Siyadinga usuku olutsha lwe-Armistice

By UDavid Swanson, Oktobha 13, 2018.

Iingxelo kwi ICandelo leZibonelelo zokungabikho kobuthixo eSanta Cruz, Calif., Ngo-Oktobha 12, 2018.

Ngokukodwa kwihora le-11th yosuku lwe-11th lwenyanga ye-11th, kwi-1918, iminyaka eyi-100 eyadlulayo kule nguNovemba 11th, abantu baseYurophu bakhawuleza bayeka ukudubula izibhamu. Kwada kwaloo mzuzwana, babulala baze bathabathe iinqwelo, behla bekhala, bekhala baze bafe, bevela kwiibhola kunye negesi yobuthi.

UWilfred Owen uthi:

Ukuba ngamanye amaphupha aphazamisayo nawe unako ukuhamba
Emva kwinqwelo esiyifake kuyo,
Futhi ubukele amehlo amhlophe ephikisana ebusweni bakhe,
Ubuso bakhe bokulenga, njengomdemon ogula ngesono;
Ukuba unokuva, kuzo zonke i-jolt, igazi
Woza uguqulwe kwiipapu eziwonakalise,
Ukugqithisileyo njengomhlaza, ukrakra njengobuncu
Kokubi, izilonda ezingenakuphulukiswa kwiilwimi ezingenacala,
Mhlobo wam, awuyi kuthetha ngolu hlobo oluphezulu
Kubantwana banomdla oqaqambileyo,
Lie elidala; Dulce et Decorum est
Pro patria mori.

Okumnandi kwaye kulungile ukufa ngenxa yesizwe. Ngoko baye bathetha ngeenkulungwane. Kungalungile, kungeze kube mnandi. Akunakuze kuzuze. Kwakungabikho ukuba uzuzwe okanye ubulelwe okanye ucinge ukuba luhlobo oluthile lwenkonzo okanye uhloniphekile, ulila kwaye uzisole. Inani elikhulu lalabo abakwenzayo namhlanje eUnited States bafa ngenxa yesizwe sabo ngokuzibulala. Ulawulo lwe-Veterans luthi ngamashumi eminyaka ukuba omnye umntu onokuzibulala ngokuzikhethela ukuzibulala. Awuyi kubona loo nto ivakaliswe kwiiNtsuku ezininzi zeeVeterans Day. Inyaniso enyantya ayifanelekanga njengamanga amnandi. Kukho iminyango embalwa kwiNtsholongwane yoLwaphulo lweNkolo, kodwa kuluntu olumkileyo olujoliswe kwicala elifanelekileyo kuya kuba khona.

Emva koko bayeka, kwi-11: 00 ekuseni, inkulungwane yokuqala edlulileyo. Bayekile, ngexesha. Kwakungenjalo ukuba babediniwe okanye beza kwiingqondo zabo. Bobabini ngaphambi nangemva kwe11 ntsimbi babemlandela nje imiyalelo. Isivumelwano seArmsistice esiphelile iMfazwe Yehlabathi I samisa i-11 yehorityhulam nje ngokuyeka ixesha.

UHenry Nicholas uJohn Gunther wayezalwe eBaltimore, Maryland, kubazali ababefudukela eJamani. NgoSeptemba 1917 wayequlunqwe ukuba ancede abulale amaJamani. Xa ebhala ekhaya evela eYurophu ukuchaza indlela eyayibuhlungu ngayo imfazwe kunye nokukhuthaza abanye ukuba baphephe ukubhalwa, wayechithwe (kunye neleta ebhaliweyo).

Emva koko, wayexelele abahlobo bakhe ukuba uya kuzibonakalisa. Njengomhla wokugqibela we-11: I-00 idibana nayo ngaloo mini yokugqibela ngoNovemba, uHenry wasukuma, ngokuchasene nemiyalelo, kwaye waqhaqhayisa ngesibhakabhaka sakhe kwisibhamu ezimbini saseJamani. AmaJamani ayayazi i-Armistice kwaye azama ukumshukumisa. Wayelokhu esondela aze athabathe. Xa esondele, umfuthane omncinci womshini waphela ubomi bakhe kwi10: 59 am

UHenry waba ngowokugqibela kumadoda e-11,000 ukuba abulawe okanye aphulwe phakathi kokusayinwa kwe-Armistice ezintandathu iiyure kwangaphambili kunye nokusebenza kwayo. UHenry Gunther wanikwa isikhundla sakhe, kodwa kungekhona ubomi bakhe.

Ukulimala ngokwenyama nangokwengqondo, kunye nehlwempu, kuya kuqhubeka nokufa ixesha elithile. Umkhuhlane usasazeka ngemfazwe uya kuthatha amaxhoba amaninzi, kwaye indlela eyingozi ekugqibeleni ixoxisana uxolo yayiza kubakho kwangaphambili - ngokuququzelela umgca, iMisa yokuNyunjwa kweNgxande II, ukubuya kwe-Sociopaths - kuthatha ubomi obuninzi kunemfazwe kunye nomkhuhlane odibeneyo . Imfazwe enkulu (into endiyithathayo ukuba ibe yinto eninzi malunga ne-Make America Great Again) iyakuba yimfazwe yokugqibela apho ezinye iindlela abantu besathetha kunye nokucinga ngemfazwe kuya kuba yinyani. Abafileyo babenabantu abangenakubalwa. Imfazwe yabasemagunyeni yayingaphezulu kwabemi. Ukubulawa kwabantu kwenzeka kakhulu kwimfazwe. Amacandelo amabini ayengabikho, ngenxa yeyona nto ininzi, exhotywe yiinkampani ezifanayo. Imfazwe yayisemthethweni. Kwaye abaninzi abantu abanengqiqo bekholelwa ukuba imfazwe ibubuxoki kwaye yatshintsha ingqondo yabo. Yonke loo nto ihambe nomoya, nokuba siyakhathalela ukuyivuma okanye ayiyi.

