IINQUBA ZINAKHUMBULWA KWI-BATTLEFIELDS

Sithetha ngokuthumela amajoni ukuba alwe kwiimfazwe. Igama elithi 'imfazwe' libonakala kwizigidi, mhlawumbi iibhiliyoni, zeendaba ezimalunga neemfazwe zethu. Yaye eli gama lidlulisela abaninzi kuthi indawo apho amajoni alwa namanye amajoni. Asizicingeli ngezinto ezithile ezifunyenwe kwibala lemfazwe. Asicinga imindeni epheleleyo, okanye iipikniksi, okanye amaqela omtshato, umzekelo, njengoko kufumaneka kwindawo yokulwa - okanye izitolo zokutya okanye iicawa. Asizifaneli izikolo okanye indawo yokudlala okanye ugogo noomkhulu phakathi kwendawo yokulwa. Sifumana into efana ne-Gettysburg okanye iMfazwe Yehlabathi I-France: intsimi elwa nayo. Mhlawumbi usemahlathini okanye ezintabeni okanye entlango yelizwe elithile elikude "silwela," kodwa luhlobo oluthile lwensimu elwa nelo. Yintoni enye inokulwa nayo?

Ekubonweni kokuqala, imfazwe yethu ayibonakali apho sihlala khona kwaye sisebenza kwaye sidlale njengabantu abahlali, nje ngokuba "thina" kuyaqondwa ukuba zithetha amaMerika. Iimfazwe azenzeki eUnited States. Kodwa kubantu abahlala kumazwe apho iimfazwe zethu ziye zalwa khona, kwaye kubandakanywa, iMfazwe Yehlabathi II, okuthiwa "ibutho lemfazwe" licacile ngokucacileyo kwaye liqhubeka libandakanya iidolophu zabo kunye neendawo zokuhlala. Kwiimeko ezininzi, loo nto yonke imfazwe yenziwe. Akuzange kubekho nenye indawo, engekho indawo yokuhlala eyingxenye yemfazwe. Ngoxa iilwa zeBull zigijima okanye iManassas zahlulwa entsimini kufuphi neManassas, eVirginia, amaButho ase-Fallujah awalwa kwisixeko sase Fallujah, eIraq. Xa iVietnam yayiyindawo yokulwa, yonke into yayiyilwafa, okanye oko i-US Army ngoku kuthiwa "i-battlespace." Xa iidrones zethu zidubula izibhamu zibe ePakistan, izilwanyana ezityhukisayo zokuzibulala zisuke zingekho kwindawo ekhethiweyo; bahlala ezindlwini, kunye nabo bonke abanye abantu "esibuhlungu" siwabulala njengenxalenye yeengxoxo. (Kwaye ubuncinci abanye bahlobo bahlobo lwabo baya kuqalisa ukucwangcisa uburhulumente, ezo ziindaba ezilungileyo kubenzi beedrones.)

Icandelo: YIYONKE

Ukujonga okwesibini, imfazwe okanye i-battlespace iquka iMelika. Enyanisweni, kubandakanya igumbi lakho lokulala, igumbi lakho lokulala, indawo yokuhlambela kuyo, kunye nenye indawo kwenye indawo kwi-planethi okanye ukuyikhupha, kwaye mhlawumbi neengcamango ezisentloko yakho. Ingcamango yemfazwe isandisiwe, ukuyibeka ngokuthobeka. Ngoku idibanisa nawaphi na amasosha xa beqeshwe ngokunyanisekileyo. Abaqhubi bee-pilot bathetha ukuba bekho emfazweni xa beye bahamba ibanga elide ngaphezu kwanoma yini efana nentsimi okanye isakhiwo sezindlu. Abanqwelisi ba thetha ukuba bekho emfazweni xa bengagqithanga ngomhlaba owomileyo. Kodwa ibhola elitsha libandakanya nayiphi na imikhosi yase-US inokuqashwa ukuba yenzeke kuyo, apho apho indlu yakho ingena khona. Ukuba umongameli uthi wena "umkhosi weentshaba," awuyi kuphila kuphela empini - uya kuba yintshaba, nokuba sifuna ukuba okanye cha. Kutheni kufuneka ideskiti ene-joystick yaseLas Vegas ibalwe njengemfazwe apho inqwelomoya ibhaqa i-drone, kodwa igumbi lakho lehotele lingavaliyo?

