IINQAKU ZINYE ZIQINISWE NGOKUSEBENZA

Ukudala i-propaganda yemfazwe ngumsebenzi wesibini omdala kunabo bonke emhlabeni, kwaye umgca wabo omdala "bawuqalile." Imfazwe iye yalwa iminyaka eyi-mingeni ekukhuselaneni nabahlaseli kunye nokukhusela indlela yokuphila kwamanye amazwe. Ingxelo yeThudidides ye-Athenian jikelele ye-Pericles's oration kumngcwabo omkhulu wonyaka wokufa kwemfazwe isaphakanyiswa kakhulu ngabaxhasi bemfazwe. U-Pericles uxelela abaliliyo abahlanganisiweyo ukuba iAthene inezikhukula ezinkulu kuba zikhuthazwa ukukhusela indlela yabo yokuphila kunye nentando yedemokhrasi, kwaye ukufa ekukhuseleni kuyona nto ifanelekileyo. I-Pericles ichaza abaseAthene balwela kwamanye amazwe ukuba bafumane inzuzo yobukhosi, kodwa kodwa ubonisa ukuba ukulwa njengento yokukhusela into ebaluleke ngaphezu kwezizwe zalawo mazwe angakwazi ukuqonda - into efanayo kanye noMongameli uGeorge W. Bush baya kuthi emva koko waxosha amaphekula ukuba ahlasele i-United States: inkululeko.

Uthiyile inkululeko yethu, inkululeko yethu yonqulo, inkululeko yokuthetha, inkululeko yokuvota kunye nokudibana kunye nokungavumelani, "kusho uBush ngoSeptemba 20, i-2001, ehlaba umxholo ayeza kubuya kwakhona.

UCaptain Paul K. Chappell kwincwadi yakhe ethi The End of War ubhala ukuba abantu abanenkululeko kunye nempumelelo kunokuba lula ukubacenga ukuba baxhase iimfazwe, kuba banokulahlekelwa ngakumbi. Andazi ukuba yinyani na okanye ungayivavanya njani, kodwa ubukhulu becala ngabo banokuncipha ekuphulukaneni noluntu lwethu abathunyelwe ukulwa iimfazwe zethu. Kwimeko nayiphi na into, intetho yokulwa iimfazwe "ekukhuseleni" ihlala ibhekisa ekukhuseleni umgangatho wethu wokuphila kunye nendlela yethu yobomi, inqaku elinceda ngokuthandabuzayo ukuphazamisa umbuzo wokuba ingaba silwa okanye singumhlaseli.

Ukuphendula kwimpikiswano yepro-war ukuba kufuneka sivikele umgangatho wethu wokuphila ngokukhusela ukunikezelwa kweoli, inqaku eliqhelekileyo kwiimpostile kwii-anti-war marches kwi-2002 kunye ne-2003 "Ngaba ioli yethu yaba njani phantsi kwesihlabathi sayo?" Kwamanye amazwe aseMelika " "Ii-oil reserves" yayiyindlela "yokuzikhusela". Abanye babeqinisekile ukuba imfazwe ayinanto yokwenza nayiphi na ioli.

Iimfazwe ezikhuselekileyo zingabonwa njengokukhusela uxolo. Iimfazwe ziqaliswe kwaye zilungiswe egameni loxolo, ngelixa kungekho mntu ukhuthaze uxolo ngenxa yemfazwe. Imfazwe egameni loxolo inokukholisa abantu abaxhasayo kwimfazwe noxolo, kwaye banokwenza imfazwe emehlweni abo bacinga ukuba kufuna ukulungiswa. Uninzi lwabahlali kulo lonke uluntu, "wabhala uHarold Lasswell malunga nekhulu leminyaka edlulileyo," ishishini lokubetha intshaba egameni lokhuseleko noxolo olwaneleyo. Le yinjongo enkulu yemfazwe, kwaye ngozinikelo olulodwa-ntliziyo kwimpumelelo yalo bayifumana ukuba 'uxolo lokulwa.' "

Ngelixa zonke iimfazwe zichazwa njengendlela yokuzikhusela ngandlela-thile ngabo bonke amaqela abandakanyekayo, kukuphela kokulwa nemfazwe ekukhuseleni ngokwenene ukuba imfazwe ingenziwa ngokomthetho. Ngaphantsi kwe-Charter ye-UN, ngaphandle kokuba iBhunga lezoKhuseleko livunyelwene nokugunyazwa okhethekileyo, kuphela abo balwa ngokuchasene nokuhlasela balwa nemfazwe ngokusemthethweni. EUnited States iSebe leMfazwe labizwa ngokuba yiSebe lezoKhuseleko kwi-1948, ngokufanelekileyo ngokwaneleyo kunyaka omnye apho uGeorge Orwell wabhala nge-Nineteen Engamashumi amane anesine. Ukususela ngoko, amaMerika athetha ngokunyanisekileyo nayiphi na imikhosi yawo okanye amanye amabutho asemasosha enza "njengokhuselo." Abameli bezoxolo abafuna ukuhlamba i-quarters ye-budget yemali, ekholelwa ukuba yintlondi yokuziphatha okubi okanye inkunkuma engcolileyo, ukushicilela amaphepha abiza ukunciphisa ukuchitha imali "ngokukhusela." Baye balahlekelwa lo mzabalazo ngaphambi kokuvula imilomo yabo. Into yokugqibela abantu bayayihlukana nayo "kukukhusela."

Kodwa ukuba okwenziwa yiPentagon ikakhulu kukuzikhusela, amaMelika afuna uhlobo lokuzikhusela ngokungafaniyo nakuphi na ukubonwa kwangaphambili okanye ngoku okufunwa nangabanye abantu. Akekho omnye umntu owahlule umhlaba, kunye ne-outerspace kunye ne-cyberpace, kwimimandla kwaye wenza umthetho wezomkhosi wokulawula nganye. Akukho mntu unamakhulu aliqela, mhlawumbi ngaphezulu kwewaka, iziseko zomkhosi zisasazeka emhlabeni wonke kwamanye amazwe abantu. Phantse akukho mntu wumbi uneziseko kwamanye amazwe abantu. Uninzi lwamazwe alunazo izixhobo zenyukliya, zebhayoloji, okanye zeekhemikhali. Umkhosi wase-US uyakwenza oko. Abantu baseMelika bachitha imali eninzi emkhosini kunalo naliphi na elinye ilizwe, isixa esimalunga neepesenti ezingama-45 zenkcitho yomkhosi wehlabathi. Amazwe angama-15 aphezulu enza iipesenti ezingama-83 zenkcitho yezomkhosi emhlabeni, kwaye iUnited States ichitha ngaphezulu kwenani lesi-2 ukuya kwele-15 ngokudibeneyo. Sichitha ama-72 amaxesha e-Iran kunye neNyakatho Korea zichitha ngokudibeneyo.

ISebe lethu lezoKhuselo, phantsi kwamagama alo amadala kunye namatsha, lithathe amanyathelo omkhosi phesheya, amakhulu namancinci, ngamanye amaxesha angama-250, ngaphandle kokubala amanyathelo afihlakeleyo okanye ukufakwa kweziseko ezisisigxina. Iminyaka engama-31 kuphela, okanye iipesenti ezili-14, kwimbali yase-US khange kubekho mikhosi yase-US ibandakanyeka nakweziphi na iintshukumo ezibalulekileyo phesheya. Ukusebenza ngokuzikhusela, ukuqiniseka, i-United States ihlasele, ihlasele, ipolisa, ibhukuqa, okanye yahlala ezinye izizwe ezingama-62. Incwadi ebalaseleyo kaJohn Quigley yowe-1992 ethi The Ruses for War ihlalutya ezona zinto zibalulekileyo zomkhosi wase-United States emva kweMfazwe yesibini (II), egqiba kwelokuba nganye yonyuselwa ngobuxoki.

Amajoni ase-US ahlaselwe ngelixa ehleli phesheya, kodwa akuzange kubekho ukuhlaselwa kwi-United States, ubuncinci ukususela ngo-1815. Xa amaJapan ahlasela iinqanawa zase-US ePearl Harbor, iHawaii yayingeyona indawo yase-United States, kodwa kunokuba yintsimi yombuso, eyenziwe ngolu hlobo lwenkosikazi egameni labasimi bezohlwayo. Xa amagorha ahlasela i-World Trade Centre kwi-2001, bebenokwenza ubugebengu obubi kakhulu, kodwa abazange baqalise imfazwe. Ekukhokelweni kweMfazwe ye-1812, abaseBrithani nabaseMerika batshintshana ngokuhlaselwa emngceleni waseCanada nakwizilwandle ezivulekileyo. Abantu baseMerika basebenzisane nokuhlaselwa nabahlali base-US, nangona ngubani owayehlasele umbuzo ongenakuze sihlangabezane naye.

Oko sikubonile evela eUnited States nakwezinye iinkqubo zokulwa nemfazwe yiimfazwe egameni lokuzikhusela elisebenzisa uxhaphalo olukhulu ukuphendula ngokulimala okwenzakala okanye ukuhlambalaza, abasebenzisa ubugwenxa obukhulu ngenxa yokuphindezela, ezilandela ukuphambaniswa ngempumelelo lutshaba, olulandela nje ukuzenzela ukuba kukho ulwaphulo oluvela ngaphesheya, kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo lukhusela izinto ezinxulumene nazo okanye izinto zobukhosi okanye ezinye iintlanga eziphathwe njengeziqwenga ze-puzzle kwimidlalo yomhlaba apho kukho ukuthenjwa okucinga ukuwa njengama-dominoes. Kuye kwaba neemfazwe zobudlova. Ekugqibeleni, ezininzi iimfazwe ziimfazwe zobudlova - elula kwaye elula.

Icandelo: KANYE BAKHUMBILE E-US FUNNY

Umzekelo wobuchule bokuguqula, iziphoso zamanxweme, kunye nokungavumelani kwezorhwebo kwimfazwe epheleleyo, engabalulekanga kunye neyonakalisayo iMfazwe ye-1812, ngokugqithiseleyo okukuthi, ngaphandle kokufa nokuhlupheka, kubonakala sengathi i-Washington , DC, etshiswa. Iintlawulo ezithembekileyo zingafakwa kwiBrithani. Kwaye, ngokungafani neemfazwe ezininzi zase-US, eli ligunyaziwe, kwaye ngokwenene likhuthazwa ngokuyinhloko yiCongress, ngokuchasene nomongameli. Kodwa kwakuyi-United States, kungekhona iBritani, leyo yavakalisa imfazwe, kunye nenjongo enye yabaxhasayo abaninzi bemfazwe yayingakhuseli ngokukhethekileyo-ukunqoba kweChanada! Umongameli uSamuel Taggart (F., iMisa.), Ngokubhikisha kwengxoxo evulekile, wapapasha inkulumo kwiGazethi yaseAlexandria ngoJuni 24, 1812, apho wathi:

"Ukutshatyalaliswa kweCanada kuye kwaxelwa ukuba kulula kakhulu ukuba ibe yinto engaphezu kweqela lokuzonwabisa. Siye, kuthiwa, akukho nto yokwenza kodwa ukuhamba umkhosi kwilizwe kwaye ubonise umgangatho we-United States, kwaye amaKhanadi aya kuhlutha ngokukhawuleza kuwo kwaye azibeke phantsi kokhuselo lwethu. Baye babelwa njengento evukelekileyo yokuvukela, ukuxhamla ukukhululwa kuRhulumente wobugwenxa, kwaye bekulangazelela ukufumana iifomese zenkululeko phantsi kwe-United States. "

U-Taggart waqhubeka ukubonisa izizathu zokuba loo mphumo yayingekho na ilindelekileyo, kwaye kunjalo wayenecala. Kodwa ukuchaneka akunakuncedo xa imfiva yemfazwe ibamba. I-Vice-President uDick Cheney, ngo-Matshi 16, i-2003, wenza ibango elifanayo malunga ne-Iraq, nangona yena ngokwakhe wayibonakalise impazamo yayo kumabonwakude kwiminyaka elithoba emva kokuba wayechaza isizathu sokuba i-United States ingazange ihlasele iBaghdad ngexesha leMfazwe yaseGulf. (Cheney, ngelo xesha, usenokushiya ezinye izinto ezingenakutshintshwa, njengokwenene lokwenene emva koko emva kweemichiza okanye izixhobo ze-biological, xa kuthelekiswa nokuzingelwa kweloyiko kwi-2003.) UCheney uthe ngokuhlasela kwakhe kwesibili kwe-Iraq:

"Ngoku, ndicinga ukuba izinto zenzeke kakubi kangaka ngaphakathi e-Iraq, ngokwembono yabantu base-Iraq, inkolelo yam sinokubingelelwa njengabavuli."

Kunyaka ophelileyo, uKen Adelman, owayesakuba ngumlawuli kulawulo lweengalo kuMongameli uRonald Reagan wathi "ukukhulula i-Iraq kuya kuba yindibano." Olu lindelo, nokuba kukuzenzisa okanye ukunyaniseka kwaye bububudenge ngokwenene, khange lusebenze e-Iraq okanye kwiinkulungwane ezimbini ezidlulileyo eCanada. I-Soviets zaya e-Afghanistan ngo-1979 benolindelo olufanayo lokwamkelwa njengabahlobo, kwaye i-United States yaphinda impazamo efanayo apho ukuqala ngo-2001. Ewe kunjalo, olo lindelo belungasoze luphumelele kumkhosi welinye ilizwe e-United States, nokuba bangathandeka kangakanani abantu abasihlaseleyo okanye banokuba lusizi kangakanani kuthi.

