IWeb yeTyala likaEllen Hodgson Brown

Amanqaku ayenziwe nguRussell Faure-Brac 3 / 8 / 2014

I ngcaciso

• Inethiwekhi yababhanki yabucala ithathe inxaxheba ekudaleni nasekulawuleni inkqubo yemali yamazwe ngamazwe ngenhloso yokulawula ngokupheleleyo umhlaba. Ibomi leli likhulu lamandla liyimali kwaye isikhali sayo siyiko. Amandla abo angasetyenziselwa ukugqithisa iintlanga kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuba iimfazwe ezingapheliyo. Ngaphakathi kunye nabo baseburhulumenteni basebenzisa izixhobo zobuqhetseba kwezoqoqosho ukuze bancitshise okanye banqobe abachasi ngaphandle kokuba badutshulwa.

intshayelelo

• Isicwangciso sesikhokelo samali sisisigxina kuba akukho mali yangempela kwinkqubo, ngamatyala kuphela. Ngaphandle kweemali, ezikhutshwa nguRhulumente kwaye zenze ngaphantsi kwe-0.01% yemali, unikezelo lwemali yonke yase-US ngoku iqulethe ityala elifunekayo kwiibhanki ezizimeleyo ngemali abayifake kunye nokufakwa kwamabhuku kwiincwadi zabo.

Imali engabonakaliyo (imali equlethwe ngeengqekembe kunye neebhilidi zeedola) kunye zenza ngaphantsi kwe-3% yemali yase-US. Elinye i-97% likhoyo nje ngokuba kufakwa kwedatha kwiikrini zekhompyutha kwaye yonke le mali yenziwe ngamabhanki ngendlela yemboleko. (IZahluko 2 kunye ne17)

• Kukho isisombululo esilula esenza ukuba umhlaba uphinde usombulule. Inkokhelo yesigqeba ingahlawulwa, irhafu yengeniso ingasuswa, kwaye iinkqubo zentlalo zinokunyuka.
• I-Federal Reserve Bank ayikho ngokwenene. Amasebe alo alishumi elinambini anecandelo elizimeleyo ngumbutho weebhanki ezinkulu zehlabathi. (Isahluko 13)
• Ngaphandle kweemali, urhulumente akayi kukhupha imali. Iingxowa-mali zeDola (i-Federal Reserve Notes) zikhutshwa yi-Federal Reserve Bank, ebasaba ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo kwiibhanki, eziza kubakhokelela kurhulumente, ngabanye kunye namashishini anomdla. (Isahluko 2)
• Imali ibhanki ebolekayo ayiyi kuphinda iphindwe kwakhona kwiifasithi zangaphambili. Yimali emitsha, engazange ibe khona ide ihlawulwe. (IZahluko 17 kunye ne18)
• Inkqubo yasebhanki yaseMelika, eyayenza ixesha elide libolekwe ngemali mboleko kwizolimo nakwi-shishini, namhlanje ibe ngumatshini omkhulu wokubheja usebenzisa iibhenti ezinzima, ezinobungozi obuphezulu eziziwayo. Ziyakwazi kwaye ziye zazisetyenziselwa ukulawula iimarike, ukuphanga amashishini kunye nokutshabalalisa uqoqosho lwezokhuphiswano. (IZahluko 20 kunye ne32)
• Inkokhelo yaseburhulumenteni yase-US ayizange ikhokhwe ukusuka kwiintsuku zika-Andrew Jackson [kwaye akayi kuze]. Inzala kuphela ihlawulwa, ngelixa inxalenye yesininzi iyaqhubeka ikhula. (Isahluko 2)
• Ingxowa yerhafu yomgaqo-nkqubo yasungulwa ukuba iphoqe abakhokhi berhafu ukuba bahlawule umrhumo ngenxa yeebhanki kwi-debteral federal. Ukuba imali yokunikezelwa kwemali yayidalwe nguRhulumente kunokuba ibhanki, irhafu yengeniso ayimfuneko. (IZahluko 13 kunye ne43)
• Kukho indlela yokuphuma kulo myalezo ukuba urhulumente ethatha amandla okukhupha imali evela kwiibhanki. (IZahluko 8 kunye ne24)