Xa amabutho ase-US abamba abantu esitratweni eMilano okanye kwisikhumulo sezindiza eNew York aze abathume ukuba bahlanjululwe kwiintolongo zamfihlo, okanye xa umkhosi wethu ukhokhela umvuzo kumntu wase-Afghanistan ukunikezela ngokubambisana kunye nokuwagweba ngamanga , kwaye sithumela amaxhoba ukuba afakwe entolongweni ngonaphakade kwiGuantanamo okanye khona apho eBagram, yonke loo mi sebenzi kuthiwa yenzeke emfazweni. Naluphi na umntu onokumangalelwa ngongongobungqina aze athunjwe okanye abulawe yinqaba. Akukho ncoko yokukhulula abantu abangenacala baseGuantanamo kuya kugqitywa ngaphandle kokubonakalisa ukwesaba ukuba "babuyele empini," oko kuthetha ukuba banokubandakanya ulwalamlo lwase-US, nokuba ngaba babenjenjalo ngaphambili okanye bengenalo, kwaye kungakhathaliseki ukuba apho bangakwenza khona.

Xa inkundla yaseNtaliyane inecala i-CIA agents ngokungabikho kokuthumba indoda e-Italy ukuze ihlutye, inkundla igxininisa ukuba izitalato zaseItali azikho kwindawo yokulwa yase-US. Xa iUnited States ihluleka ukunikezela abagwetywayo, ibuyisela ibhokhwe apho ikhona khona: nganye nakwikhonkco nganye. Siza kubona kwisahluko seshumi elinambini ukuba le mfazamo yemfazwe iphakamisa imibuzo esemthethweni. Ukufa ngokuqhelekileyo abantu baye babonwa njengemithetho emfazweni kodwa bengekho mthethweni ngaphandle kwayo. Ngaphandle kweemeko zethu zemfazwe ngokwazo zingekho mthethweni, ukuba ngaba kuvunyelwe ukuba bandise ukuba baqulethe ukubulawa kwabantu eYemen? Kuthiwani ngomkhankaso omkhulu wokuqhuma ibhomu kunye needrones ezingenamntu ePakistan? Kutheni ukuba ukunyuka okuncinci kobulali obude bufaneleke kakhulu kunokuba ukwandiswa okukhulu okubulala abantu abaninzi?

Kwaye ukuba imfazwe iyindawo yonke, i-United States nayo. Ulawulo luka-Obama kwi-2010 lugunyazisile ilungelo lokubulala abantu baseMerika, becinga ukuba sele benokuqonda ngokufanayo ilungelo lokubulala abantu abangewona amerika. Kodwa lathi igunya lokubulala amaMelika kuphela ngaphandle kwe-United States. Sekunjalo, imikhosi yemikhosi esebenzayo imiswe ngaphakathi eUnited States kwaye yabelwe ukulwa apha ukuba iyalwe. Umkhosi usetyenziselwa ukucoca, okanye ubuncinane ukulondoloza, ukuchithwa kweoli, ukuncedisa kwimisebenzi yamapolisa asekhaya kunye nokuhlola abahlali base-US. Siphila kwingingqi yehlabathi elipolisa nguMyalelo weMntla. Yintoni enokumisa imfazwe ngaphaya kweMilayli yoMkhosi ukusuka ekusasazeni kwiidolophu zethu?

