Abezopolitiko baseMelika kunye neepundits bayathanda ukuthi iimfazwe zaseMelika ziyikhusele inkululeko yaseMelika. Kodwa ingxelo yembali ayikuchazi oku. Ngapha koko, kwinkulungwane edlulileyo, iimfazwe zase-US ziye zabangela ungenelelo olukhulu kwinkululeko yoluntu.
Kungekudala emva kokuba iUnited States ingene kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi I, amazwe asixhenxe awisa imithetho enciphisa inkululeko yokuthetha nenkululeko yamajelo eendaba. NgoJuni 1917, badityaniswa yiCongress, eyathi yapasisa uMthetho wobuNhloli. Lo mthetho unike urhulumente wesigqeba igunya lokuhluza upapasho kunye nokuluvala kwiposi, kwaye wenza ukuba uthintelo loyilo okanye lokubhaliselwa emkhosini wohlwaywe ngesohlwayo esiqatha kunye nokuvalelwa iminyaka engama-20 entolongweni. Emva koko, urhulumente waseUnited States wawavavanya amaphephandaba namaphephancwadi ngoxa wayemangalela abagxeki bemfazwe, evalela abantu abangaphezu kwe-1,500 XNUMX entolongweni ngezigwebo ezinde. Oku kuquka inkokeli yezabasebenzi edumileyo nomgqatswa kamongameli weQela leSocialist, uEugene V. Debs. Kwangaxeshanye, abafundisi-ntsapho bagxothwa kwizikolo zikawonke-wonke nakwiiyunivesithi, abawisi-mthetho abanyuliweyo nabezomthetho ababegxeka imfazwe bathintelwa ukuba bangene ezikhundleni, yaye abo balwela ukulwa imfazwe nonqulo abangazange bavume ukuphatha izixhobo emva kokuba bebizelwe emkhosini bavathiswa iyunifomu ngenkani, bebethwa. , bahlatywe ngeentambo, barhuqwa ngeentambo ezintanyeni zabo, bathuthunjiswa baze babulawe. Yayiyeyona nto imbi yokuqhambuka kwengcinezelo karhulumente kwimbali yase-US, kwaye yabangela ukusekwa kweManyano ye-American Civil Liberties Union.
Nangona irekhodi yenkululeko yoluntu yaseMelika yayingcono kakhulu ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi yesiBini, ukuthatha inxaxheba kwesizwe kulo ngquzulwano kukhokelele ekwaphuleni okukhulu kwenkululeko yaseMelika. Mhlawumbi eyona nto yayisaziwa kakhulu yayikukuvalelwa kukarhulumente womanyano abantu abangama-110,000 belifa lemveli laseJapan kwiinkampu zokuvalelwa. Isibini esithathwini kubo yayingabemi base-US, uninzi lwabo olwaluzalelwe (kwaye uninzi lwabazali babo babezelwe) eUnited States. Ngomnyaka ka-1988, iqonda ukuchasana nomgaqo-siseko okucacileyo kokuvalelwa ngexesha lemfazwe, iNkongolo yawisa uMthetho woBulungisa boLuntu, owacela uxolo ngesenzo kwaye wahlawula imbuyekezo kumaxhoba kunye neentsapho zabo. Kodwa loo mfazwe yakhokelela kokunyhashwa kwamalungelo, kuquka ukuvalelwa entolongweni kwabantu abamalunga ne-6,000 abangavumiyo ukuya emkhosini ngenxa yezazela zabo nokuvalelwa kwabantu abamalunga ne-12,000 kwiinkampu zeNkonzo Yoluntu. ICongress iphinde yapasisa uMthetho kaSmith, owenza ukuba ukubhengezwa kokubhukuqwa kukarhulumente kube bulwaphulo-mthetho olunohlwaywa ngeminyaka engama-20 entolongweni. Njengoko lo mthetho wawusetyenziselwa ukutshutshisa kunye nokuvalelwa entolongweni amalungu amaqela athetha nje ngokuphandle ngenguquko, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-US ekugqibeleni yawucutha umda wayo ngokubonakalayo.
Imeko yenkululeko yaba mandundu ngakumbi ekufikeni kweMfazwe Yomlomo. KwiCongress, iKomiti yeMisebenzi yeNdlu yaseMelika iqokelele iifayile kubantu baseMelika abangaphezu kwesigidi abathe bathandabuza ukunyaniseka kwabo kwaye babamba iingxoxo eziphikisanayo ezenzelwe ukubhenca izityholo zokubhukuqa. Etsibela esi senzo, uSenator uJoseph McCarthy waqala ngokungakhathali, izityholo ezikhohlakeleyo zobuKomanisi kunye nobungcatshi, esebenzisa amandla akhe ezopolitiko kwaye, kamva, ikomitana yophando yeSenethi, ukunyelisa nokoyikisa. Umongameli, kwelakhe icala, waseka uLuhlu lweGqwetha Jikelele lemibutho “evukelayo”, kunye neNkqubo yoBulungisa yoBulungisa, eyagxotha amawaka abasebenzi bakarhulumente baseUnited States emisebenzini yabo. Ukutyikitywa okunyanzelekileyo kwezifungo zokunyaniseka kwaba yinto eqhelekileyo kumanyano, urhulumente kunye nenqanaba lendawo. Ngowe-1952, amazwe angama-30 ayefuna uhlobo oluthile lwesifungo sokunyaniseka kootitshala. Nangona eli nzame lokusiphula neengcambu “abangengabo baseMelika” lingazange libe nesiphumo sokufunyanwa kwentlola enye okanye umonakalisi, iye yadlala ingxubakaxaka kubomi babantu yaza yabangela uloyiko esizweni.
