NguJohn Horgan, Umthetho, UEpreli 30, 2022
Kutshanje ndibuze iiklasi zam zonyaka wokuqala wobuntu: Ngaba imfazwe iya kuze iphele? Ndachaza ukuba ndandicinga ngokupheliswa kwemfazwe kwanasengqondweni usongo yemfazwe phakathi kwezizwe. Ndibonise abafundi bam ngokubabela “Imfazwe Yinto Nje Eyiliweyo” nguMargaret Mead, isazi ngembali yabantu kunye “Imbali yobundlobongela” ngugqirha wengqondo uSteven Pinker.
Abanye abafundi bakrokrela, njengoPinker, ukuba imfazwe ivela kwiimpembelelo ezinzulu zokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Abanye bayavumelana noMead ukuba imfazwe “yimveliso” yenkcubeko kungekhona “imfuneko yebhayoloji.” Kodwa nokuba bayibona imfazwe njengephuma kwindalo okanye ukondla, phantse bonke abafundi bam baphendula: Hayi, imfazwe ayinakuze iphele.
Bathi, imfazwe ayinakuphepheka, kuba abantu badalwe benyolukile yaye beneenkani. Okanye ngenxa yokuba impi, njengongxowankulu, ibe yinxalenye esisigxina yenkcubeko yethu. Okanye ngenxa yokuba, nangona uninzi lwethu luyithiyile imfazwe, abantu abafudumalayo abafana noHitler noPutin baya kuhlala bevela, benyanzela abantu abathanda uxolo ukuba balwe ngokuzikhusela.
Indlela abasabela ngayo abafundi bam ayindothusi. Ndaqala ukubuza ukuba imfazwe iya kuze iphele phantse iminyaka eyi-20 eyadlulayo, ngexesha lokuhlasela kwe-US e-Iraq. Ukusukela ngoko ndiye ndavotela amawaka abantu bayo yonke iminyaka kunye neempembelelo zezopolitiko e-US nakwezinye iindawo. Malunga nabantu abasithoba kwabalishumi bathi imfazwe ayinakuphepheka.
Le nto iyaqondakala. I-US ibikwimfazwe engayekiyo ukusukela nge-9/11. Nangona imikhosi yaseMelika ishiye i-Afghanistan kulo nyaka uphelileyo emva kweminyaka engama-20 yokusebenza ngobundlobongela, i-US isabugcina ubukhosi bomkhosi behlabathi ithatha amazwe angama-80 kunye nemimandla. Uhlaselo lwaseRashiya eUkraine lomeleza ingqiqo yethu yokuba xa enye imfazwe iphela, enye iyaqala.
Ukufa kwemfazwe kugquba inkcubeko yethu. Kwi Ukunyuka, uchungechunge lwe-sci-fi endilufundayo, umlinganiswa uchaza imfazwe "njengokuphambana" ofika kwaye uhambe kodwa ungaze uphele. Uthi: “Ndinoloyiko lokuba lo gama sisengabantu, imfazwe “iya kuhlala ihleli kuthi.”
Le fatalism ayilunganga ngeendlela ezimbini. Okokuqala, ayilunganga ngokomthetho. Uphando luqinisekisa ibango likaMead lokuba imfazwe, kude nokuba neengcambu ezinzulu zokuziphendukela kwemvelo, inkcubeko yamva nje. Kwaye njengoko uPinker ebonisile, imfazwe iye yehla ngokukhawuleza ukususela ngeMfazwe Yehlabathi II, phezu kwazo nje iimfazwe zakutshanje. Imfazwe phakathi kweFransi neJamani, iintshaba ezikrakra kangangeenkulungwane, ziye zaba yinto engenakwenzeka njengemfazwe phakathi kwe-US neCanada.
I-Fatalism nayo ayilunganga ngokuziphatha kuba inceda ekuqhubeleni imfazwe. Ukuba sicinga ukuba imfazwe ayinakuze iphele, akunakwenzeka ukuba sizame ukuyiphelisa. Kunokwenzeka ukuba sigcine imikhosi exhobileyo ukunqanda uhlaselo kwaye siphumelele iimfazwe xa ngokuqinisekileyo ziqhambuka.