Icandelo I. Kusuka kwiGolide ukuya kumanqaku e-Federal Reserve

• Akukho manqaku

ICandelo II. Iibhanki zibamba iMatshini yeMali

• Iimali ze-Hedge - ziyimali yabucala edibanisa i-asethi yabatyalo-mali abatyebi, ngenjongo yokwenza "iphelele" ukubuya - ukwenza inzuzo ingaba ityala likhuphuka okanye lihla. Ngokuqhelekileyo baqhubela kumaziko asebhanki angasemaphandleni afana neCayman Islands ukuphepha umgaqo. Baye basekwa kuqala ukuba "bahlasele" iibhentshi zabafakeli-mali abatyhutyhile ngemali okanye ukuguquka kwenani lentengo, kodwa ngokukhawuleza baba zixhobo zokuphathwa kunye nokulawula. Nge-2005 babehlala bexanduva lokufumana i-half-quartier yokuthengisa kwansuku zonke emakethe yemasheya, bebanika inani elikhulu lokulawula ngaphezu koko iimakethi eza kwenza ntoni. Iimveliso eziphambili zixhobo zokutyalwa kwee-hedge funds. [bona iziphumo]

Icandelo III. Ukusasazeka kweBhanki kwiGlobe

• Ngaphambi kokuba i-1973 yeTyala yeTyala ilawulwe kwaye iqulethwe, ixhaswa ngokubanzi ngamaziko karhulumente njengeBhanki yehlabathi, ezityalwe kwiiprojekthi ezithembisa ukuphumelela kwezoqoqosho. Kodwa izinto zatshintsha xa iibhanki zorhwebo zangasese zingena kumdlalo. Babengekho kwishishini "lophuhliso" kodwa kwishishini lokuthengisa ngemali mboleko (ukutsalwa kwemali mboleko). Iibhanki zikhetha uorhulumente ozinzileyo kubaxhasi, ngokubanzi iinjongo zilawulwe ngabalawuli bezolawulo. Kwiimeko ezininzi abalawuli bezandla babesetyenziselwa imali yabo kwimiphelo yabo, ngaphandle kokuphucula kakhulu imeko yabantu; kodwa abantu babethelwe ngesilwayo.

Izikrini zazingqiniswa kwi-1979 xa i-Fed phantsi koSihlalo uPaul Volker inyuse amazinga enzala kwimilinganiselo yokukhubazeka emva kokuba ama-dollar angaphandle aqale ukulahla iidola zabo ngokubhikisha kwimigaqo-nkqubo yangaphandle yeCarter [eya kuba ... ngenxa]. Ngeveki ezimbalwa i-Volker yavumela ama-interest rates e-US ukuya kathathu ngaphezu kwe-20%, ukunyanzelisa ixabiso lomhlaba wonke kuphahla, okubangela ukunyuka kwehlabathi kunye nokungabikho kwemisebenzi. Nge-1982 isimo sedoli njengemali yokugcina umhlaba [ichaza] igcinwe kodwa ihlabathi lonke leThathu libheke kwi-bankruptcy.

Kwakuyixesha apho iibhanki zaseLondon naseNew York zizisa i-IMF ukunyanzelisa ukuhlawulwa kwetyala. Inkcitho kawonkewonke yempilo, imfundo kunye nenhlalakahle kumazwe ahlawulwayo, ilandelelwe, ilandela imiyalelo ye-IMF ukuqinisekisa ukuba iibhanki zafumana ukuhlawulwa ngexesha elifanelekileyo kwimali mboleko. Iibhanki nazo zazisa uxinzelelo kwi-Rhulumente wase-US ukuba baxoshe kwimiphumo yemali mboleko yabo engenamsebenzi, besebenzisa imali yomhlawuli-ntlawulo kunye neempahla zase-US ukwenza. Iziphumo zazinyathelo ezinqamlekileyo kwilizwe leThathu lehlabathi kunye neerhafu kwabasebenzi baseMerika ukubonelela ngenhlalakahle ebhanki. Ngoko iibhanki zazimisela ukuba zihlale ziboleka ngonya.

