IINQUBA ZIQINISEKILEYO

Esinye sezizathu zokudala zemfazwe kukuba intshaba ayikho into engalunganga. Unqula unqulo olungendawo, unesikhumba esingalunganga nolwimi, wenza izinto ezimbi, kwaye akakwazi ukuqiqa. Isiko elide lokulwa nabangaphandle kunye nokuguqula abo bangabulawa kwinto efanelekileyo "inzuzo yabo" kufana neendlela ezikhoyo zokubulala abantu abazondayo abantu basemzini ngenxa yesizathu esichaziweyo sokuba oorhulumente babo bawunaki amalungelo omfazi. Phakathi kwamalungelo wabasetyhini abandakanya indlela enjalo, enye ilahlekileyo: ilungelo lokuphila, njengamaqela amabhinqa ase-Afghanistan azame ukuchazela abo basebenzise ingxaki yabo ukuba balungele imfazwe. Ukukholelwa kakubi kwabaphikisi bethu kusenza sibaleke ukubala abafazi abangewona baseMerika okanye amadoda okanye abantwana ababuleweyo. Amajelo aseNtshona asomeleza ukujonga kwethu imifanekiso engapheliyo yabasetyhini baseburqas, kodwa asinakuyicaphukisa ngemifanekiso yabasetyhini kunye nabantwana ababulewe yimikhosi yethu kunye nokuhlaselwa komoya.

Khawucinge ukuba imfazwe yenzelwe iinjongo, iinqununu, iinjongo zoluntu, "umkhondo wenkululeko," kunye "nokusabalalisa intando yeninzi": asiyi kubabala abafileyo basemzini ukuze senze uhlobo oluthile lokubala ukuba sasizama ukwenza umonakalo omkhulu? Asinakwenza oko, ngenxa yesizathu esicacileyo sokuba sicinga ububi obubi kwaye sifanelwe ukufa kwaye sikholelwa ukuba nayiphi na enye ingcamango yayiza kubangeleka. Sasiqhelana nokubala abafileyo abatshabalalayo, eVietnam nakwiimfazwe zangaphambili, njengengqinamba yenkqubela phambili. Kwi-2010 Jikelele uDavid Petraeus uphinde wavuselela into e-Afghanistan, ngaphandle kokubandakanya abantu abafa. Ngokuyinxalenye enkulu ngoku, nangona kunjalo, ukuphakama inani labafileyo, ukugxeka ngakumbi kukho imfazwe. Kodwa ngokugwema ukubala nokuqikelela, sinika umdlalo kude: siyaqhubeka sibeka ixabiso elingenanto okanye elingenalutho kulabo ubomi.

Kodwa njengokuba iindwendwe ezinokuthi zingenakuziphendulela ziguqulwe kwinkolo echanekileyo xa ukukrazula nokufa kumile, ngokunjalo iimfazwe zethu ziya kugqitywa ekugqibeleni, okanye ubuncinane ukuhlala ngokusisigxina se-puppet. Ngelo xesha, abaphikisi abangenakuphikisana nabo bayaba yi-admirable okanye ubuncinci abadibeneyo. Ngaba babenokuqala ukuqala okanye besithi ukukwenza kube lula ukuthabatha isizwe ukulwa kunye nokukhuthaza amajoni ayo ukuba ajonge nomlilo? Ngaba abantu baseJamani babe yizilwanyana ezingaphantsi kwamanye amaxesha xa sasidinga ukulwa nabo, size siphinduke sibe ngabantu abapheleleyo xa kufika uxolo? Abazalwana bethu baseRussia baba njani ubukumkani obubi xa beyeka ukwenza umsebenzi wobutyebi wokubulala amaJamani? Okanye ngaba sasizenza nje ukuba zilungile, xa ngokwenene babenendawo yonke imihla? Okanye ngaba sasizenza ngathi zimbi xa zidideke nje ngabantu, njengathi? Ngaba ama-Afghans kunye nama-Iraqi bonke baba yiidemoni xa iqela le-Saudis lihamba ngeenqwelo zomoya kwizakhiwo e-United States, yaye abantu baseSaudi bahlala njani abantu? Musa ukujonga ingcinga.

Ukukholelwa kwi-crusade ngokuchasene nobubi kuya kuhlala kuyishukumisi esinamandla sabancedisi bemfazwe kunye nabathathi-nxaxheba. Abanye abaxhasayo kunye nabathathi-nxaxheba kwiimfazwe zase-US bayakhuthazwa, ngokwenene, ngomnqweno wokubulala nokuguqula abangewona amaKristu. Kodwa akukho nanye yale nto ingundoqo kwizinto zangempela, okanye ubuncinci bezinga eliphezulu kunye nomhlaba, izizathu zabaququzeleli beemfazwe, eziza kuxutyushwa kwisahluko sesithandathu. Ukunyaniseka kwabo kunye nenzondo, ukuba banayo nayiphi na into, kunokunciphisa iingqondo zabo, kodwa abahlali baqhuba i-ajenda yabo. Abacwangcisi beMfazwe, ke, bafumana uloyiko, inzondo, nokuziphindezela ukuba babe ngabakhuthazi abanamandla kunye nolwabasebenzi bemikhosi. Ubundlobongela bethu-obuzaliswa yinkcubeko ethandwayo kusenza sivezelele ingozi yokuhlaselwa, kwaye urhulumente wethu udlala ngokuloyiko ngeengongelo, izilumkiso, amanqanaba angengozi ebombala, ukukhangela kwinqwelo-moya, kunye neendawo zokudlala amakhadi ngobuso beentshaba ezimbi kakhulu kubo .

Icandelo: UKUPHUMANA noH HARM

Iimbangela ezimbi kunazo zonke zokufa nokukhuseleka kwihlabathi ziquka iimfazwe. Kodwa apha eUnited States, iimbangela eziphambili zokufa okukhuselekekileyo azikho iinkcubeko zangaphandle, oorhulumente bamazwe angaphandle, okanye amaqela amaphekula. Zizo zigulo, izingozi, ukuphazamiseka kwemoto kunye nokuzibulala. "Imfazwe ebuhlwempuzekileyo," "Imfazwe ekuxhaseni," kunye nezinye iiprojekti ziye zahluleka ukuzama ukuthwala ezinye izizathu ezibangela ukulimala kunye nokulahleka kobomi inzondelelo efanayo kunye nokuphuthuma ngokuqhelekileyo kunxulumene neemfazwe ngokumelene nobubi. Kutheni isifo senhliziyo singekho okubi? Kutheni i-smoking cigarette okanye ukungabi nendawo yokusebenza yokhuseleko ngaphandle kokubi? Phakathi kwezinto ezikhulayo ngokukhawuleza ezichaphazela amathuba ethu okuphila kukufudumala kwehlabathi. Kutheni singaziqulunqi ngokukhawuleza zonke iinzame zokulwa nalezi zizathu zokufa?

Isizathu sisona esenza ingqiqo yokuziphatha, kodwa yenza ingqiqo yethu kuthi sonke. Ukuba umntu uzama ukufihla ingozi yeekheta, ukwazi ukuba oku kuya kubangela ukuhlupheka nokufa okukhulu, wayenjenjalo ukwenza ibhakede, kungekhona ukuba ndibuhlungu. Nangona wenza okuthile ngenxa yolonwabo olubuhlungu lokubandezela abantu abaninzi, nangona izenzo zakhe zingabonwa bubungendawo, akayi kukhangela ngokukhethekileyo ukuba angenzakalise ngokukrakra ngokukhethekileyo ngento enobudlova.

Abadlali beentlanzi kunye nabashenxayo bazibeka ngoloyiko kunye neengozi nje ngenxa yoluvuyo. Abantu abahlala beqhubhisa ibhomu bahlaselwa yinkxalabo kunye neengozi, kodwa kungekhona ukuxhatshazwa kwabasetyhini. Xa amajoni ebuya kwiimfazwe ezonakaliswe ngokweenkqubela, akuyiyo ngokuyinhloko kuba beye babesaba ngenxa yoloyiko nengozi. Izizathu eziphambili zengcinezelo kwimfazwe kufuneka zibulale abanye abantu kwaye kufuneka zijamelane ngqo nabantu abathile abafuna ukukubulala. Okukugqibela kuchazwe nguLt Col Col Dave Grossman kwincwadi yakhe ethi Killing "njengomoya wenzondo." UGrossman uyachaza:

"Sifuna ukuthanda, ukuthanda, nokulawula ubomi bethu; kunye nokuzikhethela, ngokugqithiseleyo, ubundlobongela babantu kunye nobudlova - ngaphezu kwayo nayiphi na into ebomini - ukuhlaselwa kwethu, ukuqonda kwethu ukulawula, ukuqonda kwehlabathi njengendawo enentsingiselo kunye nokuqonda, kwaye ekugqibeleni, impilo yethu yengqondo kunye nempilo. . . . Akuyikwesaba ukufa nokulimala kwizifo okanye engozini kodwa kunokuba zenzeke ukuxhatshazwa kunye nokulawulwa ngabanye abantu abathandabuzayo kunye nokunyaniseka ezintliziyweni zethu. "

Yingakho ii-sergeants drill zibububi-bubi kubaqeqeshi. Zibafaka inoculating, zilungele ukuba zijongane, ziphathe, kwaye zikholelwe ukuba ziyakwazi ukusinda umoya wenzondo. Uninzi lwethu, ngenhlanhla, aluqeqeshiwe. Iindiza zikaSeptemba 11, i-2001, azizange zitshitshise amaninzi amakhaya ethu, kodwa inkolelo enokubangela ukuba abantu abazayo basenokusibetha babesaba amandla ebalulekileyo kwezopolitiko, apho abaninzi bezopolitiko babakhuthaza kuphela. Emva koko saboniswa imifanekiso yabangaphandle, abaluhlaza, abamaSulumane, abangabakhulumi besiNgesi baphathwa njengezilwanyana zasendle kwaye bahlushwa ngenxa yokuba babengenakuqiqa. Kwaye kwiminyaka siye sabhankanya uqoqosho lwethu ukuxhasa imali yokubulala "iintloko ze-rag" kunye ne "hadji" emva kwexesha elide emva kokuba uSaddam Hussein uphunyezwe ngamandla, athathwe, aze abulawe. Oku kubonisa amandla okukholelwa ekuchaseni ububi. Awunakufumana ukupheliswa kobubi naphi na kumaphepha eNkqubo ye-New American Century, itanki yokucinga eyashukumisa nzima kakhulu imfazwe yase-Iraq. Ukuchasana nobubi yindlela yokufumana abo bangenakunceda nayiphi na indlela evela kwimfazwe ebhodini ngokukhuthaza.

