NguDavid Swanson
Ifilimu entsha enamandla malunga nokuba yintoni engalunganga ngamajelo eendaba ase-US ngoku iboniswa kwilizwe lonke. Ibizwa Izithunzi zeNkululeko kwaye unokuseta uhlolo lwayo njengenxalenye yeveki ezayo yamazwe ngamazwe yezenzo zababembi ababiziweyo Yimeleni Inyaniso. Okanye ungathenga iDVD okanye uyibambe kwiLink yeTV. (Apha eCharlottesville ndiza kube ndithetha kumsitho, ngoMeyi 19, 7pm eBridge.)
UJudith Miller ukukhenketho lweencwadi lokubuyisela kwisimo sangaphambili; i Washington Post kutshanje ingxelo yokuba ixhoba lokubulawa kwamapolisa aseBaltimore laphuka umqolo walo; kunye nee-imeyile ezisanda kuvuza ezivela kwiSebe likaRhulumente zicele u-Sony ukuba asonwabisa kwinkxaso efanelekileyo yemfazwe. Ukudityaniswa okucetywayo kweComcast kunye ne-Time Warner bekuvaliwe, okwangoku, kodwa ubukho bezo mega-monopolies kwimo yazo yangoku zingcambu yengxaki, ngokutsho Izithunzi zeNkululeko.
Ukuvumela iinkampani zokwenza inzuzo ukuba zenze isigqibo malunga nento esiyifundayo ngehlabathi kunye norhulumente wethu, ukuvumela ezo nkampani ukuba zidibanise kwinqwelo encinane elawula amaza omoya kawonkewonke, evumela ukuba ibe ngabanini beenkampani ezinkulu ezixhomekeke kurhulumente kwiikontrakthi zezixhobo, nokubavumela ukuba bamisele indlela abezopolitiko abafikelela ngayo kuluntu kwaye banyobe abezopolitiko “ngeminikelo yamaphulo” — oku, kuhlalutyo Izithunzi zeNkululeko, oku kuthotywa kwendawo yoluntu kwinzuzo yabucala yinto eyenza iindaba ezingezizo, ezingenamdla kwabahluphekileyo, ezisasaza iimfazwe, kwaye zivale nayiphi na intatheli ephuma emgceni.
Ifilimu ayikona uhlalutyo oluphambili, kodwa umzekelo. Umzekelo wokuqala nguRoberta Baskin weengxelo ze-CBS malunga nokuxhatshazwa kwabasebenzi baseNike e-Asia. I-CBS yabulala ibali lakhe elikhulu ngokutshintshiselana noNike ukuba ahlawule i-CBS imali eninzi kangangokuba i-CBS yavuma ukuba zonke "iintatheli" zayo zinxibe iilogo zeNike ngexesha "lokupapashwa" kweeolympics.
Omnye umzekelo ovela kwi-CBS kwifilimu kukudutyulwa kwe-TWA flight 800 yi-US Navy, imeko yobugwala beendaba kunye nokoyikisa urhulumente, endibhale ngayo apha. Njengoko Izithunzi zeNkululeko ibonisa, i-CBS ngelo xesha yayiyi-Westinghouse eyayinezivumelwano ezinkulu zomkhosi. Njengeshishini elenza inzuzo, kwakungekho mbuzo apho liya kuba licala phakathi kwentatheli elungileyo kunye nePentagon. (Yiyo kanye le nto umnini we Washington Post akufuneki ibenjalo umntu onenkxaso-mali enkulu kakhulu engena evela kwiCIA.)
The ENew York TimesUbonakale echukumisekile yifilimu yangaphambili ezinikele ngokupheleleyo kwinqwelomoya ye-TWA engama-800 yokubulala abantu abaninzi. I Maxesha Ndithande uphando olutsha kodwa wakhalaza ngokunqongophala kwalo naliphi na iziko elinokwenza uphando ngokuthembekileyo. Urhulumente wase-US uvela njengongathembekanga kwifilimu kangangokuba akanakuthenjwa ukuba aphinde aziphande. Ke iphephandaba eliphambili, ekufuneka umsebenzi walo ibe kukuphanda urhulumente, liziva lingazi ukuba lenze ntoni na ngaphandle korhulumente onokuthi ngentembeko nangokuzithandela enze umsebenzi wamaziko eendaba kulo aze aziphendulele. Ulusizi. Ukuba nje uNike ebethembisa ukuhlawula ENew York Times ukuphanda urhulumente!
