IINQAKU ZIYAZISWAZI

Iimfazwe zinikwa izizathu ezininzi ezizukileyo kunye nezilungisa, kuquka ukusabalalisa impucuko kunye nentando yeninzi ehlabathini lonke, ukuba awuyi kucinga ukuba kuya kufuneka ukuba ufune ukuba imfazwe nganye ayinakukhuseleka. Ngubani obengafuna ukuba izenzo ezintle ziphephe? Kanti mhlawumbi akuzange kube yimfazwe engazange ichazwe njengento efunekayo, engenakukhunjulwa, kwaye ingenakunqandwa. Ukuba le ngxabano kufuneka isetyenziswe rhoqo ngumlinganiselo wendlela iimfazwe eziyingozi. Njengaye enye inxulumene nemfazwe, ukuphepha kwayo kungamanga, ngasinye ngesinye. Imfazwe ayisoze yodwa ikhethe kwaye yisoloko iyona yimbi.

Icandelo: KANYE KUNYE KWIGENESI ZETHU

Ukuba imfazwe ikhuseleka, ngoko sinako kwaye kufuneka siphephe imfazwe. Kwaye ukuba sinokuphelisa imfazwe, kutheni kungekho nkampani eyenziwe? Impendulo emfutshane kukuba banayo. Kodwa masicacile. Nangona uluntu noluntu lwangaphambi kokuba lube nemfazwe, asiyi kuba sizathu sokuba kufuneka sibe nalo. Okhokho bakho bahlala besidla inyama, kodwa ukuba i-vegetarianism iyimfuneko yokusinda kule planethi encinane akuyi kukhetha ukuba uphile ngaphandle kokugxininisa ukuba wenze into oyihlo? Ngokuqinisekileyo unokwenza oko okhokho bakho bakwenzayo, kwaye kwimiba emininzi yinto enokuyenza, kodwa akudingeki. Ngaba bonke babe nenkolo? Abanye abantu abasayi kwenza. Ngaba idini lesilwanyana laliyinxalenye yonqulo? Akusekho.

Imfazwe, nayo, ishintshile ngokuphawulekayo kwiminyaka emininzi edlulileyo. Ingaba i-knight medieval fighting on horseback iyakwazi ukuba nayiphi na intsebenziswano kunye nomqhubi we-drone usebenzisa i-funstick kwideskiti e-Nevada ukubulala umntu osolwayo kunye nabantu abathathu abangenacala ePakistan? Ingaba igosa lalicinga ukuba ukuqhutyelwa kwe-drone piloting, kwanaxa kuye kwacaciswa kuye, kwakuyinto yokulwa? Ingaba umqhubi we-drone wayenokucinga ukuba imisebenzi ye-knight yayiyimisebenzi yemfazwe? Ukuba imfazwe ingatshintsha ibe yinto engaqondakaliyo, kutheni ingeke iguquke ibe yinto? Njengokuba sazi, iimfazwe zibandakanya amadoda kuphela eminyaka. Ngoku abafazi bathabatha inxaxheba. Ukuba abafazi bangaqala ukuthabatha inxaxheba kwimfazwe, kutheni abantu bengakwazi ukuyeka ukwenza njalo? Ewe, banako. Kodwa ngenxa yezintlu ezibuthakathaka kunye nalabo abathathe inkolo ngenzululwazi embi, kubalulekile ngaphambi kokuba abantu benze into yokubonisa ukuba sele beyenzile.

Kulungile, ukuba uyanyanzelisa. I-Anthropologists, enyanisweni, ifumene uninzi loluntu kwiindawo zonke zehlabathi ezingazanga, okanye ezishiyileyo, iimfazwe. Kwincwadi yakhe egqwesileyo engaphaya kweMfazwe: Ubuninzi boLuntu boXolo, UDouglas Fry udwelise amaqela angama-70 angalwiyo avela kuzo zonke iindawo zomhlaba. Izifundo zifumene uninzi loluntu olungenamfazwe okanye uhlobo oluthambileyo. (Ewe yonke imfazwe eyadlulayo kwinkulungwane ephelileyo inokuphinda ichazwe njengobulali.) I-Australia ibingayazi imfazwe de kufike abaseYurophu. Kananjalo uninzi lwabantu baseArctic, iGreat Basin, okanye iNortheast Mexico.

Uninzi lwamaqela angabikho imfazwe alula, ahlalisayo, azinzileyo ezizingelayo. Ezinye zihlala zingekho kwiintshaba, akuyikumangalisi ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba iqela elinye liza kulwa imfazwe nenye into eyingozi. Abanye bahlala bodwa kodwa baleka bevela kwamanye amaqela awenza imfazwe kunokuzibandakanya. Ezi nkcubeko azihlali zihlala kwiindawo ezingenazo izilwanyana ezinkulu. Ziyiqela labantu abakufuneka bavikele ukulwa nokuhlaselwa kwezilwanyana kwaye bahlala bezingela ukutya. Basenokungqina ubungqina bodwa, ubundlobongela, okanye ukubulawa, ngelixa bekunqanda imfazwe. Ezinye iinkcubeko zithintela ukuvutha komsindo kunye nobudlova. Bahlala bebamba zonke iintlobo zeenkolelo zobuxoki ezidambisa ubudlova, njengokuba ukubetha umntwana kuyakubulala. Nangona kunjalo, iinkolelo zibonakala zingabonakali ubomi obugqithiseleyo kunokuba, umzekelo, inkolelo yenkohlakalo yokuba ukuxhamla inzuzo kubantwana.

Iingcali ze-anthropologists zithande ukucinga ngemfazwe njengento eyayikho ngandlela thile kuzo zonke izigidi zeminyaka yokuzivelela kwabantu. Kodwa "cinga" ligama eliphambili. Amathambo e-Australopithecine awonzakeleyo acinga ukuba abonisa ukonzakala kwemfazwe ngokwenene abonisa amanqaku amazinyo engwe. Iindonga zaseJeriko ngokucacileyo zazakhiwe ukukhusela kwizikhukula, hayi emfazweni. Akukho bungqina bemfazwe engaphezulu kweminyaka eyi-10,000, kwaye iyakubakho, kuba imfazwe ishiya uphawu lwayo kumanxeba nakwizixhobo. Oku kuphakamisa ukuba kwiminyaka engama-50,000 40,000 i-Homo sapiens ikhoyo, i-99.87 ayibonanga mfazwe, kwaye ukuba izigidi zeminyaka yookhokho bayo bezingasekho emfazweni. Okanye, njengoko i-anthropologist yatsho, "Abantu bahlala kumaqela abazingeli-12,500 yepesenti yobomi bomntu." Imfazwe ivela kwezinye, kodwa ayizizo zonke, ezintsonkothileyo, ezihlala abantu, kwaye zihlala zikhula kunye nobunzima bazo. Le nyaniso yenza ukuba kungalindelekanga ukuba imfazwe ifumaneke ngaphezulu kweminyaka eyi-XNUMX eyadlulayo.

Omnye unokuthetha ukuba ukubulawa ngabanye ngenxa yokufutheka komona kwakufana nemfazwe yamaqela amancinci. Kodwa ahluke kakhulu kwimfazwe ehleliweyo apho ubundlobongela buchazwa ngokungaziwayo ngamalungu kwelinye iqela. Kwihlabathi leencinci ezingekho zezolimo, izibophelelo zentsapho kumama womntu okanye ubaba okanye iqabane lomlingane lixhomekeke kwelinye iindidi. Kwisizwe esitsha senkcubeko zentsapho, ngakolunye uhlangothi, omnye ufumana i-preversi yobuzwe: ukuhlaselwa naliphi ilungu lomnye umndeni owenzakalise nayiphi na ilungu lakho.

Umgqatswa ofanelekileyo ngakumbi kumphambili wokulwa nemfazwe kunokuba ubundlobongela buntwini lungaba liqela lobundlobongela olujoliswe kwizilwanyana ezinkulu. Kodwa oko, kwahluke kakhulu kwimfazwe njengoko siyazi. Nangona kwimizalwane yethu yenkcubeko, abantu abaninzi banqabile ukubulala abantu kodwa kungabikho ukubulala ezinye izilwanyana. Ukuzingela iqela lezilwanyana ezinobungozi akudluli kakhulu kwimbali yabantu. NjengoBarbara Ehrenreich uthi, ubuninzi bexesha oobawo bachitha ngayo ukutshintsha kwabo bachithekanga kungekhona njengezilwanyana, kodwa njengexhoba.