Icandelo: ATROCITIES

Kukho nawuphi na umfazwe, amabini omabini athetha ukulwa okuhle nokubi. (Ngexesha leMfazwe yaseGulf, uMongameli uGeorge HW Bush waphawula igama lokuqala likaSaddam Hussein njengomsindo waseSodom, ngoxa u-Hussein uthetha "uMtyholi we-Bush.") Nangona elinye icala lingaba lixela inyaniso, ngokucacileyo bobabini abachaphazelekayo kwimfazwe abanako ukulwa ubulungisa obuhle ngokuphathelele ububi obubi. Kwiimeko ezininzi, into engendawo ingatsholwa njengobungqina. Olunye uhlangothi lwenze izenzo ezimbi ezenziwa kuphela zizinto ezimbi. Kwaye ukuba akukwenzanga ngokwenene, ezinye izinto ezinobunzima zingabonakaliswa kalula. Incwadi kaHarold Laswell ye-1927 incwadi yePropaganda Technique kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi iquka isahluko esithi "uSathana," ethi:

Umgaqo osebenzayo wokuvuselela inzondo kukuba, xa kuqala bangenakuqhankqalaza, basebenzise inkohlakalo. Kuye yaqashwa ngokuphumelelayo ngempumelelo kwimpikiswano nganye eyaziwa ngumntu. Ukuqala, ngelixa ihlala ixhamla, ayikude ingabalulekanga. Kwiintsuku zokuqala zeMfazwe ye-1914 [eyayibizwa ngokuba yimfazwe Yehlabathi I] ibali elibuhlungu kakhulu laxelelwa ngomntwana oneminyaka eyisixhenxe ubudala, owayetyelele isibhamu sakhe somthi kwindawo yokuphamba kwe-Uhlans, eyayimthumelele libala. Eli bali liye lenza umsebenzi ogqwesileyo kwimfazwe yaseFranco-Prussia ngaphezu kweminyaka engama-40 ngaphambili. "

Ezinye iibali ezinobungqina zinezizathu ezingakumbi. Kodwa ngokuqhelekileyo inzondo efana nayo inokufumaneka nakwezinye iintlanga ezininzi esazange sikhethe ukulwa. Ngamanye amaxesha senza imfazwe egameni labakhohlisi ababa netyala leenkohlakalo. Ngamanye amaxesha sinetyala lezo zibi okanye senza indima kwiintshutshiso zentshaba lethu elitsha kunye nabangaphambili. Nangona isenzo esiyintloko esiya kulwa nayo sinokuthi sinokuthi sinetyala. Kubaluleke kakhulu, ekuthengiseni imfazwe, ukukhanyela okanye ukuzithethelela iinkohlakalo zomntu ukugqamisa okanye ukusekela intshaba. UMongameli uTheodore Roosevelt uxelelwa ngamaxhoba ngamaPhilippines, ngelixa egxotha abo baseMelika basePhilippines ukuba bangabikho miphumo kwaye akukho mbi ngaphezu kokubanjelwa ekubulaweni kwabakwaSioux kwi-Kounded Knee, ngokungathi ukubulawa kwamangqangi kwaba ngumgangatho kwamkeleka. Enye inzondo yase-US ePhilippines ibandakanye ukuxhela phezu kwe600, ngokungaxhaswanga, amadoda, amabhinqa kunye nabantwana abanjwe kwiqhekeza lomlilo onqabileyo. I-Jikelele kulawulo lolo msebenzi luvuleleke ngokucacileyo ukutshabalalisa zonke iiPhilippines.

Xa kuthengisa iMfazwe e-Iraq, kubalulekile ukugxininisa ukuba uSaddam Hussein wayesebenzisa izixhobo zamakhemikhali, kwaye kubaluleke ngokufanayo ukuphepha ukuba wayenjenjalo ngosizo lwe-US. UGeorge Orwell wabhala ku1948,

"Izenzo zibanjelwe ukuba zilungile okanye zimbi, kungekhona ngokwabo, kodwa ngokubhekiselele kubani abazenzayo, kwaye akukho phantse, ukusetyenziswa kwezinto zokubanjwa, ukunyanzelwa kwabantu, ukuthunjwa ngaphandle kokuvalelwa, ukubulawa, ukuqhubhisa ibomvu - okungazitshintshi umbala walo wokuziphatha xa kuqhutywa 'kwicala lethu.' . . . Uhlanga alugcini nje ukungazivumeli iintlondi ezenziwa ngecala lakhe, kodwa unamandla okhethekileyo okungafuni ukuva malunga nabo. "

Ngexesha elithile kufuneka sikhulise umbuzo wokuba ubutshabisayo buyinto ekhuthaza ngokwenene abacebisi beemfazwe, okufuneka kusenze sijonge kwakhona kumbuzo wokuba imfazwe yinto efanelekileyo kakhulu yokuthintela inzondo.

Icandelo: I-PLANK KWI-OYE YETHU

Ingxelo yeUnited States, ngokudabukisayo, yenye yeendawo ezibuxoki. Sixelelwa ukuba iMexico ihlasele, xa ngokwenene siwahlasela. ISpeyin iphika amaCubans namaPhilippines inkululeko yabo, xa sifanele sibe ngabaphika inkululeko yabo. IJamani iqhuba impiriyali, ephazamisa isakhiwo sobukhosi saseBrithani, isiFrentshi kunye ne-US. UWoward Zinn ucaphuna kwi-skit ye-1939 kwi-A People's History yase-United States:

Ewe, oorhulumente base-Great Britain nase-United States, egameni laseIndiya, iBurma, iMalaya, i-Australia, iBritish East Africa, iBritish Guiana, iHongkong, iSiam, iSingapore, iYiputa, iPalestine, iCanada, iNew Zealand, iNorthern Ireland, EScotland, eWales, nasePuerto Rico, eGuam, ePhilippines, eHawaii, eAlaska naseVilgin Islands, ngoku sivakalisa ngokugqithiseleyo, ukuba le nto ayiyona impi yama-imperialist. "

I-Royal Air Force yaseBrithani yayixakeke phakathi kweemfazwe zehlabathi ezimbini ezihlasele amabhomu e-Indiya, kwaye ithatha uxanduva lokubamba iphoyisa e-Iraq ngokusetyenziswa kwezibhamu ezingabikho okanye ezingenakho ukuhlawula irhafu. Xa iBrithani ibhengeza imfazwe eJamani, iBrithani yabothela amawaka abantu eIndiya ngokuchasene neMfazwe Yehlabathi II. Ngaba i-Imperialism yokulwa yaseBrithani kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi II, okanye impiriyali yamaJamani nje?

Iintshaba zokuqala zamabutho omkhosi amabutho azinokuba ziindawo ezinkulu zeekati, iibhere, kunye nezinye izilwanyana ezazingcolisa ookhokho bethu. Imidwebo yemigodi yalezi zi lwanyana ingaba ngamanye amaphepha-posters asekudala, kodwa abatsha abazange batshintshe kakhulu. Ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi II amaNazi asebenzisa ipowusta ebonisa iintshaba zawo njengama-gorilla, ukukopisha iphosta eyayiveliswe nguRhulumente waseMerika kwimfazwe yokuqala yehlabathi ukuba idemon okanye idibanise iiJamani. I-American version yaqhuba amagama athi "Ukutshabalalisa le Mad Mad Brute," kwaye yayikopishwe kwiposter yangaphambili yiBrithani. Iimpapasho zaseMelika ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi II nazo zabonisa amaJapan njengama-gorilla kunye neendlovu zegazi.

I-Bhritane kunye ne-US eyashukumisela amaMelika ukuba alwe kwiMfazwe yeHlabathi yokuQala yajolisa kwiidemon zamaJamani ngenxa yezenzo zenkohlakalo ezenziwa eBelgium. IKomiti yoLwazi loLuntu, eqhutywa nguGeorge Creel egameni likaMongameli uWoodrow Wilson, iququzelele "Amadoda amane eMizuzu" anike iintetho zokulwa imfazwe kwimidlalo yeqonga kwimizuzu emine ethathe ukutshintsha i-reels. Isampulu yentetho eprintwe kwi-Four Minute Men Bulletin yekomiti ngoJanuwari 2, 1918, ifundeka ngolu hlobo:

"Ngethuba sihleli apha namhlanje ebusuku sijabulela umdlalo wezithombe, ngaba uyaqonda ukuba amawaka aseBelgium, abantu njengathi, baxakeke ebukhosini phantsi kobukhosi bamaPrussia? . . . I-Prussian 'Schrecklichkeit' (umgaqo-nkqubo wobungqongquthela obunobungozi) ukhokelela kwintlanzi engathandabuzekiyo. Amajoni aseJamani. . . babedla ngokunyanzeliswa ukuthanda kwabo, bona ngokwabo belila, ukuba benze imiyalelo engabonakaliyo malunga namadoda amadala, abasetyhini nabantwana abangenakukhuseleka. . . . Ngokomzekelo, ekudleni abafazi kunye nabantwana be-40 amadoda baphoqelelwe ukuba babone ukubulawa kwabayeni babo noobawo. "

Abo bawenzayo okanye bakholelwa ukuba benze izibande ezinjalo bangaphathwa njengabantu abangaphantsi kwezinto. (Nangona amaJamani enza inzondo eBelgium kunye nayo yonke imfazwe, abo bafumene ingqalelo ngoku baqulunqwe okanye bahlala bengavumiyo kwaye banokungabaza.)

Ngomnyaka we-1938, abantu baseJapan abonwabisayo bachaza amajoni amaTshayina ngokungaphumeleli ukususa imizimba yabo emva kwemfazwe, ebashiya kumarhamncwa nakwimozulu. Oku kubonakala ukuba kuncede amaJapan ukuba enze imfazwe neChina. Imikhosi yaseJamani ehlasele iUkraine ngexesha leMfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi yayinokuguqula ukunikezela kwamajoni aseSoviet kwicala labo, kodwa abakwazanga ukwamkela ukunikezela kwabo ngenxa yokuba bengakwazi ukubabona njengabantu. Idemon yase-US yamaJapan ngexesha leMfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi yayisebenza ngempumelelo kangangokuba umkhosi wase-US wakufumanisa kunzima ukunqanda imikhosi yase-US ekubulaweni kwamajoni aseJapan awayezama ukunikezela. Kukwakhona neziganeko zamaJapan ezenza ngathi anikezela emva koko ahlasela, kodwa ezo zinto azichazi le nto.

Ubugwenxa baseJapan babuninzi kwaye bufihlekile, kwaye abuzange bufune ukuveliswa. Amaphosta ase-US kunye neetoto ezibonakaliswe isiJapane njengezinambuzane kunye neenkwenkwezi. U-Jikelele we-Australia uSir Thomas Blamey watshela i-New York Times:

"Ukulwa neJaps akufani nokulwa nabantu abaqhelekileyo. IJaf yincinci. . . . Asijongani nabantu njengoko sibaziyo. Sijongana nento ethile. Imikhosi yethu inombono ofanelekileyo weJaps. Bayijonga njengevermin. "

I-US Army poll kwi-1943 yafumanisa ukuba malunga nesiqingatha sazo zonke ii-GIs zikholelwa ukuba kuya kufuneka ukuba zibulale zonke iJapan emhlabeni. Umbhali weMfazwe u-Edgar L. Jones wabhala ngo-Februwari 1946 Atlantic Monthly,

"Luhlobo luni lwemfazwe abahlali abacinga ukuba sasilwa na? Sasibamba izibhedlele ngegazi elibandayo, sichitha izibhedlele, izibhengezo zokuhlaselwa, zibulala okanye ziphatha kakubi abantu beentshaba, zagqiba intshaba eyalimalayo, yaphosa efile ekungeneni kwimiba yabantu abafileyo, kunye nePacific ebilisiwe inyama kwiintloko zeentshaba ukuze zenze iingubo zetafile i-sweethearts, okanye igule amathambo abo kwi-letter openers. "

Amajoni akenzi loo nto kubantu. Benza kwizilwanyana ezimbi.