ICandelo IV. Isigcawu seTyala sithatha iMelika

• Iziphumo ezivela kwezinye izinto - Ngokwenyani ityala ayisiyo mali; ikhredithi yile. Ikhredithi yeyakho (imali ibhanki inayo kwiiakhawunti zayo). Amatyala amatyala obatyala abanye abantu (abagcinisa imali). Yityala leebhanki abanazo kwiphepha labo lokulinganisa abalisebenzisayo ukubolekisa ngemali.
• Ukugcina imali kwezoqoqosho, ityala elitsha kufuneka liqhubeke lidalwa. Xa ukuboleka kwezorhwebo (wena kunye nam) singenzi imali eyaneleyo ngokuyiboleka ukuba ibe khona, urhulumente kufuneka athathe loo msebenzi ngokuchitha imali engenayo, ukulungelelanisa iimali-mboleko zakhe nangayiphi indlela. Le miboleko emitsha ayiyi kuhlawulwa kwakhona (eqinisweni, urhulumente akayi kubuyiselwa kwakhona). Imali entsha kufuneka isasazwe, ihlinzeke ngemithombo yemali yokuhlawula inzala eyongezelelweyo engazange ihlawulwe yimali-mboleko yangaphambili. pg. 306 web
• Oorhulumente kunye neebhanki eziphambili baneendlela eziliqela zokufumana imali engakumbi kwinkqubo [ipompoji yamanzi kwinkqubo]:

1) Amanqanaba enzala asezantsi kakhulu, ekhuthaza ababoleki ukuba baboleke ngakumbi kwaye baqhubeke nokuya ematyaleni.

2) Ukuncitshiswa kwetax yokufaka imali eninzi kwiipokotho zabantu.

3) Gunyazisa uphando lwezomkhosi, iiprojekthi zomsebenzi woluntu, ukuhlola indawo kunye nezinye iiprojekthi eziya kwenza ukuba urhulumente aboleke urhulumente ongabuyiswayo.

4) Bandakanyeka emfazweni njengesizathu sokuboleka, ngakumbi imfazwe eya kutsala.

• Ukurhweba kweemarike zemali - "Ukugcina ukuzithemba kwezentengiselwano" kuthetha ukugcina abatyali-mali ebumnyameni malunga nokuba uqoqosho lugqibe kangakanani.

ICandelo V. Ukuthatha Amandla eMali

• Ubuninzi - Inxalenye yemarike yamahhala inkululeko yokweba, oko kutheni i-economics imele ifuthe kunye noMgaqo-siseko kunye nomthetho.
• Inkokhelo ye-Federal - Asikwazi nje ukukhula kwindlela yethu yokuphuma kwisikwere sikazwelonke.
• Ukutshatyalaliswa kwetyala le-federal - I-30 ye-Federal Reserve Act ye-1913 inikezele iNkongolo ilungelo lokurhoxisa okanye ukuguqula uMthetho nanini na. Ukuba lo Mthetho uguqulelwe ukwenza i-Federal Reserve ibe yinkampani yesigqeba ngokwenene, ayifuni ukugcina iindawo zokugcina. Inokukhupha "ukholo olupheleleyo kunye neentengo ze-US" ngokuthe ngqo, ngaphandle kokubuyela emva kweerola zayo ngeebhondi zikaRhulumente. Xa urhulumente ebuyisela amandla okudala imali kwiibhanki, akusayi kusafuneka ukuthengisa izibophelelo zayo kubatyalomali. Ngeke kudingeke ukuba ihlawule irhafu yengeniso. Kuya kuba nelungelo lokusebenzisa ilungelo layo elifanelekileyo lokukhupha imali yalo, inkululeko-mali.
• I-helicopter imali - Ukuphikisa okuqhelekileyo ukubuyisela amandla okudala imali kwiCongress kukuba a) kuya kuba yintengo yemali kwaye b) iya kunika urhulumente owonakalisayo amandla angaphezulu. Kodwa imali ekhutshwe ngu rhu lumente iya kuba yinto encinci yexabiso elingaphantsi kweenkqubo esinazo ngoku (jonga isahluko 44); kwaye ngokuchanekileyo kuba amandla kunye nemali inonakalise ukuba indalo yemali imele yenziwe ngumbutho karhulumente, usebenze ngokujonga ngokupheleleyo kunye nokuphendula ngokupheleleyo. Ukuba imali yabantu ayichithwanga ngenzuzo yabantu, sinokuvota abameli bethu ngaphandle.