Kodwa ndifuna ukubuyela emva kweenyanga ezimbalwa ukuya kuSeptemba 28, 1918. Yayiyimini yesiphukuphuku esiyiphakamiso endandiyayiva ngayo. Kwaye, masingathetheki, eli lizwe libubudenge. UDonald Trump wayefuna ukubamba izixhobo eziseWashington ngoNovemba. Kwakungeyona nto ingcamango yengqondo. Kwakungekho njengento engabonakaliyo ngokubizwa kwakhona ngeholide kubalindi bezilwanyana kodwa ukuvimbela izahluko zeNkulumko zoKhuseleko ukusuka ekuthatheni inxaxheba kwimimangaliso, njengoko ezinye iidolophu zenza njalo ngoNovemba. Isiphakamiso seTrump sasiyingozi, kwaye sihlazisa. I-Vulgar ngenxa yokuba yayiza kubhengezwa ukusetyenziswa kwemishini yokubulala abantu abaninzi abantu base-US kufuneka bacinge njengobungcali. I-Vulgar ngenxa yokuba yayiza kukhuthaza ezinye iikhankaso ezinkulu kakhulu, zithethelele-abaxhasi, abasebenza ngaphakathi kwinkqubo yokhetho yonyulo yase-US esele isongelwa kwizinto eziphathekayo xa kuthengisa iintengiso ze-Facebook ezithengwa ngama-dastardly commies, ndithetha amaRashiya. Yaye ihlazo ngenxa yokuba isiqhelo sezixhobo zokudambisa zisetyenzisiwe xa kukho inkolelo yokunqoba, njengokuba ngexesha leMfazwe yaseGulf. Umfana wenza loo ntshumo iphumelela kumntu wonke, ha? Ukubamba izixhobo ezikhuselekileyo ngenxa yokuba sekuyiminyaka emininzi ukususela kunokuba nabani na onokuzenza uloyiso ixesha elide kunokuba lithatha ukuma kwi-aircraft carrier eSan Diego kunokuthi, njengokuba umntu angasetweet tweet, ukukhazeka.

Kutheni le shindig ya rhoxiswa? Ukuba kwakuya kuba neendleko zeedola zeedola kubonakala ngathi zizathu ezinengqiqo ngaphandle kokuba le mpazamo yokubambisa kwi-subcontract ngokupheleleyo iyakwazi ukuthotyelwa ngokupheleleyo yi-accountant gurus ePentagon. Ingxenye yesizathu, nangona yinto yokugqibela abaya kuthixelela yona, mhlawumbi ukuba uluntu, abeendaba kunye nemikhosi yempi babonisa umdla oluncinane kule nto, kwaye abaninzi banxamnye nxamnye nalo, kuquka nabaninzi bethu abasithembisa esidlangalaleni ukuba vumela wonke umntu onokukwazi ukuyivimba, uyigxeke, kwaye endaweni yoko ugubha uSuku lwe-Armistice. Sizibophezele phambili ekuhambeni kwaloo mbhiyozo, kwaye nangona kunjalo, ukuba i-parade yachithwa. Kodwa xa yaxothwa, amaqela amaninzi alahlekelwa yintliziyo yabo yokuqhubela phambili. Ukuba ndicinga ngehlazo kunye nephulo lobuchule. Kodwa ezinye iziganeko ezibuyisiwe ezicwangcisiweyo zicwangciselwe iDDC, kwaye ezinye iimodeli ezintle ziyafumaneka ekukhuthazeni uSuku lwe-Armistice yonke indawo emhlabeni. Eyona nto kungekudala.

Masiyikungawunakali loo nto, nangona kunjalo, ukuba uluvo lwentlalo luye lwafaka isandla ekukhutsheni i-Trumparade. Ukuba iTump ivula imfazwe emitsha iya kuba yinxalenye ngenxa yokuba ikholelwa ukuba uluntu luya kulivuyisa. Yingakho kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba sikwazi ukucaca ngoku ngoku ukuba siya kuyigweba - kwaye ngakumbi, asiyi kubukela. Kuya kufumana amanqaku amabi. Ukuba sinako ukuthetha kunye noDonald Trump sinokuthula ngonaphakade.

Ndifuna ukubuyela kwi-parade eyayiba ngumbombo. Khumbula ukuba uWoldrow Wilson ubuye wachazwa kwisiqubulo esithi "wasisindisa kwimfazwe," nangona wayezama ixesha elide ukufumana i-US kwimfazwe. Wayenethemba lokuba iBritish kunye neFrentshi bayavumelana nemimiselo yakhe yehlabathi emva kwempondo kunye noxolo ngaphandle komnqoli, kunye neengcambu zakhe ze-14 ezibhalwe nguWalter Lippmann kunye nabanye kunye ne-League of Nations efuna ukugcina uxolo, kunye nokungaxhatshazi ukuhweba ngokukhululekile kunye nokuphela kobukoloniyali. Nangona benqatshelwe, uWilson waya phambili waza waxoshela i-US kwimfazwe esebenzisa zonke iintlobo zobuxoki malunga neenqanawa zase-US kunye nomkhankaso onobuqhetseba obunobungqina obuvumela ukuba wonke umntu azi ukuba ucinga kwaye uvalele abo bangacingi kakuhle.