Ngapha koko, iintshaba emfazweni azikho ngaphantsi komntu. Baziidemon. Ngexesha leMfazwe yamakhaya yase-US, u-Herman Melville waqinisekisa ukuba uMntla wayelwela izulu kwaye uMzantsi ulwela isihogo, ebhekisa kuMzantsi njengo "Lusifa olincediweyo." Ngexesha leMfazwe yaseVietnam, njengoko uSusan Brewer ebalisa kwincwadi yakhe ethi Kutheni iMelika Ilwa,

"Ababhali beemfazwe bahlala beqhuba i-interviews soldier 'interviews kunye nabaphathi abancinci abaza kubonwa ngegama, isikhundla kunye nomzi wakubo. Ijoni liza kuthetha ngokuba 'apha ukwenza umsebenzi' kwaye ubonise ukuzithemba ekugqibeleni uyenze. . . . Ngokwahlukileyo, utshaba lwaluxhatshazwa ngokubanzi kwiindaba ezikhoyo. Amabutho aseMerika athetha kwiintshaba njenge 'gooks,' 'intlambo,' okanye 'idlin.' "

Ikhathuni yomhleli weMfazwe yaseGulf eMiami Herald ibonise uSaddam Hussein njengesigcawu esikhulu esihlasela iUnited States. U-Hussein wayehlala ethelekiswa no-Adolf Hitler. Ngo-Okthobha i-9, i-1990, intombazana eneminyaka eyi-15 yase-Kuwaiti yaxelela ikomiti ye-US ukuba ibone amajoni e-Iraq ethatha abantwana abali-15 kwi-incubator kwisibhedlele sase-Kuwaiti kwaye ebashiya kumgangatho obandayo ukuze bafe. Amanye amalungu enkongolo, kubandakanya ongasekhoyo uTom Lantos (D., Calif.), Wayesazi kodwa akazange axelele uluntu lwase-US ukuba le ntombazana yayiyintombi yommeli we-Kuwaiti e-United States, ukuba wayeqeqeshwe yi-US enkulu inkampani yobudlelwane noluntu ihlawulwe ngurhulumente waseKuwaiti, kwaye kwakungekho bunye ubungqina bebali. UMongameli uGeorge HW Bush wasebenzisa ibali labantwana abafileyo amatyeli ali-10 kwiintsuku ezingama-40 ezizayo, kwaye iisenethi ezisixhenxe zalisebenzisa kwingxoxo yeSeneti malunga nokuba bayalivuma na inyathelo lomkhosi. Umkhankaso we-Kuwaiti wokungazichazi iindaba zeMfazwe yase-Gulf uzakuphinda usebenze ngempumelelo ngamaqela e-Iraq akhetha ukutshintsha kolawulo lwase-Iraq kwiminyaka elishumi elinambini kamva.

Ngaba loo fiber iyingxenye efunekayo yenkqubo yokuvuselela imiphefumlo ephosakeleyo imiphefumlo yomsebenzi oyimfuneko kwaye uyayihlonipha imfazwe? Ngaba sonke, ngamnye wethu, ozilumko nolwazi phakathi kwabantu abamele baxhomekeke ekuxoxweni ngenxa yokuba abanye bengayiqondi? Lo mgca wokucinga wawuya kuchukumisa xa iimfazwe zenza into enhle engenakuyenza ngaphandle kwabo kwaye ukuba bayenza ngaphandle kwayo yonke ingozi. Iimfazwe ezimbini ezibini kunye neminyaka emininzi yokuqhubhisa ibhomu kunye nokunciphisa emva koko, umbusi okhohlakeleyo wase-Iraq wayephelile, kodwa sasidla izigidigidi zeedola; izigidigidi zase-Iraqi zafa; izigidi ezine zafuduswa kwaye zatshatyalaliswa kwaye zashiywa; ubundlobongela bekuninzi; Ukuthengisa ngokuthengisa ngokwesondo kwakusenyuka; izibonelelo ezisisiseko zombane, amanzi, ukuthuthwa kwamanzi kunye nokunakekelwa kwezempilo kwaba yintshabalalo (inxalenye ngenxa ye-US injongo yokubambisa iimithombo zakwa-Iraq ngenzuzo); Ukulindela ubomi behlile; Amanani omhlaza eFallujah anqumla abo baseHiroshima; Amaqela amaphekula ase-US asebenzisa i-Iraq njengesixhobo sokuqesha; kwakungabikho urhulumente osebenza e-Iraq; kwaye abaninzi base-Iraq baxelele ukuba bebenokuba ngcono kunye noSaddam Hussein. Kufuneka sixoxe ngoku? Kwenene?

Ewe, uSaddam Hussein wenza izinto ezimbi. Wabulala waza wahlushwa. Kodwa wabangela intlungu ebalulekileyo ngokulwa ne-Iran apho i-United States yamncedisa khona. Wayenokuba yinto ecocekileyo yobungendawo, ngaphandle kwesizwe sethu esifuna ukufumana ilungelo lokulunga olungenamsebenzi. Kodwa kutheni amaMerica, kabini, ngandlela-thile, bakhethe ixesha elithile apho urhulumente wethu wayefuna ukulwa nomsindo ku-Saddam Hussein ububi? Kutheni abalawuli baseSaudi Arabia, nje emnyango, abasayi kubakho nantoni na yokubandezeleka ezintliziyweni zethu? Ngaba sizimisele ukuzondla, senza inzondo kuphela kulabo esinethuba lokungabikho okanye ukubulala? Okanye ngaba abo basifundisayo ukuba ngubani okufanele sizithiye kule nyanga abaxhamli bangenelelo?

Icandelo: I-JINGOISM YE-RIGIST I-BIGOTED IXHUMA I-MEDICINE

Yintoni eyenza amanga amaninzi kunye namagama angabhaliweyo angamkelekanga kunye nokubandlulula, ngokumelene nabanye kunye nokuthanda kwethu. Ngaphandle kobuhlanga bezenkolo, ubuhlanga kunye nokuthanda izwe, iimfazwe ziya kuba nzima ukuthengisa.

Inkolo sele isilungelelaniso seemfazwe, ezazilwelwa koothixo ngaphambi kokuba zilwe ngenxa yamaharahara, ookumkani kunye nabalawuli. Ukuba uBarbara Ehrenreich unelungelo lakhe kwincwadi yakhe ethi Blood Rites: Imvelaphi kunye neMbali ye-Passions of War, abaqala phambili kwimfazwe babesilwa neengonyama, iingwe kunye nezinye izidlo ezimbi zabantu. Enyanisweni, ezo zilwanyana zingabonakala zizinto ezisisiseko ezivela kuyo oothixo - kunye needrones ezingenamntu ezibizwa ngokuba ngumzekelo ("umPredator"). "Umnikelo wokugqibela" kwimfazwe inokuthi ixhamle ngokusondelene nombingelelo wabantu njengoko wawukho ngaphambi kweemfazwe njengoko siyazi ukuba zikhona. Iimvakalelo (kungekhona imfundiso okanye izinto ezifezekileyo, kodwa ezinye iinkolelo) zonqulo kunye nemfazwe zinokuba zifana noko, ukuba azifani, ngenxa yokuba le miba emibini inembali efanayo kwaye ayizange ibe kude.

Iimfazwe kunye neemfazwe zenkoloni kunye nezinye iimfazwe ezininzi ziye zafumana izizathu zonqulo. AmaMelika alwa imfazwe yeenkcubeko zonqulo ngezizukulwana ezininzi ngaphambi kwemfazwe yokuzimela ngaphandle kweNgilandi. Umphathi uJohn Underhill e-1637 wachaza imfazwe yakhe yempi ngokumelene nePequot:

"UCaptaine Mason ungena eWigwam, wakhupha umlilo, emva kokuba inxeba ininzi yayinxeba endlwini; ke yena wabeka umlilo kwicala laseNtshona. . . Nditshise umlilo ekupheleni kweSouth nge-Traine of Powder, imililo yeentlanganiso zombini kwi-Fort yatshisa kakhulu, yatshisa yonke indawo kwisithuba se-houre; abaninzi abantu abathandekayo babengafuni ukuphuma, balwa kakhulu. . . ngoxa zavutha kwaye zitshiswa. . . waza wabhubha ngamandla. . . Zininzi zatshiswa kwi-Fort, amadoda namabhinqa, nabantwana. "

Le Ngaphantsi ichaza njengemfazwe engcwele:

"INkosi iyavuya ukubenzela abantu bakhe ingxaki neentsizi, ukuze yena abonelele ngenceba, aze abonise ngokucacileyo ubumnandi bakhe bakhululekile kwiimiphefumlo zabo."

Ngaphantsi kwetyala kuthetha umphefumlo wakhe, kwaye abantu bakaNdikhoyo banabantu abamhlophe. Abemi baseMerika babebe nesibindi kwaye banesibindi, kodwa babengabonakali nje ngabantu njengengqondo epheleleyo. Kwiminyaka emibini nesiqingatha kamva, abaninzi baseMelika bavelise umbono ogqithiseleyo ngakumbi, kwaye abaninzi babengenalo. UMongameli uWilliam McKinley wayejonge amaPhilippines njengento efunekayo emisebenzini yempi ngokwabo. USusan Brewer uxela le ngxelo kumfundisi:

"Ethetha neendwendwe zamaMethodist kwi-1899, [uMcKinley] wagxininisa ukuba akazange afune iiPhilippines kwaye 'xa beza kuthi, njengesipho esivela koothixo, andingazi ukuba benzani nabo.' Wachaza ukuthandaza ngamadolo ukuze afikelele ekufikeni kwakhe ukuba kuya kuba 'ukwesaba nohlazo' ukunika iziqithi eSpain, 'ishishini elibi' ukuwanikezela abathengiselwano beJamani neFransi, kwaye akunakwenzeka ukuba bayeke 'uhlaselo kunye nokuziphatha kakubi' phantsi kweePhilippines ezingafanelekanga. Waphetha wathi, 'Akukho nto esele isele ukuba siyenze, kodwa ukuba sithathe konke, kwaye sifundise amaPhilippines, kwaye sithuthukise size sisebenzise.' Kule ngxelo yokukhokelwa nguThixo, uMcKinley akazange akhulume ukuba abaninzi basePhilippines babengamaRoma Katolika okanye ukuba iiPhilippines zinemyuvesi yasekuqaleni kuneHarvard. "

Ngokuqinisekileyo amalungu amaninzi egqiza lamaWesile ababuza ubulumko bukaMcKinley. Njengoko uHarold Lasswell waphawulayo ngo-1927, "Iicawa phantse zonke iinkcazo zinokuthenjwa ukusikelela imfazwe ethandwayo, nokubona kuyo ithuba lokuphumelela kwayo nayiphi na indlela yobuthixo ekhetha ukuyiqhubela phambili." U-Lasswell wathi, ekuphela kwento eyayifuneka yayikukufumana "abefundisi abadumileyo" ukuba baxhase imfazwe, kwaye "ukukhanya okuncinci kuya kuthi thsu emva kwayo." Iipowusta zepropaganda eUnited States ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi I yabonisa uYesu enxibe ikhaki kwaye ejonga phantsi umphanda wompu. U-Lasswell wayephila emfazweni eyalwa namaJamani, abantu ababengabantu bonqulo olunye nabantu baseMelika. Kulula kangakanani ukusebenzisa inkolo kwiimfazwe ezichasene namaSilamsi kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini ananye. UKarim Karim, unjingalwazi onxulumene naye kwiSikolo seYunivesithi yaseCarleton seNtatheli kunye noNxibelelwano, ubhala:

"Umfanekiso osisigxina wemveli 'weSilamsi embi' uye wayiluncedo kakhulu oorhulumente baseNtshona baceba ukuhlasela amazwe amaninzi amaSilamsi. Ukuba uluvo lukawonkewonke emazweni abo lunokuqiniseka ukuba amaSulumane ayinobundlobongela noburlobongela, ke ukuwabulala nokutshabalalisa impahla yabo ibonakala iyamkeleka. "

Enyanisweni, kunjalo, unqulo lwabakho aluvumelekanga ukulwa nabo, kwaye abaongameli base-US abasayi kubanga oko. Kodwa ukuguquka kwamaKristu kuqhelekileyo kwimikhosi yase-US, kwaye kunjalo inzondo yamaSulumane. Amajoni axelele kwi-Military Religious Freedom Foundation ukuba xa befuna ukucebisa ngempilo yengqondo, baye bathunyelwa kubafundi abaye bawacebisa ukuba bahlale "empini" yokubulala "amaSulumane kuKristu."