Okokufihla emva kwesibhanki samashishini angamahhala namhlanje yinkqubo apho iindawo ezinkulu zenkampani zisebenzisana nezikolo zabo zokubhaka ukusebenzisana ukuze zenze iimali ezingenamkhawulo zokuthenga abaphiswano, abeendaba kunye noorhulumente ngokwawo, ukunyanzelisa ishishini elizimeleyo elizimeleyo.

ICandelo VI. Inkqubo yeBhanki elungiselela abantu

• Inkqubo yebhanki kaZwelonke - Abanye bathi urhulumente kufuneka ahlale ebhizinisini. Ingxabano yokuphikisana kukuba umba wemali ngumsebenzi kaRhulumente kunye neebhanki kufuneka ziphume kwishishini lolawulo.
• Inzala - Inomdla inika imisebenzi enomsebenzi. Ikhuthaza ababolekayo ukuba babuyiselwe ngokukhawuleza amatyala abo, badikibala ukuqikelela, bahlawule ababolekisi ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kwemali yabo ixesha elithile kwaye banike umhlalaphantsi onomvuzo onokuthenjwa.
• Ukuhlawulela yonke inkqubo yebhanki yinkqantosi yokucinga kweNtshona. Imodeli engakumbi ingaba yinkqubo yokuboleka imali emibini, i-private-private and semi-public. URhulumente uza kuba ngumthumeli wokuqala kunye nekhredithi yemali kunye namaziko abucala emali aza kuphinda abuyele imali njengemboleko. Ababolekisi abazimeleyo baya kuhlala befumana inzala, kungekhona nje. Ngoko ke ukunikezelwa kwemali kuya kufuneka kuqhubeke ukwandisa ukufikelela kwiintlawulo zenzalo, kungekhona nje.
• Inkqubo yebhanki engenakunomdla ngokwenene ingasebenza. ISweden neDenmark banemibutho yokulondoloza inzuzo kunye nembolekiso eyenziwe ngokuphumelelayo kwiminyaka emininzi. Zizobambisene kunye kwaye aziklanyelwe ukubuyisela inzuzo kubanikazi babo. Banikezela ngenkonzo, ukulungiselela ukuboleka nokuboleka phakathi kwamalungu abo. Iindleko zigqitywe ngeentlawulo zenkonzo kunye neerhafu.
• Isichaso esiqhelekileyo sokubandakanyeka kurhulumente ukuba abandakanyeke kushishino kukuba ayaziwa ukuba ayisebenzi kwezo zinto; kodwa olu dumo alufanelanga. Amashishini ashiyekileyo kurhulumente kuphela ngalawo amashishini abucala angenakho ukwenza ingeniso. Ukusebenza ngaphakathi kweenkonzo ezibonelelwa esidlangalaleni kusebenza ngakumbi kunokuba kunikwe ikhontrakthi kuzo, ngelixa ukubekelwa bucala izibonelelo zikarhulumente kwenzuzo yabucala kukhokelele ekunyukeni kweendleko, ukungasebenzi kakuhle kunye nenkohliso.
• Amabhanki aseburhulumenteni arhente aya kuba neenzuzo ezibonakalayo ezinokubangela ukuba zibenze ngakumbi kwiindawo zemarike kunabanye abazimeleyo.

1) Ibhanki yaseburhulumenteni inokuqhubela phambili mboleko ngaphandle kokugcina oovimba. Iya kuba ihamba phambili ngetyala.

2) Ibhanki yesizwe yokwenyani ayizukufuna ukukhathazeka malunga nokutshona

I-3) Ayizukufuna i-FDIC (i-Federal Deposit Insurance Corporaation) yokuqinisekisa ngenzuzo yayo.