Khumbula ukuba iMfazwe Enkulu yayiyindoda ebundlobongela obubi kunabo bonke abantu abaye bazimisela bona, nokuba babengasetyenziswanga. Phezulu kwendlela yokufa ephawulekayo, iUnited States yathumela amajoni kunye nabashenxayo ngomkhuhlane ukuya e-Yurophu apho isifo esibulalayo sisasazeka emhlabeni wonke, ngokubulala mhlawumbi i2 okanye ama3 amaxesha abantu ababulawa ngokuthe ngqo kwimfazwe. Ukungaqondi ngentsholongwane kwakhuthazwa yimigaqo-nkqubo eyenqabela amaphephandaba ukuba angabi nantoni ngaphantsi kokuvuyela ngexesha lemfazwe. ISpeyin ayinayo loo miqobo. Ngoko iindaba zeengqungquthela zaqala ukuvakaliswa eSpanish, kwaye abantu baqala ukubiza isifo seFluphu yaseFransi.

Ngoku, urhulumente waseUnited States wayefuna ukubamba iPadladelphia ngezixhobo ezininzi ngaphezu kokuba iTrump ifuna ukuba izihlwele ezininzi ezikhulelwe ngumkhuhlane zibuyele kwiindawo. Iingcali ezininzi zezempilo zichaze ukuba le nto yayingumntu ohlakaniphile njengomshini wokugubha kunye neetyhefu ezigulisa izigidi zamadoda asetsheni egameni lokuphela kwemfazwe - okanye njengefowuni ethandwayo kwimibhikisho yakutshanje ibeke: ukuhenyuza ubuntombi. Kodwa umlawuli wezeMpilo kaWilly uWilmer Krusen wayenentlonelo enkulu kuluntu jikelele njengombani weFiladelphia Eagles onomdlali ochasayo. UKrusen wachaza ukuba umkhuhlane wawuyiindaba ezikhohlisayo. Wacetyisa ukuba abantu bavele bayeke ukukhwehlela, ukutshiza, nokucoca. Kakhulu. AmaKristu osayense okanye a thandaze abantu abathandana nabasetyhini babesele bephethe. Yeka ukukrazula. Oko kuya kulungisa yonke into.

Enye injongo ye-parade yayikuthengisa izibophelelo zokuhlawula imfazwe, kwaye isixeko ngasinye sasifuna ukuthengisa kakhulu, kuquka iPhiladelphia. Endaweni yoko, yiyiphi iFiladelphia eyayibamba irekhodi yokuba isasaza kakhulu umkhuhlane. Ukuqhawuka okukhulu kwaxelwa kwangaphambili kwaye kwenzeka.

Omnye umntu othe wahla nomkhuhlane ngenxa yesibhubhane esandisiwe ngokugqithiseleyo nguWolrow Wilson. Xa uWilson ehamba eVersailles ukuba axoxisane neparadesi enoxolo eyayithembise ihlabathi, wafumana, njengoko kulindelwe, ukuba amaBrithani namaFrentshi ayengafuni nxaxheba kuyo. Kunoko bafuna ukuhlwaya amaJamani njengento enobunzima ngangokunokwenzeka. Esinye isizathu sokuba uWilson azibeke nxamnye naluphi na ukulwa noko wayifungile ukuba uya kulwela ngokuqinisekileyo yayingakanani ixesha elichitha ixesha lokugula eFransi. Kwaye esinye sezizathu zokuba wayegula ebhedeni mhlawumbi kwakuyeyona nto iguqulwayo emlandweni-into eyayikunceda ekubulaleni kwinqanaba lemfazwe kwaye mhlawumbi inkulu kakhulu.

Ababukeli be-Smart baqikelele iMfazwe Yehlabathi II ngelixa bebona imigaqo embi yesivumelwano soxolo apho uWilson wayebone ukugqithisa phezu kombhede wakhe ogulayo. Okwesibini ukulungelelaniswa kokutya, kunye nokubulala, kuya kuthi, njengokuba ndithethile, bulala ngaphezu kweyokuqala kunye nomkhuhlane wakhe udibene. Kwaye imfazwe yeMfazwe Yehlabathi II yayiza kubulawa ngokungapheliyo kwezigidi zabantu base-permawar eziqhelekileyo eziphelile uxolo. Kwaye kuqulethe i-WWII isigxina esenza ukuba kube nzima ukubuza imibuzo yeWWII kwaye ngoko ke kulula kakhulu ukuba ungacingi ngeWWI. Ngoko, imilinganiselo yokuziphatha ibali: cwangcisa iimpawu zakho ngokucophelela.

Enyanisweni, kukho ezinye iimpawu zebali. Ukuba ufunda i-biographie kaSigmund Freud kaWolrow Wilson, ubhekisela into yokuba emva kwentlekele yaseVersailles, uWilson wayengaphikisana ngokugqithiseleyo kwimiba yeentsuku njengobufakazi bokuthi uWilson ulahlekelwe ingqondo yakhe. Enyanisweni siye saqhubela phambili ngaphaya kweengcali ze Freudian ukuba siqaphele ukuba umongameli wase-US ngokwenene kufanele aphikisana ngokucacileyo kwimizuzu embalwa.