Unqulo lunokusetyenziswa ukukhuthaza inkolelo yokuba oko wenzayo kukuhle nangona kungenzi nto kuwe. Umntu ophakamileyo owuqondayo, nokuba awuyi. Inkolo inokunikela ubomi emva kokufa kunye nenkolelo yokuba uyabulala kwaye usengozini yokufa ngenxa yeso sizathu esona sikhulu. Kodwa inkolo ayikho yedwa umahluko weqela ongasetyenziselwa ukukhuthaza iimfazwe. Naluphi na ulwahlulo lwenkcubeko okanye ulwimi oluya kuyenza, kwaye amandla okubandlulula ubuhlanga ukuziphatha ezimbi kakhulu zokuziphatha kwabantu ngokusemthethweni. I-Senator Albert J. Beveridge (R., Ind.) Wanikela i-Senate ingqiqo ekhokelwa nguThixo ngokulwa nePhilippines:

"UThixo akayilungiselele abantu abakhuluma isiNgesi kunye neTeutonic iminyaka engamawaka ngaphandle kwezinto ezingenanto kunye nokuzicingela kunye nokuziqhenya. Hayi! Usenzele abaququzeleli behlabathi behlabathi ukuseka inkqubo apho iingxabano zilawula khona. "

Iimfazwe ezimbini zehlabathi eYurophu, ngelixa zilwa phakathi kweentlanga ngoku ezicatshulwa ngokuthi "zimhlophe," zibandakanya ubuhlanga kwiindawo zonke. Iphephandaba laseFransi iLa Croix ngo-Agasti 15, i-1914, lubhiyozela "umkhosi wamandulo wamaGauls, amaRoma, kunye namaFrentshi angaphantsi kwethu," waza wathi

AmaJamani kufuneka ahlanjululwe kwibhankini lasekhohlo laseRhin. Ezi zinkohlakalo ezimbi zimele zibuyiselwe ngaphakathi kwimida yazo. Amagunya aseFransi kunye neBelgium kufuneka agxeke umtshabalali ngokubethelwa ngokukhawuleza, kanye kunye. Ukulwa kwemfazwe kubonakala. "

Kwiminyaka emithathu kamva kwaba yi-United States yokujika ingqondo yayo. NgoDisemba i-7, i-1917, i-Congressman Walter Chandler (D., Tenn.) Yavakaliswa phantsi kweNdlu:

"Kuthe kwathiwa ukuba uya kuhlalutya igazi lomYuda phantsi kwe-microscope, uya kufumana i-Talmud kunye neBhayibhile yeBhayibhile ejikelezayo kwiintlobo ezithile. Ukuba uhlalutya igazi lommeli waseJamani okanye iTeuton uza kufumana umshishini wezibhamu kunye neengqungquthela zeeblokhwe kunye neebhobho ezijikeleza ngegazi. . . . Yilwa uze utshabalalise lonke iqela. "

Olu hlobo lokucinga aluncedisi kuphela ekunciphiseni iincwadi zokuhlola iimfazwe eziphuma kwiipokethi zamalungu enkomfa, kodwa nokuvumela abantu abatsha abathumela kwimfazwe ukuba babulale. Njengoko siza kubona kwisahluko sesihlanu, ukubulawa akuveli lula. Mayelana neepesenti ze-98 zabantu bavame ukuxhatshazwa ngokubulala abanye abantu. Ngoku kutshanje, isifo sengqondo senze indlela yokuvumela i-US Navy ukuba ikulungiselele ukubulala ababulali. Iquka ubuchule,

". . . ukufumana amadoda ukuba acinge ngeentshaba eziya kubakho ukujamelana nazo njengeendlela ezingaphantsi kobomi [kunye neefilimu] zithandekile ukubonisa intshaba engaphantsi komntu: ubuqhetseba bamasiko asekuhlaleni buhlekisiwe, ububomi bendawo buboniswa njengabantu abangendawo. "U

Kulula kakhulu ukuba isosha lase-US libulale i-hadji ngaphezu komntu, njengokuba kwakulula ukuba amaNazi abulale abantu abangengabantu abangokoqobo. UWilliam Halsey, owawisela i-United States imikhosi yamanxweme eMzantsi Pacific ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi II, wacinga ngomsebenzi wakhe othi "Bulala iJaps, bulala iJaps, bulala iJaps ngaphezulu," waza wafunga ukuba xa imfazwe iphelile, ulwimi lwaseJapan kuya kuthetha kuphela kwisihogo.

Ukuba imfazwe yavela njengendlela abantu ababulala iilwanyana ezinkulu ukuba bazixakeke ngokubulala abanye abantu njengoko ezo zilwanyana zafa, njengoko i-Ehrenreich ibonisa ukuba, ukusebenzisana nokucwasana kunye nazo zonke ezinye izinto ezahlukileyo phakathi kwamaqela abantu zide. Kodwa ubuzwe buyona mvelaphi yakutshanje, enamandla kwaye engaqondakaliyo yokuzinikela ngokwemvelo ngokuhambelana nemfazwe, kwaye yona leyo eyakhula ngokwenza imfazwe. Ngelixa iinqwelo zamandulo ziza kufa ngenxa yobuqaqawuli bazo, amadoda namabhinqa anamhlanje baya kufa ngenxa yengubo enemibala engabonakaliyo. Ngomhla emva kokuba iUnited States imemezele imfazwe eSpeyin kwi-1898, ilizwe lokuqala (iNew York) ludlulisela umthetho ofuna ukuba abantwana besikolo babulise ifulegi yase-US. Abanye babeya kulandela. Ubuzwe buyinkokeli entsha.

USamuel Johnson uchaza ukuba ukuthanda ubutyebi kukuphephela kokugqibela kwinqanaba, kanti abanye bacetyise ukuba, ngokuchaseneyo, ngowokuqala. Xa kuziwa ekukhuthazeni iimvakalelo ezinjengeemfazwe, ukuba ezinye iintlukwano ziyahluleka, zihlala zikhona: utshaba alukho kwelizwe lethu kwaye bulisa iflegi yethu. Xa iUnited States yayixoxwa ngokugqithiseleyo kwiMfazwe yaseVietnam, bonke kodwa abavoti babini bavotela isigqibo seGulf of Tonkin. Omnye wabini, uWayne Morse (D., i-Ore.) Watshela ezinye iisenethi ukuba wayexelelwe yiPentagon ukuba ukuhlaselwa okubanjwe yiNyakatho yeVietnam kwacaphukisa. Njengoko kuya kuxutyushwa kwisahluko ezimbini, ulwazi lukaMorse luchanekile. Nakuphi na ukuhlaselwa kwakuya kucatshukiswa. Kodwa, njengoko siza kubona, ukuhlaselwa ngokwayo kwakuyiqhinga. Oogxa be-Morse abazange bamchase ngenxa yokuba wayephosakele, nangona kunjalo. Kunoko, i-senator yathi kuye:

"Hayi Wayne, awukwazi ukulwa nomongameli xa zonke iiflegi zixhoma kwaye siza kuya kwindibano yesizwe. Bonke [uMongameli] uLyndon [uJohsonson] ufuna iqonga lephepha elimxelela ukuba senze khona apho, kwaye simxhasa. "

Njengomlo oqhubeka iminyaka, ngokutshabalalisa ubomi bezigidi zabantu, iisenethi kwiKomiti yoBudlelwane baNgaphandle yaxoxa ngokufihlakeleyo inkxalabo yabo yokuba babexokisiwe. Ukanti bakhethe ukuthula, kwaye iirekhodi zezinye zezo ntlanganiso zange zenziwe ukuba zibesesidlangalaleni kude kube ngunyaka ka-2010. Iiflegi kubonakala ukuba beziphephezela kuyo yonke le minyaka iphakathi.

Imfazwe ilungile ekuthandeni izwe njengoko ukuthanda ubuzwe kuyimfazwe. Ukuqala kweMfazwe Yehlabathi I, uninzi lwasososhiyali eYurophu bahlangana kwiiflegi zabo zesizwe ezahlukeneyo kwaye bayishiya imizabalazo yabo kubasebenzi bamanye amazwe. Okwangoku, akukho nto iqhuba inkcaso yaseMelika kwizakhiwo zikarhulumente ezinje ngomdla wethu emfazweni kunye nokunyanzelisa ukuba amajoni ase-US angaze abe phantsi kweliphi na igunya ngaphandle kweWashington, DC

Icandelo: AKUBA ABANTU ABA-MILONI, ABAQHUBA I-HITLER

Kodwa iimfazwe azilwa nxamnye neeflegi okanye iingcamango, iintlanga okanye iidemon. Balwa nabantu, i-98 ekhulwini yabo engaxhatshaliyo ekubulaleni, kwaye ininzi lawo ayinanto okanye ayinanto yokwenza kwimfazwe. Enye indlela yokuhlambalaza abo bantu kukuthatha indawo yabo bonke ngomfanekiso womntu oyedwa onesityebi.

UMarlin Fitzwater, uNobhala weeNdlu zoMphathiswa we-White House uRobert Reagan noGeorge HW Bush, bathi imfazwe "kulula ukuba abantu baqonde ukuba kukho ubuso kubutshaba." Wanika imizekelo: "UHitler, Ho Chi Minh, uSaddam Hussein, uMilosevic . "I-Fitzwater isenokuthi ifake igama elithi Manuel Antonio Noriega. Xa umongameli wokuqala uB Bush ufuna, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ukubonisa ukuba akayi "wimp" ngokuhlaselwa kwePanama kwi-1989, isisombululo esona sihloniphekileyo kukuba inkokheli yePanama yayisisigxina, isichengechunge, sinobugqwetha ebusweni obunqwenela ukuzenza krexeza. Inqaku elibalulekileyo kwiNew York Times ngoNovemba 26, 1989, yaqala:

Ikomkhulu lezemikhosi laseMerika apha, elichaze uGeneral Manuel Antonio Noriega njengomlawuli okhohlakeleyo we-cocaine, othandazela ootodo voodoo, wamemezela namhlanje ukuba inkokeli ephosiweyo yambethe iingubo ezibomvu kwaye yazithobela izihenyu. "

Ungaze ukhumbule ukuba uNoriega wayesebenzele i-US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), kubandakanya nexesha awayebambe ngalo unyulo luka-1984 ePanama. Ungaze ukhathalele ukuba eyona nto ayenzileyo yayingavumi ukubuyisela umlo wase-US ngokuchasene neNicaragua. Ungaze ucinge ukuba iUnited States ibisazi ngokuthengisa iziyobisi uNoriega iminyaka kwaye iqhubeka nokusebenza naye. Le ndoda ifumbe icocaine kwimpahla yangaphantsi ebomvu nabafazi ingengomfazi wayo. “Obo bubugwenxa kanye njengokuba u-Adolf Hitler wahlasela iPoland kwiminyaka engama-50 eyadlulayo,” watsho uSekela-Nobhala Welizwe u-Lawrence Eagleburger wokurhweba ngeziyobisi nguNoriega. Abakhululi baseMelika bahlasela bade bathi bafumene isitokhwe esikhulu secocaine kwelinye lamakhaya kaNoriega, nangona kwafumaniseka ukuba ziitamales ezisongelwe ngamagqabi ebhanana. Kwaye kuthekani ukuba i-tamales ngokwenene yayiyicocaine? Ngaba loo nto, njengokufunyanwa kwe "izixhobo zentshabalalo enkulu" eBaghdad ngo-2003 ibinokuthethelela imfazwe?