Khawuqwalasele indlela ezinye iinkokeli ezisabela ngayo kwimfazwe yaseUkraine. Umongameli uJoe Biden ufuna ukonyusa uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lwasemkhosini lwaseMelika ukuya kuthi ga kwi-813 yeebhiliyoni zeedola, elona nqanaba liphezulu. I-US sele ichitha ngaphezulu kokuphindwe kathathu kwimikhosi exhobileyo njengeTshayina kwaye amaxesha alishumi elinambini njengeRussia, ngokutsho IStockholm International International Research Institute, SIPRI. Inkulumbuso yase-Estonia, uKaja Kallas, ubongoza amanye amazwe e-NATO ukuba anyuse imali yawo emkhosini. “Ngamanye amaxesha eyona ndlela ilungileyo yokufumana uxolo kukulungela ukusebenzisa amandla omkhosi,” utsho njalo The New York Times.
Umbhali-mbali ongasekhoyo wasemkhosini uJohn Keegan wathandabuza kwithisisi yoxolo-ngamandla. Kwi-magnum opus yakhe ka-1993 Imbali Yemfazwe, uKeegan uthi imfazwe ngokuyintloko ayiveli "kwindalo yomntu" okanye imeko yezoqoqosho kodwa "kwiziko lemfazwe ngokwalo." Ukulungiselela imfazwe kwenza ukuba kube ngaphezulu kunokuba kuncinci, ngokutsho kohlalutyo lukaKeegan.
Imfazwe ikwaphambukisa izixhobo, ubuchule kunye namandla kude kwezinye iingxaki ezingxamisekileyo. Izizwe ngokuhlangeneyo zichitha malunga ne-2 yeetriliyoni zeedola ngonyaka kwimikhosi exhobileyo, kwaye i-US ibalelwa phantse kwisiqingatha saloo mali. Loo mali inikezelwe ekufeni nasekubhubhiseni endaweni yemfundo, ukhathalelo lwempilo, uphando lwamandla acocekileyo kunye neenkqubo zokulwa nobuhlwempu. Njengongenzi nzuzo World Beyond War amaxwebhu, imfazwe nemfazwe “yonakalisa kakhulu imeko-bume yendalo, iphelisa inkululeko yoluntu, yaye iphelisa uqoqosho lwethu.”
Kwaneyona mfazwe isesikweni ayilunganga. Ngexesha leMfazwe yeHlabathi yesiBini i-US kunye namahlakani ayo-abafana abalungileyo!-bawisa iibhombu zomlilo kunye nezixhobo zenyukliya kubemi. I-US igxeka iRussia, ngokufanelekileyo, ngokubulala abantu baseUkraine. Kodwa ukusukela nge-9/11, ukusebenza komkhosi wase-US e-Afghanistan, e-Iraq, ePakistan, eSyria naseYemen kubangele ukubhubha kwabantu abangaphezu kwama-387,072, ngokutsho Iindleko zeprojekthi yeMfazwe kwiYunivesithi yaseBrown.
Ukuhlasela kweRashiya eUkraine kuye kwabhenca amasikizi emfazwe ukuze abonwe ngumntu wonke. Endaweni yokuxhobisa izixhobo zethu ekuphenduleni le ntlekele, sifanele sithethe ngendlela yokudala ihlabathi apho iingxabano eziphalaza igazi zingaze zenzeke. Ukuphelisa imfazwe akuyi kuba lula, kodwa kufuneka ibe yinto efunekayo yokuziphatha, njengokuba nokuphelisa ubukhoboka kunye nokuthotywa kwabasetyhini. Inyathelo lokuqala lokuphelisa imfazwe kukukholelwa ukuba kunokwenzeka.
UJohn Horgan ukhokela iZiko leeNzululwazi zokuBhala. Le kholamu iguqulelwe kwenye epapashwe kwiScientificAmerican.com.
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