Ngoko ke, kungakhathaliseki ukuba i-chimpanzees enobudlova ingaba njani, okanye i-bonobos ephilileyo, ukucinga ukuba ookhokho basendulo bezilwanyana ezinxanelwe yimfazwe yinto engaphezu kokucinga. Ukukhangela ezinye iindlela ezithembekileyo kule ndaba kungabonakali ngakumbi, kunikezelwe ubukho namhlanje kwaye kwimbali ebhaliweyo yoluntu. Ezinye zezi nkcubeko zifumene iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuphepha nokuxazulula iingxabano ezingabandakanyi imfazwe. Ukuba abantu yonke indawo banamakhono ngokubambisana kwaye bafumana intsebenziswano eyonwabisayo kunokuba imfazwe ingenzi iindaba ngokuchanekileyo kuba sonke siyayazi kakade. Nangona kunjalo siva ezininzi malunga "nomntu olwa mfazwe" kwaye ngokungaqhelekanga sibone intsebenziswano echongiweyo njengento ebalulekileyo okanye ebalulekileyo yeentlobo zethu.

Imfazwe njengoko siye saziwayo kwiminyaka eyi-yamuva iyenze kunye nezinye iinguqulelo zentlalo. Kodwa ngaba abantu abaninzi abasandul 'ukuhlala kwiindawo ezinzima kwaye ezinzileyo zibandakanya into efana nemfazwe okanye akunjalo? Ezinye iindawo zasendulo azizange ziboniswe ukuba zibandakanyekile kwimfazwe, ngoko mhlawumbi zihlala ngaphandle kwayo. Kwaye, inene, ininzi yethu, nakwiindawo ezininzi ezinamandla, zihlala ngaphandle kokunxibelelana ngokuthe ngqo kumfazwe, okubonakala kubonisa ukuba uluntu lonke luyakwenza okufanayo. Iimvakalelo ezixhasayo zisekela imfazwe, ukuxhamla ngokubambisana kokunqoba nokunye okunjalo, kunokufundiswa ngokwemveli, kungekhona ukugwema, ekubeni ezinye iindawo zibonakala zikude kakhulu kwiimbono zokuzixabisa. UKirk Endicott uthi:

Ndakhe ndacela indoda yaseBatek ukuba kutheni ookhokho babo babengazange batshale ama-raiders aseMalay. . . kunye nemibhobho yokubethelwa inetyhefu [esetyenziselwa izilwanyana zokuzingela]. Impendulo yakhe emangele kukuba: 'Kungenxa yokuba yayibabulala!' "

Icandelo: KUNYE NONYAKA YOKWENZA

Abadumi be-Anthropologists bahlala begxila kwiinkcubeko ezingekho mbande, kodwa ngaba iintlanga eziphambili zezobuchwepheshe zingaphila ngaphandle kwemfazwe? Makhe sicinge ukuba iSwitzerland yintlupheko yesicwangciso se-geopolitiki. Kukho ezinye iindidi ezininzi ukuba ziqwalaselwe. Enyanisweni, ezininzi iintlanga zehlabathi, ngenxa yezizathu ezithile okanye ezinye, kuquka abo balwa neemfazwe ezide xa behlaselwa, musa ukuqalisa imfazwe. I-Iran, loo ntsholongwane ekhohlakeleyo kwi-"news stories" ye-US, ayizange ihlasele elinye ilizwe ngeenkulungwane. Isihlandlo sokugqibela saseSweden saqaliswa okanye saye sithatha inxaxheba kwimfazwe yinkqantosi kunye neNorway kwi-1814. Kwimboleko yakhe, uDouglas Fry ubhala uxolo lwezinye iintlanga zanamhlanje, kuquka i-Iceland ephilile iminyaka ye-700 ne-Costa Rica eyaphela umkhosi wayo emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II.

Isalathiso soXolo lweHlabathi minyaka le sibeka awona mazwe aseluxolweni kwihlabathi liphela, kubandakanya nezinto zasekhaya kubalo kunye nokwenza imfazwe yamanye amazwe. Nazi izizwe ezingama-20 eziphezulu ngo-2010:

1 eNew Zealand

2 Iceland

3 Japan

4 Austria

5 Norway

6 Ireland

7 Denmark

7 Luxembourg

9 Finland

10 Sweden

11 Slovenia

12 Republic yaseCzech

13 Portugal

14 Canada

15 Qatar

16 eJamani

17 Belgium

18 Switzerland

19 Australia

20 Hungary

Enye inkcazo yezinye iintlanga ukungaphumeleli kwemfazwe kukuba bangathanda kodwa bengenalo ithuba lokuqalisa nayiphi na imfazwe abayifumana ngayo. Oku ubuncinane ukuphakamisa iqondo lokuqiqisa kwizenzo zokwenza imfazwe. Ukuba zonke iintlanga zazi ukuba aziyi kuphumelela imfazwe, ngaba bekungekho nto ikhona imfazwe?

Enye inkcazo kukuba amazwe awayivelisi iimfazwe kuba ayinayo, kuba iipolisi zehlabathi zijonge kwaye zigcina i-Pax Americana. Ngokomzekelo, iKosta Rica yamkela umkhosi waseMelika. Oku kuya kuba yinkcazelo ekhuthazayo ngakumbi, ebonisa ukuba iintlanga azifuni ukuqala iimfazwe ukuba azinako.

Enyanisweni, akukho mntu unokucinga ukuba imfazwe phakathi kweentlanga kwiYurophu YaseYurophu (indawo yokuzalwa kwiimfazwe ezidluleyo kwimbali yehlabathi) okanye phakathi kwamazwe e-United States. Ukutshintshwa kweYurophu kuyamangalisa. Emva kweeminyaka zokulwa, sele kufumene uxolo. Yaye uxolo phakathi kweUnited States lukhuselekile kakhulu lubonakala lunqabileyo nokuba luqaphele. Kodwa kufuneka iyancomeke kwaye iqondwe. Ngaba i-Ohio iyakuphepha ekuhlaseleni i-Indiana kuba i-feds iya kujezisa e-Ohio, okanye ngenxa yokuba iOhio iqinisekile ukuba i-Indiana ayiyi kuphinda ihlasele, okanye ngenxa yokuba umnqweno omkhulu we-Ohio unelisekile yimfazwe eneendawo ezifana ne-Iraq ne-Afghanistan, okanye ngenxa yokuba iBuckeyes ibe ngcono izinto ezenziwayo kunokuzibandakanya ekubulaweni komzimba? Impendulo engcono kakhulu, ndicinga ukuba, ngowokugqibela, kodwa amandla karhulumente karhulumente kuyimfuneko kunye nento esinokuyilungisa kwizinga lamazwe ngamazwe ngaphambi kokuba sibe noluxolweni olukhuselekileyo nolunakukhungatheka.

Uvavanyo olubalulekileyo, kubonakala ngathi, ukuba iintlanga ziyaxhamla ithuba lokujoyina "imibutho" elawulwa yimfazwe elawulwa yi-United States. Ukuba amazwe akwazi ukulwa nemfazwe ngenxa yokuba abanakho ukuphumelela, akufuneki ukuba baxhamle ithuba lokuba bathathe inxaxheba njengamaqabane amancinci kwiimfazwe ezichasene neentlanga ezihlwempuzekileyo kunye nezixhobo ezixabisekileyo zokuphanga? Kodwa a kunjalo.

Kwimeko yokuhlasela kwe-2003 e-Iraq, iqela likaBush-Cheney lasongela kwaye kwaze kwaba yilapho amazwe ase-49 ayevuma ukuba avumelanise ukubeka amagama abo phantsi "njengeManyano wokuthanda." Amanye amazwe amaninzi, amakhulu kunye namancinci, avume. Kwi-49 kwoluhlu, omnye unqatshelwe naluphi na ulwazi lokuba nalo, elinye lalisuswe igama layo, elinye lalingavumi ukuncedisa ngemfazwe nangayiphi na indlela. Amazwe amane kuphela athathe inxaxheba kwi-invasion, i-33 emsebenzini. Amathandathu kumazwe kulo mbutho wamajoni ayengenawo onke amabutho. Uninzi lwa mazwe ngokubonakalayo lujoyina ngokutshintshiselana nemali eninzi yonyango lwangaphandle, olusitsho into ethile ngokuphathelele isizwe sinobubele xa kuvela kwizinto ezithandekayo ngaphandle. Abathathi-nxaxheba be-33 kumsebenzi ngokukhawuleza baqala ukukrazula ngaphandle kokunyamekela njengoko beqaphele ukungena, ukuya kwindawo apho i-2009 kuphela i-United States yahlala.

Siphinde sibonakale sikwazi ngokupheleleyo ukukhawulelana nemfazwe, ukuphakamisa umbuzo weso sizathu sokuthi singakwazi ukuwukhawulela ngakumbi kwaye ude ude ude. AmaGrike amandulo akhetha ukuba angathathi isaphetha kunye nentoloko ye-400 iminyaka emva kokuba amaPersi awabonise - eqinisweni, wenza ukuba bazive-yintoni eso sikhali esinokuyenza. Xa amaPhuthukezi azisa izibhamu eJapan kwi-1500s, amaJapan awalinqabela, njengabalandeli abakhulu ababenjenjalo eGibithe naseItali. AmaTshayina, awayeyilungisile okokuqala kuthiwa yimpuphu, ayekhetha ukuba angayisebenzisi imfazwe. UWu Wu waseKuu, umbusi wokuqala weZhou Dynasty, emva kokuwulwa kwemfazwe, ukukhulula amahashe, wahlakaza iinkomo, kwaye wayenqwelo kunye neengubo zeposi ezityelwe ngegazi lemfuyo kodwa zigcinwe kwi-arsenal ukubonisa ukuba abayi kuphinda basebenzise kwakhona. Iingwele kunye neenkemba zajikezelwa ngaphantsi kwaye zambethe ngeengxowa zegig. UKumkani waqhawula umkhosi, wajika abaphathi bakhe kubaphathi, wabayalela ukuba batyikitye iindebe kunye neentolo zabo.