Kuthekani ukuba iKhanada ne-Iraq yayamkele ngokwenene imisebenzi yase-US? Ingaba oko bekuvelise nantoni na ukuba ibe ngaphezu kweentlanzi zeemfazwe? UNorman Thomas, umbhali weMfazwe: Hayi uzuko, akukho nzuzo, akukho mfuno, kucatshulwa ngale ndlela:

"[S] i-United States kwimfazwe ye-1812 iphumelele ekuzameni kwayo yonke into okanye inxalenye yeKhanada. Ngokungathandabuzekiyo kufuneka sibe neembali zesikolo ukusifundisa indlela enenzuzo ngayo loo mfazwe yabantu base-Ontario kunye nendlela exabisekileyo ngayo isifundo ekugqibeleni ifundise iBritani malunga nesidingo sokulawulwa komthetho! Nangona kunjalo, nanamhlanje amaKhanadi ahlala eBukhosi baseBrithani aya kuthetha ukuba banenkululeko engakumbi kunabo babamelwane basemzantsi komda! "

Iimfazwe ezininzi ezininzi, kuquka iimfazwe ezininzi zase-US ngokumelene nabantu baseNyakatho Melika eMelika, bekunemfazwe yokukhula. Njengokuba iAraqis - okanye, nokuba kunjalo, abanye abantu baseMiddle East ngamagama ahlekisayo - babulala abantu be-3,000 eUnited States, besenza ama-Iraq abulale ama million ase-Iraq njengendlela yokuzikhusela, amaNdiya aseMerika ahlale ebulala inani labemi , malunga neyiphi imimandla imfazwe ingaqondwa njengempindezelo. Kodwa iimfazwe ezinjalo ziimfazwe ezinokuzikhethela, kuba iziganeko ezincinane ezinxulumene nezo zivuselela iimfazwe zivumelekile ukuba zidlule ngaphandle kwemfazwe.

Kwiminyaka emininzi yeMfazwe yeCold, i-United States kunye neSoviet Union bavumela iziganeko ezincinane, ezifana nokudubula kweeplani zentlola, ukuba ziphathwe ngezixhobo ngaphandle kwemfazwe embi. Xa i-Soviet Union ibetha i-U-2 indiza e-1960, ubudlelwane kunye ne-United States bonakaliswe kakhulu, kodwa akukho mfazwe owasungulwa. ISoviet Union yathengisa umqhubi abaye bawadubula enye yeentlola zabo ngokutshintshisana okwakungeyona into engavamile. Futhi umsebenzisi we-US radar u-U-2 oyimfihlo, umntu oye wahlula kwiSoviet Union inyanga ezintandathu ngaphambili waza wachazela amaRashiya yonke into ayayazi, wamkelwa nguRhulumente wase-United States kwaye akaze athutshwe. Ngokuphambene noko, urhulumente wamboleka imali kwaye kamva wamkhupha ipasipoti entsha ngobusuku. Igama lakhe nguLee Harvey Oswald.

Iziganeko ezifanayo zazinokusebenza njengezizathu zemfazwe kwezinye iimeko, okt naziphi na iimeko apho iinkokeli zikarhulumente zifuna imfazwe. Ngapha koko, ngoJanuwari 31, 2003, uMongameli uGeorge W. Bush wacebisa iNkulumbuso yase-Bhritane u-Tony Blair ukuba ukupeyinta inqwelo moya ye-U-2 ngemibala yeZizwe eziManyeneyo, ukubhabha ezantsi e-Iraq, nokubadubula, kungabonelela ngemfazwe. . Ngeli xesha, ngelixa yayisongela esidlangalaleni imfazwe eIraq malunga nezixhobo zayo eziyintsomi "izixhobo zentshabalalo," I-United States ayilunanzanga uphuhliso olunomdla: ukufunyanwa ngqo kwezixhobo zenyukliya nguMntla Korea. Iimfazwe azihambi apho kukho izikhubekiso; amatyala afunyenwe okanye adityanisiwe ukuze afanele iimfazwe ezinqwenelekayo. Ukuba iUnited States kunye neSoviet Union zinokuyiphepha imfazwe kuba zingafuni ukutshabalalisa umhlaba, ke zonke izizwe zinokuziphepha zonke iimfazwe ngokukhetha ukungatshabalalisi iziqwenga zehlabathi.

Icandelo: AMADAMELWANE KUMASEBENZI

Ngokuqhelekileyo esinye sezizathu zokuqala zamagosa omkhosi kukukhusela amaMerika kwelinye ilizwe eliye lacingelwa ukuba lisengozini ngenxa yeziganeko zakutshanje. Esi sizathu sisetyenzisiweyo, kunye neemeko eziqhelekileyo zezizathu ezithile, i-United States xa ihlasela iRiphabhliki yaseDominican kwi-1965, iGrenada kwi-1983, ne-Panama kwi-1989, kwimimandla ebhaliwe malunga noJohn Quigley kunye noNorman Solomon yakhe incwadi ethi War Made Easy. Kwimeko yeRiphabhliki yaseDominican, abemi baseUnited States abafuna ukuhamba (i-1,856 kubo) baye baxoshwa ngaphambi komkhosi wempi. Abamelwane eSanto Domingo apho amaMerika ahlala khona ayengenabo ubundlobongela kwaye impi yayingadingeki ukuze ikhuphe nabani na. Zonke iinqununu ezinkulu zaseDominican zavumile ukunceda abantu abavela kwamanye amazwe abafuna ukuhamba.

Kwimeko yeGrenada (ukuhlasela kwe-United States eyayivimbela amajelo ase-United States ukuba igubungele) kwakukho abafundi bezokwelapha base-US abasindisa. Kodwa igosa likaRhulumente waseburhulumenteni wase-US uJames Budeit, iintsuku ezimbini ngaphambi kokuhlasela, wafumanisa ukuba abafundi babengekho engozini. Xa malunga ne-100 kubafundi be-150 banquma ukuba bafuna ukuhamba, isizathu sabo besoloyiko lokuhlaselwa kwe-US. Abazali be-500 yabafundi bathuma uMongameli uReagan i-telegram ecela ukuba angahlaseli, amxelele ukuba abantwana babo baphephile kwaye bakhululekile ukushiya iGrenada ukuba bakhetha ukwenza njalo.

Kwimeko yePanama, isiganeko sangempela singatsholwa kuso, enye yoluhlobo oluye lwafunyanwa nayiphi na imikhosi yamanye amazwe eye yahlala kwelinye ilizwe. Amanye amajoni asePanamani atywala axabela igosa laseNtshonalanga yase-United States kwaye wayesongela umfazi wakhe. Ngelixa uGeorge HW Bush wathi le nto kunye nezinye izinto ezintsha zenze imfazwe, izicwangciso zemfazwe zaqala ukuqala inyanga ngaphambi kwelo ganeko.

Icandelo: IINKCUKACHA ZEMBONO

Utshintsho oluthile olucacileyo kwisigqibo sokukhusela sisisombululo sokuphindezela. Kukho inxaxheba ekumemeni "bahlasela kuqala" ukuba baya kuphinda benze njalo xa singabahlaseli. Kodwa ngokuqhelekileyo i-punch emotion isokukhalazela, ngelixa ukuhlaselwa kwexesha elizayo kungekudala. Enyanisweni, ukuqaliswa kwemfazwe kuqinisekisa ukuhlaselwa, ukulwa nemikhosi ukuba kungengomhlaba, kwaye ukuvula imfazwe ngokuchasa kwizenzo zamaphekula kunokubhengeza ukukhangisa abantu abatsha. Ukuqulunqa imfazwe enjalo yinto yobugebengu bobukhulu beentlanzi, iinjongo zokuphindezela. Ukuphindezela kuyimvakalelo yokuqala, kungekhona ukukhusela ngokomthetho imfazwe.

Ababulali ababetha iindiza kwizakhiwo ngoSeptemba 11, 2001, bafa kwinkqubo. Kwakungekho ndlela yokuqalisa imfazwe ngokumelene nabo, kwaye babengabikho mhlanga ongeyimihlaba yabo (njengokuba ngokuqhelekileyo ukuba bakholelwa ngokukhohlakeleyo ukususela kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi II) ingaba ngokukhululekile kwaye ibhajelwe ngokusemthethweni ngexesha lemfazwe. Ababambisene nabo abanobugebengu bukaSeptemba 11th ababephakathi kwabaphilayo bamele bafunyenwe kuwo onke amazwe, kumazwe angaphandle nakwamanye amazwe, kwaye batyhutshwe kwiinkantolo ezivulekileyo nezivumelekileyo - njengokuba iBin Laden nabanye bebekwa icala lokungabikho eSpain. Kufuneka ukuba. Iimangalo ezithi izigubungela zona "ziphindiselela" ngokuzikhusela kwizenzo zase-US kufuneka ziphandwe kwakhona. Ukuba ukugcinwa kwamasosha ase-US e-Saudi Arabia kunye ne-US aid yase-US ku-Israel kwakunokuphulukisa iMiddle East kwaye ibeka engozini kubantu abangenacala, loo nkqubo kunye nemigaqo efanayo ifanele ihlaziywe ukuze iqinisekise ukuba nayiphi na inzuzo eyenza umonakalo owenziweyo. Ininzi yamasosha ase-US athatywe e-Saudi Arabia iminyaka emibini kamva, kodwa ke ngoko abaninzi baninzi bathunyelwe e-Afghanistan nase-Iraq.

UMongameli ukuhoxisa loo mkhosi kwi-2005, uGeorge W. Bush, wayengunyana womongameli owayenabo, e-1990, wabathumela ngokubamba amanga ukuba i-Iraq yayiza kuhlasela iSaudi Arabia. Umongameli we-2003, uDick Cheney, wayenguNobhala "woKhuselo" kwi-1990, xa wayebelwe umsebenzi wokubamba iSoudis ukuba avumele ukuba i-US troop ibe khona ngaphandle kwabo bengakholelwa.

Kwakukho isizathu esicingayo sokukholelwa ukuba ukulwa nemfazwe e-Afghanistan kwakukhokelela ekubanjweni kwenkokeli yesigebengu u-Osama bin Laden, kwaye, njengoko sibonile, oko kwakungeyona nto ephambili kuburhulumente baseU.S., eyamkela isibonelelo sokubeka kuye ekulingweni. Kunoko, imfazwe ngokwayo yayiyintloko. Kwaye imfazwe yayiqinisekisiwe ukuba ingabonakali ngokuvelisa ngokubhekiselele ekukhuseleni. UDavid Wildman noPhyllis Bennis banikela imvelaphi:

"Izigqibo ezidlulileyo ze-US zokuphendula imikhosi ekuhlaselweni kwamaphekula ziye zahluleka ngenxa yezizathu ezifanayo. Omnye, baye babulala, balimala, okanye banikezela nangakumbi abangenasiphene. Abini, abazange basebenze ukuyeka ugqirha. Ku-1986 uRonald Reagan wayala ukuba ibhomu likaTripoli kunye noBanghazi lijezise i-Libam inkokheli uMuammar Ghadafi ngenxa yokuqhuma kwi-discotheque eJamani elalibulale amaGI amabini. UGhadafi wasinda, kodwa abantu abaninzi baseLibya, kuquka nentombi ka-Ghadafi eneminyaka emithathu ubudala, babulawa.

"Kwiminyaka emibini kamva kwafika inhlekelele yaseLockerbie, apho i-Libya yayiza kuthatha uxanduva. Kwi-1999, ekuphenduleni ukuhlaselwa kwama-ambassade ase-US eKenya naseTanzania, amabhomu e-US ahlasele iinkampu zoqeqesho ze-Osama bin Laden e-Afghanistan kunye nombane we-pharmaceutically-linked linked to bin Laden eSudan. Kwavela ukuba ifama laseSudan yayingenalo uxhulumaniso kwiBin Laden, kodwa ukuhlasela kwe-US kuye kwabhubhisa umlimi kuphela wezitofu ezibalulekileyo kubantwana abakhulayo ekunqongopheni okukhulu kwe-Afrika ephakathi. Kwaye ukuhlaselwa kweenkampu kwiintaba ze-Afghan ngokucacileyo akuzange kuthintele ukuhlaselwa kukaSeptemba 11, 2001. "

"Imfazwe Yomhlaba Yobundlobongela" eyasungulwa ngasekupheleni kuka-2001 kunye neMfazwe e-Afghanistan kwaye yaqhubeka neMfazwe yase-Iraq ilandele umzekelo ofanayo. Ngo-2007, singabhala ukonyuka okuphindaphindwe kasixhenxe kohlaselo olubulalayo lwe-jihadist kwihlabathi liphela, oko kuthetha ukuba amakhulu ohlaselo lwabanqolobi kunye namawaka abantu abongezelelekileyo abafileyo ekuqikelelekeni ukuba impendulo yolwaphulo-mthetho kwiimfazwe zamva nje "ezikhuselayo" e-United States, iimfazwe ayivelisanga nto yexabiso lokulinganisa naloo monakalo. Isebe likaRhulumente wase-US liphendule kukwanda okuyingozi kubunqolobi kwihlabathi liphela ngokuyeka ingxelo yalo yonyaka yobunqolobi.