I-4) Ingakhupha imali mboleko ngokungakhethi buso kuye nakubani na owanelisa iimfuno zayo, ngendlela efanayo naleyo urhulumente anika ngayo iphepha-mvume lokuqhuba kuye nakubani na ofanelekileyo ngoku.

I-5) Iimali-mboleko zinokukhutshwa ngenqanaba lenzala ebilulamile kwaye ingaguquki, ibuyisa ukuthembeka kunye nokuqikelela ekubolekeni. I-Federal Reserve ayisayi kuphinda iphazamise inzala yokulawula unikezelo lwemali ngokungangqalanga, kuba iya kuba nolawulo oluthe ngqo lwemali yesizwe kumthombo wayo.

• Ukuxhamla - Xa urhulumente waseUnited States efuna imali, iqokelela ityala okanye ikhupha iibhondi. Ezi zibophelelo zithengiswa kwiFed kunye neFed, kwakhona, yenza ukungena kweencwadi kwiifom. Le ngxowa-mali eyadalwa ngomoya ococekileyo uyakwenziwa ufumaneke kurhulumente wase-US. Kodwa ukuba urhulumente wase-US unokukhupha iibhuso ze-Nondyebo, amanqaku kunye neebhondi, inokukhangela imali njengoko yenzayo ngaphambi kokusekwa kwe-Federal Reserve. Ukuba i-US yakhupha imali yayo, loo mali ingayifumana yonke iindleko zayo kwaye irhafu yengeniso ayimfuneko. Ngoko yintoni isikhalazo? Kulula, ichonga ababhanki.
• Ibhanki yoshishini likarhulumente ngokugunyazwa komgaqo-siseko, ephathiswe kwiNgqungquthela nguBawo oQalayo. Ukuba iCongress iya kubuyisa amandla okudala imali, kuya kufuneka ilawulwe ngoshishino lokuboleka imali, kuba uninzi lwemali enikezelwa ngoku njengemali mboleko.
• Iskimu esivela kwi-counter-counter-maskrikiti sigqithisa ukungabonakali kwebhanki njengoko kubonakala ngokufihliweyo kwimbono kawonkewonke. Enye indlela yokuyibeka ekukhanyeni ingaba yiCongress yokumisela irhafu "yeRobin Hood" kuyo yonke imali. Intlawulo yeRobin Hood, okanye nje irhafu yentlawulo, ingenza okungaphezulu nje kokunyusa imali kurhulumente. Ingabulala i-business derivatives ishishini, kuba kwaneentlawulo ezincinci ngaphezu kwamashishini amaninzi eza kubangela ukuba zingabi nzuzo.

Ierhafu ezivela kwiivenkile zingaba ithuluzi eluncedo, kodwa urhulumente olungileyo uza kuba yinto eyayizimeleyo, ngaphandle kokubeka iirhafu okanye ityala elikhulayo kubemi balo. Ukuba i-US ikhuphe imali yayo, loo mali inokubambisa zonke iindleko zayo, kwaye irhafu ayiyi kuyimfuneko.