I-Fitzwater yokubhekisela kwi "Milosevic" yayiyiSelbodan Milosevic, ngoko uMongameli waseSerbia, uDavid Nyhan waseBoston Globe ngoJanuwari 1999 wabiza ngokuthi "into ehamba phambili kuHitler Yurophu iye yajongana nekhulu leminyaka yokugqibela." Ngaphandle kokuba, uyazi, kuzo zonke ezinye. Ngo-2010, umkhuba kwizopolitiko zasekhaya zase-US, ukuthelekisa nabani na ongavumelani noHitler bebecatshukile, kodwa ngumkhuba oye wanceda ukuqaliswa kweemfazwe ezininzi kwaye unokusasaza ngaphezulu. Nangona kunjalo, kuthatha ezimbini kwi-tango: kwi-1999, amaSerbs ayebiza umongameli wase-United States "uBill Hitler."

Ngentwasahlobo ye-1914, kwi-movie yemidlalo kwiTours, eFrance, umfanekiso kaWilhelm II, uMlawuli waseJamani, weza kwesikrini isikhashana. Isihogo sonke saqhekeka.

"Wonke umntu wamemeza aze amkhwele, amadoda, abesifazana nabantwana, njengokungathi baqalekiswa. Ubume obuhle abantu beTyelelo, abangayazi malunga nehlabathi kunye nezopolitiki kunokuba babemfunde emaphephandabeni abo, bebenokuduka ngokukhawuleza, "

ngokukaStefan Zweig. Kodwa amaFrentshi ngekhe alwe noKaiser Wilhelm II. Baza kuba besilwa nabantu abaqhelekileyo abathi bazalwa bekumgama omncinci kubo eJamani.

Ukwandisa, ngaphezu kweminyaka, siye saxelelwa ukuba iimfazwe azinxamnye nabantu, kodwa ngokusesikweni noorhulumente ababi kunye neenkokheli zabo ezimbi. Ixesha emva kwexesha siwela ngenxa yokunyanzela izidanga malunga nezizukulwana ezitsha ze "zichanekileyo" izixhobo ezizenza ngathi iinkokheli ezicinezelayo ngaphandle kokulimaza abantu esicinga ukuba sikhulule. Kwaye silwa neemfazwe ngenxa yokuguqulwa kombuso. Ukuba iimfazwe azipheli xa urhulumente eshintshiwe, kungenxa yokuba sinembopheleleko yokunyamekela "izidalwa ezingenakufaneleka", abantwana abancinci, abalawulwa yimibuso yethu . Nangona kunjalo, ayikho irekhodi elisekelweyo lokwenza okulungileyo. I-United States kunye neentlangano zayo zenza kakuhle ngeJamani kunye neJapan emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, kodwa yayingenjenjalo ukwenza iJamani emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi I kwaye ndagqitha isiqhelo. IJamani kunye neJapane zancitshiswa zibe yizinto ezinqabileyo, kwaye amasosha ase-US akasayi kuhamba. Le nto ayinomzekelo obalulekileyo kwimfazwe emitsha.

Ngeemfazwe okanye isenzo esifana nemfazwe i-United States ibhukuqe oorhulumente eHawaii, Cuba, Puerto Rico, Philippines, Nicaragua, Honduras, Iran, Guatemala, Vietnam, Chile, Grenada, Panama, Afghanistan nase Iraq, singasathethi ke nge Congo (1960) ); I-Ecuador (1961 & 1963); IBrazil (1961 & 1964); IDominican Republic (1961 & 1963); IGrisi (1965 & 1967); IBolivia (1964 & 1971); El Salvador (1961); IGuyana (1964); I-Indonesia (ngo-1965); IGhana (1966); Kwaye iHaiti (1991 kunye no-2004). Sithathe indawo yedemokhrasi ngobuzwilakhe, uzwilakhe wafaka isiphithiphithi, kwaye umthetho wasekhaya walawula e-US kunye nokuhlala. Akukho meko sibunciphisileyo ububi. Kwiimeko ezininzi, kubandakanya i-Iran ne-Iraq, ukuhlasela kwe-US kunye ne-US-backed coups kukhokelele kuxinzelelo olunzima, ukunyamalala, ukubulawa okungaphezulu komthetho, ukungcungcuthekiswa, urhwaphilizo kunye nokusilela ixesha elide kwiminqweno yedemokhrasi yabantu abaqhelekileyo.

Ugxininiso kubalawuli beemfazwe asinakukhuthazwa ngabantu ngokubanzi njengentetho. Abantu bayakujabulela ukucinga ukuba imfazwe yintonga phakathi kweenkokheli ezinkulu. Oku kufuna udemon kunye nokuzukisa omnye.

Icandelo: UKUBA UNGAKHONA IWAR, UNGAKUBA AMA-TYRANTS, ULAWULO, NAZISM

I-United States yazalwa ngaphandle kwemfazwe ngokuchasene nomfanekiso kaKing George, onetyala lakhe lidweliswe kwiSibhengezo senkululeko. UGeorge Washington naye wazukiswa ngokufanayo. UKumkani George waseNgilani kunye norhulumente wakhe babenetyala lolwaphulo-mthetho olutyholwayo, kodwa ezinye iikholoni zafumana amalungelo kunye nenkululeko ngaphandle kwemfazwe. Njengazo zonke iimfazwe, nokuba indala kangakanani kwaye inobuqaqawuli, iAmerican Revolution yayiqhutywa bubuxoki. Ibali leBoston Massacre, umzekelo, laligqwetheke ngaphaya kokuqondwa, kubandakanya nomzobo kaPaul Revere obonisa iBritane njengabaxheli. UBenjamin Franklin uvelise umba wobuxoki weBoston Independent apho amaBritane aqhayisa ngokuzingela entlonzeni. UThomas Paine nabanye oomatshini bencwadana abathengisa iikholoniyali emfazweni, kodwa hayi ngaphandle kolwalathiso olungalunganga kunye nezithembiso ezingezizo. UWoward Zinn uchaza okwenzekileyo:

"Kwi-1776, abantu abathile abakwii-coloni zesiNgesi benza ukufumanisa okuza kubonisa ukuba luncedo kakhulu kwiminyaka emibini ezayo. Bakufumanisa ukuba ngokudala isizwe, isimboli, ubunye obungokomthetho obubizwa ngokuba yi-United States, banokuthatha umhlaba, inzuzo kunye namandla ezopolitiko kwiintandokazi zoBukumkani baseBrithani. Kwinkqubo, banokubamba iqela labanokuhlubuka kunye nokudala ukuvumelwaniswa nenkxaso exhasekileyo ekulawuleni inkokheli entsha, inkululeko. "

Njengoko uZinn ephawula, ngaphambi koqhushululu, bekukho izidubedube ezili-18 ngokuchasene noorhulumente bamakoloniyali, imvukelo yabantsundu abathandathu, kunye noqhushululu olungama-40, kwaye abaphezulu kwezopolitiko babona kunokwenzeka ukubuyisela umsindo eNgilane. Okwangoku, amahlwempu awayengazukufumana nzuzo emfazweni okanye avune umvuzo wawo wezopolitiko kwakufuneka anyanzelwe ngenkani ukuba alwe kuwo. Uninzi, kubandakanya amakhoboka athembisa ngenkululeko enkulu ngabaseBritane, abashiyileyo okanye abatshintshileyo. Isohlwayo sokophula umthetho kwi-Continental Army yaba yimivumbo eli-100. Xa uGeorge Washington, indoda esisityebi eMelika, engakwazanga ukweyisela iCongress ukuba inyuse umda osemthethweni ube yimivumbo engama-500, waye wacinga ukusebenzisa umsebenzi onzima njengesohlwayo endaweni yoko, kodwa wayilahla loo ngcinga kuba umsebenzi onzima wawungazukucaca kwinkonzo eqhelekileyo Umkhosi welizwekazi. Amajoni ashiya kuba efuna ukutya, impahla, indawo yokuhlala, amayeza kunye nemali. Babhalisela ukuhlawulwa, abakhange bahlawulwe, kwaye babeka ubomi babo esichengeni ngokuhlala emkhosini bengahlawulwanga. Malunga nesibini kwisithathu sabo babenomdla okanye ngokuchasene nesizathu ababesilwa ngaso kunye nokubandezeleka. Imvukelo ezidumileyo, ezinje ngoVukelo lukaShays eMassachusetts luya kulandela uguquko.

Abaguqukeli baseMelika baphinde bakwazi ukuvula entshonalanga kwandisa kunye neemfazwe ngokumelene namaMerika aseMelika, into eyayibhalwa yiBrithani. I-American Revolution, isenzo sokuzalwa nokukhulula eUnited States, yayiyimfazwe yokwandisa kunye nokulwa. UKumkani uGeorge, ngokweSigqibo se-Independence, "wazama ukwenza ukuba kubemi beemida zethu, amaNdiya angaboniyo." Kakade ke, abo bebalwela ukukhusela amazwe abo kunye nokuphila kwabo. Inkohlakalo eYorktown yayiyiindaba ezimbi ngekamva labo, njengoko iNgilani yasayina amazwe abo phezu kwesizwe esitsha.

Enye imfazwe engcwele kwimbali yase-US, iMfazwe yombango, yalwa - abaninzi banokholo-ukuze baqede ububi bebugqila. Enyanisweni, loo njongo yayiyizathu yokubambisa imfazwe esele iqhubekile, njengokufana nentando yeninzi kwiIraq yaba yinto ecacileyo yokulwa nemfazwe eqalwe kwi2003 ngokugqithiseleyo egameni lokuphelisa izixhobo eziqingqiweyo. Enyanisweni, iinjongo zokuphelisa ubukhoboka zafuneka ukuba zilungele imfazwe eyayiyingozi kakhulu ukuba ilungelwe yinjongo yezepolitiki engenalutho "yobumbano." Ukuzalwa kobuhlanga kwakungazange bukhukhumelele kunzima kakhulu namhlanje. Amaxhoba ayenyuka ngokukhawuleza: 25,000 eShilo, i-20,000 kwi-Bull Run, i-24,000 ngosuku lwe-Antietam. Ngeveki emva kwe-Antietam, uLincoln wakhupha isimemezelo se-Emancipation, eyayikhulula ama-slave kuphela apho uLincoln akakwazanga ukukhulula khona amakhoboka ngaphandle kokuwulwa kwemfazwe. (Iimyalelo zakhe zakhulula ama-slave kuphela kumazwe asezantsi ahlala kuyo, kungekhona kwimida ehlala ebudlelwaneni.) Isazi-mlando seYale Harry Stout sichaza isizathu sokuba uLincoln athathe le nyathelo:

"Ngokubaliswa kukaLincoln, ukubulawa kufuneka kuqhubeke kwizikali eziphakamileyo. Kodwa ukuze kuphumelele, abantu kufuneka baqinisekiswe ukuchitha igazi ngaphandle kokugcinwa. Kwakhona, kwakufuneka kube nokuziphatha okuqinisekileyo ukuba ukubulawa kwaba okulungileyo. Ukukhululwa kuphela - ikhadi likaLincoln lokugqibela - liza kunika ubungqina obunjalo. "

Isimemezelo sasebenza kunye neNgilani yokungena kwimfazwe ecaleni laseMzantsi.