Kwiminyaka emibini kamva, uMongameli uBarack Obama wandisa imfazwe e-Afghanistan, ngokuqonda ukuba i-al Qaeda yayingekho e-Afghanistan; ukuba iqela elizondwayo kakhulu lifuna ukuba nayiphi na inxaxheba yamandla e-Afghanistan, i-Taliban, yayingabandakanyekanga kunye ne-al Qaeda; kunye nokuba i-al Qaeda yayingenye indawo yokuqalisa ukuhlaselwa kwamaphekula kwamanye amazwe. Imfazwe yayifuneka ukuqhubela phambili, nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yokuba. . . kakuhle, kuba. . . Um, ngokwenene akukho mntu wayenokwenene ukuba kutheni. NgoJulayi 14, i-2010, ummeli womongameli wase-Afghanistan, uRichard Holbrooke, wangqina phambi kweKomidi yoBudlelwane bamazwe angaphandle. I-Holbrooke yayibonakala ingenangqiqo. USenator Bob Corker (R., Tenn.) Watshela iLos Angeles Times ngexesha lokuvalelwa,

"Abantu abaninzi kumacala omabini e-aisle bacinge ukuba lo mzamo usebenza. Uninzi lwabantu onokucinga ukuba iinqaba ezinamandla kakhulu kweli lizwe zikhangela iintloko zabo kwixhalaba. "

Umqhenkce wakhononda ukuba emva kokuphulaphula imizuzu ye-90 eHolbrooke, "akukho mbono wasemhlabeni ukuba iinjongo zethu ziphi ngaphambili. Kuze kube ngoku, le nto yayiyinkcitho engangangekiyo yexesha. "Kungenzeka ukuba i-United States yahlaselwa kwaye ilwa le mpi engenakuze ikhuselekile yayingenakucingelwa njengenkcazelo ecacileyo, ngoko isihloko asizange sixoxwe ngabani na kunokuba umsakazo wexesha lonkcenkceshela ekhupha ibango elingenangqondo lokuba "sinokulwa 'apho kwaye asikwazi ukulwa apha." IHolbrooke elisondeleyo okanye iNdlu ye-White yafika kwisigqibo sokugcina imfazwe okanye iya Kwakusoloko kukho ukuba ama-Taliban athatyelwayo aya kuzisa e-al Qaeda, kwaye ukuba i-al Qaeda yayingama-Afghanistan ayayibeka engozini kwi-United States. Kodwa iingcali ezininzi, kuquka neHolbrooke, ngamanye amaxesha zavuma ukuba akukho bungqina bokuba kukho ibango. I-Taliban yayingasekho kakuhle kunye ne-al Qaeda, kwaye i-al Qaeda yayingenakulungelelanisa nantoni na into eyayifuna ukuceba kuzo nayiphi na inamanye amazwe.

Kwiinyanga ezimbini ngasekuqaleni, ngoMeyi 13, 2010, utshintshiswano olulandelayo lwenzeke kwingqungquthela ye-Pentagon yenkomfa kunye no-General Stanley McChrystal owayesebenza imfazwe e-Afghanistan:

"Phinde: [I] n Marja kukho iingxelo - iingxelo ezithembekileyo - zokusongela kunye nokuhlaselwa kwabantu basekhaya abasebenza nemikhosi yakho. Ingaba kukho ukuqonda kwakho? Ukuba kunjalo, ngaba ukhathazeka?

GEN. MCCHRYSTAL: Ewe. Ngokuqinisekileyo yizinto esizibonayo. Kodwa kuqikeleleke. "

Funda kwakhona.

Ukuba uhlala kwelinye ilizwe lomnye umntu, kunye nabahlali abakukunceda ukuba kwenzeke, njengokuba kunjalo, ukuba ukhweliswe iintloko zabo, kusenokuba ixesha lokuqwalasela oko uyenzayo, okanye ubuncinane ukuza kunye nezinye ukulungiswa kwayo, kungakhathaliseki ukuba kukuhle kangakanani.

Icandelo: ISICWANGCISO SENKQUBO

Olunye uhlobo "lwemfazwe" lulo olulandela ukuphambaniswa ngempumelelo kwintshaba efunwayo. Le ndlela yasetyenziselwa ukuqala, kwaye ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukunyuka, iMfazwe yaseVietnam, njengoko kubhalwe kwiPentagon Papers.

Ukubekwa eceleni kwesahluko sesine umbuzo wokuba i-United States ingayifumana iMfazwe Yehlabathi II, kwiYurophu okanye ePacific okanye zombini, inyaniso kukuba ilizwe lethu alinakwenzeka ukuba lingene ngaphandle kokuba lihlaselwe. Kwi-1928 i-Senate yase-US ivotele i-85 kwi-1 ukuqinisekisa i-Kellogg-Briand Pact, umnqophiso obophekileyo-kwaye ubophelela - isizwe sethu nabanye abaninzi abazange baphinde bahlanganyele kwimfazwe.

Inkulumbuso yaseBrithani iWinston Churchill yethemba elide leminyaka kukuba iJapan yayiza kuhlasela i-United States. Oku kuya kuvumela iUnited States (engekho ngokomthetho, kodwa ngezopolitiko) ukuba ingene ngokupheleleyo kwimfazwe eYurophu, njengoko umongameli wayo wayefuna ukwenza, ngokuchasene nokubonelela nje izixhobo, njengoko kwakwenziwe. Ngo-Apreli 28, 1941, uChurchill wabhala umyalelo wecala kwikhabhinethi yakhe yemfazwe:

"Kungathathwa ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba ukungena kweJapan kwimfazwe kuya kulandelwa ngokungena kwangoku e-United States ecaleni lethu."

NgoMeyi 11, i-1941, uRobert Menzies, unkulumbuso we-Australia, wadibana noRoosevelt waza wamfumana "unomona omncinane" wendawo kaChurchill phakathi kwezemfazwe. Ngoxa ikhabhinethi yaseRoosevelt yayifuna ukuba iUnited States ingene kwimfazwe, uMenzies wathola ukuba uRoosevelt,

". . . baqeqeshwe phantsi kweWoldrow Wilson kwimfazwe yokugqibela, balindele isiganeko, esiza kuhlasela iUnited States emfazweni kwaye i-R. iphume kwiimbambano zakhe zokhetho ezinokuthi 'ndiya kukugcina emfazweni.' "

Ngo-Agasti 18, 1941, uChurchill wadibana nekhabhinethi yakhe kwi-10 Downing Street. Intlanganiso yayifana nokufana noJulayi 23, i-2002, intlanganiso kwidilesi enye, imizuzu eyayibizwa ngokuba yi-Downing Street Minutes. Zintlanganiso zombini zityhila iimfihlo ze-US zokuya kwimfazwe. Kwiintlanganiso ze-1941, uChurchill watshela iikhabhinethi yakhe, ngokwemizuzu: "UMongameli uthe uthe uya kulwa kodwa akayi kuchaza." Ngaphezu koko, "Yonke into yayingenziwa ukunyanzelisa isiganeko."

IJapan ngokuqinisekileyo yayingeke ihlasele ukuhlasela abanye kwaye yayixakeke ekudaleni umbuso waseAsia. Kwaye iUnited States neJapan ngokuqinisekileyo yayingahlali kumhlobo ohambelanayo. Kodwa yintoni ebenokubangela ukuba amaJapan ahlasele?

Xa uMongameli uFranlin Roosevelt watyelela iPearl Harbor ngoJulayi 28, i-1934, iminyaka eyisixhenxe ngaphambi kokuhlaselwa kweJapan, umkhosi waseJapan wabonisa ukhathazeka. Ngokubanzi Kunishiga Tanaka wabhala kwisikhangisi saseJapan, ephikisana nokwakhiwa kwemikhumbi yaseMerika kunye nokudala iziseko ezongezelelweyo e-Alaska naseAleutian Islands:

Ukuziphatha okunjalo okuhlambalazayo kusenza sikhankanywe. Kusenza sicinge ukuba ukuphazamiseka okukhulu kukhuthazwa ngenjongo ePacific. Kuzisola kakhulu. "

Ingaba ngokuqinisekileyo wayezisola okanye akunjalo umbuzo ohlukeneyo nokuba ngaba le nto yayiyimpendulo eqhelekileyo neyengqiqweni ekunyuseni kwezempi, nangona xa kwenziwa egameni elithi "ukukhusela." Into engaphelelekanga (njengokuba siza kubiza namhlanje) umlobi weendaba uGeorge Seldes ku krokra. Ngo-Oktobha i-1934 wabhala kuMagazini kaHarper: "Kuyi-axia ukuba iintlanga azikhange imfazwe kodwa imfazwe." USeldes wabuza igosa kwiNavy League:

"Ngaba uyamkela i-axiom yeenqanawa ozilungiselelayo ukulwa ne-navy ethile?"

Indoda yaphendula yathi "Ewe."

"Ngaba ucinga ngokulwa ne-British navy?"

"Akunjalo, hayi."

"Ngaba ucinga imfazwe neJapan?"

"Ewe."

Kwi-1935 i-Marine yaseSouth America ehlotshisiwe kwimbali ngelo xesha, uBrigadier General Smedley D. Butler, epapashwe kwimpumelelo enkulu incwadana emfutshane ethiwa yiMfazwe yiRacket. Wabona ngokugqibeleleyo oko kwakuza kwaye walumkisa isizwe:

"Ngeseshoni nganye yeCongress umbuzo wohlahlo lwabiwo lwezemikhosi luya phezulu. I-admirals yezihlalo. . . Musa ukumemeza ukuthi 'Sifuna amaninzi amabutho okulwa kulolu hlanga okanye olo hlanga.' Oh hayi. Okokuqala, bazisa ukuba iMelika ixhatshazwa ngamandla amakhulu amakhulu. Phantse nawuphi na usuku, la ma-admirals aya kukuxelela, inqwelo enkulu yeli lizwi eliza kuthiwa liza kubetha ngokukhawuleza kwaye libhubhise abantu bethu be-125,000,000. Nje kanjalo. Emva koko baqala ukulila i-navy enkulu. Yantoni? Ukulwa notshaba? O wam, hayi. Oh hayi. Ngeenjongo zokukhusela kuphela. Emva koko, ngokuqinisekileyo, bavakalisa ukuhamba kwiPacific. Ukukhusela. Uh, hah.

"IPacific iyilwandle elikhulu. Sinommandla omkhulu kunxweme ePacific. Ngaba iindawo zokuhamba ziya kuba kude nommandla wonxweme, amabini amabini okanye amawaka eekhilomitha? Oh hayi. Ukuhamba kuya kuba ngamawaka amabini, ewe, mhlawumbi ngamashumi amathathu anamanci amawaka eekhilomitha, ukusuka kummandla wonxweme.

"Abantu baseJapan, abantu abazidlayo, baya kuvuyisa ngaphandle kokubonakalisa ukubona i-United States iinqanawa ezikufuphi kakhulu kumanxweme aseNippon. Nangona kunjengeyokuba ngabahlali baseCalifornia babengaziqondi kakuhle, ngentshontshi yasekuseni, iinqanawa zaseJapan ezidlala kwimidlalo yemfazwe yaseLos Angeles. "

Ngo-Matshi i-1935, uRoosevelt wanika iWake Island kwi-US Navy wamnika iPam Am Airways imvume yokwakha i-Wake Island, eMidway Island naseGuam. Abalawuli bezempi baseJapan babhengeza ukuba baphazamiseka kwaye bajonge le mijelo njengengozi. Kwakhona nabalandeli bezoxolo eMelika. Ngenyanga ezayo, uRoosevelt wayecebise imidlalo yemfazwe kunye nohambo olukufutshane neAleutian Islands kunye neMidway Island. Ngenyanga elandelayo, ababhikishi bezoxolo babehamba eNew York bexela ubuhlobo kunye neJapan. UNorman Thomas wabhala kwi1935:

"Umntu waseMars oye wabona indlela abantu abandezeleka ngayo kwimfazwe yokugqibela kunye nendlela abayilungiselela ngayo imfazwe eyalandelayo, eyazi ukuba iya kuba yimbi, iya kufika kwisigqibo sokuthi wayejonge abantu abanokukhosela kwindlala."

I-US Navy ichitha iminyaka embalwa ezayo isebenza izicwangciso zemfazwe neJapan, ngo-Matshi 8, i-1939, inguqu yalo ichaza "imfazwe ehlaseleyo yexesha elide" eya kutshabalalisa impi kwaye iphazamise ubomi boqoqosho eJapan. NgoJanuwari 1941, iinyanga ezilishumi elinanye ngaphambi kokuhlaselwa, umkhangisi waseJapane wabonisa ukuthukuthela kwakhe phezu kwePearl Harbour kwi-editorial, kunye nommeli wase-US eJapan wabhala kwincwadi yakhe yedayari:

"Kukho intetho eninzi malunga nedolophu ukuya kwiphumo lokuba amaJapane, xa kwenzeka ikhefu kunye neUnited States, uceba ukuphuma konke ukuhlaselwa kwamangalisa kwiPearl Harbor. Kakade ndixelele urhulumente wam. "

NgoFebhuwari 5, i-1941, i-Admiral yangaphambili uRicmond Kelly Turner wabhalela uNobhala weMfazwe uHenry Stimson ukuba axwayise malunga nokuhlaselwa ngokumangalisa ePearl Harbour.

Ngaphambi kokuba i-1932 yaseUnited States beyathetha neChina malunga nokubonelela ngeenqwelo, ii-pilot, kunye nokuqeqesha imfazwe yaseJapan. NgoNovemba 1940, uRoosevelt wahlawulisa iChina iiligidi ezili-dollar zeemfazwe ukulwa neJapan, kwaye emva kokubonisana noBrithani, uNobhala waseMelika weNondyebo uHenry Morgenthau wenza izicwangciso zokuthumela ama-bombers aseShayina kunye nabasebenzi base-US ukuba basebenzise ibhomu eTokyo nakwamanye amadolophu aseJapan. NgoDisemba i-21, i-1940, iiveki ezimbini zintloni zonyaka ngaphambi kokuhlaselwa kweJapan kwiPearl Harbor, uMphathiswa wezeMali we-TV uSongong no-Colonel Claire Chennault, owayengumhlalaphantsi wase-US owayesebenza aseTshayina waza wababongoza ukuba basebenzise iMelika abaqhubi bebhola eBoby kusukela ubuncinci be-1937, badibana kwigumbi lokudlela likaHenry Morgenthau ukucwangcisa ukutshabalalisa umlilo eJapan. UMorgenthau uthe unokufumana amadoda akhululwe emsebenzini e-US Army Air Corps ukuba amaShayina angabahlawula i-$ 1,000 ngenyanga. USoong wavuma.

