-ofisini, uMongameli uBiden uyakurhoxisa ukuqondwa kwakhe Ukuthathwa kwe-Morocco ngokungekho mthethweni, njengoko enamanye amanyathelo omgaqo-nkqubo angaphandle kaTrump, kodwa walile ukwenza njalo. Iimephu zorhulumente wase-US, ngokuchaseneyo phantse naziphi na ezinye iimephu zehlabathi, zibonisa iNtshona yeSahara njengenxalenye ye-Morocco kungekho mda phakathi kwala mazwe mabini. I Isebe likarhulumente yonyaka Ingxelo yamaLungelo oLuntu kunye namanye amaxwebhu adweliswe iWestern Sahara njengenxalenye yeMorocco endaweni yokungena ngokwahlukileyo njengoko ebenzile ngaphambili.
Ngenxa yoko, ukunyanzeliswa kukaBiden malunga Yukreyini ukuba iRashiya ayinalungelo lokutshintsha ngokuzimeleyo imida yamazwe ngamazwe okanye ukwandisa ummandla wayo ngenkani-ngelixa ngokuqinisekileyo iyinyani-ayinyanisekanga ngokupheleleyo, ngenxa yokuba iWashington iqhubeka nokuqaphela i-irredentism yaseMorocco ngokungekho mthethweni. Ulawulo lubonakala luthatha indawo yokuba ngelixa kuphosakele ukuba izizwe ezichasene neRussia ziphule i-Charter ye-UN kunye nezinye izithethe zomthetho zamazwe ngamazwe ezithintela amazwe ukuba ahlasele kwaye abambe zonke okanye iinxalenye zezinye iintlanga, azichasi ukuba amahlakani ase-US afana neMorocco yenza njalo. Enyanisweni, xa kuziwa e-Ukraine, inkxaso yase-US ekuthatheni i-Morocco kwi-Western Sahara ngumzekelo wokuqala wezinga lokuhanahanisa kwe-US. Nditsho nonjingalwazi waseStanford UMichael McFaul, obesebenza njengonozakuzaku ka-Obama eRashiya kwaye ube ngomnye wabaninzi abameli abaphandle yenkxaso eyomeleleyo yase-US e-Ukraine, iye yavuma ukuba umgaqo-nkqubo wase-US ngokubhekiselele kwiNtshona yeSahara uyonakalisa njani intembeko ye-US ekuhlanganiseni inkxaso yamazwe ngamazwe ngokuchasene nobundlobongela baseRashiya.
Kwangaxeshanye, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba ulawulo lweBiden alukhange lukuxhase ngokusemthethweni ukwamkelwa kukaTrump ngokuthathwa kweMorocco. Ulawulo luxhase iZizwe eziManyeneyo ekumiseleni umthunywa omtsha okhethekileyo emva kokungabikho kweminyaka emibini kwaye aqhubele phambili nothethathethwano phakathi koBukumkani baseMorocco kunye nePolisario Front. Ukongeza, kusafuneka bavule i-consulate ecetywayo IDadhla kumhlaba othathiweyo, ebonisa ukuba abasiboni isihlomelo njenge yenza accompli. Ngamafutshane, babonakala bezama ukuba nazo zombini iindlela.
Kwiimeko ezithile, oku akumangalisi, kuba zombini UMongameli Biden kunye noNobhala welizwe uBlinken, ngelixa lingahambi ngokugqithiseleyo kolawulo lweTrump, aluzange luxhase ngokukodwa umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe. Bobabini baxhasa uhlaselo lwase-Iraq. Ngaphandle kweentetho zabo zedemokhrasi, baqhubeka bexhasa amahlakani angoozwilakhe. Ngaphandle koxinzelelo lwabo olude lokuphelisa umlilo kwimfazwe yakwaSirayeli eGaza kunye nesiqabu ekuhambeni kukaNetanyahu, baye balawula ngokufanelekileyo ukubeka naluphi na uxinzelelo kurhulumente wase-Israel ukuba enze isivumelwano esiyimfuneko soxolo. Ewe, akukho nto ibonisa ukuba ulawulo luya kuguqula ukuqaphela kukaTrump ukuhlonywa ngokungekho mthethweni kwe-Syria yaseGolan Heights, nokuba.