Ngo-Matshi i-2010, uJohn Yoo, omnye wabameli beSebe lezobuLungisa abaye banceda uGeorge W. Bush "ngokusemthethweni" ukugunyaza imfazwe enobudlova, ukuthunjwa, ukuhlola okungaqinisekanga kunye nolunye ulwaphulo-mthetho, wathetha kwidolophu yam. Imfazwe yolwaphulo namhlanje ihamba ngokubhekiselele kwincwadi yokutyelela ngaphambi kokuba igazi lime, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha bayathatha imibuzo kubaphulaphuli. Ndambuza uYoo ukuba umongameli angadubula imikhosi eya eUnited States. Okanye ngaba umongameli angashenxisa amabhomu enyukliya ngaphakathi eUnited States? UJoo wenqaba ukuvumela nayiphi na imida kumandla kamongameli, ngaphandle kwexesha mhlawumbi kwixesha kunokuba indawo. Umongameli angenza nantoni na ayikhethileyo, nangona e-United States, nje ngokuba "yimfazwe." Kodwa, ukuba "imfazwe yongcangcazeliso" yenza ixesha lokulwa, kwaye ukuba "imfazwe yesiganeko" ihlala kwizizukulwana, njengokuba lwabaxhasi babo banqwenela, ngoko akukho mingeni.

NgoJuni 29, i-2010, uSeninja uLindsey Graham (R., SC) waphendulwa ngoko uMceli-Jikelele kunye noMtyunjwa weNkundla ePhakamileyo ye-Supreme Court u-Elena Kagan. Uthi uGraham uthi: "Ingxaki yile mfazwe," uGraham uthe, "akuyi kuze kubekho ukuphela kokuphela kobundlobongela, kuya kuba khona?" UGagan wagxuma waza wavuma: "Leyo yinkxalabo, iSenator." Enyamekela ixesha miqobo. Kuthiwani ngemimiselo yendawo? Emva koko, uGraham wabuza:

"Imfazwe, undixelele ngeengxoxo zethu zangaphambili, ukuba imfazwe kule mfazwe yihlabathi lonke. Okokuthi, ukuba umntu ubanjwe ePhilippines, ngubani owayengummali we-al Qaeda, kwaye athathwe ePhilippines, aya kuba phantsi kokumelana nokulwa nesitha. Um, ngenxa yehlabathi lonke lehlabathi. Ngaba uyavuma oko? "

U-Kagan unqabile kwaye wadibana, ngoxa uGraham wambuza oku kathathu, ngaphambi kokuba acacise ukuba, ewe, wavuma.

Ngoko imfazwe iya kuba yimoya yengqondo kunendawo yokuhlala. Ukuba sisoloko sisemfazweni, ukuba uhambo loxolo lusemfazweni, kwakhona ke sasilungelelanisa oko sithethayo. Asiyi kufuna ukunceda intshaba ngandlela-thile, ngelixa siphila ekulweni. Iimfazwe, nangona xa imfazwe yayingekho, njengonkulunkulu, ikhona yonke indawo, ihlale isenomdla wokuphelisa amalungelo anzima. Le nkcubeko eUnited States iquka uMongameli uJohn Adams 'Alien and Exitations Act of 1798, u-Abraham Lincoln ukumiswa kweHaasas corpus, uMthetho we-Espionage kaWolrow Wilson kunye noMthetho wokuBikela, uMnuz Franklin Roosevelt oqokelelwa ngabantu baseJapan baseMerika, ubuhlanya bukaMcCarthyism, ukuphuhliswa kwexesha likaBush-Obama elithathele ngokwenene inxalenye yokuqala ye-PATRIOT Act.

NgoJulayi 25, i-2008, uxinzelelo lokuphendula uxanduva lokusetyenziswa kakubi kwamandla luye lwaba lukhulu kakhulu ukuthulisa ukuqhubeka. Ikomidi leNkundla yeeNkundla yavunywa ukuba ivume ukuvalelwa kwecala likaGeorge W. Bush. USihlalo uJohn Conyers bebenokubamba iintlanganiso ezifanayo kwi-2005 njengelungu elincinci elincinci, ukukhangisa injongo yakhe yokuphinda iphendule i-War on Iraq xa enikwe igunya. Wabamba loo mandla ukususela ngoJanuwari 2007 phambili, kwaye ngoJulayi 2008 - ekufumene imvume yoMlomo uSomlomo uNancy Pelosi - wabamba le ntetho. Ukuze enze ukufana kwiintlanganiso ezingekho mthethweni ebezibambe iminyaka emithathu zigqityiweyo, iConyers yabhengeza phambi kokuvalelwa ukuba, ngelixa ubungqina beza kuvakala, akukho migaqo yokuphambuka. Ukuva kwakunzima nje. Kodwa ubungqina bubuhlungu obubi kwaye buquka inkcazo evela kwiSebe laseburhulumenteni laseburhulumenteni uBruce Fein okuvela kuyo oku:

Emva kwe-9 / 11, igatsha elilawulayo lathetha - ngokuvuma okanye ukufumana imvume yeCongress kunye nabantu baseMerika - isimo semfazwe esisigxina kunye nobuphekula bamazwe ngamazwe, oko kukuthi, imfazwe ayiyi kugqiba kude kube yinto ekhoyo okanye inokuba yindlobongela eMilky Way. nokuba babulawe okanye babanjwe kwaye ingozi yesiganeko samazwe angamazwe ayencitshiswa. Isigqeba esiphetheyo sigcinwe ngaphandle kokuphikisana neCongress okanye abantu baseMerika ekubeni u-Osama bin Laden esongela ukubulala amaMerika ngaliphi na ixesha nakweyiphi na indawo, ihlabathi lonke, kuquka yonke i-United States, yindawo yokulwa apho ibutho lemikhosi kunye nemikhosi Umthetho unokuqashwa kwiqumrhu elilawulayo.

"Ngokomzekelo, igatsha elilawulayo libiza igunya lokusebenzisa umkhosi wokubhankwa kwamabhomu kwiidolophu e-United States ukuba ikholelwa ukuba iiseli zokulala ze-Al Qaeda zihlala apho kwaye zifihliwe phakathi kwabantu ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba igatsha elilawulayo lazi ukuba uSaddam Hussein wayenalo izixhobo zokutshabalalisa. . . .

"Isebe elilawulayo libhekiselele imikhosi yaseUnited States ukubulala okanye ukubamba abantu abasolisayo ukuba banamathele kwi-Al Qaeda kumazwe angaphandle, umzekelo iItaly, iMacedonia, okanye i-Yemen, kodwa ityunde kuphela umhlali waseUnited States, u-Ali Saleh Kahlah al-Marri , ukusuka ekhayeni lakhe ngokungenasiphelo njengobungqina obusolwalayo. Kodwa ukuba isigqeba solawulo esiseburhulumenteni sokulungiswa kwezenzo zakhe ezinokuthotyelwayo akusohlwaywanga ngokuphambuka okanye ngenye indlela, kuya kusungulwa umzekelo wegunya elilawulayo eliza kulala ngokufana nesixhobo esipheleleyo esilungele ukusetyenziswa ngabani na abasemthethweni abanomdla wokukhawuleza. Ngaphezu koko, ooBawo abaQalayo baqonda ukuba amabango amashishini angatshitshiyo aqinisekisiwe. "

Akukho mpendulo zingqwabalala zazizayo, kwaye uMongameli u-Obama wagcina kwaye wandisile kumagunya amiselwe oomongameli ngu George W. Bush. Imfazwe ngoku yayisesikweni kuyo yonke indawo kwaye ingunaphakade, ngaloo ndlela ivumela abongameli nangamandla amakhulu, abanokuthi bawasebenzise ekulweni iimfazwe ezingaphezulu, ekungafunyanwa kuzo amagunya angakumbi, njalo njalo ukuya eArmagedon, ngaphandle kokuba kukho into eyaphule umjikelo.