Emva kweegesi ezinobuthi zaba zixhobo ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi I, ihlabathi livaliwe kakhulu. Iibhamu zeNyukliya zaboniswa zizixhobo ezimangalisayo kwindlela yokulwa kwemfazwe eyi-65 kwiminyaka edlulileyo, kodwa ayisetyenziswanga ukususela ngowe, ngaphandle kwe-uranium epholileyo. Ininzi yeentlanga zehlabathi ziye zavalwa imigodi yomhlaba kunye neibhola zeqoqo, nangona i-United States inqatshelwe ukujoyina.

Ngaba iimoto ezinzulu zisibongoza ukuba silwe nemfazwe? Kwezinye iinkcubeko zabantu zenza ngokuqinisekileyo, kodwa akukho sizathu sokuba ezo nkcubeko azikwazi ukutshintshwa. Utshintsho olunokuthi ludinga ukuba lunzulu kwaye lubanzi kunokuba lulungiso kuMgaqo-siseko.

Icandelo: UKUBA UKUBA UKUBA UKUBA UKUBA UKUBA UKUBA UKUVIKELEKA KUNYE NEMISEBENZI. . .

Esinye isizathu sokungabaza ukuba nayiphi na imfazwe engenakukhuseleka yimbali yezengozi, iimpazamo eziyindoda, iimpazamo ezincinci, izikratshi ezibuhlungu kunye neempembelelo ezibuhlungu esilula ngazo kwimfazwe nganye, ngelixa kwezinye izihlandlo zikhubeka kuze kube semngceleni ngaphandle kokuya ngaphaya. Kunzima ukuqonda ukuncintisana phakathi kweentlanga zentlanga-okanye, ngenxa yolu hlobo, imikhosi engabonakaliyo yokugqithisa kunye nokunyanzeliswa kwabantu abangenangqondo - xa bejonga indlela iimfazwe ezenzeka ngayo. Njengoko siza kubona kwisahluko sesithandathu, abenzi bemfazwe bajongana neminqweno yemali, ukunyanzeliswa kwamashishini, ukubala okhethiweyo kunye nokungazi kakuhle, zonke izinto ezibonakala ngathi zinokutshintsha okanye ukuphelisa.

Imfazwe inokulawula iimbali zabantu, kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo iincwadi zethu zembali zizenza ngathi akukho nto ngaphandle kwemfazwe, kodwa imfazwe ayizange iqhubeke. Kuphelile kwaye kuhamba. IJamani kunye neJapan, ababenomdla abafuna ukulwa ne-75 kwiminyaka edlulileyo, ngoku banomdla ngakumbi kunabo baseUnited States. Iintlanga zeViking zaseScandinavia azibonakali unomdla wokulwa nabani na. Amaqela afana nama-Amish ngaphakathi eUnited States agweba ukuthatha inxaxheba kwimfazwe, kwaye amalungu awo akwenzile oko ngexabiso elibi xa ephoqelelwa ukuba angamelana neengqapheli kwinkonzo engeyiyo yokulwa, njengemiba yeMfazwe Yehlabathi II. AbaSabatha bamaSabatha abaSebenzi baye benqaba ukuthatha inxaxheba kwimfazwe, kwaye baye basetyenziswa kwiimvavanyo zemizi ye-nyukliya esikhundleni. Ukuba sinokuphepha iimfazwe ngamanye amaxesha, kwaye ukuba abanye bethu banokuphepha iimfazwe ngelo xesha, kutheni singaboni kakuhle?

Iintlalo ezinokuthula zisebenzisa iintlobo zobulumko zesisombululo sokulungisa, ukubuyisela kunye nokuhlonipha, kunokugweba. I-diplomacy, uncedo, kunye nobuhlobo zibonakaliswe ezinye iindlela zokulwa nemfazwe yehlabathi lanamhlanje. NgoDisemba 1916 noJanuwari 1917, uMongameli uTolrow Wilson wenza into efanelekileyo kakhulu. Wabuza amaJamani kunye nama-Allies ukuba acacise umoya ngokuchazela iinjongo kunye neminqweno yabo. Wacetywa ukuba abe ngumlamli, isiphakamiso saseBrithani neAustro-Hungariya samkela. AmaJamani awazange amkele uWilson njengomlamli onyanisekileyo, ngenxa yesizathu esivakalayo sokuba wayekuncedisa umzamo wemfazwe yaseBrithani. Khawucinge nje ngomzuzu, nokuba kunjalo, ukuba izinto zahamba ngokungafaniyo, ukuba idiplomacy yayisetyenziswe ngempumelelo kwiminyaka embalwa ngaphambili, kwaye imfazwe yayiye igwenywe, ingabikho abantu abayizigidi ze-16. Ukuveliswa kwemfuza yethu akuyi kuguqulwa. Sasihlala sisisidalwa esifanayo, esinokulwa nemfazwe okanye uxolo, naluphi na esikukhethile.

Imfazwe ayinakuba yinto yokuqala kunye nekhethelo kuphela uMongameli Wilson owakubonayo kwi-1916, kodwa oko akuthethi wayilondoloza okokugqibela. Kwiimeko ezininzi oorhulumente bathi imfazwe iya kuba yinto yokugqibela, nangona ulungiselelo oluyimfihlo lokuqalisa imfazwe. UMongameli uGeorge W. Bush uceba ukuhlasela iIraq kwiinyanga ezininzi ngelixa efuna ukuba imfazwe iya kuba yinto yokugqibela kwaye yayiyinto enzima ukuyenza. UBhitshi waqhubeka enyanzelisa kwingqungquthela yenkomfa ngoJanuwari 31, i-2003, ngaloo mini apho wayelungele u-UNdunankulu uTony Blair ukuba enye indlela abangayenza ngayo isizathu sokulwa neentlobo zeempi kunye nokuzama ukuba batyelelwe. Kwaphela iminyaka, njengoko iMfazwe yase-Iraq yaqhubeka, i-pundits yancenga ukuba kwakudingeka ukuqalisa ngokukhawuleza imfazwe ne-Iran. Kwiminyaka emininzi, imfazwe enjalo yayingasetyenziswanga, kwaye ke akukho miphumo emibi ebonakala ngathi ilandelwa kulolo thintelo.

Umzekelo wangaphambili wokunqanda i-Iraq uye waphephelwa, kunokuba udalwe, inhlekelele. NgoNovemba 1998, uMengameli uClinton uhlelile ukuhlaselwa kwe-Iraq, kodwa uSaddam Hussein wathembisa ukusebenzisana ngokupheleleyo kunye nabahloli bezixhobo ze-UN. UClinton wabiza ukuhlaselwa. I-Media pundits, njengoko uNorman Solomon echaza, beyadumala, bemgxeka ukuba uClinton wenqabile ukuya empini ngenxa yokuba i-justified for the war had been taken away - iphoso lika-Clinton owawuza kulandela. Ukuba uClinton uye waya empini izenzo zakhe zazingenakukhutshwa; babeya kuba bugebengu.

Icandelo: INKQUBO YOHLOLO

Naliphi na ingxabano malunga naluphi na imfazwe kwiminyaka embalwa edluleyo idibene kunye nale nto ilandelayo: Ukuba uyayichasa le mpi, kufuneka uchase zonke iimfazwe; ukuba uyayichasa yonke imfazwe kufuneka uyichase iMfazwe Yehlabathi II; Imfazwe Yehlabathi II yayiyimfazwe emihle; ngoko uphosakele; kwaye ukuba uyaphula le nto imfazwe yangoku kufuneka ilungile. (Ibinzana elithi "imfazwe elungileyo" ibanjwe njengenkcazelo yeMfazwe Yehlabathi II ngexesha leMfazwe yaseVietnam, kungekhona kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi II ngokwayo.) Le ngxabano ayenziwe kuphela eUnited States kodwa naseBritani naseRashiya. Ukunyaniseka okubuhlungu kwalolu hlobo aluyikukhusela ukusetyenziswa kwalo. Ukubonisa ukuba iMfazwe Yehlabathi II yayingeyona nto imfazwe enhle. Ubunene boBulungisa beMfazwe II buhlala buquka ukubaluleka kwayo. Imfazwe Yehlabathi II, sonke sixelelwe, kwakungeke kuphetshwe.