Asinakukwazi ngokuqinisekileyo oko kuya kwenzeka kwiikoloni ngaphandle kweenguqulelo okanye ubukhoboka ngaphandle kweMfazwe Yomphakathi. Kodwa siyazi ukuba ubuninzi belizwe lonke bephelile ulawulo lobukhosi kunye nobukhoboka ngaphandle kwemfazwe. Ngaba iCongress yafumana ubungqina bokuphelisa ubukhoboka ngomthetho, mhlawumbi isizwe sasingayi kuphelisa ngaphandle kokuhlukana. Ukuba iMelika yaseMzantsi Meya ivumelekile ukuba iphile ngokuthula, kwaye uMthetho woMkhoboka oThabileyo wawususwe lula kwiNyakatho, kubonakala ngathi ubukhoboka obungenakwenzeka bube bude bude.

IMfazwe yaseMexico naseMelika, eyalwa kulona nxalenye ukuze kwandiswe ubukhoboka - ukwandiswa okunokubangela ukuba kukhokelela kwiMfazwe yombutho - akukhulumi kangako. Xa iUnited States, ebudeni baloo mfazwe, yanyanzelela iMexico ukuba ilahle imimandla yayo yasentla, uMnumzana waseMelika uNiclas Trist uthethathethwano ngokugqithiseleyo kwinqanaba elinye. Wabhalela uNobhala welizwe waseMelika:

"Ndiqinisekisile [abaseMexico] ukuba ukuba bekunamandla okundinika insimi yonke echazwe kwiprojekthi yethu, kwandisa inani elilishumi elincinane, kwaye, ngaphezu koko, lugubungela unyawo lunqamle lonke ngegolide ecocekileyo, kwimeko enye ukuba ubukhoboka kufuneka bukhutshwe ngaphandle, andinakuyithobela umnikelo wesikhashana. "

Ingaba loo nto yayilwa nobubi?

Eyona nto imfazwe engcwele kwaye ingenakuphikiswa kwimbali yase-US, nangona kunjalo, yiMfazwe Yehlabathi II. Ndiya kulondoloza ingxoxo epheleleyo yale mpi kwisahluko ezine, kodwa phawula apha kuphela kwiingcinga zabantu abaninzi baseMelika namhlanje, iMfazwe Yehlabathi II yayilungile ngenxa yobuninzi bobubi bukaAdolf Hitler, kwaye ububi buya kufumaneka ngasentla yonke into yokubingelelwa.

Kodwa awuyi kufumana nayiphi na ifowuni yokuqasha kaMalume Sam ethi "Ndifuna. . . Ukulondoloza amaYuda. "Xa isisombululo senziwa kwi-Senate yase-US kwi-1934 echaza" ukumangaliswa nentlungu "kwizenzo zaseJamani, kwaye icela ukuba iJamani ibuyisele amalungelo kumaYuda, iSebe likaRhulumente" lenze ukuba lingcwatywe kwikomiti ".

Ngo-1937 IPoland yavelisa icebo lokuthumela amaYuda eMadagascar, kwaye iRiphabhliki yaseDominican yayisicwangciso sokuba samkela. UNdunankulu uNeville Chamberlain waseBrithani waseBrithani weza ngesicwangciso sokuthumela amaJamani aseJamani kwiTanganyika eMpuma Afrika. Iimfuno zeeUnited States, iBrithani kunye neentlanga zaseMzantsi Melika zadibana kwiLake Geneva ngoJulayi 1938 kwaye bonke bavumelana ukuba akukho namnye wabo oya kumkela amaYuda.

NgoNovemba 15, i-1938, intatheli zicele uMongameli uFranklin Roosevelt ukuba kwenziwe ntoni. Uphendule ukuba akayi kucinga ngokuvumela abanye abafudukayo ngaphandle kweenkqubo ezivumelekileyo. Iingxowa-mali zaziswa kwiCongress ukuvumela ama-20,000 amaYuda angaphantsi kwe-14 ukungena eMelika. I-Senator uRobert Wagner (D., NY) wathi, "Izinkulungwane zeentsapho zaseMelika sele zivakalise ukuzimisela kwabo ukuthatha abantwana ababaleki emakhaya abo." UMongameli wokuqala uEleanor Roosevelt wayemisele ukuchasana noMesiya ukuxhasa umthetho, kodwa umyeni wakhe waphumelela iminyaka.

NgoJulayi 1940, u-Adolf Eichman, "umakhi wezonqulo," wayezimisele ukuthumela onke amaYuda eMadagascar, ngoku ayeseJamani, eFransi ehleli. Iinqanawa kwakuza kufuneka zilinde kuphela kude kube yiBrithani, ngoku yayithetha uWinston Churchill, iphelile i-blockade. Ngaloo mini akazange afike. Ngomhla kaNovemba 25, i-1940, ummeli waseFransi wabuza uNobhala weSizwe we-US ukuba acinge ukuba wamkela ababaleki bamaYuda baseJamani apho eFransi. Ngomhla kaDisemba 21st, uNobhala kaRhulumente wenqabileyo. NgoJulayi 1941, amaNazi azimisele ukuba isisombululo sokugqibela samaYuda sasiquka ulwaphulo-mthetho kunokuxoshwa.

Kwi-1942, ngoncedo lweCensus Bureau, iUnited States yavala ii-110,000 zaseJapan zaseMerika kunye neJapan kwiinkampu ezahlukahlukeneyo zokuhlala ngaphakathi, ngokukodwa kwi-West Coast, apho zachongwa ngamanani kunamagama. Eli nyathelo, elithathwe nguMongameli Roosevelt, laxhaswa iminyaka emibili kamva yiNkundla ePhakamileyo ye-US.

Kwi-1943 engekho emisebenzini yamhlophe yase-US yabetha iLatinos kunye ne-Afrika yaseMelika e-Los Angeles '"i-zoot izibambiso ezifanelekileyo," zibetha kwaye zibetha ezitalatweni ngendlela eya kwenza ukuba uHitler abe nekratshi. I-Los Angeles City Council, ngomgudu obalaseleyo wokugxeka amaxhoba, waphendula ngokunqabela isambatho esasibophelelwe ngabemi baseMexico ababizwa ngokuba yi-zoot.

Xa amajoni ase-US ayexinekile kuKumkanikazi uMariya ngo-1945 esiya emfazweni yase-Yuropu, abantu abamnyama bagcinwa bodwa ngaphandle kwabamhlophe kwaye babekwa nzulu enqanaweni kufutshane negumbi le-injini, kude nomoya omtsha, kwindawo enye apho Abantsundu babeziswe eMelika bevela e-Afrika kwiinkulungwane ngaphambili. Amajoni ase-Afrika aseMelika asindayo kwiMfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi akakwazanga ukubuyela ngokusemthethweni kwiindawo ezininzi zaseMelika ukuba babetshatile abafazi abamhlophe phesheya. Amajoni amhlophe awayetshatile ama-Asiya ayephikisana nemithetho efanayo yokulwa nokuziphatha gwenxa kumazwe ali-15.

Kuphela nje ukubonisa ukuba iMelika ilwa neMfazwe yehlabathi II ngokuchasene nokungabikho kobuhlanga okanye ukugcina amaYuda. Oko sikuxelelwa ukuba iimfazwe zihluke kakhulu kwizinto ezikuyo.

Icandelo: AMANQAKU OMODA

Kule minyaka yokuthi ulwa nabathetheli kunye negama labantu abacinezelweyo, iMfazwe yaseVietnam inikeza imeko enomdla apho umgaqo-nkqubo wase-US wawukuphephelela ukugqithisa urhulumente weentshaba kodwa ukusebenza nzima ukubulala abantu bawo. Ukugqithisa urhulumente eHanoi, kwakusatshiswa, kwakuza kutshintsha iChina okanye iRashiya kwimfazwe, into e-United States enethemba lokuyiphepha. Kodwa ukutshabalalisa uhlanga olulawulwa nguHanoi kulindeleke ukuba lubangele ukuba lungenise kulawulo lwase-US.

Imfazwe yase-Afghanistan, sele imele imfazwe ende kunazo zonke kwimbali yase-US ize ingene ngonyaka wayo we-10 ngeli xesha le ncwadi ibhaliwe, yenye yimeko enomdla, ekubeni isalathisi esasetyenziselwa ukulinganisa, inkokeli yesigebengu uAsama bin Laden, yayingekho umlawuli ilizwe. Wayeyindoda eyayisichitha ixesha elizweni, kwaye eqinisweni yayisekelwa yi-United States kwimfazwe ngokumelene neSoviet Union. Kuthiwa wayecwangcise ubugebengu bukaSeptemba 11, i-2001, inxenye e-Afghanistan. Ezinye izicwangciso, sazi, zahamba eYurophu naseMerika. Kodwa kwakuyi-Afghanistan okubonakala ukuba kufuneka ijeziswe ngenxa yendima yayo njengombutho kulo mthetho-mthetho.

Kwiminyaka emithathu edlulileyo, iUnited States yayiye icela i-Taliban, iqela lezopolitiko e-Afghanistan ngokusolakala ukuba lihlala kwindawo yaseBin Laden, ukuba iphendule. AmaTaliban ayefuna ukubona ubungqina obubhekiselele kuBin Laden kwaye aqinisekiswe ukuba uya kufumana ilingo elifanelekileyo kwilizwe lesithathu kwaye akajongane nesigwebo sokufa. Ngokutsho kweBritish Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), i-Taliban yaxwayisa iUnited States ukuba uBin Laden wayeceba ukuhlaselwa kumhlaba waseMelika. UNobhala welizwe lasePakistan waseNkandla uNiaz Naik utshele i-BBC ukuba izikhulu zaseburhulumenteni zase-US zamxelele kwiintlanganiso ezixhaswe yi-UN eBerlin ngoJulayi 2001 ukuba iUnited States iya kuthatha inxaxheba emkhosini malunga neTaliban ngo-Oktobha. UNaik "uthe kwakungathandabuzeki ukuba iWashington iyakunciphisa isicwangciso sayo nokuba i-bin Laden kwakufuneka ihanjiswe ngokukhawuleza yiTaliban."