NgoMeyi 24, i-1941, i-New York Times yabika ngoqeqesho lwase-United States lolawulo lwama-Chinese, kunye nokubonelelwa "kweemfazwe ezininzi kunye neebhomu zamabhomu" e-China e-United States. "Ukubethelwa kwamabhomu aseJapan kulindelwe" funda intloko. NgoJulayi, iBhodi yamaQumrhu oLwandle-i-Joint Army-Navy avumile icebo elibizwa ngokuthi yiJB 355 kwisibhamu saseJapan. Inkampani yangaphambili yayiza kuthengisa iindiza ze-Amerika ukuba ziqhutywe ngamavolontiya aseMerika aqeqeshwe nguChennault kwaye ahlawulwe elinye iqela eliphambili. URovelvelt uvunyiwe, kunye neChina uchwepheshe waseLunch Lauchlin Currie, ngamazwi kaNicholson Baker, "wathinjwa uMadame Chaing Kai-Shek noClaire Chennault incwadi eyacela ukuba ikhethwe yiintlola zaseJapan. ileta:

"Ndiyonwabile kakhulu ukuba ndiyakwazi ukubika namhlanje uMongameli wathi i-bombers ibe ngamashumi mathandathu anesithandathu afikeleleke kwiChina kulo nyaka kunye namashumi mabini anesine okuza kuziswa ngokukhawuleza. Wavunyelwa kwakhona inkqubo yoqeqesho lomqhubi waseTshayina apha. Iinkcukacha ngeendlela eziqhelekileyo. Ngokuhle okuphuma entlizweni eshushu."

I-ambassador yethu yathi "kwimeko yokuphuka kunye neUnited States" amaJapane aya kubetha iBearl Harbor. Ndiyabuza ukuba le nto ifanelekile!

I-1st yase-American Volunteer Group (AVG) ye-China Air Force, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-Flying Tigers, yaqhubela phambili ngokuqashwa kunye noqeqesho ngokukhawuleza kwaye yabona kuqala ukulwa ngoDisemba 20, i-1941, iintsuku ezilishumi elinambini (ixesha langoku) emva kokuba amaJapan ahlasele i-Pearl Harbor .

NgoMeyi 31, i-1941, kwi-Keep America Out of War Congress, uWilliam Henry Chamberlin wanikela ngelumkiso osisilumkiso: "Ukutshatyalaliswa kwezoqoqosho eJapan, ukuyeka ukuthunyelwa kweoli ngokukodwa, kwakuza kususa iJapan kwiingalo zeAxis. Imfazwe yoqoqosho iya kuba yintlupheko yemfazwe yempi yempi kunye nempi. "Into ebaluleke kakhulu ngokubhekiselele ekuxhaseni uxolo yindlela ephindwa ngayo ukuba ilungile.

NgoJulayi 24, 1941, uMongameli Roosevelt wathi,

"Ukuba sasiyinqumbile ioli, [aseJapane] mhlawumbi yayiya kwiiNtshonalanga zaseDutch East ngonyaka odlulileyo, kwaye ubuya kuba nemfazwe. Kwakubaluleke kakhulu kwiinjongo zethu zobugovu malunga nokukhusela ukukhusela imfazwe ukususela kwiSouth Pacific. Ngoko umgaqo-nkqubo wethu wasemzini wawuzama ukumisa imfazwe ekuphumeni apho. "

Abathathi bamaphephandaba baqaphela ukuba uRoosevelt uthe "wayekho" kunokuba "nguwe." Ngomso olandelayo, uRovelvelt wakhupha umyalelo olawulayo ophazamisayo impahla yaseJapan. IUnited States neBrithani banqamle ioli kunye neensimbi zesebe eJapan. URadhabinod Pal, ummeli waseNdiya oye wakhonza kwi-tribal crime tribunal emva kwemfazwe, ebizwa ngokuba yimibhogo "esichengeni esicacileyo neyona nto ebangela ukuba iJapan ibe khona," yaye yagqiba iUnited States yayichukumise iJapan.

Ngo-Agasti 7th, ezine inyanga ngaphambi kokuhlaselwa, i-Japan Times Advertiser yabhala:

"Okokuqala kwakukho ukudalwa kweSingapore, okuqinisekisiwe kakhulu yimikhosi yaseBritani kunye noBukumkani. Ukusuka kule ndawo, ivili elikhulu layakheka kwaye lidibaniswa neenqwelo zaseMerika ukwenza isandi esikhulu esahla kwindawo esezantsi nangasentshona ukusuka kwiiPhilippines ngeMalaya naseBurma, kunye nekhonkco ephukile kuphela kwi-peninsula yaseThailand. Ngoku kuhlongozwa ukuba kufake iincinci kwiindawo ezijikelezayo, eziya eRangoon. "

NgoSeptemba umshicileli waseJapan wavutha ukuba iUnited States yayiqalise ukuthumela ioli kwiJapan ekudlulele eRashiya. IJapan, amaphephandaba ayo athi, wayefa ukufa ngokukhawuleza "kwimfazwe yezoqoqosho."

Yintoni i-United States enokuyithemba ukuyifumana ngokuthumela ioli kwixesha elidlulileyo kwisizwe ekudinga kakhulu?

Ngasekupheleni kukaOktobha, u-US uhlola u-Edgar Mower wayesebenza kuColonel William Donovan oye wahlola uRoosevelt. Umlambo uthetha nomntu waseManla ogama lingu-Ernest Johnson, ilungu leKhomishoni yaseMaritime, owathi wayekulindele ukuba "IJaps iya kuthatha iManila ngaphambi kokuba ndiphume." Xa uMower wathetha ngokumangaliswa, uJohnson waphendula wathi "Ngaba awuzange ukwazi iJapan iinqanawa ziye zafudukela empumalanga, mhlawumbi zihlasele iinqwelo zethu ePearl Harbor? "

NgoNovemba 3, i-1941, i-ambassador yethu yazama kwakhona ukufumana into ngolu hlobo lweganga lekarhulumente, ithumela i-telegram edelele kwiSebe le-State lixwayisa ukuba izigwebo zezoqoqosho zingamnyanzela iJapan ukuba zenze "i-hara-kiri kazwelonke." Wabhala: " ukuphikisana neUnited States kungafika ngokukhawuleza kwingozi. "

Kutheni ndihlala ndikhumbula isikhokelo somxholo osinikwe uMongameli George W. Bush ngaphambi kweSeptemba 11, 2001, ukuhlaselwa? "UBin Laden Uzimisele Ukuxabela eMelika"

Kubonakala ukuba akekho eWashington wayefuna ukuyiva kwi1941 nokuba. Ngomhla kaNovemba 15th, uMphathiswa oyiNtloko weBasebenzi uGeorge Marshall uxelele abezindaba malunga nento esingayikhumbuliyo ngokuthi "iSicwangciso seMarshall." Enyanisweni asiyikukhumbuli konke. UMarshall wathi, "Silungiselela imfazwe ecaphukisayo neJapan," kucela ukuba intatheli zihlale ziyimfihlelo, njengoko ndingazi ukuba babenomdla.

Kwiintsuku ezilishumi kamva uNobhala weMfazwe uHenry Stimson wabhala kwincwadi yakhe yokudibanisa ukuba wayedibene kwi-Oval Office kunye noMarshall, uMongameli uRoosevelt, uNobhala weNavy Frank Knox, u-Admiral Harold Stark kunye noNobhala welizwe uCordell Hull. URovelvelt wayebaxelele ukuba amaJapane aya kuhlasela kungekudala, mhlawumbi ngoMvulo ozayo. Kwakuya kuba ngoDisemba 1st, iintsuku ezintandathu ngaphambi kokuba kufike ukuhlasela. "Umbuzo," u-Stimson wabhala, "bekufuneka sibaqhube njani ekuqhubeni ukudubula kuqala ngaphandle kokuvumela ingozi enkulu kithi. Kwakuyiphakamiso esinzima. "

Ngaba kunjalo? Impendulo enye ecacileyo yayiwukugcina yonke indawo ePearl Harbour kwaye igcine abaqhubi bee-osilele apho ebumnyameni ngelixa bexhalaba ngamaofisi akhululekile eWashington, DC Enyanisweni, eso siyisisombululo sethu samakhwelisa ahamba kunye nabo.

Ngomhla emva kokuhlaselwa, iCongress yavotela imfazwe. I-Congresswoman uJeannette Rankin (R., Mont.), Umfazi wokuqala okhe wanyulwa kwiCongress, kwaye ngubani ovotelwe kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi I, wayemi yedwa ekuchasene neMfazwe Yehlabathi II (njengokuba iCongresswoman Barbara Lee [D., Calif] yedwa ngokumelene nokuhlasela i-Afghanistan iminyaka eyi-60 kamva). Ngunyaka owodwa emva kokuvota, ngoDisemba 8, 1942, u-Rankin wabeka iincwadana kwiNgqungquthela yeNgqungquthela echaza inkcaso yakhe. Wachaza umsebenzi we-propagandist waseBrithani owayephikisana ne-1938 ngokusebenzisa iJapan ukuzisa i-United States kwimfazwe. Wachaza incwadi kaHenry Luce kwi-Life magazine ngoJulayi 20, i-1942, "kwiiTshayina amaShayina awayewunikele ngayo i-ultimatum eyayiza kwiPearl Harbor." Wabonisa ubungqina bokuba kwiNgqungquthela yaseAtlantic ngo-Agasti 12, 1941, uRoosevelt wayeqinisekisile Churchill ukuba iUnited States yayiza kuzisa uxinzelelo loqoqosho ukuba luthwale iJapan. "Ndacacile," u-Rankin kamva wabhala,

"ISebe likaRhulumente le-Bulletin kaDisemba i-20, i-1941, eyabonisa ukuba ngoSeptemba 3 unxibelelwano luye lwasithunyelwa eJapan ludinga ukuba lwamkele umgaqo 'wokungahambisani nendawo yePasifiki,' efuna ukuqinisekiswa kwezinto ezingenakuphikiswa yamakhosi amhlophe aseMpuma. "

I-Rankin ifumene ukuba iBhodi yoKhuselo loQoqosho ifumene izigwebo zezoqoqosho ngaphantsi kweveki emva kweNkomfa ye-Atlantic. NgoDisemba i-2, i-1941, i-New York Times ibixelele, ngokwenene, ukuba iJapane "yayinqunywe ukusuka kwi-75 ekhulwini yezorhwebo yakhe evamile yi-Allied blockade." U-Rankin wachaza ingxelo yeLieutenant Clarence E. Dickinson, USN , ngoMgqibelo wangoMgqibelo wama-Oktobha 10, 1942, ukuba ngoNovemba 28, 1941, iintsuku ezisi-9 ngaphambi kokuhlaselwa, i-Vice Admiral William F. Halsey, Jr., (yena kwisiqubulo esithi "bulala iJaps, bulala iJaps!") wanikwa imiyalelo kuye nakwabanye ukuba "badonsa phantsi nantoni na ebone esibhakabhakeni size sibhombise nantoni na esiyibonayo elwandle."

Ingaba iMfazwe Yehlabathi II "yimfazwe emihle" esoloko sixelelwa kukuba, ndiza kufaka isahluko sesine. Ukuba kwakuyimfazwe yokuzikhusela ngenxa yokuba i-imperial yethu engenasiphathamandla ephakathi kwePacific yayihlaselwa ngaphandle kwezulu elihlaza okwesibhakabhaka iyimbali efanelwe ukungcwatyelwa.

Icandelo: KUNGANI UKUBA UFUNEKA NJENGOBA UNGAKHONA UKUPHATHA?

Enye yezona ndlela ezincinci ezikhuselekileyo zokulwa iimfazwe ezikhuselayo yimfazwe esekelwe kuphela ekukhohliseni ulwaphulo linye icala. Le ndlela yenziwa ngayo iMelika kwiimfazwe apho yaba khona amazwe asezantsi aseMexico. Ngaphambi kokuba u-Abraham Lincoln abe, njengomphathi, umxhaphazi ogwebileyo wamagunya emfazwe oye wakwenza uxanduva lokuxhaphazwa okufanayo ngabaninzi bakhe abavela kuye, wayeyintlanganiso ye-congressman eyazi ukuba uMgaqo-siseko unikwe igunya lokuvakalisa imfazwe kwiCongress. Kwi-1847, iCongressman Lincoln wammangalela uMongameli uJames Polk wokuxoka uhlanga emfazweni ngokumangalela uMexico ngenkohlakalo xa kwakufuneka ukuba loo myalelo wenziwe ngokumelene ne-US Army nePolk ngokwakhe. ULincoln wajoyina nomongameli wangaphambili kunye nomninimandla-mhlangano uJohn Quincy Adams ngokufuna uphando olusesikweni kwizenzo zikaPolk kunye nokugwetyelwa ngokusemthethweni kwePolk yokulala uhlanga emfazweni.