Ukuziphatha okubaluleke kakhulu kwimbali yinto yokuba uFrud kunye nabo bonke abanye abantu bayayigxila, okokuba oko - njengesiqhelo - bekukho abantu abathile bafumana izinto ngokukhawuleza kakhulu kwaye abazange baphulaphule. Asifanele sixolele iMfazwe Yehlabathi I ngezizathu zokuba akukho mntu wazi. Akunjalo ukuba iimfazwe kufuneka zilwe ukuze zifunde ngexesha ngalinye ukuba imfazwe isihogo. Akunjalo ukuba uhlobo olutsha lwezithuthi lukhawuleza lubangela imfazwe embi. Akunjalo ukuba imfazwe yayingekayinto eyona nto eyona nto eyadalwa. Akunjalo ukuba abantu abazange bathethe njalo, abazange baxhathise, abazange baphakamise ezinye iindlela, abazange baye ejele ngenxa yeenkolelo zabo.

Kwi-1915, uJane Addams wadibana noMongameli Wilson waza wamncenga ukuba anikeze uxolo kwiYurophu. UWilson udumisa imibandela yoxolo ebhalwe yinkomfa yabasetyhini ngoxolo olugcinwe eHague. Wamkela i-10,000 yiletagram evela kubasetyhini abacela ukuba benze. Abanye ababhali-mlando bakholelwa ukuba wayenze kwi 1915 okanye ekuqaleni kwe-1916 mhlawumbi wayekunceda kakhulu ukuzisa iMfazwe Enkulu phantsi kweemeko eziza kubangela uxolo olude ngakumbi kunalowo owenziwe ekugqibeleni eVersailles. UWilson wenza isiluleko sika-Addams, kunye noNobhala wakhe kaRhulumente uWilliam Jennings uBryan, kodwa kwada kwada kwada kwaphela. Ngethuba elenza ngayo, amaJamani awazange athembele umlamli oye wayenceda umzamo wemfazwe yaseBrithani. UWilson wasala ukuba akhankasele ukubuyisela kwi-platform yoluxu kwaye ngokukhawuleza ahlasele ngokukhawuleza aze ahlasele iUnited States kwimfazwe yaseYurophu. Kwaye nenani leentuthuko uWilson uletha, ubuncinci, kwicala lomfazwe wothando kwenza uBarack Obama ubonakale njengomtsalane.

Akunabo kuphela ababambeleli bezoxolo malunga nokuba kutheni kwaye bazama njani ukuphelisa iMfazwe Yehlabathi I, kodwa abanye baxela kwangaphambili iMfazwe Yehlabathi II emva kweVersailles. Abanye babo bahamba kwaye babhikisha malunga nokwakha kwimfazwe yaseJapane iminyaka emininzi ekhokelela ePearl Harbor, okwakumangalisa ukuba uLindsey Graham uvotele iBrett Kavanaugh. Kwaye abanye bazama ukwenza amaYuda kunye nabanye abantu abajoliswe kwiJamani iminyaka, kunye noRhulumente kuphela onomdla ekubancedeni ukuba nguAdolf Hitler.

IMfazwe Yehlabathi II yayingekho yoluntu kwaye yayingathengiswa ngolu hlobo de emva kokuba iphelile. I-United States iholele iintetho zamazwe ngamazwe apho isinqumo senziwe ukuba singamkeli ababaleki bamaYuda, kunye nezizathu ezicacileyo zobuhlanga, kwaye nangona ibango likaHitler lokuba uya kubathumela naphi na apho kwiinqanawa zokuhamba ngeenqwelomoya. Kwakungabikho poster ekucela ukuba uncede uMalume Sam ugcine amaYuda. Inqanawa yababaleki bamaYuda esuka eJamani yaxoshwa eMiami ngabaLondolozi baseNxweme. I-US kunye nezinye iintlanga zenqwenela ukuwamkela ababaleki bamaYuda, kwaye uninzi lwabantu base-US beluxhaswa eso sikhundla. Amaqela oxolo ababuza uNdunankulu uWinston Churchill kunye nobhala wakhe wangaphandle malunga nokuthumela amaYuda avela eJamani ukuba bawasindise baxelelwa ukuba, ngoxa uHitler angavumelana kakhulu nesicwangciso, kuya kuba yinkathazo enkulu kwaye ifuna iinqanawa ezininzi. I-US ayifumananga nomsebenzi wamapolisa okanye umkhosi ukugcina amaxhoba kwiinkampu zoxinzelelo zamaNazi. U-Anne Frank wayenqatshelwe i-visa yase-US. Nangona le ngongoma ayinanto enxulumene nesiganeko esibalulekileyo sengxelo ye-WWII njengemfazwe eyiyo, yinto ephambili kwi-mythology yase-US endiza kucaphula apha inqaku elibalulekileyo likaNicholson Baker:

"U-Anthony Eden, unobhala ongaphandle waseBrithani, owayesetyenzwe nguChurchill ngokuphendula imibuzo malunga nababaleki, wathandana ngokugqithiseleyo ngenye yeendwendwe ezibalulekileyo, esithi yonke into eyenza ukukhululwa kwamaYuda esuka eHitler yayingenakwenzeka. Uhambo oluya eUnited States, i-Eden yatsho ngokucacileyo ukuba uCordell Hull, unobhala wombuso, ukuba ubunzima bokubuza uHitler kumaYuda kukuba 'uHitler unokusithatha naluphi na umnikelo, kwaye akukho nje kunye neendlela zokuthutha ehlabathini ukuze ziphathe. ' Churchill wavuma. Wabhala ngokuphendula kwincwadi enye ecela ukuba, 'Nangona sasifumana imvume yokurhoxisa onke amaYuda,' izithuthi zodwa zibonisa ingxaki eyoba nzima ukuyicombulula. ' Ukuthunyelwa okwaneleyo nokuthutha? Kwiminyaka emibini ngaphambili, iBritish yayishiye amadoda angama-340,000 ukusuka kumabhantshi aseDunkirk ngeentsuku ezilisithoba. I-Air Air yase-US yayineenkulungwane ezininzi zeeplani ezintsha. Ngethuba nakwi-armistice emfutshane, ii-Allies zange zenze i-airlift kwaye zithumele ababaleki kumanani amaninzi ukusuka kwiJamani. "

Esinye sezizathu zokuba uxolo lube lungekho kwaye aluyikuphulaphulwa yinkqubo yenkohliso eyadala kuqala kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi I. Iimveliso zobuxoki eziqulunqwa nguMongameli uTolrow Wilson kunye neKomiti yeeNkcukacha zoLuntu ziye zabangela amaMelika ukuba alwe nemfazwe ngeengongoma ezigqithisileyo neengcamango. Ubugwenxa baseJamani eBelgium, iipowusta ezibonisa uYesu Kristu ngokukhawuleza ibone umbhobho wesikhunta, kunye nezithembiso zokuzinikela ukuzenzele ihlabathi inkululeko yintando yesininzi. Ubunzima bezinto ezifihlakeleyo zafihliwe kuluntu ngokubanzi kunokwenzeka ngeli xesha lemfazwe, kodwa ngexesha elibekwe phezu kwabafundi abaninzi befunde into ethile yemfazwe. Kwaye abaninzi babenomdla wokuxhatshazwa kweemvakalelo ezithandekileyo ezazisusa isizwe esizimeleyo singene kwi-barbarity ephesheya.

Nangona kunjalo, ipropaganda eyashukumisa imfazwe yayingashenxiswa ngokukhawuleza kwingqondo yabantu. Imfazwe ekupheliseni iimfazwe kwaye yenze ihlabathi likhuselekile ukuba idemokhrasi ayinakuphela ngaphandle kokufuna imfuno yoxolo nobulungisa, okanye ubuncinane into ebaluleke ngaphezu komkhuhlane kunye nokuthintela. Nabo balahla ingcamango yokuba imfazwe inokwenza nantoni na indlela inokubangela ukuba kubekho uxolo oluhambelana nabo bonke abafuna ukuphepha yonke imfazwe yexesha elizayo - iqela elinokuthi libandakanye inani labantu base-United States. Njengoko uWilson wayethetha uxolo njengesizathu esisemthethweni sokuya kwimfazwe, imiphefumlo emininzi yayimthathe ngokungqongqo. URobert Ferrell uyabhala wathi: "Akukho ukunyaniseka ukusho ukuba kwakukho izicwangciso zokuthula phambi kweMfazwe Yehlabathi, ngoku kwakukho amakhulu namashumi" eYurophu nakwi-United States. Iminyaka elishumi emva kwemfazwe yayiyiminyaka elishumi yokufuna uxolo: "Uxolo lwaluxhomekeke kwiintshumayelo ezininzi, iintetho, kunye neepaseli zombuso eziziqhubela phambili ekugqibeleni wonke umntu. Akuzange kuphinde kwimbali yehlabathi kwakukho uxolo olukhulu kakhulu, ukuthetha okuninzi kakhulu, kukhangelelene, kwaye kulungiselelwe, njengeminyaka elishumi emva kwe-1918 Armistice. "

Oku kuqhubeka namhlanje. Ukunyakaza koxolo lwe-1960 kwakukhulu. Leyo ye-1920 yayisonke-ibandakanya.

I-Congress yadlulisela isisombululo soSuku lwe-Armistice sokuthi "ukuzilolonga kulungiselelwe ukuqhubela uxolo ngokuthanda okuhle kunye nokuqonda ngokubanzi ... ukumema abantu baseUnited States ukuba bagcine usuku kwizikolo nakwimibhiyozo efanelekileyo yobudlelwano bobuhlobo nabo bonke abanye abantu." Kamva, I-Congress yongezelela ukuba ngoNovemba i-11th yayiza kuba "usuku olunikezelwe ngumbono woxolo lwehlabathi."

Leyo yinto esiyidingayo ukubuyisela. Kwakuhlala eUnited States kwi-1950 kunye nakwezinye iimeko kwamanye amazwe phantsi kwegama loSuku lokukhunjulwa. Kwakuphela emva kokuba iUnited States idlulele eJapan, yachitha iKorea, yaqalisa iMfazwe yeCold, yakha i-CIA, yaza yakha isakhiwo esinesigxina sezemikhosi kunye neziseko ezinzulu ezisisigxina emhlabeni jikelele, ukuba urhulumente wase-US wabiza ngokuthi uSuku lwe-Armistice njengoSuku lweeVeterani ngoJuni 1, 1954.

Usuku lwabaVeterli alusekho, ngenxa yabantu abaninzi, usuku lokunyamezela ukuphela kwemfazwe okanye ukufuna ukupheliswa kwayo. Usuku lwabaVeterli aluyiyo imini yokulila okanye ukubuza ukuba kungani ukuzibulala kungumbulali ophezulu wamasosha ase-US okanye ukuba kutheni abaninzi abanamantombazana abanalo izindlu.