Kubonakala ngathi uninzi lwamagosa eSebe leSizwe aqhelene nommandla asichasile kakhulu isigqibo sikaTrump. Iqela elincinane kodwa elinamacala amabini labenzi bomthetho abaxhalabileyo ngalo mba baye balinganisela kuwo. I IUnited States iphantse yaba yodwa kuluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe ekwamkeleni ngokusesikweni ukuthathwa kweMorocco ngokungekho mthethweni kwaye kusenokubakho uxinzelelo oluthe cwaka oluvela kwamanye amahlakani ase-US ngokunjalo. Kwelinye icala, nangona kunjalo, kukho izinto ze-pro-Moroccan kwiPentagon kunye neCongress, kunye namaqela e-pro-Israel aboyikela ukuba i-US irhoxise ukwamkelwa kwayo kokufakwa kweMorocco kuya kukhokelela ekubeni iMorocco irhoxise ukuqondwa kwayo kuka-Israyeli, okubonakala ngathi. ibe sisiseko sesivumelwano sikaDisemba odlulileyo.
UDaniel Falcone: Ngaba ungaya phambili kwisindululo izisombululo zezopolitiko kolu ngquzulwano kwaye uvavanye amathuba okuphucula kunye nokwabelana ngeengcinga zakho malunga nendlela yokuqhubela phambili ukuzimisela kulo mzekelo? Ngaba kukho naluphi na ungqamaniso lwamazwe ngamazwe (ezentlalo, ezoqoqosho, ezopolitiko) kule mbali kumda?
UStephen Zunes: Njengommandla ongalawulekiyo, njengoko uvunyiwe yiZizwe eziManyeneyo, abantu baseNtshona yeSahara banelungelo lokuzikhethela, okubandakanya ukhetho lokuzimela. Uninzi lwabakhi-mkhanyo lukholelwa ukuba ngokwenene yeyona nto uninzi lwabemi bomthonyama-abahlali bommandla (kungabandakanyi abahlali baseMorocco), kunye neembacu-baya kukhetha. Kungenxa yoko le nto iMorocco iye yala amashumi eminyaka ukuvumela uvoto njengoko kuyalelwe yi-UN. Nangona kukho inani lezizwe ezivunyiweyo njengenxalenye yamanye amazwe uninzi lwethu olukholelwa ukuba ngokokuziphatha zinelungelo ukuzimela (ezifana neKurdistan, iTibet, kunye eNtshona Papua) kunye neenxalenye zamanye amazwe aphantsi kolawulo lwangaphandle (kubandakanya iUkraine neSipro), kuphela iWestern Sahara kunye neWest Bank elawulwa yi-Israel wangqinga iGaza Strip abumba amazwe ephela aphantsi kolawulo lwangaphandle avinjwa ilungelo lokuzilawula.
Mhlawumbi owona mzekeliso usondeleyo uya kuba ngowokuqala Ukuhlala kwe-Indonesian e-East Timor, eyathi-njengeNtshona yeSahara-yayiyimeko yokutshatyalaliswa emva kwexesha lokuchithwa kwekoloni kwaphazanyiswa kuhlaselo lommelwane omkhulu kakhulu. NjengeNtshona yeSahara, umzabalazo oxhobileyo wawungenathemba, umzabalazo ongenabundlobongela wacinezelwa ngokungenalusini, kwaye indlela yozakuzo yavalwa ngamandla amakhulu anjenge-United States exhasa umhlali kunye nokuthintela iZizwe eziManyeneyo ekunyanzeliseni izigqibo zayo. Yaba kuphela iphulo uluntu lwehlabathi jikelele ukuba ngempumelelo shame abaxhasi Indonesia kaThixo Western ukuba bacinezele ukuba avumele uvoto kulawulo lokuzimela olwakhokelela inkululeko East Timor kaThixo. Eli inokuba lelona themba lilungileyo kwi-Western Sahara ngokunjalo.