UPolk waphendula, njengoko uHarry Truman noLyndon Johnson beza kuthi emva koko benze isimemezelo sokuba akazukufuna ikota yesibini. Zombini izindlu zeCongress zigqibe isigqibo sokuhlonipha uMajor General uZachary Taylor ngokusebenza kwakhe "emfazweni ngokungeyomfuneko nangokomgaqo-siseko oqalwe ngumongameli waseMelika." Yinto eqondwa ngokufanayo ukuba uMgaqo-siseko awuzange ugwebe iimfazwe ezinobundlongondlongo, kodwa iimfazwe zokhuselo kuphela. Ulysses S. Grant uthathele ingqalelo iMfazwe yaseMexico, apho walwa khona,

". . . enye yezona zinto zingenakulungiswa eziye zazingqongqo kwilizwe elibuthathaka. Kwakuyimzekelo yeRiphablikhi elandela umzekelo ombi weentlanga zaseYurophu, ngokungakhangeli ubulungisa kwiminqweno yabo yokufumana intsimi eyongezelelweyo. "

Intetho kaLincoln kumgangatho weNdlu ngoJanuwari 12, i-1848, ingongoma ephakamileyo yempikiswano yemfazwe kwimbali yaseMerika kwaye iquka ezi binzana:

"Makhe [uMongameli uJames Polk] akhumbule ukuba uhleli apho iWashington ehleli khona, kwaye ke khumbula, makhe aphendule njengoWashington uya kuphendula. Njengoluhlanga alufanelekanga, kwaye uSomandla akayi kukhangeka, aphephe, ngoko makangathi azame ukukhusela-akukho ukulingana. Kwaye, ukuba, ngokuphendula, unokubonisa ukuba umhlaba wawungowethu apho igazi lokuqala lemfazwe laphelelwa khona - ukuba kwakungekho kwilizwe elimiweyo, okanye ukuba, phakathi kwaloo nto, ukuba abemi bezithumele kubambano ETexas okanye eUnited States, kwaye kunjalo into efanayo ne-Fort Brown - ngoko ndikunye naye ngenxa yokulungiswa kwakhe. . . . Kodwa ukuba akakwazi okanye akayi kwenza oku - ukuba nakweyiphi na inkohliso okanye ayikho inkohliso uyayinqabela okanye ayishiye - ngoko ndiya kuqinisekiswa ngokuqinisekileyo kwinto engaphezulu kweso sitshixo - ukuba uyazi ukuba ungekho, ukuba uvakalelwa kukuba igazi le mfazwe, njengegazi lika-Abela, liyakhala ezulwini kuye. . . . Njengaye i-half-insane engxenyeni yephupha eliphuphayo, yinto yonke imfazwe inxalenye yomyalezo wakhe wokugqibela! "

Andiyi kucinga ngamalungu amaninzi eCongress athetha ngomongameli wokwenza imfazwe ngokunyaniseka namhlanje. Andikwazanga ukucinga ukuba iimfazwe ziya kufikelela ekupheleni kude kubekho into eyenzekayo kunye nexesha eliqhelekileyo kwaye ixhaswa ngokucima imali.

Naxa wayegxeka imfazwe esekwe kubuxoki egazi labo lalikhala ezulwini, uLincoln kunye no-Whigs abalingane bakhe bavota bephindaphinda ukuyixhasa. NgoJuni 21, 2007, uSenator uCarl Levin (D., Mich.) Wacaphula umzekelo kaLincoln kwiWashington Post njengesizathu sokuma kwakhe “njengomchasi” weMfazwe yase-Iraq owayezakuqhubeka nokuyixhasa ngonaphakade. "yokuxhasa umkhosi." Okuthakazelisayo kukuba, iirejimenti ezivela eVirginia, eMississippi naseNyakatho Carolina zathumela ukubeka ubomi babo emngciphekweni wokubulala abantu baseMexico abangenacala kwimfazwe eyaxhaswa nguLincoln egameni labo. Kwaye amajoni ama-9,000 aseMelika ubuncinci, abhalisiwe kwaye azinikele, ashiye iMfazwe yaseMexico.

Amanye a makhulu, eqinisweni, kuquka abafuduki baseIreland, batshintsha ukunyaniseka kwabo baza bafaka isandla kwicala laseMexico, benza iBattalion yaseStatrick. NgokukaRobert Fantina, kwincwadi yakhe ethi Desertion kunye ne-American Soldier, "Mhlawumbi ngaphezu kweyiphi imfazwe yangaphambili, eMfazweni yaseMexico naseMelika, ukungakholelwa kweso sizathu esona sizathu esikhulu sokunquma. ukutshatyalaliswa kwelinye icala - ngaphandle kohlobo lokuchasana phakathi kwabo bathunyelwe ukulwa. Xa iUnited States ihlawulela iMexico kwindawo eninzi eyayithathayo, i-Whig Intelligencer yabhala, ngokucacileyo ngaphandle kokuthi, "Asithatha nto ngokuyithatha. . . . Enkosi Thixo."

Kwiminyaka emininzi kamva, uDavid Rovics wayeza kubhala ezi ngoma zomculo:

Kwakukho e-pueblos nasezintabeni

Ndabona iphutha endenzileyo

Inxalenye yombutho oyisayo

Ngeempawu zokuziphatha kwi-bayonet blade

Ngoko phakathi kwala mahlwempu, amaKatolika afa

Ukumemeza abantwana, isitshixo esivuthayo sonke

Mna namakhulu amabini ase-Irish

Unqume ukunyuka kwifowuni

Ukusuka eDublin City ukuya eSan Diego

Sazibonela inkululeko

Ngoko sakha i-Saint Patrick Battalion

Kwaye salwa nommandla waseMexico

Ngo-1898 i-USS Maine yaqhushumba eHavana Harbour, kwaye amaphephandaba ase-US akhawuleza atyhola iSpanish, edanduluka esithi “Khumbula iMaine! Ukuya esihogweni neSpain! ” Umnini wephephandaba uWilliam Randolph Hearst wenze konke okusemandleni akhe ukubhebhethekisa amadabi emfazwe awayeyazi ukuba aya kukhulisa ukujikeleza. Ngubani oyivuthele inqanawa? Akukho mntu wayesazi. Ngokuqinisekileyo iSpain iyiphikile, iCuba iyikhanyele, kwaye i-United States iyala. ISpain ayikhange iphike nje ngokulula. ISpain yenza uphando kwaye yafumanisa ukuba ukuqhuma kwakungaphakathi kwinqanawa. Iqonda ukuba i-United States iyakwala oku kufunyanisiweyo, iSpain yaphakamisa ukuba kwenziwe uphando ngokudibeneyo ngala mazwe mabini kwaye yacebisa ukuba ingenise kulamlo olubophelelayo yiphaneli yamanye amazwe engakhethi cala. I-United States yayingenamdla. Nokuba yintoni ebangele ukuqhuma, iWashington yayifuna imfazwe.

Uphando olutshanje luphakamisa ukuba kungenzeka ukuba i-Maine yatshitshiswa ngokuqhuma, kungakhathaliseki ukuba ngengozi okanye ngenjongo, eyenzeka ngaphakathi kuyo, kunokuba ibe ngumgodi ngaphandle kwayo. Kodwa akukho ziingcali ziye zabonisa enye inkolelo phezu komnye ukwanelisa bonke, kwaye andiqinisekanga ukuba yintoni enokuyenza. I-Spanish yayifumana indlela yokutshala ibhokhwe ngaphakathi kwinqanawa. Abantu baseMelika bafumene indlela yokubeka i-mine ngaphandle kwayo. Ukwazi apho ukuqhuma kwenzeka khona akuyi kusitshela ukuba ubani, ukuba ubani, ukuba wabangela. Kodwa nangona sazi ngokuqinisekileyo ngubani owabangela ukuba, njani, kwaye, kutheni, akukho naluphi ulwazi oluya kutshintsha iakhawunti eyintloko yezinto ezenzeka kwi-1898.

Olu hlanga luye lwaduka ngenxa yemfazwe ekuphenduleni ukuhlaselwa yiSpeyin apho kwakungekho ubungqina, nje kuphela. Umkhumbi waseMerika wawuqhutywe, abantu baseMerika babulawa, kwaye kwakukho inokwenzeka ukuba iSpeyin inokuthi ixanduva. Ngokudibene nezinye izikhalazo eziseSpeyin, oku kwakuyimbangela (okanye i-excuse) eyaneleyo yokubamba iingqungquthela zemfazwe. Ukuzifihla ubungqina bokuthi iSpeyin yayikusohlwayayo kwakungekho nto ngaphandle kokuyinyaniso. Le nyaniso yayiya kuhlala ingacatshulwayo nangona ubungqina bobukhulu becala ukuba iSpeyin iqhube i-Maine, njengokuba uMongameli uGeorge W. Bush wayebe elele ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba i-Iraq yayinezixhobo kwi-2003 nangona ezinye izixhobo zifunyenwe kamva. . Le ntshutshiso - ukucima kweMaine - yayisetyenziselwa ukuvula imfazwe "ekukhuseleni" eCuba nasePhilippines ezibandakanya ukuhlasela nokuhlala eCuba nasePhilippines, nasePuerto Rico ngokulinganayo.

Khumbulani loo mizila esuka kuSmedley Butler endiyicatshulwe ngasentla malunga nendlela uYapan onokuyithanda ngayo ukubona i-United States idlala imidlalo yemfazwe kufuphi neJapan? Le yimizila elandelayo kwindima efanayo:

"Iinqanawa ze-navy yethu, ziyakubonwa, kufuneka zichazwe ngokuthe ngqo, ngokomthetho, ngaphakathi kweeyure ezingama-200 zonxweme lwethu. Ukuba loo nto yayingumthetho kwi-1898 i-Maine yayingeke ihambe eHarana Harbour. Akazange aphinde aqhutywe. Kwakungayi kuba nemfazwe neSpain kunye nokulahlekelwa ngumntu. "

I-Butler inomxholo, nangona ingaba isisibalo seemathematika. Kusebenza ukuba sicinga ngeMiami njengelizwe elikufutshane lase-US ukuya eCuba, kodwa i-Key West isondele kakhulu - kuphela i-106 yamamayela ukusuka eHaana - kunye nemikhosi yase-US yayifake i-1822, yakha isiseko, yaza yabamba iNyakatho nangethuba Udabi lasekuhlaleni. I-West engundoqo yayiyona dolophu enkulu kunazo zonke kunye neyona ndawo iFlorida xa iMaine iphepha. U-Ernest Hemingway wabhala i-Arrival kwiArms apho, kodwa umkhosi awusayi kushiya i-Key West.

Mhlawumbi ukuphakama kokungathembekanga ekwenzeni into ebizwa ngokuba yimpi ekhuselayo kuya kufumaneka kumzekelo wezenzo zamaNazi eJamani xa kwakukulungele ukuhlasela iPoland. Amadoda ase-Heinrich Himmler ase-SS athetha uluhlu lweziganeko. Ngenye, iqela lawo ligqoke iifomifolnesi zasePoland, zanyanzelwa kwisikhululo senomathotholo saseJamani kwidolophana yomda, zaphoqelelwa abasebenzi ukuba zihlale phantsi, zaza zazisa iinjongo zabo zokulwa neJamani ePoland emoyeni xa zidubula izibhamu. Bazisa kunye neJamani ebenemfesane kunye nePoles, bambulala, bamshiya emva ukuba bajonge ngathi wayedutshulwa ngelixa ethatha inxaxheba kwimigudu yabo. UAdolf Hitler watshela i-Army yaseJamani ukuba ibutho liza kufuneka lihlangane ngamandla, lahlaselwa ePoland.

Ngo-2008, ulawulo lwe-Bush-Cheney luye lwasusa ityala lokulwa ne-Iran elingaphumeleli iminyaka. Ukuxhaswa kwe-Iranian ukuxhatshazwa kwe-Iraq, ukuphuhliswa kwe-Iranian yezixhobo zenyukliya, izibopho zase-Iranian kwizigebengu, kunye nokunye okunjalo zagxothwa ngokuqhelekileyo, kwaye zanyanzeliswa okanye zithatyathwa ngabantu baseMerika, malunga neepesenti ze-90 ezazingamelana nokuhlasela i-Iran . I-Vice-Mongameli uDick Cheney kunye nabasebenzi bakhe, ngokucacileyo bekhula kakhulu, bephupha, kodwa abazange baphumelele, icebo eliya kwenza uHitler waziqhayisa. Ingcamango yayikukwakha izikebhe ezine okanye ezintlanu ezaziza kubonakala njengezixhobo ze-PT ze-Iran kwaye zibeke iinqwelo zeNavy ngezo "zimbalo ezininzi." Zingakwazi ukuqala umlilo kunye nomkhumbi wase-US kwi-Straight yeHormu, kunye ne-voila, Ndiyilwa ne-Iran. Isiphakamiso saxelwa ukuba sehlile ngenxa yokuba kwakuya kufuna amaMerika ukuba avutha kumaMerika.

Ukukhathazeka kwakungazange kumise iiNtloko zabasebenzi be-1962 ekuthumeleleni uNobhala "woKhuselo" icebo elibizwa ngokuba yi-Operation Northwoods elalibiza ukuba ihlasele imizi yase-US kwaye ihlasele ukuhlaselwa eCuba. Ukuthi ezi zicwangciso azizange zenziwe kwizinto azicuthisi ukubaluleka kwazo njengezinto ezibonisa ukucinga kwabantu abavela kubomi babo. Aba bantu babezingela izizathu zokulwa.

Xa iBrithani yaqalisa ukuqhuma ibhomu e-Jamani eJamani kwi-1940, kwakufuneka kubonakale kubuyiselwa impindiselo nangona iJamani yayingazange ibhobe iinjongo zoluntu zaseBrithani. Ukufeza le feat, uWinston Churchill watshela umphathiswa wakhe omtsha wolwazi ukuba "ulungelelaniso olufunekayo lufanele lwenziwe kwiphephandaba lokubulala abantu baseFransi nakwaMazwe aphantsi, ngexesha lokuhlaselwa komoya lwaseJamani." yavakalisa imfazwe eJamani ngokuphendula ukuhlasela kweJamani ePoland. Le yindlela eqhelekileyo apho iintlanga ezingakhange zihlaselwe ibango lokuba zibandakanye "kwiimfazwe" ezikhuselayo. Iimfazwe ziqaliswe ekukhuseleni ubudlelwane (into eyenza izivumelwano ezinjengaleyo eyadala iNtshona Atlantic Treaty Organisation [NATO] zibophe iintlanga ukuba zenze).

Ezinye iimfazwe ziqaliswe "ngokuzilungiselela" ukukhusela ngokubhekiselele kwimeko yokuba isizwe singasichasa zethu ukuba asiyikuhlasela. "Yenzani kwabanye, ngaphambi kokuba banokwenza kuwe", ndiyakholwa, indlela uYesu ayibeka ngayo. Kwilizwi lemihla ngemihla le nto iphuma nje ngokuthi "ukulwa 'em ngaphaya koko ke asiyikulwa nxamnye apha."