Icandelo: KUNYE

Imfazwe inokuthi iyasijikeleze, kodwa iimfazwe zijoliswe kwiindawo ezithile. Kwazo nakwezinye iindawo-ezifana ne-Iraq ne-Afghanistan-iimfazwe zinezinto ezimbini ezibalulekileyo zemfazwe yemveli-intsimi ngokwazo kunye notshaba olubonakalayo. Ngaphandle kwamanye amazwe, intshaba ibonakala njengabaxhamli bemfazwe yoluntu. Abantu abodwa kuphela abaqaphela ukuba ngubani na olwa kwimfazwe ngabahlali basemzini. ISoviet Union yafumanisa lobuthathaka kwimisebenzi yamanye amazwe xa yazama ukuhlala e-Afghanistan ngexesha le-1980. UOleg Vasilevich Kustov, umkhosi we-37 weminyaka yemikhosi yaseSoviet neyaseRussia, uchaze le meko yamaSoviet:

"Ngaphandle kwindlunkulu, i-Kabul, kwizithili ezininzi kwakunobungozi ukuhamba ngaphezu kwe-200 okanye i-300 yamitha ukusuka ekufakweni okulondolozwe yimikhosi yethu okanye amabutho empi yase-Afghan, amabutho angaphakathi, kunye neenkonzo zecala - ukwenza oko kwakukubeka ubomi engozini. Ukunyaniseka ngokupheleleyo, sasilwa nabantu. "

Oku kubeka ngokugqibeleleyo. Imfazwe ayilwe imikhosi. Akunjalo nabasebenzi abachasene nedemon. Baye balwa nabantu. Khumbula ijoni lase-US kwisahluko sesihlanu esadubula ibhinqa ebonakala ukuba izisa isikhwama sokutya kumajoni ase-US? Wayeza kukhangela ngokufanayo ukuba wayethetha ibhomu. Ijoni lalifanele lixelele njani umahluko? Wayenyanzelekile ukuba enze ntoni?

Impendulo, ewe, kukuba kukuba kwakungabikho. Ibutho lemfazwe ligcwele izitha ezibukeka ngokufanayo, kodwa ngamanye amaxesha azinjalo, abafazi bazisa ukutya. Kubuxoki ukubiza indawo enjalo "kwindawo yokulwa."

Enye indlela yokwenza oku kucacileyo, kwaye ngokusoloko kuphazamisa abantu, kukuqaphela ukuba uninzi lwabo ababulewe kwiimfazwe ngabantu. Ixesha elingcono mhlawumbi 'lingabandakanyeki.' Abanye abantu bahlala kwiimfazwe. Kwaye abo banxamnye nokusebenza kwamanye amazwe ngokunyanisekileyo akufuneki ukuba ngumkhosi. Akukho nto ecacileyo yokuziphatha okanye yokusemthethweni yokubulala abo balwa yimfazwe ekhuselekileyo kunokuba kukho ukubulala abantu abangabandakanyekanga.

Ukulinganiswa kokufa kweemfazwe kuyahluka kuyo nayiphi na imfazwe. Azikho iimfazwe ezimbini ezifanayo, kwaye amanani ayatshintsha ukuba abo bafa emva kokulimala okanye izifo kubandakanywa nabo babulawa ngokukhawuleza. Kodwa ngoqikelelo oluninzi, nokuba kubalwa kuphela abo babulawa ngokukhawuleza, uninzi lwabantu ababulewe kwimfazwe kwiminyaka emva nje bengabandakanyeki. Kwaye kwiimfazwe ezibandakanya iUnited States, uninzi lwabo babulawa bekungewona amaMelika. Ezi zombini ezi nkcukacha, kunye namanani abandakanyekayo, ziya kubonakala ziphosa kunoma ubani ufumana iindaba zabo zemfazwe ezivela kwi-media media yase-Amerika, ngokuqhelekileyo ichaza "imfa efile" kwaye uludwe kuphela ngabantu baseMerika.

