NguDavid Swanson, World BEYOND War, UJuni 1, 2020
Imfazwe eVietnam idlala indima enkulu kakhulu embalini ngokuqonda okuqhelekileyo kommi wase-US kunokuba enze oko urhulumente wase-US wenza e-Indonesia ngo-1965-1966. Kodwa ukuba ufunda Indlela yeJakarta, incwadi entsha kaVincent Bevins, kuyakufuneka uzibuze ukuba isiphi isiseko sokuziphatha esinokuthi sibekho ngaloo nto.
Ngexesha lemfazwe eVietnam iqhezu elincinci lababesengozini yayingamalungu omkhosi wase-US. Ngexesha lokubhukuqwa kwe-Indonesia, i-zero yepesenti yababesengozini yayingamalungu omkhosi wase-US. Imfazwe yaseVietnam isenokuba yabulala abantu abazizigidi ezisisi-3.8, bengabali abo bazokufa kamva ngenxa yetyhefu yendalo okanye ukuzibulala okubangelwa yimfazwe, kwaye ingabalwa iLaos okanye iCambodia. Ukubhukuqwa kweIndonesia kusenokuba kwabulala abanye abantu abasisigidi. Kodwa makhe sijonge kancinci.
Imfazwe eVietnam yayingasilele emkhosini wase-US. Ukubhukuqwa eIndonesia kwaba yimpumelelo. Owayekade eguqukele kancinane emhlabeni. Le yokugqibela ibaluleke kakhulu ekutshabalaliseni intshukumo engadityaniswanga yoorhulumente behlabathi lesithathu, nasekusekweni komgaqo-nkqubo “wokupheliswa” buthule kwaye ukubulala nokubulala inani elikhulu labemi ababeselesezantsi kwihlabathi liphela. Lo mgaqo-nkqubo uthathwe ngamagosa ase-US asuka e-Indonesia aya e-Latin America kwaye asetyenziselwa ukuseka u-Operation Condor kunye nothungelwano olubanzi lwehlabathi lwe-US ekhokelwa kunye ne-US exhaswe ukubulawa kwabantu ngobuninzi.
Indlela yaseJakarta yayisetyenziswa eArgentina, eBolivia, eBrazil, eChile, eParaguay naseUruguay ngo-1970 nango-1980, ukubulawa kwabantu abangama-60,000 ukuya kuma-80,000. Isixhobo esifanayo sathathelwa eVietnam ngo-1968 ukuya ku-1972 phantsi kwegama elithi Operation Phoenix (abangama-50,000 1963 babulawa), i-Iraq ngo-1978 no-5,000 (abangama-1965 1982 babulawa), iMexico ngo-1,300-1972 (bali-1986 3,250 labulawa), IPhilippines ngo-1973 ukuya ku-3,000 (1971 babulawa), eThailand. Ngo-100 (abangama-1975 1999 babulawa), iSudan 300,000 (ingaphantsi kwe-1979 yabulawa), i-East Timor 1989-50,000 (1979 yabulawa), iNicaragua 1992-75,000 (abangama-1980 1993 babulawa), i-El Salvador 200-1985 (1995 yabulawa), eHonduras 3,000-5,000 (1947 ubulewe), eColombia 10,000-1948 (1950-100,000 yabulawa), kunye nezinye iindawo apho iindlela ezifanayo beziqalisiwe, ezifana neTaiwan 200,000 (1954 yabulawa), South Korea 1996-200,000 (1959 ukuya ku-1970 yabulawa), eGuatemala 500-1,500 (Abangama-XNUMX babulawa), kunye neVenezuela XNUMX-XNUMX (XNUMX-XNUMX yabulawa).
La manani kaBevins, kodwa uluhlu aluphelelanga, kwaye ifuthe elipheleleyo alinakuqondwa ngaphandle kokuqonda ubungakanani bento eyaziwayo kwihlabathi liphela ngaphandle kwe-United States, kunye nenqanaba apho oku kubulala kwenziwa khona Isoyikiso nje sokuqhubeka nokubulala isigqibo sokuphembelela oorhulumente kwimigaqo-nkqubo eyenzakalisa abantu babo-ndingasathethi ke ngenzondo kunye nokubuyela umva okuvelisiweyo. Ndenze udliwanondlebe noJohn Perkins, umbhali we Ukuvuma komntu ozoqoqosho, ku Intetho yeRadio yeSizwe, malunga nencwadi yakhe entsha, kwaye xa ndambuza ukuba zingaphi i-couped ezifezekisiweyo ngaphandle kokuba kufuneke ukuba kwenziwe i-coupling, nje ngesisongelo, impendulo yakhe "yayingenakubalwa."