Ingxaki yokuqala ngale ndlela kukuba sinombono ogqithisiweyo kuphela othi "ngabo". Ukuxhalabisa iqela elincinci lamaSaudi, senza imfazwe kwi-Afghanistan nase-Iraq. Ukucinga ukuba intshaba, nokuba yeyiphi na, iyasizonda inkululeko yethu, siyahluleka ukuqaphela ukuba iyasizonda ngenxa yeebhomu zethu kunye neziseko zethu. Ngoko isisombululo sethu senza imeko ibe nzima nakakhulu.

Ukusukela kwiMfazwe yamakhaya, i-United States khange ilwe iimfazwe ekhaya. Sijwayele ukulwa iimfazwe zethu kude kwaye zingabonakali. Iikhamera zikamabonwakude eVietnam zaziphazamise ngokufutshane kule patheni, kwaye imifanekiso yokwenyani kwanaleya mfazwe yayihlukile kulo mthetho. Kwiimfazwe ezimbini zehlabathi nakwiimfazwe ezininzi ukusukela oko, sixelelwe ukuba sinokuhlaselwa ekhaya ukuba khange siye kuhlasela abanye phesheya. Kwimeko yeMfazwe Yehlabathi I, saxelelwa ukuba iJamani ihlasele amahlakani ethu alungileyo nabamsulwa, enokuthi ekugqibeleni asihlasele, kwaye ahlasele nabantu baseMelika abamsulwa ababekhwele kwinqanawa ebizwa ngokuba yiLusitania.

Amanqanawa aseJamani ayesebenzisa izilumkiso kwiinqanawa zasemzini, ezivumela ukuba abagibeli bawashiye ngaphambi kokuba bawume. Nangona le nto ibonakalisa i-U-boats ukulwa nokulwa, amaJamani aqala ukuhlaselwa ngaphandle kwesixwayiso. Yiloo ndlela abaye bayidla ngayo eLusitania ngo-Meyi 7, 1915, babulala abantu be-1,198, kuquka nabakwa-128 baseMelika. Kodwa, ngezinye iindlela, amaJamani ayelumkise abo bahamba. I-Lusitania yayakhiwe kwiinkcukacha zeBrithani yeNavy ezayibhala njenge-cruiser encedisayo. Ekuhambeni kwayo kokugqibela, iLusitania yayigcwele impahla yezemfazwe yaseMelika, kuquka neetridi zeetrafle ze-51 zeetrafle, kunye ne-large sum of gun shells, ingakhankanywa ngamajoni e-67 Iifom ze-6th Winnipeg. Ukuba iinqanawa ezithwele amabutho kunye nezixhobo zokulwa akuzange kube yimfihlo. Ngaphambi kokuba iLusitania ihambe eNew York, i-ambassy yaseJamani yayifumane imvume kwiNobhala Yombuso wase-United States ukuba ipapashwe kwiimaphephandaba eNew York isilumkiso sokuba ngenxa yokuba iinqanawa zithwele imfazwe yayiza kuhlaselwa.

Emva kokucwina kweLusitania, ezo phephandaba kunye nazo zonke ezinye iimaphephandaba zaseMerika, zavakalisa ukubulala okutshayo kwaye zashiya nayiphi na into ekuthethwa ngayo loo mkhumbi. Xa uMongameli uWilson wabhikisha kwiRhulumente waseJamani, enza sengathi uLusitania wayengenayo nayiphi na imikhosi okanye izixhobo, unobhala wakhe worhulumente washiya u-Wilson. Oorhulumente baseBrithani nabase-United States banqabile ukuba le nqanawa ibonakalise kwaye ixoke ngokunyanisekileyo kangangokuba abantu abaninzi namhlanje bacinga ukuba akukho nto iqinisekile ngayo ukuba uLusitania wayenezixhobo ebhodini. Okanye bacinga ukuba ukuthungula iinqwelo zokufumana izixhobo ekugqibeleni iinqanawa kwi-2008 bezisombulule imfihlakalo emide. Nantsi inkcazo evela kwingxelo evezwe kwiRadiyo kaRhulumente kaZwelonke ngoNovemba 22, 2008:

"Xa iLusitania yehla, yashiya imfihlakalo emva kwayo: Yayiyiphi imbangela yesibini yokuqhuma? Emva kweminyaka engama-100 yophando, ingxabano kunye neengcinga, iziqulatho ziqala ukuhamba. . . . Ezandleni zakhe ziinkalo zembali: izijikelezo ezisixhenxe ezijikelezayo .Iimvumi zeXXMUM, mhlawumbi ezenziwe yiRimington eMelika kwaye zenzelwe i-Army yaseBrithani. Izibhamu kangangokuba amashumi amabini aseBritani naseMerika athi akakho. Sekunjalo yonke i-Andrews iintaba zeemfologi zebhori ezinokugqithisa ezinobuncwane bepirate ekukhanyeni kombhobhothi. "

Ungaziqondi ukuba iziqulatho zomkhumbi zazishunyayelwa esidlangalaleni ngaphambi kokuba zihambe, ubuxoki basemthethweni banikezwa indawo yabo ekulindelekileyo kwi-media coverage enokusijikeleza kangangokuba asinakukufumanisa ngokupheleleyo ububudenge. . . kwiminyaka eyi-90 kamva.

Icandelo: UKUBA KUFANELE UKUFUNEKA, INGABE SINGABENZA UKUHLAWULWA?

Imizamo yenkohlakalo yaseJamani e-United States yahluleka ngokubhekiselele ekujongeni okugqithiseleyo ngurhulumente waseBrithani noMerika ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi I. AbaseBrithani banqumla ikhebula le-telegraph phakathi kweJamani kunye ne-United States ukwenzela ukuba amaMerika athathe iindaba zabo zemfazwe kuphela EBrithani. Ezi ndaba zazibuhlungu obunzima-imfazwe phakathi kwempucuko kunye neentlanga (ezo ziJamani, kunjalo). Abafundi abanokufunda kuphela ngeziJamani ezicoca izandla kwizingane kunye nokubilisa izidumbu zabo kwi-glycerin, kunye nezinye iimbono ezihlaselayo, kodwa iBritani ibonakala iyinqola yonke imfazwe ngendlela ekholisayo. Ngelixa ababhalisana baseBrithani bebhaliweyo babecinwa ngokucacileyo, akudingeki ukuba babekho, njengoko babecinga indima yabo ekufihla imfazwe evela kuluntu ukuze kuqhutywe ukunyanzelwa kwezempi eBrithani. Ixesha laseLondon lachaza:

"Injongo yomgaqo-nkqubo wezemfazwe [i-Times] yayikunyusa ukukhutshwa kwabafundi. Kwakungenjongo yokufumana uncedo oluncinane kwiingxelo zento eyenzekayo ekubambeni xa beba ngamajoni. "

Ikomiti yokuthengisa yeMongameli weWilson yemfazwe, iKomiti yeeNkcukacha zikaLuntu, isebenzisa amandla okunyanzeliswa kwaye iya kugqiba ukuvinjelwa imifanekiso yabantu baseMelika abafileyo ngoxa i-Postmaster General yenza inxaxheba yakhe ngokunqabela yonke iimagazini ezinzulu. I-CPI iqinisekisile abantu ukuba ukulwa namaJamani kuya kubakho ukukhusela intando yeninzi ehlabathini kwaye ukuba ama-German anqobe kwimfazwe, ngokuchasene ne-diplomacy enzima kwaye enzulu, iya kudala idemokhrasi yehlabathi.

UWilson wayedinga isiligidi yesigidi, kodwa kwiiveki zokuqala ezithandathu emva kokumemezela imfazwe, kuphela i-73,000 yokuzithandela. Inkomfa yanyanzeliswa, kwaye kungekhona okokuqala, ukwenza isilwe. UDaniel Webster wayegxeka ngokugqithisileyo umgaqo-siseko ngokungangqinelani no-1814 xa wayezame ukuphumelela nguMongameli uJames Madison, kodwa iiprojekthi zazisetyenziselwa emacaleni omabili ngexesha leMfazwe Yombango, nangona isibonelelo sokuba amadoda asisityebi ahlawule amadoda ahlwempuzekileyo aze afe kwindawo yabo. AbaMerika kuphela abanyanzelekile ukuba balwe kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi I (kunye neemfazwe ezalandela), kodwa ukongeza i-1,532 yezona zichasana kakhulu zimele ziphonswe entolongweni. Ukwesaba ukudutshulwa ngenxa yokunyaniseka kwakusasazeka kulo lonke ilizwe (njengobhala weNobhala weMfazwe uElihu Root ecetywayo kwiNew York Times) ngaphambi kokuba umculo wokukhwela umkhosi kunye nomkhosi ungaqhubeki ungaphazamiseki. Abachasi bemfazwe, ngamanye amaxesha, baxhamla, kwaye ama-mobs ayenayo.

Ibali lale ntsilelo kwintetho yasimahla-isandi sayo siphindaphindeka ngo-Okthobha u-2010 FBI uhlaselo kumakhaya amatshantliziyo oxolo eMinneapolis, eChicago nakwezinye iidolophu- uxelelwe kakuhle kwincwadi kaNorman Thomas ka-1935, Imfazwe: Akukho Ludumo, Akukho Nzuzo, Akukho Sidingo, kwaye kwincwadi kaChris Hedges ka-2010, Ukufa kweKlasi yeNkululeko. Umgqatswa kamongameli wexesha lesine u-Eugene Debs wavalelwa wagwetywa iminyaka elishumi ngokucebisa ukuba abantu abasebenzayo abanamdla emfazweni. IWashington Post yambiza ngokuba "sisisongelo esidlangalaleni," yaza yakuqhwabela izandla ukuvalelwa kwakhe. Wayeza kuba ngumongameli okwesihlanu ejele aze afumane iivoti ezingama-10. Kwisigwebo sakhe iDebs yathi:

"Uzuko lwakho, iminyaka eyadlulayo ndaziqonda ubuhlobo bam kunye nazo zonke izidalwa eziphilayo, ndaza ndenza ingqondo yam yokuba andizange ndibe ngumbono olungcono kuneyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu emhlabeni. Ndathi ke ngoko, kwaye ndithe ngoku, ukuba ngelixa kukho iklasi elingaphantsi, ndilapho; ngelixa kukho inxalenye yolwaphulo-mthetho, ndinguye; ngelixa kukho umphefumlo entolongweni, andikhululekile. "

I-United States yayisetyenziswe kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi I ukuya kuBrithani naseFransi, kodwa abantu balawo mazwe abazange bahambisane nemfazwe. Ubuncinane i-132,000 AbaFrentshi bayayichasa imfazwe, benqaba ukuthatha inxaxheba, baza bathunyelwa.

Emva kweemfazwe ezimbini zehlabathi kunye nokudandatheka phakathi, akukho namnye amaMelika aye angenise ngokuzithandela, uMongameli uHarry S Truman wayeneendaba ezimbi. Ukuba asizange siyeke ngokukhawuleza ukuba silwe namaKomanisi eKorea, bayeza kuhlasela i-United States kungekudala. Ukuba le nto yaqatshelwa njengophawu lobunikazi mhlawumbi lucetyiswa kukuba, kwakhona, amaMerika kufuneka abhalwe ukuba ngaba baya kuhamba baye balwe. Imfazwe yaseKorea yayisetyenziselwa ukukhusela indlela yokuphila eUnited States kwaye ifunwa ukukhusela iNingizimu Korea ngokuchasene nobudlova baseNyakatho Korea. Ngokuqinisekileyo bekuyikhono lokuzikhukhumeza lama-Allies ukuxuba isizwe saseKorea kwisiqingatha ekupheleni kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II.

Ngomhla ka-Juni 25, i-1950, ngasenyakatho kunye nomzantsi ngamnye wathi enye inxalenye ibenelele. Iingxelo zokuqala ezivela kwi-Intelligence Military yase-US zithi i-south yayifikele ngasentla. Amacala omabini ayavuma ukuba imfazwe yaqala kufuphi nxweme elisentshonalanga kwi-peninsula ye-Ongjin, oku kuthetha ukuba iPyongyang yayijoliswe ngokusesikweni ekungeneni kwezantsi, kodwa ukuhlasela ngasenyakatho kwakungenangqiqo njengoko bekukhokelela kwisiqithana esincinci kwaye Seoul. Kwaye ngoJuni 25th, macala omabini amemezela ukuthunjwa kwezantsi kweso sixeko saseNyakatho ye-Haeju, kwaye imikhosi yase-United States yaqinisekisa ukuba. Ngomhla ka-Juni 26th, ummeli wase-United States uthumele ikhebula eqinisekisa ubungqina benkqubela phambili: "Iinqwelo zezixhobo ezisemantla zihoxisa yonke indawo."

UMongameli weSouth Korea uSyngman Rhee wayeqhuba ukuhlasela emntla iminyaka kwaye wachaza entwasahlobo injongo yakhe yokuhlaselwa emntla, ehambisa ininzi yemikhosi yakhe kwi-38th parallel, umgca ocingayo apho umntla nezantsi wawuthe wahlulwa . Ngasenyakatho kuphela isithathu semikhosi efumanekayo yayimiselwe kufuphi nomda.

Nangona kunjalo, abantu baseMelika baxelelwa ukuba iNorth Korea yahlasela iSouth Korea, kwaye yenze njalo kwinqanaba leSoviet Union njengenxalenye yelenqe lokuthatha umhlaba kwi-communism. Ngokuqinisekileyo, nawaphi na macala ahlaselwa, le yimfazwe yombutho. I-Soviet Union yayingabandakanyeki, kwaye iUnited States ayifanele ibe yinto. ISouth Korea yayingeyona iUnited States, kwaye yayingekho nantoni na kufuphi ne-United States. Nangona kunjalo, singene kwenye imfazwe "yokuzikhusela".