Kodwa iMfazwe Yehlabathi II yayingewona imfazwe emihle, kungekhona kwimiba ye-Allied okanye ye-United States. Njengoko sibonile kwisahluko esisodwa, kwakungalwanga ukugcina amaYuda, kwaye awazange awasindise. Ababaleki bajika baza balahlwa. Izicwangciso zokuthumela amaYuda ngaphandle kweJamani zaxhatshazwa yiBrithani. Njengoko sibonile kwisahluko ezimbini, le mpi ayilwa ngokuzikhusela. Kwakungenakulwa naluphi na ukuthintela okanye ukukhathazeka ngobomi bombutho. Akuzange kulwe nxamnye nohlanga ngokohlanga olubopha abantu baseJapan baseMerika kunye nokwahlula amajoni ase-Afrika aseMerika. Akulwanga nxamnye ne-imperialism ngabakhokeli behlabathi kunye nabangena kwiimperia. UBrithani walwa ngenxa yokuba iJamani yahlasela iPoland. I-United States yalwa eYurophu ngenxa yokuba iBritani yayilwa neJamani, nangona iUnited States yayingenayo ngokupheleleyo imfazwe de iqhutywe yiJapan ePacific. Ukuhlaselwa kweJapan kwakukho, njengokuba sibonile, siphephe ngokupheleleyo kwaye sinobugwenxa. Imfazwe neJamani eyafika ngokukhawuleza emva kokuba ithetha ngokuzibophelela ngokupheleleyo kwimfazwe apho iUnited States yayinokude isinceda eNgilani naseChina.

Kwiinyanga kunye neminyaka kunye namashumi eminyaka sicinga ukuba sibuyele ngexesha lokulungisa ingxaki, kulula kwaye kulula ukuba sicinge ukuba bekuya kuthintela iJamani ukuba ihlasele iPoland. Kwabaninzi abancedisayo iMfazwe Yehlabathi II "yimfazwe emihle" iyavuma ukuba izenzo zeAllies emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi I zincede ukuzisa kwimfazwe yesibili. NgoSeptemba 22, 1933, uDavid Lloyd George, owayengumboninkulu waseNgilani ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi I, wanika iingcebiso malunga nokutshatyalaliswa kweNazism eJamani, ngenxa yokuba isiphumo sibe yinto embi kakhulu:

Kwi-1939, xa i-Italy izama ukuvula iingxoxo kunye neBrithani egameni laseJamani, uChurchill wawavala ubanda: "Ukuba iCiano iyaziqonda injongo yethu engacwangciswanga, akayi kudlala kunye nombono we-mediation Italy". Injongo yayikuya kwimfazwe. Xa uHitler, ehlasele iPoland, wacela uxolo kunye neBritani neFransi waza wacela uncedo ekuxosheni amaJamani aseJamani, uNdunankulu uNeville Chamberlain wagxininisa kwimfazwe.

Kakade, uHitler wayengathembekanga ngokuthe ngqo. Kodwa kuthekani ukuba amaYuda ayengasindiswa, iPoland yayiphethwe, kwaye uxolo lwalugcinwe phakathi kwama-Allies kunye neJamani iminyaka ethile, iiyure, iintsuku, iiveki, iinyanga okanye iminyaka? Imfazwe yayingenakuqala nanini xa iqala, kungekho nzakaliswa kwaye ezinye izihlandlo zoxolo zafunyanwa. Yaye yonke imizuzu yokufumana uxolo yayingasetyenziselwa ukuxoxisana nokuthula okusisigxina, kunye nokuzimela kwePoland. Ngomhla we-Meyi 1940, Chamberlain kunye neNkosi yaseHalfax bobabini baxhamla uxolo kunye neJamani, kodwa uNdunankulu uChurchill wenqaba. NgoJulayi 1940, uHitler wanikela enye intetho ecela uxolo kunye neNgilani. UChurchill wayengenomdla.

Nangona senza ngathi ukuhlasela kwamaNazi ePoland kwakungenakukhunjulwa kwaye kucinga ukuba ukuhlaselwa kwamaNazi eNgilani kwakungenakulungiswa, kuba kutheni imfazwe yangoku impendulo? Kwaye emva kokuba ezinye iintlanga zaziqalile, kutheni iUnited States kufuneka ijoyine? UNapoleon uye wahlasela amazwe amaninzi aseYurophu ngaphandle kokuba umongameli wethu aqalise umkhankaso omkhulu we-PR ukufuna ukuba sijoyine ukulwa size senze ihlabathi likhuselekile ngentando yeninzi, njengoko uWilson wenzelwa iMfazwe Yehlabathi I, kwaye uRovelvelt wabuyela kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi II.

IMfazwe Yehlabathi II yabulala abantu abayizigidi ze-70, kwaye loo miphumo ingaba ngaphantsi nangapha. Yintoni esiyicinga ukuba yimbi ngaphezu koko? Yintoni esinokuyithintela? I-United States ayizange ithande umdla wokuqhumisela kwaye ayizange ithintele. Kwaye idini elinyukayo labulala izigidi ezithandathu. Kwakukho abahlaseli eJamani. U-Hitler, ukuba wahlala emandleni, akayi kuphila ngonaphakade okanye azibulale ngokufa kwempi xa ebona ezinye iindlela. Ukuncedisa abantu kwimimandla yaseJamani ebenokuhlala kuyo kube lula ngokwaneleyo. Umgaqo-nkqubo wethu wawunokuthi uvimbele kwaye ulambile, okwenza umgudu omkhulu kwaye waba neziphumo ezifihlakeleyo.

Inokwenzeka yokuba uHitler okanye iindlalifa zakhe zokuqinisa amandla, ukubambelela kulo, nokuhlasela i-United States kubonakala kude. I-United States kwafuneka ihambe ubude obukhulu ukuba iqhube iJapan ukuba ihlasele. U-Hitler wayeza kuba nethamsanqa ukubamba ubunyulu bakhe, ubuncinci ubukumkani behlabathi. Kodwa ke kuthe ukuba iJamani ekugqibeleni yayile imfazwe kummandla wethu. Ngaba kucingelwa ukuba nayiphi na iMerika ayengayi kulwa namaxesha e-20 nzima kwaye aphumelele imfazwe eyiyo ngokukhawuleza? Okanye mhlawumbi iMfazwe yeCold yayiza kulwa neJamani kunokuba i-Soviet Union. Ubukhosi baseSoviet baphela ngaphandle kwemfazwe; kutheni ukuba umbuso waseJamani ungenzi into efanayo? Ngubani owaziyo? Oko esikuyaziyo kukungabonakali kokungabonakali kwento eyenzekayo.

Thina kunye nabadibaniselwano bethu senza inxaxheba ekuchaseni ukuhlaselwa kwabantu baseJamani, abaFrentshi nabaseJapan, baphula izixhobo ezibhubhileyo nabani na owake wambona, wabhubhisa ingcamango yemfazwe engaphelelanga, kwaye iguqule imfazwe ibe yinto ehlaselayo abantu majoni. E-United States saqulunqa imbono yokulwa ngonaphakade, sanikela amandla okwenza amagosa angaphantsi-totali, senze i-arhente eyimfihlo ngamandla okubandakanya kwimfazwe engabikho nongameli, kwaye yakha umnotho wezoqoqosho owawufuna iimfazwe eziza kuzuza kuyo.

Imfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi kunye nomkhwa omtsha wemfazwe iyonke wabuyisa ukungcungcutheka emva kumaXesha Aphakathi; izixhobo zekhemikhali, zebhayoloji kunye nezixhobo zenyukliya ukuze zisetyenziswe ngoku nakwixesha elizayo, kubandakanya i-napalm kunye ne-Agent Orange; kwaye yasungula iinkqubo zolingo lomntu eMelika. UWinston Churchill, owayeqhuba i-ajenda yeAllies njengaye nawuphi na umntu, wayebhale ngaphambili, "Ndivumelana kakhulu nokusebenzisa irhasi enetyhefu kwizizwe ezingaphucukanga." Naphi na apho ujonga khona ngokusondeleyo kwiinjongo kunye nokuziphatha "kwemfazwe elungileyo" yile nto uhlala uyibona: Umnqweno kaChurchillian wokutshabalalisa iintshaba ngobuninzi.

Ukuba iMfazwe Yehlabathi II yayiyimfazwe elungileyo, ndiyakuyithandabuza ngokwenene ukuba ndiyibone into embi. Ukuba iMfazwe Yehlabathi II yayiyimfazwe elungileyo, kutheni uMongameli Franklin Roosevelt kwafuneka alele kuyo? NgoSeptemba 4, i-1941, uRovelvelt wanikeza idilesi yomsakazo "engxoxweni yomlilo" apho wathi inqanawa yaseJamani, engavumelekanga ngokupheleleyo, yayihlasele i-United States intshabalazi yamaGrisi, leyo-enoba yayibizwa ngokuba ngumtshabalali - yayingenisekanga ngeposi.