Konke oku kwakuphambi kolwaphulo-mthetho lukaSeptemba 11, apho imfazwe yayiya kuthi iphindezele. Xa i-United States yahlasela i-Afghanistan ngo-Okthobha 7, 2001, iTaliban yaphinda yanikezela ngokuthetha-thethana malunga nokunikezelwa kuka-bin Laden. Xa uMongameli Bush waphinda wala, amaTaliban aliphosa ibango labo lobutyala kwaye anikezela ngokuguqula uBin Laden kwilizwe lesithathu. UMongameli uGeorge W. Bush walikhaba eli thuba kwaye waqhubeka nokuqhushumisa. Kwinkomfa yoonondaba yango-Matshi 13, 2002, uBush wathi ngo-bin Laden "Andikhathali ngaye." Isithuba seminyaka eliqela ubuncinci, kunye no-bin Laden kunye neqela lakhe, i-al Qaeda, abangasakholelwa ukuba base-Afghanistan, imfazwe yokuziphindezela kuye yaqhubeka nokukhathaza abantu belo lizwe. Ngokuchasene ne-Iraq, iMfazwe e-Afghanistan yayihlala ibizwa phakathi kwe-2003 kunye ne-2009 njenge "mfazwe elungileyo."

Icala elenzelwe i-Iraq ye-Iraq kwi-2002 kunye ne-2003 ibonakala ngathi "izixhobo zokubhubhisa," kunye nokuziphindisela ngokubhekiselele kuBin Laden. Ukuba i-Iraq ayifuni ukunika izixhobo, kuya kuba yimfazwe. Kwaye ekubeni i-Iraq ingenabo, kwakukho imfazwe. Kodwa oku kwakuyiyo mpikiswano yokuba iIraq, okanye ubuncinane uSaddam Hussein, ebengendawo. Emva koko, iintlanga ezimbalwa zinezixhobo ezininzi ze-nyukliya, i-biological, okanye i-chemical, njenge-United States, kwaye sasingakholelwa ukuba kukho umntu obenelungelo lokulwa nathi. Sasinceda ezinye iintlanga zifumane izixhobo ezinjalo kwaye azizange zenze imfazwe. Enyanisweni, siye sasiza iIraq ukuba ifumane izixhobo ze-biological kunye neekhemikhali kwiminyaka engaphambili, eyayibekwe isiseko sezinto ezizifunayo.

Ngokuqhelekileyo, isizwe esinezixhobo sinokuziphatha okubi, ukungathandeki, okanye okungekho mthethweni, kodwa akunakuba yimbangela yemfazwe. Imfazwe enobugwenxa yilezo ziziphethe kakubi, ezingathandekiyo, kunye nezenzo ezingekho mthethweni. Ngoko, kutheni le mpikiswano malunga nokuhlasela i-Iraq ingxoxo malunga nokuba i-Iraq yayinezixhobo? Kubonakala ukuba, sasifumene ukuba iIraq ibubi kangangokuthi ukuba ibenokuba nezixhobo ngoko baza kuyisebenzisa, mhlawumbi ngobudlelwane obuqinileyo bukaSaddam Hussein ku-al Qaeda. Ukuba omnye umntu wayenezixhobo, sinokuthetha nabo. Ukuba iIraq iinezixhobo ezifunekayo ukulwa nabo. Babenxalenye yento uMongameli uGeorge W. W. Bush abiza ngokuthi "i-axis of evil." Leyo Iraq yayingabonakali ngokukhawuleza ukusebenzisa izixhobo zayo ezichasayo kwaye ukuba indlela eqinisekileyo yokubangela ukusetyenziswa kwayo yayiza kuhlasela iIraq yayingengcamango engathandekiyo, ngoko ke zibekelwe bucala kwaye zilibale, kuba iinkokheli zethu zazizi kakuhle ukuba i-Iraq yayingenalo njenjalo.

Icandelo: UKUFUNA UMLU NOKUPHUMA

Ingxaki ebalulekileyo ngembono yokuba iimfazwe zifunekayo ukulwa nobubi kukuba akukho nto ingendawo kunokuba yimfazwe. Imfazwe ibangela ukubandezeleka nokufa kunokuba nayiphi na imfa ingasetyenziselwa ukulwa. Iimfazwe aziphilisi izifo okanye zikhusele izingozi zemoto okanye zinciphise ukuzibulala. (Enyanisweni, njengoko siza kubona kwisahluko esisihlanu, baqhuba ukuzitshitshisa ngokuphezu kwephahla.) Kungakhathaliseki ukuba bubi kangakanani umlawuli wesigxina okanye abantu, abanakubi ngaphezu kwemfazwe. Ukuba wayephila ukuba abe liwaka, uSaddam Hussein wayengenakwenza umonakalo kubantu base-Iraq okanye kwihlabathi ukuba imfazwe yokuphelisa izixhobo zakhe zobuxoki zenzile. Imfazwe ayiyona into ecocekileyo neyamkelekileyo yonakaliswa apha nakwezintlu. Imfazwe yonke inzondo, nangona xa iquka amajoni ngokuthobela ukubulala amajoni. Ngokuqhelekileyo, nangona kunjalo, konke oko kubandakanya. Ngokubanzi uZachary Taylor wabika ngeMexico naseMerika iMfazwe (1846-1848) kwiSebe leMfazwe yase-US:

“Ndiyazisola kakhulu ngokunika ingxelo yokuba uninzi lwamavolontiya eenyanga ezilishumi elinambini, kwindlela yabo esuka kumazantsi eRio Grande, benze ingqumbo enkulu kunye nokujongela phantsi abahlali abanoxolo. LUQALEKILE LUPHI IFOMU YOLWAPHULO-MTHETHO ENGAXELWANGA KUM NJENGOKUBA BAYENZA. ” [imali ebhalwe koqobo]

Ukuba u-General Taylor akazange afune ukufaka ubungqina obugqithisileyo, wayenokufanele ahlale emfazweni. Kwaye ukuba abantu baseMerika bavakalelwa ngendlela efanayo, bamele bafanele bamenze iqhawe kunye nomongameli wokuya emfazweni. Ukudlwengula kunye nokuhlushwa akuyona nto eyona nto yimbi yemfazwe. Ingxenye eyona nto iyona nto eyamkelekileyo: ukubulawa. Ukubandezeleka okubangelwa yiUnited States ngexesha leemfazwe zaso nje ngeAfghanistan ne-Iraq liyingxenye, kwaye akuyona into ebaluleke kakhulu, yoluhlu olukhulu. Ukuqhumisela kwamaYuda kwathatha malunga ne-6 ubomi bemizi ngendlela eyoyikrakra kakhulu, kodwa iMfazwe Yehlabathi II ithatha, ngokupheleleyo, malunga nezigidi ze-70-malunga nezigidi ze-24 ziyimikhosi. Asiva ezininzi malunga nama-9 yezigidi zamaSoviet eziwabulala amaJamani. Kodwa bafa bejongene nabantu ababefuna ukuwabulala, kwaye bona ngokwabo babephantsi komyalelo wokubulala. Kukho izinto ezimbalwa ezimbi nakwihlabathi. Ukungaphumeleli kwiintsomi zamatyala e-US kukuba ukuba ngexesha le-D-Day lihlasela, i-80 ekhulwini lomkhosi waseJamani wayexakeke ukulwa namaRashiya. Kodwa loo nto ayenzi amaRussia amaqhawe; itshintsha nje ingqwalasela yesiganeko esibuhlungu besilumko kunye nentlungu esempumalanga.

Uninzi lwabaxhasi bemfazwe bayavuma ukuba imfazwe isihogo. Kodwa abaninzi abantu bathanda ukukholelwa ukuba konke kulungile ngokusemgangathweni nehlabathi, ukuba yonke into iyona nto ifanelekileyo, ukuba zonke izenzo zinenjongo kaThixo. Nabo bangenayo inkolo, xa bethetha ngento ebuhlungu kakhulu okanye ebuhlungu, ingabi kubiza "Yeka buhlungu kwaye buhlungu!" Kodwa ukuthetha-kwaye kungekhona nje ukutshitshiswa kodwa nangeminyaka kamva - ukungakwazi kwabo "ukuqonda" okanye "ukukholelwa" okanye "Ukuqonda", ngokungathi intlungu kunye nokuhlupheka kwakungekho njengento ecacileyo ecacileyo njengolonwabo nolonwabo. Sifuna ukuzenza ngathi nguDkt. Pangloss ukuba yonke into iyona nto ifanelekileyo, kwaye indlela esenza ngayo ngemfazwe kukucinga ukuba icala lethu lilwa nokubi ngenxa yezinto ezilungileyo, kwaye loo mfazwe yindlela kuphela enokulwa ngayo kuqhutywa. Ukuba sinakho iindlela zokulwa nazo, njengokuba uSenator Beveridge ukhankanywe ngasentla, kufuneka silindele ukuba sisebenzise. I-Senator William Fulbright (D., iTyeya.) Ichaza le nto:

"Amandla athambekela ekuzidibaniseni ngobumnandi kwaye isizwe esikhulu sithinteka kakhulu kwiingcamango zokuthi amandla ayo ngumqondiso wokuthandwa nguThixo, enikezela uxanduva olukhethekileyo kwezinye iintlanga - ukuba zibenze zicebile kwaye zivuyiswe kwaye zibulumko, ukuzibuyisela , oko kukuthi, ngomfanekiso wayo okhanyayo. "

UMaleline Albright, uNobhala kaRhulumente xa uBill Clinton wayengumongameli, wayegqithise ngakumbi:

"Yintoni eyona nto yokufumana umkhosi wamasosha ohlala uthetha ngawo ukuba asikwazi ukuyisebenzisa?"

Inkolelo enelungelo likaThixo lokulwa nemfazwe ibonakala likhula ngakumbi xa amandla amakhulu empi elwa nokuchasene kakhulu kunamandla okulwa. Kwi-2008 intatheli yase-United States yabhala ngoGeneli uDavid Petraeus, owayengumlawuli wase-Iraq, "Kubonakala ukuba uThixo ubonekile ukunika i-Army yase-United States umgadi omkhulu ngaleli xesha."

Ngo-Agasti 6, i-1945, uMongameli uHarry S Truman wathi: "Kwiiyure ezilishumi elinesibhozo edlulileyo indiza yaseMelika ilahle ibhomu enye e-Hiroshima, isisiseko esibalulekileyo saseJapan. Le bhomu yayinamandla amakhulu kunama-20,000 amathani e-TNT. Kwamanye amawaka angamawaka amabini amandla okuqhuma eBritish 'Grand Slam' eyona ibhobho enkulu kunazo zonke ezasetyenziswa kwimbali yemfazwe. "

Xa uTruman axoxela eMelika ukuba uHiroshima wayengumkhosi wamajoni kunokuba idolophu ezele abantu abahlali, ngokuqinisekileyo abantu babefuna ukumkholelwa. Ngubani ofuna ihlazo lohlobo lwalo hlanga olwenza uhlobo olutsha lomonakalo? (Ngaba kuya kuthiwa nguManhattan ophantsi "umhlaba ongezantsi" ususa ityala?) Kwaye xa sifunde inyaniso, sasifuna kwaye sifuna ngamandla ukukholelwa ukuba imfazwe uxolo, ukuba ulwalamano luyisindiso, ukuba urhulumente wethu wehla amabhomu enyukliya ukuze asindise ubomi , okanye ubuncinane ukugcina ubomi baseMerika.

Sitshelana ukuba iibhobho zanciphisa imfazwe kwaye zilondoloze ubomi obuninzi kunezinye ze-200,000 ezithathileyo. Kodwa ke, iiveki ngaphambi kokuba ibhomu lokuqala lidibene, ngoJulayi 13, i-1945, iJapan yathumela i-telegram kwiSoviet Union ibonisa umnqweno wokuzinikela nokuphelisa imfazwe. I-United States yaphula iikhowudi zaseJapan kwaye yafunda i-telegram. UTruman ubhekisele kwidayari yakhe "kwipelegram evela eJap Emperor ecela uxolo." UTruman wayexelelwe ngeendlela zesiSwitzerland nezasePutukezi zokubamba ukuthula eJapan emva kweenyanga ezintathu phambi kweHiroshima. IJapane inqwenela kuphela ukunikezela ngokungahambisani nomthetho kwaye ilahle umlawuli wayo, kodwa iUnited States yaxininisa kule migama de emva kokuba iibhotile zawa, apho kwavumela iJapan ukuba igcine umbusi wayo.