Kwiminyaka emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi I, imfazwe yinto into yokulila, ngokungathi kwakungathandeki. IMfazwe Yehlabathi I ndiyindleko, njengokuba umbhali omnye wayibalwe ngelo xesha, imali eyaneleyo yokunika ikhaya le-2,500 i-$ 1,000 yefenitshala yexabiso kunye nemitha yesihlanu yelizwe kuyo yonke intsapho yaseRashiya, ezininzi iintlanga zaseYurophu, eCanada, EUnited States, nase-Australia, kunye neleyo ngokwaneleyo ukunika yonke i-20,000 ilayibrari yezigidi ze-2, i-$ 3 yezibhedlele yezigidi, i-$ 20 yezikolo zeekholeji, kwaye isele isele ukuthenga yonke into ephambili eJamani naseBelgium. Kwaye konke kwakusemthethweni. Isisilumko esinqabileyo, kodwa ngokusemthethweni ngokomthetho. Ubugwenxa obukhethekileyo buphule imithetho, kodwa imfazwe yayingekho yecala. Akuzange kube khona, kodwa kungekudala kungekudala.

I-XMUMX-Inkqubela yokuLawula iMithetho-ukunyuswa kwemfazwe-kufuneke ukubuyisela imfazwe ngokumelana nokulwa, ngokuqala ukuvinjelwa kwemfazwe nokuphuhlisa ikhowudi yomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe kunye nenkundla enegunya lokulungisa iingxabano. Isinyathelo sokuqala sithathwe kwi-1920 kunye ne-Kellogg-Briand Pact, eyayivinjelwe yonke imfazwe. Namhlanje amazwe e-1928 ayingxenye kuloo mvumelwano, kuquka iMelika, kwaye abaninzi babo bayayithobela. Ndingathanda ukubona iintlanga ezongezelelweyo, iintlanga ezihlwempuzekileyo ezishiywe ngaphandle komnqophiso, zidibanise (eziza kwenza ngokucacisa ukuba injongo yeSebe leSizwe sase-US) kwaye ikhuthaza abantu abagqithisileyo begonyamelo kwihlabathi ukuba bahambisane .

Ndabhala incwadi malunga nenkqubela eyenza loo mvumelwano, kungekhona nje ngokuba sidinga ukuqhubeka nomsebenzi wayo, kodwa ngenxa yokuba sinokufunda kwiindlela zayo. Nayi intlangano edibanisa abantu kulo lonke uphuhliso lwezopolitiko, ezo kunye nokulwa notywala, ezo kunye nokuchasene neNhlangano yeZizwe, kunye nesiphakamiso sokuphulwa kwemfazwe. Kwakuyintlangano enkulu. Kukho iingxoxo kunye neentetho zoxolo phakathi kwamacandelo enkxaso yoxolo. Kwakukho ityala lokuziphatha elilindeleke elona lihle kubantu. Imfazwe ayichaswanga nje kwimeko yezoqoqosho okanye ngenxa yokuba inokubulala abantu belizwe. Kwachaswa njengokubulawa kwabantu abaninzi, njengokuba kungenanto engaphantsi kunezinto ezinqabileyo kuneendlela zokulungisa iingxabano zabanye. Nantsi inxaxheba kunye nombono wexesha elide ngokusekelwe ekufundiseni nasekuhleleni. Kwakukho isiqhwithi esingapheliyo sokubhikisha, kodwa akukho ukuxhasa abantu bezopolitiko, akukho ukuhambelana kwentlangano emva kweqela. Ngokuphambene noko, zonke ezine - ewe, amaqela amakhulu amane ayanyanzelekile ukuba adibanise emva kwentshukumo. Esikhundleni seClint Eastwood ethetha nesihlalo okanye isigama sika-4-grade sikaDonald Trump, i-Republic of National Convention ye-1924 yabona uMongameli Coolidge ethembise ukuba akayikulwa nemfazwe xa echazwe.

Kwaye ngo-Agasti 27, 1928, eParis, eFransi, loo nto yenzeke ukuba yenze ingoma ye-1950s yindoda enamandla igcwele amadoda, kwaye amaphepha ababewusayine athi awayi kuphinda aphinde alwe. Kwaye kwakungamadoda, amabhinqa angaphandle kokubhikisha. Kwaye kwakuyintsebenziswano phakathi kweentlanga ezizityebi eziya kuqhubeka zilwa kwaye zilungelelanisa ihlwempu. Kodwa kwakungummiselo woxolo owawuphelisa iimfazwe waza wagqiba ukwamkelwa kwemimandla eyenziwa yimfazwe, ngaphandle kwePalestina, iSahara, uGarcia Garcia, kunye nezinye izinto. Kwakungumnqophiso owawufuna umyalelo womthetho kunye nenkundla yamazwe ngamazwe esasingenayo. Kodwa kwakuyintlambo yokuba kwiminyaka ye-90 ezo ntlanga ezizityebi zaziya kuphulwa kanye kuphela. Emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, i-Kellogg-Briand Pact yayisetyenziselwa ukutshutshisa ubulungisa bomdlwenguli. Kwaye amazwe amakhulu ahlomile awazange alwe imfazwe kunye, kwakhona. Kwaye ke, umgaqo-nkqubo ngokuqhelekileyo uthathwa njengehlulekile.