Kwenene? IKomidi Yezemicimbi Yomnxeba ibuze ummangali uHarold Stark, oyiNtloko yeeNkampani zoNxweme, owathi uGerer wayelandele i-submarine yaseJamani kwaye wayibuyisela indawo yayo kwindiza yaseBrithani, eyayibangele iindleko ezinzulu kwiindawo zasemanzini ngaphandle kwempumelelo. UGerer wayelokhu elandelela inqanawa ngeeyure ngaphambi kokuba umkhumbi wamanzi uguqulwe kwaye utshayile i-torpedoes.

Inyanga kunye nesiqingatha kamva, uRoosevelt watshela iindaba ezide ezifana ne-USS Kearny. Wandula ke wahamba. URovelvelt wathi wayenemephu eyimfihlo eveliswa nguRhulumente kaHitler owabonisa izicwangciso zokunqoba kwamaNazi eMzantsi Melika. Urhulumente wamaNazi wagxeka oku njengamanga, ngokuqinisekileyo wayegxeke uhlanga lwamaYuda. Imephu, leyo uRovelvelt enqabile ukubonisa uluntu, eqinisweni yabonisa indlela eya eMzantsi Melika eqhutywe yizindiza zaseMerika, ngeenkcukacha zesiJamani ezichaza ukuhanjiswa kwefuthe lokuhamba. Kwakuyimpumelelo yaseBrithani, kwaye ngokucacileyo malunga nomgangatho ofanayo njengoko uMongameli uGeorge W. W. Bush uza kusebenzisa ngokutsha ukubonisa ukuba i-Iraq yayilinga ukuthenga i-uranium.

URovelvelt naye wathi ufumane isicwangciso esiyimfihlo esenziwa ngamaNazi ngokutshintshwa kwazo zonke iinkonzo ngeNazism:

"Abefundisi baya kugxininiswa ngonaphakade kwiinkampu zoxinaniso, apho nakhona abaninzi abantu abangenangqondo bahlushwa ngenxa yokuba babekile uThixo ngaphezu kukaHitler."

Isicwangciso esinjalo sasicatshulwa njengento ethi uHitler wayenokwenza ukuba uHitler wayengabambisani nobuKristu, kodwa uRovelvelt wayenalooxwebhu.

Kutheni ezi zinto ziyimfuneko? Ngaba iimfazwe ezilungileyo zibonakala kuphela emva koko? Ngaba abantu abalungileyo ngexesha kufuneka bakhohliswe kubo? Kwaye ukuba uRoosevelt wayesazi ukuba kwenzekani kwiinkampu zoxinaniso, kutheni inyaniso ayengenayo?

Ukuba iMfazwe Yehlabathi II yayiyimfazwe emihle, kutheni iUnited States imele ikulinde de ibe ihlasele indlu yayo yasePacific? Ukuba imfazwe yayijoliswe kwiintshutshiso eziphikisayo, bekukho ezininzi ezibikiwe, zibuyela kwibhomu likaGuernica. Abantu abangenacala bahlaselwa eYurophu. Ukuba imfazwe inento yokwenza njalo, kutheni inxaxheba evulekileyo yaseUnited States ilindele ukuba iJapan ihlasele kwaye iJamani imemezele imfazwe?

Ukuba iMfazwe Yehlabathi II yayiyimfazwe emihle, kutheni ama-America ayedlalwa ukuba alwe nayo? Isiqulunqo sifikile phambi kwePearl Harbor, kwaye amasosha amaninzi ayayeka, ngokukodwa xa ubude be "inkonzo" yandiswa ngaphezu kweenyanga ze-12. Amawaka azinikela ngokuzithandela emva kwePearl Harbour, kodwa isayilwayo yayisona ndlela yokuqala yokuvelisa ifowuni. Ngethuba lemfazwe, amasosha e-21,049 agwetywa ukutshitshiswa kwaye i-49 yanikwa isigwebo sokufa. Enye i-12,000 yahlulwa njengabantu abanqaba ukuya empini ngenxa kanembeza.

Ukuba iMfazwe Yehlabathi II yayiyimfazwe emihle, kutheni i-80 ekhulwini lamaMelika ekugqibeleni eyenza imfazwe bakhetha ukungaxhasi izixhobo zabo kwiintshaba? UDave Grossman ubhala:

"Ngaphambi kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II bekuye kucingelwa ukuba ijoni eliqhelekileyo laliya kulibulala ngenxa yokulwa nje ngokuba ilizwe lakhe neenkokheli zakhe zamxelela ukuba enze njalo kwaye kuba kubalulekile ukukhusela ubomi bakhe kunye nabahlobo bakhe. . . . US Army General Brigadier General uSLA Marshall wabuza la majoni ukuba yintoni abayenzayo empini. Ukufunyanwa kwakhe okungalindelekanga kwakungenxa yokuba, ngamadoda angamakhulu alikhulu kumgca womlilo ngexesha lokuhlangana, umyinge we15 kuphela ku-20 'uya kuthatha nayiphi na inxaxheba ngezixhobo zawo.' "

Kukho ubungqina obuhle bokuthi oku kwakuqhelekileyo kumaqela aseJamani, eBrithani, isiFrentshi, njalonjalo, kwaye kwakukho imimiselo kwimfazwe yangaphambili. Ingxaki - kulabo abambona oku khuthaza kunye nokugcina ubomi njengengxaki - yileyo malunga neepesenti ze-98 zabantu abanqabile kakhulu ukubulala abanye abantu. Ungabonisa indlela yokusebenzisa umpu kwaye ubaxelele ukuba bawudubule, kodwa ngexesha lokulwa abaninzi babo baya kujolisa isibhakabhaka, bayeke ukungcola, bancedise umhlobo kunye nesixhobo sakhe, okanye bafumanise ukuba kubalulekile ukuba Umyalezo kufuneka udluliselwe kumgca. Abayikwesaba ukuba badutshulwa. Ubuncinane asinamandla amakhulu kunomdla. Bavalo lokubulala.

Ukuphuma kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II kunye nokuqonda okutsha kwezempi zase-US kwinto eyenzekayo ekutshiseni kweemfazwe, iindlela zokuqeqesha zatshintshile. Amajoni awayi kuphinda afundiswe ngomlilo. Baya kuba nemimiselo yokubulala ngaphandle kokucinga. Iithagethi zamehlo ziza kutshintshwa kunye neethagethi ezifana nabantu. Amajoni aya kugqitywa kwinqanaba apho, phantsi kwengcinezelo, babeza kwenza ngokukhawuleza ngokubulala. Nantsi ingoma esetyenziselwa uqeqesho olusisiseko ngexesha leMfazwe yase-Iraq enokuncedisa ukuba amajoni ase-US angene kwisimo esifanelekileyo sengqondo sokubulala:

Saya kwimarike apho yonke ivenkile esitolo,

sakhupha iimfake zethu kwaye saqala ukucoca,

Saya kwindawo yokudlala apho yonke i-hadji idlala,

sakhupha umshishini wethu kwaye saqala ukuphalaza,

Saya e-mosque apho yonke i-hadji ithandaza,

waphonsa kwisandla se-grenade waza wabashiya bonke.

Amasu amatsha sele aphumelele kangangokuba kwiVietnam yaseVietnam kunye nezinye iimfazwe ukususela, phantse onke amajoni ase-US atyhidile ukuba abulale, kwaye amaninzi amaninzi aye ahlupheka ngumonakalo wengqondo ovela ekubeni wenze njalo.

Uqeqesho olusenziwa ngabantwana bethu njengoko lusetshaba lutshaba ixesha elide kwimidlalo yevidiyo lunokuba luqeqesho olungcono lwezemfa kunokuba uMalume uSam unikeze "isizukulwana esikhulu." Abantwana abadlala imidlalo yevidiyo ebonisa ukubulala, ngokwenene baya kuqeqeshwa ukuba babe ngamaqhawe ethu abasahlali bexesha elizayo bexhomekeke kwiintsuku zabo zozuko emabhentshini epaki.

Oku ndibuyisa kumbuzo othi: Ukuba iMfazwe Yehlabathi II yayiyimfazwe emihle, kutheni amajoni angakhange anqatshelwe njengama-rats e-sociopathic yeebhabhi angathathi nxaxheba? Kutheni bavele bathathe indawo, bagqoke iifomu, badle i-grub, baphuthele iintsapho zabo, kwaye balahlekelwa yimilenze yabo, kodwa bengenzi oko babenakho ukuba benze, kungekudala bangenelelo kubangele abantu abahlala ekhayeni waza wakhula utamatisi? Ingaba ngaba kunjalo, kuba abantu abahlelekile kakuhle, iimfazwe ezilungileyo azilungele?

Ukuba iMfazwe Yehlabathi II yayiyimfazwe emihle, kutheni siyifihla? Ngaba akufanele sifune ukuwujonga, ukuba kwakulungile? I-Admiral Gene Larocque ikhunjulwa kwi-1985:

"IMfazwe Yehlabathi II iye yahlula indlela esijonga ngayo izinto namhlanje. Sibona izinto ngokwemfazwe, eyona nto yayimfazwe eyiyo. Kodwa imemori ephosakeleyo ikhuthaza amadoda esizukulwana sam ukuba azimisele, phantse ukulangazelela, ukusebenzisa umkhosi wamagosa naphina kwihlabathi.