Siyatshutshisa iZizwe eziManyeneyo ukuba isenyakatho iwele emzantsi, into ethile yeSoviet Union yayingalindelwa ukuba i-veto ibe yinto emelene nemfazwe, kodwa i-Soviet Union yayingqinela iZizwe eziManyeneyo kwaye ayizange ithande. Sawina amavoti amazwe kwiZizwe eziManyeneyo ngokuwaqamba amanga ukuba abasezantsi babambe iitanks ezilawulwa yiRashiya. Amagosa ase-United States avakalisa ukubandakanyeka kweSoviet kodwa ayithandabuze ngasese.

I-Soviet Union, eqinisweni, yayingayifuni imfazwe kwaye ngoJulayi 6th iphini likarhulumente welizwe langaphandle wathetha ummeli waseBrithani eMoscow ukuba ufuna ukuhlala ngokuthula. Ummeli waseMoscow eMoscow wacinga ukuba oku okwenene. IWashington ayinandaba. UMntla, urhulumente wethu uthe, waphula i-38th efanayo, loo mgca ongcwele wolawulo lwentlanga. Kodwa ngokukhawuleza ukuba uNobhala Jikelele we-US uDouglas MacArthur afumane ithuba, waqhubeka, ngokuvuma kukaMongameli uTruman, ngaphesheya kwaloo mgca, waya ngasentla, waya kumda weChina. UMacArthur wayeye ehlaselwa yimfazwe neChina kwaye wayesongela, kwaye wacela imvume yokuhlaselwa, okuyiyo i-Chiefs of Staff Joint. Ekugqibeleni, uTruman wagxotha iMacArthur. Ukuhlasela isitshixo samandla eNyakatho Korea eyanikezela iChina, kwaye ibhobhoza umzi osempumalanga, yayisisondeleyo iMacArthur yafikelela kwinto ayifunayo.

Kodwa ingozi yase-United States eya ku-China yazisa amaTshayina namaRashiya kwimfazwe, imfazwe eyayidla ubomi baseKorea ubomi bezigidi zabantu kunye namajoni ase-United States i-37,000, ngelixa bejika eTeoul nasePyongyang zibe ziimfumba. Abaninzi kwabafileyo babulawe kwiindawo ezikufutshane, baxhelwa bengenakuxhaswa kunye negazi elibandayo ngamacala omabini. Kwaye umda ubuye wabuyela apho kwakukho khona, kodwa inzondo eyalelwe kuloo mda yanda kakhulu. Xa imfazwe iphelile, engazange iphumelele nantoni na ngaphandle kwababenzi bezixhobo, "abantu baphuma kwi-mole-like in the caves and tunnels ukuze bafumane ubusuku obukhanyayo."

Icandelo: INKCAZO YOKUBHALA NGOKWENZA

Kwaye sasifudumele. Xa uMongameli uTruman uthetha kwiseshoni edibeneyo yeCongress kunye noonomathotho ngo-Matshi 12, i-1947, wahlula ihlabathi ibe yimibutho ephikisanayo, ihlabathi elikhululekile, kunye nehlabathi lama-communist kunye nama-totalitari. USusan Brewer uyabhala:

Intetho kaTruman ngokuyimpumelelo yasungula iingqungquthela zeNtsholongwane yeNtsholongwane. Okokuqala, ichaza imeko njengengxaki esheshayo, eyadinga inyathelo elikhawulezayo ligosa elilawulayo kwaye ayivumelekanga ixesha lokuphanda, ingxoxo yekhaya, okanye intetho. Okwesibini, bekuthiwa iingxaki zamazwe ngamazwe, nokuba zibangelwa yintshatyalazi emva kwemfazwe, iingxaki zezopolitiko zangaphakathi, ukunyuswa kobuhlanga, okanye ukunyanzelisa ubukhosi baseSoviet, kwi-Soviet violence. Okwesithathu, libonakalisa amaMelika njengento ebambelela inkululeko yabantu, kungekhona kwenzalo yokuzimela kwezoqoqosho. I-Truman Doctrine yasungula isakhelo esichaza ukuphunyezwa kweSicwangciso seMarshall, ukudalwa kwe-Agent Intelligence Agency (i-CIA), iBhunga loKhuseleko likaZwelonke (NSC), kunye neNkqubo ye-Integrated Employee Loyalty Programme, ukwakha kabusha i-West Germany, ngokukodwa Inzame zaseRussia zokunqanda iBerlin, kwaye, kwi-1949, ukwakheka koMbutho we-North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). "

Olu tshintsho lwandise ulawulo loongameli kumagunya emfazwe kwaye luququzelelwe yimfihlo kunye nemisebenzi engafanelekiyo yemfazwe, njengokutshatyalaliswa kwentando yeninzi yase-Iran kwi-1953, ngelo xesha ama-US amagosa ayilungisa into yokuba u-Iran okhethiweyo ngentando yenkululeko ngumongameli, njengomzukulu kaTeddy Roosevelt kunye noNorman Schwarzkopf Utata wenza i-coup and replaced uMagazini we-Time we-1951 Man of the Year kunye nomlawuli.

Elandelayo kwibloko yayinguGuatemala. U-Edward Bernays wayeqeshwe kwi-1944 yi-United Fruit. Umkhosi weKomiti yolwazi lweSizwe oye wathengisa iMfazwe Yehlabathi I, umntakwabo ka-Sigmund Freud, noyise wobugcisa obunobungqina bokuxhaphaza nokukhuthaza ukungalingani kwabantu ngokuthi "ubudlelwane boluntu," uBernays, uye wapapasha incwadi kwi1928 ebizwa ngokuba yiPropaganda, eyona nto ipapashwe ngokufanelekileyo malunga neentengiso. UBernay wasiza u-Sam Zemurray wase-United Fruit (owawunqamle umongameli waseHonduras kwi-1911) ngokudala iprogram ye-PR eqala kwi-1951 e-United States ngokumelene nolawulo lwentando yesininzi ye-Guatemala. I-New York Times kunye neminye imithombo yeendaba ilandele phambili uBernays, ebonisa i-United fruit Fruit njengobandezeleka phantsi kokulawulwa kolawulo lolawulo lwama-Marxist-okwenene urhulumente otyunjweyo uqalise ukulungiswa kohlobo olutsha.

USenator Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. (R., Mass.) Yaqhuba umzamo kwiCongress. Wayengumzukulu omkhulu weSenator uGeorge Cabot (F., iMisa.) Kunye nomzukulu weSenenja uHenry Cabot Lodge (R., iMisa.) Owawushukumisela ilizwe kwiMfazwe yaseSpain-American kunye neMfazwe Yehlabathi I , wahlula i-League of Nations, kwaye wakha iMavy. UHenry Cabot Lodge Jr. wayeya kukhonza njenge-ambassador eSouth Vietnam, apho wayeya kunceda khona uhlanga lwakhe kwiVietnam yaseVietnam. Ngoxa i-Soviet Union yayingekho ubudlelwane kunye neGuatemala, uyise weCIA u-Allen Dulles wayenokwenene okanye wayethetha ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba iMoscow yayiqondisa umkhondo weGuatemala onobuqhetseba obhekiselele kwi-communism. Ngamkelwa nguMongameli uDwight Eisenhower, i-CIA idlulisa urhulumente waseGuatemala egameni leZiqhamo eziManyeneyo. Into ebalulekileyo ekusebenzeni yayingumsebenzi kaHoward Hunt, oza kuthi emva koko angene eManzigate kuMongameli uRichard Nixon. Akukho nanye kule nto eya kumangalisa uSomedley Butler.

Kwaye-emva kwalolu hlobo lwenkqubela e-Cuba ngexesha apho abacwangcisi bemfazwe baqhelise khona umhlaba ukuba benze iphuzu, kunye nezinye izinto ezahlukahlukeneyo ezibangel 'umdla - zafika eVietnam, imfazwe yobundlobongela esasixelelwa ngamanga, njengoko sasiseKorea, Umntla wawuqala. Singasindisa iSouth Vietnam okanye sibukele lonke elase-Asiya kwaye ke isizwe sethu siba sisisongelo kwisongelo se-communist, saxelelwa. AbaPhathiswa be-Eisenhower kunye noJohn F. Kennedy bathi iintlanga zaseAsia (kunye ne-Afrika kunye ne-Latin America nayo, ngokutsho kukaGenerali Maxwell Taylor) ingawa njengama-dominoes. Le yinye enye ingqungquthela eyobe isetyenziswe kwakhona kwifomu echitshiweyo kwi "Imfazwe Yomhlaba Yoyesabisa" eyenziwa ngabongameli uGW Bush no-Obama. Ukuphikisana ngo-Matshi i-2009 ngokunyuka kwakhe kweMfazwe e-Afghanistan apho ininzi abantu baseMelika abachasene nayo, u-Obama, ngokweblogi uJuan Cole:

". . . wachaza uhlobo oluthile lweempembelelo ze-domino ezenziwa ngu-Washington elites ukunikezela kwi-communism yamazwe ngamazwe. Kwimiqulu ehlaziywayo, i-al-Qaida, i-Taliban ingathatha iPhondo laseNangar, kwaye yonke i-Afghanistan, kwaye iphinde iphinde ingene i-al-Qaida, kwaye ingasongela ulwandle lwase-United States. Waye wakwazi ukwengeza i-analog eCambodia kwimeko, esithi, 'Ixesha elizayo le-Afghanistan lidibanise ngokungenakulinganiswa nengomso walo mmelwane walo, ePakistan,' kwaye yaxwayisa, 'Musa ukuphutha: I-Al-Qaida kunye namanyathelo angqongqo umhlaza ongengozini yokubulala iPakistan ngaphakathi. '"

Noko ke, isiganeko esasisigxina, esasetyenziselwa ukwandisa iMfazwe yaseVietnam yayiyihlaselo eliqingqiweyo kwiinqanawa zase-US kwiGulf of Tonkin ngo-Agasti 4, 1964. Le yile nqanawa yemfazwe yase-US ecaleni kolunxweme lwaseNyakatho yeVietnam eyayimanyathelo omkhosi ngokumelene neMntla Vietnam. UMongameli uLyndon Johnson wayazi ukuba wayelele xa echaza ukuhlasela kuka-Agasti 4th kwakungavumelekanga. Ukuba kwenzeka, kwakungenakukhutshwa. Inqanawa efanayo eyayicelwa ukuba ihlaselwe ngo-Agasti 4th, yayonakalise izikebhe ezintathu zaseNyakatho zaseVietnam zaza zabulala abane basemkhosini baseNyakatho yaseVietnam iintsuku ezimbini ngaphambili, kwisenzo apho ubungqina bubonisa ukuba iUnited States yaxoshwa kuqala, nangona bekuphikisiwe. Enyanisweni, kwintsebenziswano eyahlukeneyo ngaphambili, iUnited States yayiqalile ukukhankanya umhlaba oseNyakatho yeVietnam.

Kodwa okokuthi ukuhlaselwa ngo-Agasti 4th kwakuyinene, ngokuyininzi, ukungahambi kakuhle kwe-US sonar. Umlawuli wenqanawa wakhupha i-Pentagon ukuba ibhekene nokuhlaselwa, kwaye ngoko nangoko yaxhaswa ukuba inkolelo yakhe yangaphambili yayingathandabuzeki kwaye akukho mkhombe yaseNyakatho yeVinternet inokuqinisekiswa kuloo ndawo. UMongameli uJohnson wayengaqinisekanga ukuba kukho naluphi na ukuhlaselwa xa watshela abantu baseMerika ukuba babekho. Kwiinyanga ezinyangeni kamva wavuma ngokuzimela: "Kuba yonke into endiyaziyo, i-navy yethu yayikudubula nje ngemikhomo ngaphandle." Kodwa ngoko uYohnson wayenogunyaziso kwiCongress yemfazwe ayeyifunayo.

Enyanisweni, ngelo xesha uye waqamba amanga nathi kwinto elongezelelweyo yempi eDominican Republic ukukhusela amaMerika kunye nokuthintela ukusabalaliswa kwe-communism. Njengoko sibonile, akukho maMerika asemngciphekweni. Kodwa eso sigqibo sasiphekwe njengokuba sisetyenziselwa ibango lokulwa nobukhomanisi, oko uJohnson wayesazi ukuba ayinasiphelo kwaye wayengenakuqiniseka ukuba uya kuhamba. Kwiseshini evaliweyo yeKomidi yoBudlelwane bamazwe angaphandle, uNobhala weeNkxaso kaThomas Thomas Mann kamva wachaza ukuba i-ambassador yase-United States icele intloko yezempi zaseDominican ukuba ingaba likulungele ukudlala kunye namanye amanga:

"Yonke into esiyicelile ukuba ngaba uya kukulungele ukutshintsha isiseko salo ukusuka kwelinye lokulwa nobudlelwane be-communism ukuya kwelinye lokukhusela ubomi baseMerika."

Ngaloo nyaka, uMongameli uJohnson wenza iinjongo zakhe zentando kunye nentando yesininzi ngokucacileyo kwi-ambassador yamaGrikri, ilizwe lakhe lingenakuxolelwa ngokungenakuxolelwa li-prime minister of the world, elingafuni ukulwa neTurkey kwaye lichasile izicwangciso ze-US zokwahlula iCyprus . Amazwana kaJohnson, ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba akhunjulwe njengeLincoln's Gettysburg Idilesi, yayiyi:

"Fuck ipalamente yakho kunye nomgaqo-siseko. I-America yindlovu, iKyprus iyinkukhu. Ukuba ezi ntlanzi ziqhubeka zikhupha indlovu, zinokuthi zifakwe ngumthi wendlovu, zenzeke kakuhle. Sihlawula amaRandi amaninzi amaGrike, uMnu. Ukuba uNdunankulu unginika inkulumo malunga nentando yesininzi, ipalamente, kunye nemithetho, yena, ipalamente yakhe kunye nomgaqo-siseko awunakuhlala ixesha elide. "

Iprojekthi yokukhetha izizathu zemfazwe ngamanye amaxesha ibonakala ifakwe ngokunyanzeliswa kwezikhundla. Kungekudala emva kokuhlasela kwe-Iraq kwi-2003, xa abantu abaye bakholelwa ubuxoki bebuza ukuba ziphi izixhobo zonke, uNobhala weeNtloko "woKhuseleko" uPaul Wolfowitz watshela uVanity Fair,

"Inyaniso kukuba ngenxa yezizathu ezininzi zokwenza nolawulo lukaRhulumente wase-United States, sahlala kwimiba enye umntu angavuma ngayo ukuba izixhobo zokutshabalalisa njengento engundoqo."