Omnye umzekelo kwimidiya embi ibalaselisa i-reel in Izithunzi zeNkululeko yimeko yengxelo kaGary Webb kwiCIA kunye ne-crack cocaine, nayo ingumxholo wemuvi yamva nje. Enye, ngokuqinisekileyo, ipropaganda eyasungula uhlaselo lwe-Iraq ngo-2003. Ndisandula ukufunda uhlalutyo lwendima kaJudith Miller eyayimgxeka ngokuyintloko ngokungalungi “iimpazamo” zakhe xa ubuxoki babubhencwa. Andivumi. Ndimgxeka ngokuyintloko ngokupapasha amabango ahlekisayo ngelo xesha kwaye ngewayengazange awapapashe ukuba ayenziwe lilo naliphi na iziko elingekho phantsi kukarhulumente okanye nawuphi na kwabayi-199 kwabangama-200 oorhulumente besizwe emhlabeni. Ngurhulumente wase-US kuphela ofumana olo nyango kumaqabane akhe eendaba ase-US kulwaphulo-mthetho - kwaye eneneni kuphela izinto ezithile kurhulumente wase-US. Ngelixa uColin Powell exoka kwihlabathi kwaye uninzi lwehlabathi luhleka, kodwa imithombo yeendaba yase-US yaqubuda, unyana wakhe watyhalela phambili nokudibanisa amajelo eendaba. Ndiyavumelana nengcebiso ye Izithunzi zeNkululeko ukugxeka abanini beendaba, kodwa loo nto ayisusi naliphi na ityala kubasebenzi.
Ngetyala le Izithunzi zeNkululeko ibandakanya phakathi kwamabali ixela eminye imizekelo yokuthula okupheleleyo kweendaba. Ibali le Sibel Edmonds, umzekelo, yenziwa mhlophe ngokupheleleyo yi-US mega-media, nangona ingekho kumazwe angaphandle. Omnye umzekelo uya kuba Umsebenzi Merlin (i-CIA inikezela ngezicwangciso zenyukliya e-Iran), singasathethi ke ngolwandiso lwe-Operation Merlin ukuya Irakh. UDan Ellsberg uthi kwifilimu igosa likarhulumente liza kuxelela amaphephandaba amakhulu ukuba ashiye ibali, kwaye ezinye iivenkile "ziya kulandela ukhokelo lokuthula."
Amaza omoya kawonke-wonke ase-US anikwe iinkampani zabucala ngo-1934 ezinemida emikhulu kwimonopoli kamva yahluthwa nguReagan noClinton kunye neeNkongolo ezazisebenza nabo. Umthetho weTelecom wonyaka ka-1996 osayinwe nguClinton wenze i-mega-monopolies eye yatshabalalisa iindaba zasekhaya kwaye sele iqinisekise inkosikazi yakhe unyulo lukamongameli luka-2016 ngokusekelwe kwimali azakuyisebenzisa kwiintengiso zikamabonakude.
Eyona nto imbi yemithombo yeendaba ifumana i-echo-room encinci kodwa ayizizo iimeko zodwa. Kunoko ziyimizekelo egqithisileyo efundise izifundo kwezinye “iintatheli” ezingenakubalwa eziye zazama ukugcina imisebenzi yazo ngokungaze ziphume emgceni kwasekuqaleni.
Ingxaki kumajelo eendaba eenkampani azikho iziganeko ezithile, kodwa indlela ehlala inika ingxelo ngayo ngayo yonke into ebandakanya urhulumente (ohlala ethetha kakuhle) kunye neemfazwe (kufuneka kuhlale kukho ngaphezulu) kunye noqoqosho (kufuneka kukhule kwaye kutyebise abatyali-mali) kunye nabantu ( abanakuzinceda nabangenamandla). Imigca yebali ethile eyenza owona monakalo mkhulu ayisoloko imbi kakhulu ngokwendalo. Endaweni yoko, zezo zingena kwi-echo-chamber yequmrhu ngokubanzi.
The Washington Post ngamaxesha athile ivuma kanye into engalunganga kodwa ubala ukuba abantu abaninzi abanakuze baphawule, kuba amanqaku anjalo akayi kuphindwa aze axutyushwe kuwo onke amaphepha nakuyo yonke imiboniso.
Ngoku ka Izithunzi zeNkululeko, I-40-70% "yeendaba" isekelwe kwiingcamango ezivela kumasebe e-PR yenkampani. Enye i-chunk elungileyo, ndiyakrokra, ivela kumasebe karhulumente e-PR. Ubuninzi e-US kuvoto lokugqibela endilubonileyo lukholelwa ukuba i-Iraq izuze kwimfazwe yase-Iraq kwaye yayinombulelo. I-poll ye-Gallup yamazwe angama-65 ekupheleni kuka-2013 ifumene i-US ngokubanzi ikholelwa ukuba sesona sisongelo esikhulu soxolo emhlabeni, kodwa ngaphakathi kwe-US, njengesiphumo esicacileyo sento ngaphandle kwe-propaganda ekhohlakeleyo, i-Iran yabonwa ifanelwe yiloo mbeko.