"Kwiminyaka eyi-20 emva kwemfazwe, andinakukhangela nayiphina ifilimu kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi II. Yabuyisela imemori yokuba andingafuni ukuqhubeka. Ndithiyile ukuba ndibone indlela abazukisa ngayo imfazwe. Kuzo zonke iifilimu, abantu bavuthwa ngeengubo zabo baza bawa ngobumnandi emhlabeni. Awuboni nabani na ovuthwa ngaphandle. "

UBetty Basye Hutchinson, owayekhathalele iMfazwe Yehlabathi Yehlabathi II ePasadena, Calif., Njengomongikazi, ukhumbula i-1946:

"Bonke abahlobo bam bebekhona, behlinzwa. Ngokukodwa uBill. Ndiya kumhamba ngaphaya kwePasadena - andiyi kulibala le nto. Isiqingatha ubuso bakhe buphelile, kunjalo? Downtown City Pasadena emva kwemfazwe yayiyindawo ebalulekileyo kakhulu. Abafazi bembethe ngokugqithiseleyo, bekhathala, bemi nje bekhangela. Wayeyazi ukuba le nto ibuhlungu. Abantu bajonge nje kuwe kwaye bayazibuza: Yintoni le nto? Ndaya kukhankanya naye, kodwa ndamsusa. Kufana nemfazwe engazange ize ePadadena de sifike apho. O, kwaba nempembelelo enkulu kuluntu. Kwiphepha le-Pasadena lafika ezinye iileta kumhleli: Kutheni abanako ukugcinwa ngezizathu zabo nasezitratweni. "

Icandelo: NATIVE NAZISM

Ezinye izinto ezimbalwa zaseMerika ziyakuthi zikhunjulwe ukukhumbula ukuba ilizwe lethu likhuthazwa nguHitler, inkxaso yenkxaso yamashishini ethu awamnika yona, kunye ne-fascist coup of plot. Ukuba iMfazwe Yehlabathi II yayingummiselo ongenakunqandeka phakathi kokulungileyo nokubi, sithini ukuba sicinge ngeminikelo yaseMelika kunye novelwano kunye necala elibi?

UAdolf Hitler wakhula edlala "ama-cowboys namaNdiya." Wakhula ekudumiseni ukubulawa kwabantu base-United States, kunye neendlela zokunyanzelisa. Iinkampu zoxinzelelo zikaHitler zacatshangelwa okokuqala ngokubhekiselele kwiindawo zaseMelika zaseNdiya, nangona ezinye iimodeli zazo zingaba ziquka iinkampu zaseBritani eMzantsi Afrika ngexesha le-1899-1902 Boer War, okanye iinkampu ezisetyenziswa yiSpain kunye ne-United States ePhilippines. .

Ulwimi olungabonakaliyo nolululwazi apho uHitler wagqithisa khona ubuhlanga bakhe, kunye nezicwangciso ze-eugenic zokuhlambulula uhlanga lwaseNordic, ngqo ukuya kwindlela yokwenza izinto ezingafunekiyo zibe ngamagumbi egesi, nazo ziphefumlelwe i-US. U-Edwin Black wabhala kwi-2003:

"I-Eugenics yayingu-racist ingqungquthela yokunqumla yonke into ebonwa 'engafanelekanga,' igcinayo kuphela abo bahambelana nomdlalo weNordic. Izinto zefilosofi zafakwa njengomgaqo-nkqubo welizwe ngokunyanzeliswa kwamanyathelo kunye nokwehlukaniswa kwemithetho, kunye nemingcele yomtshato, eyenziwa ngamazwe angamashumi amabini anesixhenxe. . . . Ekugqibeleni, izazi ze-eugenics zinyanzelise ngokunyanisekileyo ezinye ii-60,000 zaseMerika, zavimbela umtshato wamawaka, zahluthwa ngamawaka ngamawaka 'kwii-colonies,' yaye zatshutshisa inani elingenakubalwa ngeendlela esizifundayo. . . .

"I-Eugenics yayiza kuba yintetho enzulu ye-parlor ayizange ibe yinkxaso-mali eninzi ngamaziko enkampani, ngokukodwa i-Carnegie Institution, i-Rockefeller Foundation kunye neHarriman ye-railway fortune. . . . Inzuzo yeHarriman yomzila wezitrotho ehlawule izibonelelo zendawo, ezifana neNew York Bureau of Industries and Immigration, ukufuna amaYuda, amaTaliyane kunye nabanye abafuduki eNew York kunye nezinye izixeko ezixineneyo kwaye baxhomekeke ekuthunjweni, bagxininiswe ukuvalelwa okanye ukunyanzeliswa. I-Rockefeller Foundation yasinceda ifumene inkqubo ye-eugenics yaseJalimane kwaye yaxhaswa ngemali inkqubo uJosef Mengele asebenza kuyo ngaphambi kokuba aye eAuschwitz. . . .

"Indlela ephakanyiswayo ye-eugenicide yaseMelika kwakuqhelekileyo 'igumbi elibulalayo' okanye amagumbi egesi asetyenziselwa indawo. . . . Abafuyi ba-Eugenic bakholelwa ukuba uluntu lwaseMerika alulungele ukuphumeza isisombululo esibulalayo. Kodwa amaziko amaninzi engqondo kunye noogqirha babesenza ngcono ukulimala kwezokwelapha kunye ne-euthanasia engabonakaliyo. "

INkundla ePhakamileyo yase-United States yamkele i-eugenics kwisigqibo se-1927 apho ubulungisa u-Oliver Wendell Holmes wabhala, "Kungcono kuwo wonke umhlaba, ukuba endaweni yokulinda ukuvelisa inzala ebenzileyo yolwaphulo-mthetho, okanye ukubenza balambile ngenxa yokungafuni, uluntu lunokuthintela abo babonakala bengakufanelekanga ukuqhubeka bebubele babo .... Izizukulwana ezintathu zinezinto ezaneleyo. "AmaNazi ayengacaphuna uHolmes ngokuzikhusela kwiimvavanyo zolwaphulo-mthetho. UHitler, emashumi amabini ngaphambili, encwadini yakhe uMein Kampf udumisa ama-eugenics aseMelika. UHitler wabhala nobhala wencwadi etshela i-American eugenicist uMadison Grant ukuba wayeyicinga incwadi yakhe "iBhayibhile." URockefeller wanika i-$ 410,000, phantse imali eyi-4 yezigidi kwimali yanamhlanje, kuba "abaphandi" baseJamani.

IBrithani inokufuna ukufaka isicelo sekhredithi apha, ngokunjalo. Kwi-1910, uNobhala weeKhaya uWinston Churchill ucebise i-100,000 "i-degenerated mental" kwaye ivalela amashumi amawaka kwiinkampu zabasebenzi. Esi sicwangciso, esingenziwanga, sasingasindiswa ukuba saseBrithani ukusuka ekuhlaleni ngokobuhlanga.

Emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi I, uHitler kunye namaqabane akhe, kuquka umphathiswa wepropaganda uJoseph Goebbels, wayemthanda waza wafunda iKomiti kaGeorge Creel kwiNkcukacha Zoluntu (CPI), kunye neentetho zamaBrithani. Bafunda kwi-CPI yokusetyenziswa kweefowuni, ifilimu kunye neendaba eziendaba. Enye yeencwadi zezintandokazi zeGoebbels kwi propaganda yayingu-Edward Bernays 'I-Crystallizing Public Opinion, eyayikunceda ekukhuthazeni ukubizwa ngegama lokukhwabanisa kwamaYuda "iKristallnacht."

Imizamo yokuqala yezoshishino yasePrescott Sheldon Bush, njengaleyo yomzukulu wakhe uGeorge W. Bush, yayingenakuphumelela. Watshata intombi yendoda ecebile kakhulu egama linguGeorge Herbert Walker owayefake iPccott Bush njengegqeba e-Thyssen naseFlick. Ukususela ngelo xesha, uPexcott wenza intsebenziswano ngokubhetele, kwaye wangena kwezopolitiko. I-Thyssen egameni likaFranz yayinguJamani ogama linguFritz Thyssen, umxhasi omkhulu wezezimali kaHitler obhekiswe eNew York Herald-Tribune ngokuthi "Ingelosi kaHitler."