• Ithenda yesithathu yehlabathi - Ngenkulungwane yeshumi elinesibhozo, i-corporation yanikwa isimo somthetho "somntu" nangona kwakungumuntu ongenanto intliziyo, engenakho uthando nothando. Isisusa saso kuphela ukufumana imali yabanini-zimpahla, ukungazihoxisi iindleko ezifana "zangaphandle" njengengonakaliso yendalo okanye ukunyanzelwa kwabantu. URhulumente wase-US, ngokuchaseneyo, wenzelwe ukuba ube yintlalo yoluntu kunye ntliziyo. OoBawo abasungula bathi umsebenzi wekarhulumente "ukubonelela ngenhlalakahle jikelele."
• Ukuba iinkampani ezinkulu zebhanki zenkampani ngoku zilawula ukunikezwa kwemali yesizwe zenziwe zikarhulumente zaseburhulumenteni base-US, ziyakwazi ukubandakanya ezinye zeemilinganiselo zentlalo kwimimiselo yazo yezoshishino; kunye nesinye isinyathelo esibalulekileyo sokuncedisa iibhanki zeseburhulumenteni ziya kunikwa amandla okuthabatha kuya kuba kukuxolela inkohlakalo engamalunganga kunye neTyala leThathu leMhlaba. Ininzi yeTyala leeNtsholongwane namhlanje ithathwa yiibhanki zamazwe ngamazwe ase-US [njenge-BofA ne-Wells Fargo]. Ukuba ezo mabhanki zenziwa iarhente zentlangano (mhlawumbi ngokuthenga i-stock yabo okanye ngokuzifumana kwi-receivership xa zihamba phantsi, urhulumente wase-US unokumvakalisa "Usuku lweJubhi" - umhla xa uxolo lwabantu abaxinzelelekileyo lweeTyala lixolelwe. unokuba neenzuzo ezininzi kubandakanywa nokunciphisa ubundlobongela (kunye nokunciphisa imfuno yemilinganiselo ekhoyo yenkcitho yezokukhusela). "Amagqabha emisebenzi" asayinela loo msebenzi ogqithiseleyo kuba uhlawula umvuzo xa kungekho misebenzi ekhoyo.
• Ngokuqinisekileyo i-US ikhangele indlela yokukhansela ityala leThathu lehlabathi. Awukwazi ukufikelela kwisivumelwano kunye namalungu angama-IMF kunye nendlela yokwenza ngayo. I-IMF ifuna ukutshintsha umthwalo wokuhlawula kumazwe atyala ukuya kumazwe abanikeli abacebileyo. Nangona kunjalo amatyala angaxoshwa nje ngokuzivakalisa kwiincwadi zebhanki. Akukho zifaki-mboleko okanye ababolekisi abaza kulahleka nayiphi na imali kuba akukho ntlawulo-mali okanye ababolekisi baqhubela phambili imali yabo kwimali-mboleko yasekuqaleni.
• Ukuba imali inetyala kwiibhanki zorhwebo, yayiyimali eyenziweyo ngokufakwa kwemali. Ityala limela uxanduva kwiincwadi zebhanki kuphela kuba imigaqo yebhanki ithi kufuneka iincwadi zabo zilungelelaniswe [chaza ukuba ii-asethi = amatyala + ngexabiso lilonke?]. Inketho iya kuba kukususa uxanduva kwiibhanki ukugcina ukulingana phakathi kweeasethi namatyala. Yiyo ke loo nto ukuba ibhanki yezorhwebo ibambe i-10 lamawaka ezigidi zeerandi zamazwe asaphuhlayo, emva kokucinywa iya kuvunyelwa ngonaphakade ukuba ibe nokusilela kweedola ezili-10 zeedola kwiiasethi zayo. Lo ngumcimbi wokugcinwa kweerekhodi kuphela.

I-postword - Ukubola kweprojekthi ye-Ponzi - Iimali zethu zemali ziphumo ezihambelana neskimali semali apho imali yenziwa ngamabhanki abucala kwaye ibolekwe kuqoqosho kwimali. Amandla okudala imali yesizwe kunye nekhredithi kufuneka awanikwe kubantu ngokwabo, njengoko kwakunjalo kwiikoloni zakudala zaseMelika. Iindlela ezikhoyo ezinokwenzeka kuloo miphumo ziquka:

I-1) Yenza i-Federal Reserve i-Nationalize, iyenze i-arhente kaNondyebo ogunyazisiweyo ukukhupha ii-Federal Reserve Notes ukuze zisetyenziswe ngokuthe ngqo kwinkongolo.

2) Igunyazisa ukuba iFed ithenge ukhuseleko lwaseMelika (okanye ityala)…

I-3) Thaw ikhredithi cofa kwinqanaba likarhulumente ngokwenza iibhanki zikarhulumente kwimodeli yeBhanki yaseNyakatho Dakota.

I-4) Ukwenza ukuba iibhanki ezonakeleyo zenze ukuba ilizwe lakho libe likhulu kakhulu ukuba lingaphumelela, kubenza ukuba benze iinkonzo zoluntu njengamathala eencwadi kunye neenkundla. Ukwenza ilizwe libe yibhanki enye enkulu enamasebe kwilizwe liphela kunokwanela ukuseka inkqubo yebhanki yoluntu kwilizwe liphela.