The Umboniso wangokuhlwanje uhlala ebuza abantu ukuba banokuthiya i-senator kwaye banokuthiya umlinganiswa othile wekhathuni, njl., ebonisa ukuba abantu bayazazi izinto ezibudenge. Hayi hayi. Kodwa yindlela amajelo eendaba abumba abantu, kwaye ngokucacileyo urhulumente wase-US akachasi ngokwaneleyo ukwenza nantoni na malunga nalo. Ukuba akukho mntu ulaziyo igama lakho, abazukukuqhankqalaza kungekudala. Kwaye akukho mfuneko yokuba ube nexhala malunga nokuphinda unyulwe.
Izithunzi zeNkululeko inde kwingxaki kwaye imfutshane kwisisombululo, kodwa ixabiso layo likukuveza abantu ekuqondeni ingxaki. Kwaye isisombululo esinikezelweyo silungile, njengoko sihamba. Isisombululo esinikiweyo kukugcina i-intanethi ivuliwe kwaye uyisebenzise. Ndiyavuma. Kwaye enye yeendlela ekufuneka siyisebenzise kukwazisa ingxelo yangaphandle e-United States edlula ingxelo yasekhaya. Ukuba imithombo yeendaba idla ngokuxela kakuhle kuphela kwiintlanga apho ingekhoyo, ukanti ifikeleleka ngokulinganayo kwi-intanethi, kufuneka siqale sifumane kwaye sifunde amajelo eendaba malunga nelizwe lethu eliveliswe kwamanye. Kwinkqubo, mhlawumbi sinokuphuhlisa ingqiqo ethile yokukhathalela ukuba i-95% yoluntu icinga ntoni malunga nale 5%. Kwaye kuloo nkqubo mhlawumbi singenza buthathaka ubuzwe nje kancinane.
Amajelo eendaba azimeleyo sisisombululo esicetywayo, hayi amajelo osasazo oluntu, kwaye hayi ukubuyiselwa koonondaba beshishini kwimo yabo yangaphambili engeyiyo yoyikekayo. Ukuncipha kwamagumbi eendaba kufuneka kukhalelwe, kunjalo, kodwa mhlawumbi ukuqeshwa kwamagumbi eendaba angaphandle kunye neebhlogi ezizimeleyo zingayithomalalisa loo lahleko ngendlela yokucenga abo balawulayo ukuba benze ngcono akuzukuphumelela. Ndicinga ukuba inxalenye yesisombululo idala imidiya ezimeleyo engcono, kodwa inxalenye yayo kukufumana, ukufunda, ukuxabisa, kunye nokusebenzisa imidiya ezimeleyo kunye nezangaphandle. Kwaye inxalenye yolo tshintsho kwisimo sengqondo kufuneka ibe kukuyeka ingcamango engafanelekanga “yenjongo,” eqondwa njengendawo yokungajongi. Enye inxalenye kufuneka ibe kukuchaza ubunyani bethu ukuba bukhona ngaphandle kwentsikelelo yosasazo lweshishini, ukuze sikhuthazeke ukuba sakhe imibutho yamatshantliziyo nokuba akwiTV yequmrhu okanye hayi. Oku kubandakanya, ngokuqinisekileyo, ukukholisa amajelo eendaba azimeleyo ukuba atyale imali kumabali angahoywayo ngamaqumrhu, angagxili nje ekuchazeni kwakhona ngendlela engcono amabali athethwa ngamaqumrhu.
Imithombo yeendaba ezizimeleyo kudala iyeyona intle kakhulu esinokuyifumana kwibhanti enikelwe kwisizathu esiluncedo. Unyaka olandelayo kunye nesiqingatha lithuba lokwenyani, kuba inkqubo yonyulo yase-US eyaphukileyo ngokupheleleyo ilindele amakhulu ezigidi zeedola kubantu abaneenjongo ezintle ukuba banikwe abaviwa ukuba banike uthungelwano lweTV esibanike amaza ethu. Kuthekani ukuba sibambe enye yaloo mali kwaye sakhe amajelo ethu eendaba kunye nemibutho yobutshantliziyo? Kwaye kutheni ucinga ngezi zimbini (imidiya kunye nobutshantliziyo) njengezahlukeneyo? Ndicinga ukuba ijaji lisaphumile Ukuthintela njengemithombo yeendaba entsha ezimeleyo, kodwa sele iphezulu kakhulu kune Washington Post.
Akukho majelo osasazo azimeleyo aya kufezeka. Ndiyanwena Izithunzi zeNkululeko akazange azukise revolution American ukuba izandi umlilo inkanunu. Kamva siva uMongameli uReagan ebiza i-Contras "imilinganiselo yokuziphatha yoobawo bethu abasungulayo" ngelixa ifilimu ibonisa izidumbu - ngokungathi i-revolution yaseMelika ayizange ivelise nanye kwezo. Kodwa inqaku lokuba ushicilelo lwasimahla, njengoko lubonelelwe ngokwethiyori sisilungiso sokuqala, lubalulekile kulawulo lwesiqu sakho lulungile. Inyathelo lokuqala ekudaleni inkululeko yoshicilelo kukwazisa esidlangalaleni ukungabikho kwayo kunye nezizathu.