Imibutho yaseWall Street yajonga amaNazi, njengoLloyd George, njengeentshaba zobukomanisi. Utyalomali lwaseMelika eJamani lonyuse iipesenti ezingama-48.5 phakathi kowe-1929 nowe-1940 nanjengoko lehlile ngokuqatha kuyo yonke indawo kwilizwekazi laseYurophu. Abatyalomali abakhulu babandakanya iFord, General Motors, General Electric, Standard Oil, Texaco, International Harvester, ITT, kunye ne-IBM. Iibhondi zathengiswa eNew York ngeminyaka yee-1930 eyayixhasa ngezimali i-Aryanization yeenkampani zaseJamani kunye nokuthengiswa kwezindlu kumaJuda. Iinkampani ezininzi ziye zaqhubeka nokwenza ishishini neJamani emfazweni, nokuba oko kuthetha ukuxhamla kwinkampu yoxinaniso. I-IBM yade yanikezela ngeeMatshini zikaHollerith ezazisetyenziselwa ukugcina umkhondo wamaJuda kunye nabanye ukuba babulawe, ngelixa i-ITT yadala inkqubo yonxibelelwano yamaNazi kunye neebhombu emva koko yaqokelela i-27 yezigidi kurhulumente wase-US ngomonakalo wemfazwe kwimizi-mveliso yaseJamani.

Abaqhubi bee-US baxelelwa ukuba bangabhobho iifemu zaseJamani eziphantsi kweenkampani zase-US. Xa iCologne yaqalwa, isityalo sayo seF Ford, esinikeza izixhobo zempi kumaNazi, sazisindisa kwaye sazisetyenziswa njengendawo yokukhusela indawo. UHenry Ford wayexhasayo i-propaganda yamaNazi elwa namaSazi ukusuka kwi-1920. Izityalo zakhe zaseJamani zaxosha bonke abasebenzi kunye nookhokho abangamaYuda kwi-1935, phambi kokuba amaNazi ayifunayo. Ku-1938, uHitler wanikezela iFord kwi-Grand Cross yeSigqeba esiPhakamileyo se-Eagle yaseJamani, abantu abathathu kuphela abaye bafumana, omnye wabo nguBenito Mussolini. Umlingani othembekileyo kaHitler kunye nenkokeli yeNational Party eVienna, eBaldur von Schirach, wayenomama waseMerika waza wathi unyana wakhe wayefumene ukuchaswa kwamaJuda ngokufunda uHenry Ford ongumYuda ongunaphakade.

Iinkampani zikaPascott Bush zixhamle ngokubandakanya omnye osebenza kwimigodi ePoland esebenzisa abasebenzi bekhoboka e-Auschwitz. Ababini ababengumsebenzi wabakhoboka baphinde bamangalela urhulumente wase-US kunye neendlalifa ze-Bush nge $ 40, kodwa i-suit yaxoshwa yinkundla yase-United States ngenxa yegunya lolawulo.

Ukuze iUnited States ingene kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi II yayisemthethweni kubantu baseMelika ukuba benze ishishini kunye neJamani, kodwa ekupheleni kwezinto ze-1942 Prescott Bush zithatha inxaxheba phantsi kweShishini kunye neSenzo seNtshaba. Phakathi kwezo shishino zazibandakanya iHamburg America Lines, apho uPscott Bush wayekhonza njengomphathi. Ikomiti yeCongressal yafumanisa ukuba iHamburg America Lines yanikezela inkululeko kwiJamani kwiindwendwe ezikulungele ukubhala kakuhle ngamaNazi, kwaye zazisa abazalwana baseNazi eUnited States.

IKomiti yeMcCormack-Dickstein yasungulwa ukuba iphenye isiqwenga saseMelika esasesekhaya saseHTML. Isicwangciso kwakufuneka senze isiqingatha sesigidi seMfazwe yehlabathi seMfazwe, sithukuthele ngenxa yokuba singakhokhelwa iibhonasi zabo ezithembisiwe, ukukhupha uMongameli Roosevelt size sifake urhulumente otyunjwa ngoHitler no-Mussolini. Abacebi bahlanganisa abanikazi be-Heinz, i-Eye yeenyoni, i-Goodtea, ne-Maxwell House, kunye nomhlobo wethu uPedcott Bush. Benza impazamo yokucela uSomedley Butler ukuba aholele ukukhupha, into ethile umfundi oya kule ncwadi uya kuqonda ukuba uButler wayengenakwenzeka ukuhamba naye. Enyanisweni, uButler wabaxosha kwiCongress. I-akhawunti yakhe yaxhaswa yinxalenye yamangqina, kwaye ikomiti yagqiba ukuba isalathiso siyinyani. Kodwa amagama abo abacebileyo abaxhasi belo qhinga babetshitshiswa kwiirekhodi zekomiti, kwaye akukho mntu utshutshiswa. UMongameli uRoosevelt ushicilelwe ukuba unqumle umcimbi. Uya kuphepha ukutshutshisa abanye abantu abacebile kakhulu eMelika ngenxa yokugwenxa. Baya kuvuma ukuphelisa inkcaso yeWall Street kwiiprogram zeNew Deal programs.

A enamandla kakhulu ngokuqinileyo Wall Street ngelo xesha, zityalwe ngokunzulu eJamani, yaba Sullivan Cromwell, ikhaya kuYohane Foster Dulles kunye Allen Dulles, bazalwana ababini babamba emtshatweni wabo udade enkenenkene kuba watshata ungumYuda. UJohn Foster wayeza kuba nguNobhala kaRhulumente kuMongameli u-Eisenhower, anyuse iMfazwe yeCold, kwaye athole i-eagle, i-airport, i-Washington, DC. U-Allen, esihlangene naye kwisahluko sibini, uya kuba yinhloko ye-Ofisi yeeNkonzo eziCwangcisiweyo ngexesha lemfazwe kwaye kamva uMlawuli oyiNtloko we-Intelligence kwi-1953 ukuya kwi-1961. I-JF Dulles ngexesha lexesha langaphambi kwemfa liza kuqala iincwadi zakhe kubaxumi baseJamani ngamazwi athi "Heil Hitler." Ngo-1939, watshela iQela lezoQoqosho laseNew York, "Sifanele simkele kwaye sikhulise umnqweno weJamani elitsha ukufumana ngenxa yamandla akhe entsha. "

A. Dulles wayengumsunguli wombono wokhuselo lolwaphulo-mthetho kwimibutho yezizwe ngezizwe, eyayifuneka ngoncedo lweenkampani zase-US kwiJamani yamaNazi. NgoSeptemba 1942, uA. Dulles walubiza ulwaphulo-mthetho lwamaNazi “njengamarhe amabi, aphenjelelwa luloyiko lwamaYuda.” A. UDulles utyikitye kuluhlu lwabaphetheyo benkampani yaseJamani ukuba basindiswe kutshutshiso ngentsebenziswano yabo kulwaphulo-mthetho lwemfazwe, ngezizathu zokuba baya kuba luncedo ekwakheni kwakhona iJamani. UMickey Z. kwincwadi yakhe egqwesileyo ethi, Akukho Mfazwe Ulungileyo: Iintsomi zeMfazwe yesibini yeHlabathi zibiza olu luhlu “ngooDulles 'kwaye waluthelekisa no" Uluhlu lukaSchindler, "uluhlu lwamaJuda omnye umphathi waseJamani awayefuna ukulugcina ekubulaweni, kugxilwe kwincwadi ka-1982 nakwimovie yaseHollywood ka-1993.

Akukho nanye kwezi nxu lumano phakathi kweNazism kunye neUnited States eyenza iNazism nantoni na, okanye ukuphikiswa kwe-US kuyo nayiphi na into emhle. Nangona imigudu ezinye azizityebi kwilizwe lethu, wayembongoza wemikhosi radio ezifana uBawo Coughlin nosaziwayo ezifana noCharles Lindberg, lokulungelelanisa amaqela afana Ku Klux Klan, i-National beeNtlanga League, i Mobilizers zamaKristu, i-German-American bund , i-Shirts zesiliva, kunye ne-American Liberty League, i-Nazism ayizange ibambe e-United States, kanti iinjongo zokuyitshabalalisa ngemfazwe. Kodwa "imfazwe emihle" ngokwenene ayinakukhunjulwa, ngaba asifanele siyeke ukuncedisa ngokupheleleyo?

Icandelo: KANYE, YINTONI UNGAXHUMA?

Inyaniso kukuba ezinye izenzo ngelizwe lethu kunye namandla kunye nobutyebi ngaphakathi kuyo, ukususela ekupheleni kweMfazwe Yehlabathi I de ukuqala kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II yayingatshintsha ikhosi yeziganeko. I-diplomacy, uncedo, ubuhlobo kunye noxoxiswano olunyanisekileyo lunokuthintela imfazwe. Ukuphaphazela kwengozi yemfazwe njengengozi enkulu kunokuba urhulumente uncike kwi-communism kuya kunceda. Ngokuqinisekileyo, ukuchasana okukhulu neNazism ngabantu baseJamani kwakunokwenza umehluko, isifundo saseJamani sibonakala sifunde. Kwi-2010 umongameli wabo waphoqelelwa ngaphandle ukuvakalisa ukuba imfazwe e-Afghanistan ingaba nenzuzo yezoqoqosho eJamani. EUnited States, amazwana anjalo anganqoba amavoti.