Into eyiphumeleyo yimbono yaseUnited States njengommi ohlala phantsi. Iseluleko seSizwe soKhuseleko lweSizwe, esibeka ingozi kwisigxina, asigcini kuphela iUnited States ukuba ingaphezu komthetho, kodwa isisongela esidlangalaleni esisekela umthetho, nangona iphula umthetho we-UN Charter ngokusongela abanye abantu phantsi ukuthotyelwa komthetho. Kwaye ngelixa abantu abaninzi eUnited States bengafuni ukufumana iimfazwe ezininzi, kwaye bekungekho mvukelo xa sinikwe uxolo, kukho intsebenziswano ebanzi kwimibutho yezopolitiko eUnited States ukuba iUnited States ikhethekileyo, ekhethekileyo imilinganiselo yayo kunye namalungelo akhankanywe ngokuthe tye nakwezinye iintlanga.

Ndiyakongeza apha ukuba kukho okubi kunye nokulungileyo kubantu ababalekayo eSaudi Arabia ngenxa yokubulawa komlobi-ntatheli omnye wase-US kodwa kungengaphezu kokubulawa kwamashumi angama-Amerika. Kukho into ephazamisayo kwiingcamango ezamkelekileyo ukuba umntu kufuneka athengise amabhomu kuphela koorhulumente abangasebenzisi kakubi amalungelo omntu, oku kuthetha ukubulala umntu ngaphandle kweebhomu. Kukho into ebini engendawo nokungaqondi kakuhle kwiTrump ekutshilo ukuba uthengise izixhobo nangoko ukwenza imisebenzi, kuba ukuchitha imali kwempi kunenjongo yokudityaniswa kwemisebenzi kwaye uhlanga oluphambeneyo lwezandla e-United States lungakhokelela ngokubanzi ukuba luncede wonke umntu .

Kwincwadi yam yakutshanje, Ukuphulukisa ngaphandle, Ndijonge indlela i-United States efanisa ngayo namanye amazwe, indlela abantu bacinga ngayo loo nto, yintoni inzakalisa le ngcamango, nendlela yokucinga ngayo. Kwiyokuqala kwala macandelo amane, ndizama ukufumana imilinganiselo apho i-United States ngokwenene inkulu, inombolo enye, isizwe kuphela esingenakwenzeka, kwaye ndiyakwazi.

Ndazama inkululeko, kodwa yonke indawo yesikhungo okanye i-academy, ngaphesheya, e-United States, inkxaso-mboleko ngasese, exhaswa ngemali yi-CIA, njl., Ayikwazanga ukubeka i-United States phezulu, ingaba inkululeko yokubambisa inkunzi, ukushiya inkululeko yokukhokelela ubomi obuzalisekileyo, inkululeko ekuhlaleni inkululeko, inkululeko yokutshintsha isikhundla sezoqoqosho, inkululeko nayiphi na inkcazelo phantsi kwelanga. I-United States apho "ubuncinci ndiyazi ukuba ndikhululekile" ngamazwi eculo ingoma ehluke namanye amazwe apho ubuncinci ndiyazi ukuba ndikhululekile.

Ngoko ndandijonga nzima. Ndakhangela imfundo kuzo zonke iinqanaba, ndafumana iUnited States ibe ngowokuqala kuphela kumatyala abafundi. Ndakhangela ubutyebi kwaye ndafumana iUnited States ibe ngowokuqala kuphela ukungalingani kobutyebi beentengiso phakathi kweentlanga ezizityebi. Enyanisweni, iUnited States iqela phantsi kweentlanga ezicebile kwiluhlu olude kakhulu lwemilinganiselo yobomi bomgangatho. Uhlala ixesha elide, uphilile, kwaye ujabule kwenye indawo. I-United States ihamba phambili phakathi kwazo zonke iintlanga kwiimilinganiselo ezahlukileyo umntu akufanele aziqhenyce ngoku: ukuboshwa, iintlobo ezahlukahlukeneyo zokutshatyalaliswa kwendalo, kunye nemilinganiselo emininzi yempi, kunye nezinye iindidi ezingathandabuzekiyo, ezifana - ungamangaleli - amagqwetha ngekhapital nganye. Yaye iqala kuqala kwinani lezinto endizicingayo abo bamemeza esithi "Siyi-1 yeNombolo!" Ukuthulisa umntu osebenzayo ukuphucula izinto ezingenayo ingqondo: ukubukela kwithelevishini, ininzi ye-asphalt, okanye kufuphi ekugqithiseni kuninzi, ukutya okuninzi kuchithekile, ukuhlinzwa okwenkcenkceshe, ukucoceka, ukusetyenziswa kweeshizi, njl njl.

Kwilizwe elinobuchule, iintlanga ezazifumene imigaqo-nkqubo ephambili yokunakekelwa kwezempilo, ubundlobongela bebhamu, imfundo, ukukhuselwa kwendalo, uxolo, ukuchuma, kunye nolonwabo kuya kukhuthazwa kakhulu njengemizekelo efanelekile. Kule hlabathi, ukuxhaphaka kolwimi lwesiNgesi, ukulawulwa kweHollywood, kunye nezinye izinto ezenza ukuba iUnited States iholele kwinto enye: ekukhuthazweni kwayo yonke imigaqo-nkqubo enobungozi.