Umcebisi kaMongameli uJacob Byrnes watshele uTruman ukuba ukulahla iibhombisi kuya kuvumela iUnited States ukuba "yenze imigaqo yokuphelisa imfazwe." UNobhala we-Navy uJames Forrestal wabhala kwincwadi yakhe ethi i-Byrnes "yayinomdla wokufumana intsebenziswano yaseJapan kunye ngaphambi kokuba abantu baseRussia bangene. "UTruman wabhala kwincwadi yakhe ethi amaSoviet alungiselela ukuhamba malunga neJapan kunye ne" Fini Japs xa kufika. "UTruman wayala ukuba ibhomu iwele eHiroshima ngo-Agasti 8th kunye nolunye uhlobo lwebhobho, ibhomu le-plutonium , apho umkhosi wawufuna ukuvavanya nokubonisa, kwiNagasaki ngo-Agasti 9th. Kwakhona ngo-Agasti 9th, amaSoviet ahlasela amaJapan. Ngeziveki ezimbini ezizayo, iiSoviets zabulala i-84,000 yaseJapan ngelixa zilahleka i-12,000 kumajoni abo, kwaye iUnited States yaqhubeka ibetha iJapan ngezixhobo ezingekho zixhobo zenukliya. Emva koko amaJapan anikezela. Uphando lweBhomu loMbutho we-United States luphelile ukuba,

". . . Ngokuqinisekileyo phambi kwe-31 Disemba, i-1945, kwaye nakuyo yonke into ngaphambi kokuba i-1 ngoNovemba, i-1945, iJapan yayiza kunika nokuba iibhomu ze-athomu azizange zitshitshiswe, nangona ukuba i-Russia ayingenanga kwimfazwe, kwaye nokuba kwakungekho nxamnye nokuhlasela okanye kucatshangelwe. "

Omnye ummangali oye wavakalisa lo mbono kuNobhala weMfazwe ngaphambi kokuba ibhomu ibingumGququzeleli uDwight Eisenhower. Usihlalo weeNtloko zeeNtloko zoBasebenzi uSolomon D. Leahy wavuma:

"Ukusetyenziswa kwesi sixhobo esibi kwiHiroshima naseNagasaki kwakungekho ncedo olubonakalayo kwimfazwe yethu neJapan. AmaJapan ayesele anqotshwa kwaye alungele ukuzinikela. "

Nantoni na ukuphosa iibhobho zingaba negalelo ekupheliseni imfazwe, kuyaqaphela ukuba indlela yokusongela ukuyilahla, indlela esetyenziswe ngexesha leminyaka yeXesha leNtsholongwane yokuLandela, ayizange ilandwe. Ingcaciso mhlawumbi ifumaneka kwiingxelo zikaTruman ezibonisa isizathu sokuphindezela:

"Xa sifumene ibhomu esiyisebenzisileyo. Siyisebenzise ngokuchasene nalabo bahlasele ngaphandle kwesixwayiso kwiPearl Harbour, malunga nalabo abalambileyo baze batshabalalisa amabanjwa aseMerika, kunye nalabo baye bashiya konke ukuzithoba kokuthobela umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe. "

U-Truman akazange akhethe iTokyo njengephambili - kungekhona ngenxa yokuba yayiyidolophu, kodwa ngenxa yokuba sasiyinciphise.

Iintlekele zenyukliya zibe zikhona, kungekhona ukuphela kweMfazwe Yehlabathi, kodwa ukuvula umkhosi weMfazwe yeCold, ekujoliswe kuyo ukuthumela umyalezo kumaSoviet. Amagosa amaninzi aphantsi nakwizinga eliphezulu kumkhosi waseMelika, kuquka abalawuli abaziintloko, baye bahendwa ukuba baye kwiidolophu ezininzi ukususela ngoku, beqala noTruman besongela i-nuke yaseChina kwi-1950. Ingqungquthela yavela, enyanisweni, ukuba intshukumo ye-Eisenhower ye-nuking yaseChina yaholela ekugqibeleni ngokukhawuleza kweMfazwe yaseKorea. Ukukholelwa ukuba loo ngqungquthela iholele uMongameli uRichard Nixon, emva kweminyaka emininzi, ukucinga ukuba unokuphelisa iMfazwe yaseVietnam ngokuzenza ngathi uhlaseleyo ukuze usebenzise amabhomu enyukliya. Eminye into ephazamisayo, ngokuqinisekileyo wayeyindoda edibeneyo. "Ibhomu le nyukliya, ngaba oko kukukhathaza? . . . Ndifuna nje ukuba ucinge omkhulu, uHenry, u-Christsakes, "u-Nixon wathi kuHenry Kissinger ekuxubusha izinto ezenziwa kwiVietnam.

UMongameli uGeorge W. Bush wayejongene nokuphuhliswa kwezixhobo zenyukliya ezincinci ezingasetyenziselwa ngokulula, kunye nezibhamu ezinkulu ezingekho nenyukliya, ziphazamise umgca phakathi kwezi zibini. UMongameli uBarack Obama wasungulwa kwi-2010 ukuba iUnited States ingayenza kuqala ngezixhobo zenuzi, kodwa i-Iran kuphela okanye iNyakatho Korea. I-United States yathi, ngaphandle kobungqina, ukuba i-Iran ayihambisani neNuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT), nangona ukuphulwa ngokucacileyo kwalo mnqophiso ukuhluleka kwe-United States ukusebenzela ukukhubazeka kunye neSivumelwano soMbutho woKhuselo eManyeneyo eUnited Kingdom, apho amazwe amabini abelana ngezixhobo zenukliya ngokuchasene neCandelo 1 ye-NPT, kwaye nangona umgaqo-nkqubo wokuqala we-Armed States we-United States uphazamisa esinye isivumelwano: i-Charter ye-UN.

Abantu baseMerika abanakuze bamkele oko kwenziwa eHiroshima naseNagasaki, kodwa ilizwe lethu liye lalingenakulungelelaniswa. Emva kokuba iJamani ihlasela iPoland, iBrithani neFransi babememezele imfazwe eJamani. IBrithani kwi-1940 yaphula isivumelwano kunye neJamani ukuba ingabhekisi abantu, ngaphambi kokuba iJamani ibuyise ngendlela efanayo neNgilani-nangona iJamani yayibetha iBuernica, iSpain, kwi-1937, ne-Warsaw, ePoland, kwi-1939, kwaye iJapan yayibhoxisa abantu eChina. Emva koko, iminyaka, iBrithani kunye neJamani baqhubhisa iidolophu zodwa ngaphambi kokuba i-United States ingene kuyo, ibhobhoza izixeko zaseJamani kunye namaJapane kwindawo yokutshatyalaliswa ngokungafani nantoni na eyake yabonayo. Xa sasiqhumisa izixeko zaseJapan, i-Life magazine yaprinta isithombe somntu waseJapan ovuthayo ekufeni waza wathi "Le ndlela yodwa." Ngexesha leMfazwe yaseVietnam, imifanekiso enjalo yayingqubuzana. Ngexesha le-2003 iMfazwe e-Iraq, imifanekiso enjalo yayingaboniswa, njengokuba izidumbu zezitha zazingabalwa. Olu phuhliso, ngokuqinisekileyo uhlobo lwenkqubela phambili, lusasishiya kude kude nosuku apho iintlondi ziza kuboniswa ngegama elithi "Kufuneka kubekho enye indlela."

Ukuchasana nobubi yintoni abaqhubi bezoxolo abazenzayo. Ayikho imfazwe. Kwaye akunjalo, ubuncinane ngokucacileyo, oko kukhuthaza abaphathi beemfazwe, abo baceba imfazwe baze bazise. Kodwa kuyalinga ukucinga njalo. Kuyinto enhle kakhulu ukwenza imibingelelo enesibindi, nokuba ngumnikelo wokugqibela wobomi, ukuze kupheliswe ububi. Mhlawumbi uzuzisayo ukusebenzisa abanye abantwana babantu ngokukhawuleza ukuphelisa ububi, okubakho bonke abancedisayo bemfazwe. Kulungile ukuba yinxalenye yento enkulu kunaleyo. Kunokuvuyisa ukubonakalisa ukuthanda ubuzwe. Inokuba yinto enomdla ngokukhawuleza Ndiqinisekile ukuba, xa kungekho nto ilungileyo kunye nobungangamsha, ukuzondla inzondo, ubandlululo kunye namanye amaqela. Kukulungele ukucinga ukuba iqela lakho liphezulu kunomnye umntu. Kwaye ukuthanda ubuhlanga, ubuhlanga, kunye nezinye iifom ezikwahlula kwiintshaba, zinokubambisana ngokukhawuleza, ngokukhawuleza, kunye nabamelwane bakho kunye nabantu basekhaya kulo mida ongenanto engabonakaliyo.

Ukuba uxhalabile kwaye unomsindo, ukuba unqwenela ukuziva uxabisekileyo, unamandla, kwaye ulawula, ukuba unqwenela ilayisenisi ukuba uhlawule ngokuphindisela okanye ngokusemzimbeni, unokuvuyisa urhulumente ovakalisa iholide ngokuziphatha kunye nemvume evulwe thiyile aze a bulale. Uya kubona ukuba abancedisi beemfazwe abanomdla ngokuthe ngandlela-thile bafuna abachasene nemfazwe abachasene kunye nokuxhatshazwa kunye neentshaba ezinobungozi; Inzondo ibaluleke ngakumbi kunento yayo. Ukuba iinkolelo zakho zonqulo zixelela ukuba imfazwe ilungile, ngoko uhambe kakhulu. Ngoku uyingxenye yesicwangciso sikaThixo. Uya kuhlala emva kokufa, kwaye mhlawumbi sonke siya kuba ngcono xa uzisa ekufeni kwethu sonke.

Kodwa iinkolelo ezintle ezilungileyo kunye nobubi azihambelani kakuhle nehlabathi lenene, kungakhathaliseki ukuba bangaphi abantu ababelana nabo ngokungathandabuzekiyo. Akunakukwenza ube yinkosi yendalo yonke. Ngokuphambene noko, babeka ukulawula kwexesha lakho kwizandla zabantu ngokuxhaphaza ngokunyanisekileyo ngemfazwe. Kwaye inzondo kunye nokuxhatshaza akuboneli ukwaneliseka ngonaphakade, kodwa kunoko kuvelisa ukucaphuka komsindo.

Ngaba ungaphezu kwayo yonke loo nto? Ngaba unobandlululo obugqithisileyo kunye nezinye iinkolelo ezinjalo? Ngaba uyayisekela iimfazwe kuba, ngokwenene, iinjongo ezihloniphekileyo nazo? Ngaba ucinga ukuba iimfazwe, nokuba ziphi na iimvakalelo ezixhomekeke kubo, zilwa nokukhusela amaxhoba ezichasayo kunye nokugcina iindlela eziphambili zentlalo kunye nentando yeninzi? Masiqwalasele kweso sahluko ezimbini.