Xa ubutshantliziyo babemi buqhanqalaza ngendlela yoqhanqalazo oluchasene neMfazwe yaseVietnam, urhulumente wobumbano waphendula ngenkqubo yoxinzelelo. UJ. Edgar Hoover, umlawuli we-FBI, wayesandisa amandla e-arhente yakhe ukususela kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi I, kwaye waqala ukusebenza ngenkqubo yakhe ye-COINTELPRO. I-COINTELPRO iyilelwe ukubhenca, ukuphazamisa, kunye nokunciphisa eli phulo litsha lobutshantliziyo nangayiphi na indlela eyimfuneko, i-COINTELPRO isasaze ulwazi olungeyonyani, olunyelisayo malunga neenkokeli nemibutho evukelayo, yadala ungquzulwano phakathi kweenkokeli namalungu azo, yaza yabhenela ekuqhekezeni nasekwenzeni ugonyamelo. Yayijolise phantse kuzo zonke iintshukumo zotshintsho lwentlalo, kuquka intshukumo yoxolo, intshukumo yamalungelo oluntu, intshukumo yabasetyhini, kunye nentshukumo yokusingqongileyo. Iifayile ze-FBI zazizele lulwazi ngezigidi zabantu baseMelika eyayibajonga njengeentshaba zelizwe okanye iintshaba ezinokubakho, kwaye yabeka uninzi lwabo phantsi kweliso elibukhali, kuquka nababhali, ootitshala, amatsha ntliziyo, kunye namalungu eSenethi ase-US Beyisekile ukuba uMartin Luther King, Omnci. , uHoover wenza iinzame ezininzi zokumtshabalalisa, kuquka nokumkhuthaza ukuba azibulale.
Nangona ukutyhilwa malunga nezenzo ezingathandekiyo zeearhente zobuntlola zase-US zakhokelela ekuthinteleni kubo ngeminyaka yoo-1970, iimfazwe ezalandelayo zakhuthaza ukwanda okutsha kwamanyathelo karhulumente wamapolisa. Ngo-1981, i-FBI yavula uphando lwabantu kunye namaqela aphikisana nokungenelela kukaMongameli uReagan kuMbindi Melika. Yayisebenzisa oompimpi kwiintlanganiso zezopolitiko, ukuqhekeza ezicaweni, kumakhaya amalungu nakwiiofisi zentlangano, nokubekw’ esweni kumakhulukhulu emiboniso yoxolo. Phakathi kwamaqela ekujoliswe kuwo yayiliBhunga leSizwe leeCawa, iUnited Auto Workers, kunye neeMaryknoll Sisters zeCawa yamaRoma Katolika. Emva kokuqala kweMfazwe yeHlabathi yoBugrogrisi, iitshekhi eziseleyo kwii-arhente zobuntlola zase-US zatshayelwa bucala. Umthetho wePatriot Act unike urhulumente amandla amakhulu okuhlola abantu ngabanye, kwezinye iimeko ngaphandle kokukrokrela ukwenza okubi, ngelixa i-Arhente yoKhuseleko yeSizwe iqokelele zonke iifowuni zaseMelika kunye nonxibelelwano lwe-intanethi.
Ingxaki apha ayikho kwisiphene esithile esikhethekileyo saseUnited States kodwa, kunoko, kwisibakala sokuba imfazwe ayifanelekanga inkululeko. Phakathi koloyiko olukhulayo kunye nokuvutha kobuzwe obukhapha imfazwe, oorhulumente kunye nabemi babo abaninzi bakuthatha ukungavisisani njengokufana nokungcatsha umbuso. Kwezi meko, “ukhuseleko lwesizwe” ludla ngokuyimela inkululeko. Kunjengokuba intatheli uRandolph Bourne wathi ebudeni beMfazwe Yehlabathi I: “Imfazwe yimpilo yelizwe.” Abantu baseMelika abayixabisayo inkululeko kufuneka bayigcine engqondweni le nto.
UGqr. Lawrence Wittner (http://lawrenceswittner.com) nguNjingalwazi weMbali ophumayo eSUNY/Albany. Incwadi yakhe yamva nje yinoveli ehlekisayo malunga nomanyano lwaseyunivesithi kunye nemvukelo, Yintoni eqhubekayo kwi-UAardvark?