Into esiyidingayo ayiyihlazo endaweni yokuzikhukhumeza, okanye enye inguqulelo yokuthanda ubutyebi. Into esiyidingayo kukuba siyeke ukuzibonakalisa ngokwethu kakhulu kurhulumente wesizwe kunye nomkhosi. Sidinga ukuchonga ngakumbi kunye noluntu lwethu oluncinci, kunye noluntu olubanzi noluntu lwalo mhlaba omncinci. Sidinga usuku olutsha lwe-Armistice olukhulelwe ngabantu abajonga ihlabathi kunye nomnye kulawo magama.

Kwiwebhusayithi ye-WorldBEYONDWar.org/ArmisticeDay uza kufumana uluhlu lwezithuba kwihlabathi jikelele kunye nethuba lokufaka umcimbi ongakabhalwanga. Uyakufumana kwakhona izixhobo ezibandakanya izithethi, iividiyo, imisebenzi, amanqaku, ulwazi, iipowusta kunye namaflaya okuza kukuncedisa kwisiganeko sakho. Omnye umsebenzi ophakanyiswe ngabaVeterans For Peace ukubetha kweentsimbi ngelo xesha le-11 yintsimbi ngosuku lwe-11th lwenyanga ye-11th. Amaqela angaqhagamshelana nathi World BEYOND War uncedo lokucwangcisa nayiphi na imisebenzi. Kodwa ndicinga ukuba banokufuna ukuqhagamshelana ne-Santa Cruz yoluntu njengoluntu oye wabakhokela ekubuyiseleni le holide ngokumakisha kunye nomhla inyanga ngaphambi kwayo kunye neenyanga ezimbini phambi kwayo, njl. kwenziwa. Inqabile kwakhona iSikhumbuzo sokuLawulwa kweMpahla eSanta Cruz - umzekelo wenkcubeko yoxolo.

Ndifuna kwakhona ukutyala enye ingcinga yomsebenzi kwikamva endikufundileyo ngeveki. Kubonakala ngathi u-Apreli ozayo i-4th ayilona nje iminyaka eyi-51 ukususela kubulawe nguDkt. Martin Luther King Jr kunye ne-52 iminyaka ukususela kwinkulumo yakhe eyaziwayo ngokumelene nemfazwe, kodwa yinto yokuzalwa kwe-70th yesikhungo esinokumnceda esibizwa nge-NATO. Ngoko, kuya kuba nenkundla enkulu yeNATO eWashington, DC, ngo-Ephreli 4, 2019, kwaye World BEYOND War bakholelwa ukuba kukho intlanganiso yokuthula. Siqala ukwakha intlangano, ukucwangcisa iziganeko zokuthetha kunye nemicimbi enkulu yokubonakaliswa kweentlanga ezinkulu kweso sithuba kunye neveki edlule.

Ngoku, ndiyazi ukuba uTrump uthe i-NATO ifanele isuswe, ngaphambi nje kokuba ixhase ukuqhubela phambili nokwandisa i-NATO kunye namalungu angama-NATO angenayo ukubeka imali engaphezulu kwi-NATO kunye nezixhobo. Ngoko ke, ngoko-NATO inxamnye neTonga. Kwaye ke i-NATO ilungile kwaye ihloniphekile. Kwaye ke akukho nto ithetha ukuba Hayi ku-NATO / Ewe kuXolo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-NATO iqhube izixhobo kunye nobutsha kunye nemigama ebizwa ngokuba yimpi yempi ukuya kumda weRashiya. I-NATO iye yahlasela iimfazwe ezinxamnye ne-North Atlantic. I-NATO yongeze iColombia, yashiya yonke into yokuzenzela yokukhonza injongo ethile kwi-Atlantic North. I-NATO isetyenziselwa ukukhulula i-Congress ye-US ekuxanduva kunye nelungelo lokujongana neentlungu zeemfazwe zase-US. I-NATO isetyenziswe njenge-cover by oorhulumente baseburhulumenteni be-NATO ukujoyina iimfazwe zase-US phantsi kokuziqhenya ukuba ngandlela-thile bafumaneka ngokomthetho okanye bayamkeleka. I-NATO isetyenziswe njengesigxina ngokungekho mthethweni kwaye ikwabelana ngokungaxhamli nezixhobo zenukliya ezinokuthi ziintlanga zenuzi. I-NATO isetyenzisiweyo, njengokuba imibutho eyadala iMfazwe Yehlabathi I, ukunika amazwe uxanduva lokuya kwimfazwe ukuba ezinye iintlanga ziya empini, ngoko ke zilungele imfazwe. I-NATO kufuneka ingcwatyelwe kwiMangcwaba yaseArlington kunye nathi sonke siphume ekuhluphekeni kwethu. I-NATO ivela kwiChicago iminyaka emihlanu ngaphambi kokuba le ngqungquthela ezayo ikhuthaze. Ndicwangcise ukuba ndibe esitratweni kwakhona ngeli xesha ukuba ndithi ku-NATO, Ewe kuxolo, Ewe ukuphumelela, Ewe kwindawo ezinzileyo, Ewe kwimiphakathi yoluntu, Ewe kwimfundo, Ewe kwinkcubeko yokungabikho kobubele kunye nobubele kunye nokuhlonipha , Ewe ukukhumbula ngo-Apreli 4th njengosuku oludibene nomsebenzi woxolo lukaMartin Luther King Jr. Ndiyathemba ukuba uza kudibana nathi emanzini entwasahlobo.

Ndiyabulela yonke into oyenzela uxolo! Masenze okungakumbi!