Ngaba abantu baseJamani, amaYuda aseJamani, amaPolesi, amaFrentshi kunye neeBrits baye basebenzisa ukungaxhatshazi? UGandhi wanxusa ukuba benze njalo, echaza ngokucacileyo ukuba amawaka ayenokufa kwaye ukuba impumelelo yayiza kuhamba ngokukhawuleza. Kwiyiphi na inqanaba isiphi na isantya sokwenza izinto ezinokuzithemba nokuzikhukhumeza ziphumelele? Abo babenayo babengenakukwazi, kwaye asisoze sazi. Kodwa siyazi ukuba i-Indiya yazuza ukuzimela kwayo, njengoko iPoland yayiza kuphumelela kwi-Soviet Union, njengoko uMzantsi Afrika wawuza kuphelisa ubandlululo kunye ne-United States iphelile uJim Crow, njengoko iiPhilippines ziza kubuyisa intando yesininzi kwaye zisuse amaziko ase-US, njengoko i-El Salvador yayiza ukususa umlawuli, kwaye njengoko abantu beza kufezekisa ukunqoba okukhulu kunye nokuhlala ngonaphakade ngaphandle kwemfazwe kwaye kungabikho umonakalo woluhlobo lweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, esingazange sifike kuyo-kwaye asinakuze sifike.

Siyazi kwakhona ukuba abantu baseDenmark basindise amaYuda amaninzi aseDenmark avela kumaNazi, amanyathelo okulwa neNazi, awayekrokraza esidlangalaleni, kwaye akazange avume ukungena kwi-German occupation. Ngokufanayo, abaninzi abaseNetherlands abachasayo. Siyazi kwakhona ukuba kwi-1943 ukungqineli okungekho mthethweni eBerlin ekhokelwa ngabafazi abangengowamaYuda abayeni babo abangamaYuda babevalelwe entolongweni, bafuna ukukhululwa, baphoqeleka ukuguqulwa kwinqubomgomo yamaNazi, balondoloze ubomi babo babantu. Kwinyanga kamva, amaNazi akhulula amaYuda atshatileyo aseFransi.

Kuthekani ukuba loo mbhikisho entliziyweni yaseBerlin, elalihlanganiswa ngamaJamani onke imvelaphi, yayikhulile kakhulu? Kuthekani ukuba ngaba abacebileyo baseMerika kwiiminyaka eminyaka esandulelayo bexhaswe ngezikolo zaseJamani ezinokuthi zenze izinto ezingenzi nto ngaphandle kwezikolo zaseJamani zase-eugenics? Ayikho indlela yokwazi oko kwenzeka. Omnye kwafuneka afune. Xa ijoni yaseJamani wazama kumxelela ukumkani Denmark ukuba swastika uza kuvuswa phezu Amalienborg Castle, ukumkani wenqaba: ". Ukuba oku kuyenzeka, ijoni Danish kuya uye uyithabathe phantsi" "Loo ijoni Danish kuya shot," phendula iJamani. Utsho ukumkani wathi: "Le ndoda yaseDanish iya kuba yedwa." I-swastika ayizange ihambe.

Ukuba siqala ukungathandabuzeki ukulunga nokunyaniseka kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, sizivulela ukungaqiniseki ngokufanayo malunga nezinye iimfazwe. Ngaba kwakufuneka imfazwe yaseKorea ukuba singayicucanga ilizwe kwisiqingatha? Ngaba iMfazwe yaseVietnam yayifanele ukukhusela ukuwa kwe-domino-engazange kwenzeke xa i-United States yahlulwa khona? Kwaye nangokunjalo.

"Imfazwe nje" i-theorists igcina ukuba iimfazwe ezithile zifunwa ngokuziphatha - kungekhona nje iimfazwe ezikhuselekileyo, kodwa iimfazwe zentlalo zilwa neenjongo ezilungileyo kunye neendlela zokuzikhusela. Ngoko ke, kwiveki ngaphambi 2003 kuhlaselwa Baghdad, enye ingcali yale nje imfazwe Michael Walzer Ndamphikisa i New York Times for ukuqulatha izinto ezingqongqo of Iraq ngokusebenzisa oko ngokuthi "imfazwe encinane," oko kwakuya kuquka ukwandisa imimandla no-flight, ukuba ulisibekele lonke uhlanga, ukubeka izigwebo ezinzima, ukugweba ezinye iintlanga ezingazange zisebenzisane, ukuthumela kubahloli abaninzi, ukuhamba ngeenqwelo ezinokuthi zingabonakali, nokunyanzelisa amaFrentshi ukuba athumele imikhosi. Eneneni le plan yayibe bhetele kunokuba kwenziwe. Kodwa ubhala iArajis ngaphandle komfanekiso, uyayigxeka ibango layo lokungaziphethe izixhobo, uyayigcina iimangalo zaseFransi zokungazange azikholelwe ubuxoki beBush malunga nezixhobo, uyayigcina imbali ye-United States yokuthumela kwiintlola kunye nabahloli beempahla, kwaye ibonakala ingabonakali ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba izithintelo ezinkulu kunye nokubandezeleka, ngokubambisana nokubonakala kwamagosa amakhulu, kunokukhokelela kwimfazwe enkulu. Inkqubo yesenzo esilungileyo ayikwazi, ngokwenene, ifunyenwe ngokuqulunqa ifom yeyona nto inqabileyo yemfazwe. Ikhondo elifanelekileyo lezenzo naliphi na umgaqo-nkqubo okhuselekileyo ukukhusela imfazwe.

Ukwenza imfazwe kuhlala kukukhetha, njengoko kugcinwa imigaqo-nkqubo eyenza imfazwe ibe yinto ekhethekileyo kwaye ingatshintshwa. Sixelelwa ukuba akukho khetho, ukuba kukho uxinzelelo lokuba senze ngokukhawuleza. Sivakalelwa ngokukhawuleza ukuba sibandakanyeke kwaye senze into ethile. Izinketho zethu zibonakala zingqongqo ukwenza okuthile ukuxhasa imfazwe okanye ukungenzi nto nhlobo. Kukho uvuyo olukhulu lovuyo, ulwalamano lwengxaki, kunye nethuba lokusebenzisana ngendlela echazwe ngayo yile nkalipho nesibindi, nangona into ebaluleke kakhulu ukuyenza ifake iflegi kwindawo exakekileyo. Abanye abantu baqonda kuphela ubundlobongela, sixelelwa. Ezinye iingxaki, mhlawumbi, ngokudabukisayo, ngaphaya kwinqanaba apho kunanto ngaphandle kwamanqanaba amakhulu obundlobongela angenza nantoni na; akukho zixhobo ezikhoyo.

Oku akunjalo, kwaye le nkolelo inomonakalo omkhulu. Imfa iyimemezelo, ingcamango echaphazelayo, eyenza iiphelo zayo. Imfazwe yolonwabo imisa imfazwe. Akunakulungi abantu.

Omnye unokuthetha ukuba imfazwe yenziwe ingenakukhunjulwa nguqoqosho lwezoqoqosho oluxhomekeka kuyo, inkqubo yokunxibelelana eyayikuthandayo, kunye neenkqubo ezikhohlakeleyo zikaRhulumente kunye, kunye nabaxhasi bemfazwe. Kodwa oko kungabikho kokungabi nako. Oko kudinga ukuguqula urhulumente wethu ngendlela echazwe kwincwadi yam yangaphambili yaseSukubreak, apho ipi imfazwe ilahlekelwa yimo yayo yokungenakuphepha kwaye iyakhutshwa.

Omnye unokuthetha ukuba imfazwe ayinakukhunjulwa kuba ayikho phantsi kwengxoxo engqiqo. Imfazwe isoloko ihlala ijikeleze kwaye iya kuhlala ikhona. Njengesihlomelo sakho, i-earlobes yakho, okanye iimbopi kumadoda, ayikwazi ukukhonza nayiphi na injongo, kodwa inxalenye yethu esinakukukhanga. Kodwa ubudala bento abuyi kuyenza isigxina; kuyenza nje ibe yinde.

"Imfazwe ayinakuphepheka" akuyiyo ingxabano yemfazwe kakhulu njengokuphelelwa yithemba. Ukuba ulapha kwaye unqabile, ndiya kukugubungela ngamagxa, uphonsa amanzi abandayo ebusweni bakho, umemelele "Uyintoni injongo yokuphila ukuba awuyi kuzama ukwenza impilo ibe ngcono?" Ekubeni akukho apha, akukho nto ndingayithethayo.

Ngaphandle kwalokhu: Nangona ukholelwa ukuba imfazwe, ngokubanzi, kufuneka ukuba iqhubeke, awusenaso isiseko sokungabandakanyeki kwinkcaso ethile kwimfazwe ethile. Nangona ukholelwa ukuba imfazwe eyedlulileyo yayilungile, awusenaso isiseko sokungayichasi imfazwe ehleliwe apha namhlanje. Kwaye ngolunye usuku, emva kokuba sichasene nayo yonke imfazwe enokuthi, imfazwe iya kuphelela. Ingaba okanye akunjalo.