Kuxwebhu lwe-2003 olubizwa ngokuba yiFog of War, uRobert McNamara, owayengumNobhala "woKhuselo" ngexesha leT Tonkin, uvume ukuba ukuhlasela kuka-Agasti 4th akuzange kwenzeke kwaye kwakukho ukungathandabuzeki ngokukrakra ngelo xesha. Akazange athethe ukuba ngo-Agasti 6th wafaka ubungqina kwiseshoni esivalwe ngokubambisana kweeNkundla zoBudlelwane bamazwe angaphandle kunye neeKomiti zeeNkonzo zeArmed kunye ne-General Earl Wheeler. Ngaphambi kweekomiti zombini, bobabini babesithi baqiniseke ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba i-North Vietnam ihlasele ngo-Agasti 4th. U-McNamara akazange akhankanye ukuba iintsuku ezimbalwa emva kweT Tonkin Gulf engekho isiganeko, wayecele iiNtloko zeeNtloko zabasebenzi ukuba zinike uluhlu lwezenzo ezingaphezulu ze-US ezinokubangela iNorthern Vietnam. Ufumene uludwe kwaye wabethelela abo baqhubisayo kwiintlanganiso ngaphambi kokuba uJohnson amisele izenzo ezinjalo ngoSeptemba 10th. Ezi zenzo zazibandakanya ukuqala kwakhona iipatroli zokuhamba kunye nokwandisa imisebenzi yokukhupha, kwaye ngo-Okthobha u-othotho lwama-bombardment e-radar.

Ingxelo ye-Arhente kaZwelonke yoKhuseleko (i-NSA) kwi-2000-2001 yagqiba ukuba akuzange kubekho ukuhlaselwa kweTekkin ngo-Agasti 4th, kwaye i-NSA yayingamanga ngamabomu. Ulawulo lwe-Bush aluzange luvumele ukuba ingxelo ipapashwe kuze kube yi-2005, ngenxa yokukhathazeka ukuba inokuphazamisa ubuxoki obuxelelwa ukuba kuqalwe iimfazwe zase-Afghanistan ne-Iraq. Ngo-Matshi i-8, i-1999, i-Newsweek yashicilele umama wayo onke amanga: "I-America ayizange iqale imfazwe kule nkulungwane." Ngokuqinisekileyo uThimba Bush wacinga ukuba kulungile ukushiya loo nto ingenakunqandwa.

Ndathetha ngobuxoki obuvulele iMfazwe e-Iraq kwincwadi yam yangaphambili, i-Daybreak, kwaye abayidingi ukuhlaziywa apha, ngaphandle kokuqaphela ukuba inzame enkulu yepropaganda esetyenziselwa ukuthengisa ukuba imfazwe isuka kwi-repertoire yonke yemfazwe edlulileyo iquka umsebenzi kaMongameli uGeorge W. Bush owayengummangaleli kunye nomgqugquzeli wobundlobongela, uMongameli uBill Clinton. Ukususela ekuqhubeni eCuba ukuyikhulula, iUnited States inqothule oorhulumente abaninzi ngenxa yokuthi bahle kubantu babo. Kwiminyaka emva nje, kuye kwaba yinto eqhelekileyo kubongameli ukuba baqalise ukubetha komoya ngokuchasene namagqabhagqabha okanye nangenjongo ekhutshweyo yokuthintela ulwaphulo-mthetho olubhekiselele kuluntu. UClinton waphuhlisa lo mongameli ngokusebenzisa i-NATO, ngokuphula umthetho we-UN Charter kwaye engahambisani nomthetho ngokuchasene nenkcaso yenkcaso, ukuqhubhisa iYugoslavia yangaphambili i-1999.

Umngcipheko wezomthetho woobutyebi bombhobholo obunobuntwini kukuba, ukuba iZizwe eziManyeneyo zikhutshwe, naliphi na ilizwe lingafunwa ilungelo elifanayo lokuqalisa ukuhlahla ibhomu ngexesha nje livakalisa iinjongo zomntu. Umngcipheko wezomgaqo-siseko kukuba nayiphi na umongameli angathatha izinto ezinjalo ngaphandle kwemvume yabameli beCongress. Enyanisweni, iNdlu yabaBameli ivotelwe ukuba ingagunyazisi ukuqhubhisa ibhomu kwi-1999, kwaye i-executive management yaya phambili nayo. Ingozi yomntu yale bhokethi "iiphulo" kukuba ukulimala okunokwenzeka kunokuba kunzima kunokuba nayiphi na into enokuthintelwa. I-International Criminal Tribunal ye-Yugoslavia yangaphambili ifumene ukuba ukuqhunyiswa kwebhokhwe kwe-NATO kuye kwanda, kunokuba kunciphise, ulwaphulo-mthetho lwezobugebengu lwalufanelekile - into eninzi eyenzeka ngexesha langaphambi kokubhobhoza.

Okwangoku, iingxaki ezininzi zabantu, ezifana nokubulawa kohlanga lwaseRwanda lwe-1994, ziyakunyanzeliswa ngenxa yokuba zingabonwa njengexabiso eliqingqiweyo okanye ngenxa yokuba akukho nto isisombululo sezempi esilula. Sicinga ngeengxaki kuzo zonke iindidi (ukusuka kwiintsholongwane ukuya kutshitshiswa kweoli kwiindawo zokuhlaselwa komzimba) nje kuphela ukuxutywa kunye nesixhobo esingafanelekanga somkhosi. Ukuba imfazwe isele iqhubekile, isizathu sokuncediswa kweentlekele asifunanga. Ku-2003 e-Iraq, umzekelo, amabutho ase-US awalinde inkonzo yeoli ngelixa amaziko enkcubeko kunye noluntu axabiswa. Kwi-2010 amabutho ase-Pakistan ePakistan abeka phambili ukukhusela isiseko somoya kunokuba ancede amaxhoba ekhukula. Ngokuqinisekileyo iintlekele zendalo kunye neentlekele zabantu ezidalwe yimfazwe yodwa zigcinwe ngqalelo ngokukhawuleza, umzekelo weengxaki ze-refugee zase-Iraq ngexesha lo kubhala.

Emva koko kukho ingozi yokungakwazi into esenzayo ngenxa yokuba sixoxwa. Ngeemfazwe, oku akuyona ingozi enkulu njengento esondeleyo. Ukusebenzisa isixhobo esibulala amaninzi abantu kwaye ihlala ilungelelaniswa nobuxoki kubonakala kuyisiphakamiso esingathandabuzekiyo nakubantu basebuntwini. Xa, e-1995, eCroatia yayixhele okanye "ihlambulukile ngokobuhlanga" iSerbs neWashington insikelelo, ukuqhuba abantu be-150,000 emakhaya abo, sasingafanele siyibone, ngaphantsi kwehla iibhomu ukuze zikhusele. Ukuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu kwasindiswa kuMilosevic, owamxelela - ku-1999 - wenqaba ukuxoxisana noxolo kwaye kwafuneka ukuba ibhobhoze. Asixelelwa ukuba iUnited States yayigxininisa kwisivumelwano sokuba akukho luhlanga kwihlabathi eliya kuvuma ngokuzithandela, omnye unikeza inkululeko epheleleyo yeNatO yokuhlala yonke iYugoslavia ene-immunity ngokupheleleyo kwimithetho kubo bonke abasebenzi bayo. Ngo-Juni 14, i-1999, umcimbi weSizwe, uGeorge Kenney, owayesakuba yiSebe lase-Yugoslavia liSebe lezeMfundo, wathi:

Umthombo wokushicilela ongenakunakwenzeka ohamba rhoqo kunye noNobhala welizwe uMadeleine Albright utshele lo [umbhali] ukuba, ukufunga abavakalisi beentetho ezifihlakeleyo kwiintetho zaseRambouillet, igosa eliphezulu leSebe likaRhulumente liziqhayisa ukuba iUnited States 'yenze ngamabomu ibha ephezulu kunokuba amaSerbs ayamkele. AmaSerbs ayedinga, ngokwegosa-mthetho, ukuqhubhisa ibhomu ngokukhawuleza ukubona isizathu. "

UJim Jatras, uncedo lomgaqo-nkqubo welizwe langaphandle kwi-Senate Republican, echazwe ngo-Meyi 18, i-1999, intetho kwiCato Institute eWashington ukuba "wayenegunya elifanelekileyo" ukuba igosa eliphezulu loLawulo litshicilele abezindaba eRambouillet, phantsi kwe-embargo " oku kulandelayo: "Sibeka ngokunqamlekileyo ibha ephakamileyo kakhulu ukuba amaSerbia ayithobele. Bafuna ukuqhuma ibhomu, kwaye yiloo nto baya kuyenza. "

Kwiintliwano-ndlebe kunye ne-FAIR (Ukuchaneka nokuchaneka ekuBenikeni), zombini uKenney noJatras bathetha ukuba ezi ziyi-quotes zangempela zibhalwa ngabapheli-ntathethi abathetha negosa lase-US.

Ukuthetha-thethana ngezinto ezingenakwenzeka, kunye nokutyhola ubuxoki kwelinye icala lokungasebenzi, yindlela efanelekileyo yokuqalisa imfazwe "yokuzikhusela". Emva kweso sikimu ngo-1999 kwakukho umthunywa okhethekileyo wase-US uRichard Holbrooke, esadibana naye apha ngasentla ngo-2010 ekhusela umlo owawusilwa e-Afghanistan.

Ubundlobongela malunga neqela elifanayo labantu lingaba yimbango yemfazwe yoluntu okanye imiba engakhathazeki kuyo yonke, kuxhomekeke ekubeni ngaba umenzi wobubi unxulumene noRhulumente waseUnited States. USaddam Hussein wayengabulala amaKurds ade ahlasele, kwimeko apho ukubulala amaKurds kwaba yinto eyoyikisayo kunye nokuxubha - ngaphandle kokuba iTurkey yenze, kwimeko apho kwakungenanto yokukhathazeka ngayo. Kwi-2010, unyaka ndawubhala le ncwadi, iTurkey yayisongela isimo sayo, nangona kunjalo. I-Turkey kunye neBrazil bathathe amanyathelo okuququzelela uxolo phakathi kwe-United States ne-Iran, nto leyo eyayibacaphukisa abaninzi eWashington, DC. Emva koko iTurkey yayincedisa iinqanawa zoncedo ezifuna ukuzisa ukutya nokubonelela kubantu baseGaza ababethelwa yindlala urhulumente wakwaSirayeli. Oku kwabangela ukuba u-Israyeli-angene okanye angalunganga ukungenelela eWashington, DC, ukuguqula isikhundla sakhe eside kunye nokuxhasa imbono yeCongress "ekuqapheliseni" i-1915 i-Armenian Genocide. Ngaba iArmenian ngokukhawuleza yaba ngabantu abapheleleyo? Akunjalongo noko. Kwaye kwaba yinto enqwenelekayo ukumangalela iTurkey, inkulungwane yexesha elide kakhulu, lolwaphulo-mthetho, ngokuchanekileyo ngenxa yokuba iTurkey izama ukunciphisa ukutyhilwa kwabantu namhlanje.

Uwayengumongameli uJimmy Carter, onguNoam Chomsky ubiza umongameli wethu onobundlobongela ukusuka kwiMfazwe yeMfazwe yesiBili, uye wabonisa ngesibindi isabelo sakhe esilungileyo, kuquka nezo zenziwa nguSirayeli, kodwa kungabikho ukubulawa kwe-East Timorese nge-Indonesia apho izixhobo, okanye ukubulawa kwabaseSalvador ngoorhulumente wabo apho ulawulo lwakhe lwenziwa okufanayo. Ukuziphatha kakubi kunyanzeliswa kwaye kugcinwe xa kucwangciswa. Inqatshelwe kwaye isetyenziselwa ukulinganisa iimfazwe kuphela xa abenzi bemfazwe befuna imfazwe ngezizathu ezithile. Abo baphulaphula ngokuthobela izizathu zokuzenza iimfazwe zisetyenziswa.

Kukho imfazwe enye kwimbali yase-US esiyibiza ngokugqithiseleyo njengobundlobongela kwaye ungazami ukukhusela njengokhuselo. Okanye, abanye bethu bakwenza. Amazwe amaninzi aseMpumalanga abhekisela kuyo njengeMfazwe yaseNyakatho, kwaye iNyakatho iyayibiza ngokuba yiMfazwe yombango. Kwakuyimfazwe uMzantsi ulwela ilungelo lokushiya kunye neNyakatho kulwela ukukhusela amazwe ekushiyeni, kungekhona ukuzikhusela ngokuchasene kwamanye amazwe. Sifike indlela ende ngokubhekiselele kwizilungiso esizifunayo kubenzi bemfazwe. Nangona ndiqinisekile ukuba urhulumente waseUnited States uza kuvumela urhulumente ukuba ahambe ngokuthula nanamhlanje, nayiphi na imfazwe namhlanje kufuneka ichaneke kwimigqaliselo yoluntu engaziwayo kwiinkulungwane ezidlulileyo.

Njengoko siza kubona kwisahluko sesine, iimfazwe ziye zafa kakhulu kwaye ziyingozi. Kodwa iigqibo ezibekwe phambili ukuchazela okanye ukuxolela zona ziye zaba nefuthe kakhulu kwaye zingabi nantoni. Ngoku silwa imfazwe ukuze sizuze ihlabathi ngenxa yobubele, uthando, nokupha.

Ubuncinane yinto endiyivileyo noko siza kuhlola kwisahluko sesithathu.