UDaniel Falcone: Yintoni enokuthethwa ngayo ngoku MINURSO (uMbutho weZizwe Ezimanyeneyo woVavanyo-zimvo eNtshona Sahara)? Ngaba unokwabelana ngemvelaphi, iinjongo ezicetywayo, kunye nemeko yemeko yezopolitiko okanye ingxoxo kwinqanaba leziko?
UStephen Zunes: MINURSO ayikwazanga ukuzalisekisa umsebenzi wayo wokongamela i-referendum ngenxa yokuba iMorocco iyala ukuvumela i-referendum kwaye i-United States ne-France ivimba iBhunga lezoKhuseleko le-UN ekunyanzeliseni igunya layo. Kwakhona baye banqanda MINURSO ukusuka nasekubekeni iliso kwimeko yamalungelo oluntu njengawo onke amanye amaphulo okugcina uxolo e-UN kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje enziweyo. IMorocco iphinde yagxotha ngokungekho mthethweni uninzi lwabemi MINURSO abasebenzi kwi-2016, kwakhona kunye neFransi kunye ne-United States inqanda i-UN ekusebenzeni. Kwanendima yabo yokubeka iliso ekuphelisweni komlilo ayisasebenzi kuba, ekuphenduleni uthotho lokuphulwa kweMoroccan, iPolisario iphinde yaqala umzabalazo wezikhali ngoNovemba 2020. Ubuncinci uhlaziyo lonyaka lwesigunyaziso seMINURSO luthumela umyalezo wokuba, nangona i-US iqaphelwe. Ukongezwa ngokungekho mthethweni kweMorocco, uluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe lusaqhubeka nombuzo weNtshona yeSahara.
Uluhlu
Falcone, uDaniel. "Yintoni esinokuyilindela kuTrump ngokuhlala kweMorocco kwiNtshona yeSahara?" Thunti. Nge-7 kaJulayi ngo-2018.
Feffer, uJohn kunye noZunes Stephen. Iprofayili yeNgxwabangxwaba yokuZimisela: eNtshona Sahara. Umgaqo-nkqubo waNgaphandle kuGxininiso lweFPIF. United States, 2007. Web Archive. https://www.loc.gov/item/lcwaN0011279/.
Kingsbury, Damien. I-Western Sahara: uMthetho waMazwe ngaMazwe, uBulungisa kunye neMithombo yeNdalo. Ihlelwe nguKingsbury, Damien, Routledge, London, England, 2016.
IBhunga lezoKhuseleko le-UN, iNgxelo kaNobhala-Jikelele ngemeko ephathelele kwiNtshona yeSahara, ngomhla we-19 kuTshazimpuzi ka-2002, S/2002/467, ifumaneka apha: https://www.refworld.org/docid/3cc91bd8a.html [ifumaneka nge-20 ka-Agasti 2021]
Isebe lase-United States likaRhulumente, IiNgxelo zeLizwe zowama-2016 ngeZenzo zamaLungelo oLuntu – eNtshona yeSahara, ngomhla wesi-3 kweyoKwindla ngo-2017, zifumaneka apha: https://www.refworld.org/docid/58ec89a2c.html [ifumaneka nge-1 kaJulayi 2021]
Zunes, uStephen. "Imodeli yase-East Timor ibonelela ngeNdlela yokuPhuma eNtshona Sahara naseMorocco:
Isiphelo seNtshona yeSahara Sisezandleni zeBhunga lezoKhuseleko leUN.” Nkqubo welizwe langaphandle (2020).
UZunes, uStephen "Isivumelwano sikaTrump malunga nokufakwa kweMorocco kwiNtshona yeSahara sibeka emngciphekweni ungquzulwano lwehlabathi," iWashington Post, nge-15 kaDisemba 2020. https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2020/12/15/trump-morocco-israel-western-sahara-annexation/