Indlela yeJakarta yenza kucace ezinye iingongoma ezisisiseko zokuba iimbono ezithandwayo zembali ziyaphazama. Umlo obandayo awuzange uphumelele, ubungxowankulu abuzange busasazeke, inqanaba lempembelelo lase-US alikhuliswanga ngumzekelo nje okanye kukunyuswa kweHollywood kwinto enqwenelekayo, kodwa ngokubalulekileyo ngokubulala inyambalala yamadoda, abafazi nabantwana abanolusu olumnyama amazwe ngaphandle kokubulawa kwemikhosi yase-US enokubangela ukuba umntu aqale ukukhathalela. Imfihlo, i-CIA ethandabuzekayo kunye nesobho soonobumba be-arhente ezingafumanekiyo zifezekise phantse yonke le minyaka ngokuhlola kunye nokonwaba- enyanisweni ezo nzame bezisoloko zinokuphikisana ngokwazo. Izixhobo ezibhukuqa oorhulumente kunye nokunyanzelisa imigaqo-nkqubo yecandelo kunye nokufunxa inzuzo kunye nezinto ezingavunyelwanga kunye nokusebenza okungabizi kakhulu yayingezizo izixhobo zokusasaza kwaye ayisiyiyo nje iminqathe yokunceda oozwilakhe abakhohlakeleyo, kodwa kwakhona, mhlawumbi okokuqala nokuphambili: imela, intambo, umpu, ibhombu kunye nocingo lombane.
Iphulo lokubulala e-Indonesia lalingenangxaki yemilingo ngaphandle kwendawo, nangona laliselitsha ngomgangatho kunye nempumelelo yalo. Kwaye akuxhomekanga kwisigqibo esinye kwi-White House, nangona ukugqithiswa kwamandla ukusuka kwi-JFK ukuya kwi-LBJ kubaluleke kakhulu. I-United States ibilungiselela amajoni ase-Indonesia e-United States iminyaka, kwaye iyingalo yomkhosi wase-Indonesia iminyaka. I-US yathatha inxusa elinoxolo lokuphuma e-Indonesia laza lamfaka kwelinye ebeyinxalenye yomzabalazo onempatho-mbi eMzantsi Korea. I-CIA inenkokeli yayo entsha yase-Indonesia eyachonga kwangaphambili, kunye noluhlu olude "lwamaKomanisi" afanele ukubulawa. Kwaye babe njalo. UBevins uphawula ukuba amagosa aseMelika sele enikezele ngoluhlu lokubulawa kwabantu eGuatemala 1954 naseIraq 1963. Ndiyakrokrela ukuba uMzantsi Korea ngo-1949 ukuya ku-1950 nabo bangabakhona kolu luhlu.
Ukubhukuqwa eIndonesia kukhusele kwaye kwandise inzuzo yeenkampani zeoyile zase-US, iinkampani zemigodi, abanini bezolimo, kunye neminye imibutho. Njengoko igazi lihamba, ukuphuma kweendaba e-US kwaxela ukuba abantu baseMpuma basuka nje ngokuzimela kwaye abanasiphelo, baphulukana nobomi babo (kwaye akekho umntu omele ukuxabisa kakhulu). Ngokwenyani umphembeleli ophambili kubundlobongela kunye nomphembeleli oyintloko ukuze aqhubeke kwaye esanda yayinguRhulumente wase-US. Iqela lesithathu ngobukomanisi kwihlabathi latshabalaliswa. Umsunguli wentshukumo yeHlabathi yeLizwe wasuswa. Kwaye kwasekwa ulawulo lwamaphiko olwahlulo lwabaphikisi kwaye lasetyenziswa njengomzekelo kwenye indawo.
Ngelixa ngoku sisazi ukusuka kuphando olwenziwe ngu-Erica Chenoweth ukuba amaphulo angenabugwenxa nxamnye nokucinezelwa kunye nokuhlala kwamanye amazwe kuye kwenzeka ukuba aphumelele kwaye ezo mpumelelo zihlala ixesha elide kakhulu kunempumelelo yemikhankaso yobundlobongela, ulwazi lwale ndlela lwaluthintelwa ukubhukuqwa kwe-Indonesia. Kwihlabathi liphela, kwafundwa isifundo esahlukileyo, oko kukuthi, abo bashiyiweyo eIndonesia babephethe izixhobo kwaye banobundlobongela. Esi sifundo sabangela usizi olungapheliyo kubantu abahlukeneyo kangangeshumi leminyaka.
Incwadi kaBevins inyanisekile ngokumangalisayo kwaye ikhululekile kwi-US-centric bias (okanye i-anti-US bias for that matter). Inye into eyahlukileyo, kwaye inokuba yinto enokuqikelelwa: yiMfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi. Ngokuka-Bevins, umkhosi wase-United States walwa kwiMfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi ukukhulula amabanjwa kwiinkampu zokufa, waphumelela emfazweni. Amandla ale ntsomi ekuqhubeleni phambili iinkqubo zokubulala ngobuninzi uBevins ngokucacileyo anqwenela ukuba kungafanelekanga ukuba ziqikelelwe. Urhulumente wase-US ngaphambi nangexesha leMfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi yenqabile ukukhupha abo babesongelwa ngamaNazi, wenqabile ukuphindaphinda ukuthatha naliphi na inyathelo lozakuzo okanye lomkhosi ukumisa olo loyikiso, kwaye akazange ayidibanise imfazwe nemizamo yokusindisa amaxhoba asentolongweni de yaphela imfazwe. -Imfazwe ephumelele kakhulu yiSoviet Union.