"Imfazwe elungileyo," iMfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi, isengoyena mntu ubulalayo ngalo lonke ixesha, kunye nokufa komkhosi kuqikelelwa kwizigidi ezingama-20 ukuya kuma-25 (kubandakanya nezigidi ezi-5 zokufa kwamabanjwa aseluvalelweni), kunye nokufa kwabantu abaqhelekileyo kuqikelelwa kwizigidi ezingama-40 ukuya kwezingama-52 (kubandakanya ezili-13 kwizigidi ezingama-20 kwizifo ezinxulumene nemfazwe nendlala). I-United States yafumana ubunzima obuncinci bokufa-kuqikelelwa ukuba ngama-417,000 emkhosini kunye ne-1,700 yabantu. Lubalo oloyikisayo, kodwa lincinci ngokunxulumene nokubandezeleka kwamanye amazwe.

Imfazwe yaseKorea yabona ukufa kwabantu abaqikelelwa kuma-500,000 amajoni aseMntla Korea; Amajoni amaTshayina angama-400,000 245,000; 415,000 - 37,000 imikhosi yaseMzantsi Korea; Amajoni angama-2 ase-US; kunye ne-XNUMX yezigidi zabantu baseKorea.

Imfazwe yaseVietnam ingaba ibulale i-4 izigidi zabantu okanye ngaphezulu, kunye ne-1.1 yezigidi ze-Vietnam zaseNyakatho yase-Vietnam, amasosha ase-40,000 aseMzantsi Vietnam, kunye ne-58,000 yase-US.

Kwiminyaka emashumi emva kokutshatyalaliswa kweVietnam, iUnited States yabulala abantu abaninzi kwiimfazwe ezininzi, kodwa kwabulawa amasosha ambalwa ase-US. Imfazwe yaseGulf yabona ukufa kwe-382 yase-US, inani elona liphezulu le-US phakathi kweVietnam kunye "nemfazwe yongcangcazo." Ukuhlasela kwe-1965-1966 yeRiphabliki yaseDominican akuzange kubonakalise ubomi obufanayo be-US. I-Grenada kwixabiso le-1983 i-19. I-Panama kwi-1989 yabona i-40 baseMerika bafa. I-Bosnia-Herzegovina kunye neKosovo yabona i-32 imfazwe yase-US. Iimfazwe zazingumzimba owabulala abantu abambalwa baseMelika xa kuthelekiswa namanani amaninzi angabandakanyekanga base-US abachaphazelekayo.

Iimfazwe e-Iraq nase-Afghanistan zifana nokubona ezinye iinkalo zenza phantse bonke abafa. Amanani ayephakamileyo kangangokuthi kwanokufa okuncinci kwe-US kubalwe ukuya kumawaka. Abantu baseMerika beva ngeendaba zabo zokuzonwabisa ukuba amasosha ase-US ase-4,000 afela e-Iraq, kodwa abayifumana nantoni na ingxelo malunga nokufa kwabantu base-Iraq. Xa iindaba zokufa kwe-Iraq zibikwa, amajelo ase-US athetha ukuqokelela iifayile eziqokelelwa kwiingxelo zentlangano ezivulekileyo kwaye zigqithise ngokugqithiseleyo amathuba okuba inani elikhulu lokufa lingaxelwa. Ngenhlanhla, kwenziwe izifundo ezimbini ezibalulekileyo zokufa kwabantu base-Iraq ezibangelwa ukuhlasela kunye nomsebenzi owaqala ngo-Matshi 2003. Ezi zifundo zilinganisa ukufa okugqithisileyo izinga lokufa eliphezulu elikhoyo phantsi kwezohlwayo zamazwe ngamazwe phambi koMatshi 2003.

I-Lancet yapapasha iziphumo zophando lwamakhaya abantu abaswelekileyo ukuphela kukaJuni ka-2006. Kwipesenti ezingama-92 zemizi yacelwa ukuba ivelise isatifikethi sokusweleka sokuqinisekisa ukuba umntu oswelekileyo uxeliwe. Isifundo sigqibe kwelokuba bekukho abantu abangama-654,965 abaswelekileyo abanogonyamelo kunye nabangenamthetho. Oku kubandakanya ukusweleka okubangelwe kukwanda kokungabi namthetho, iziseko zophuhliso ezonakeleyo, kunye nokunakekelwa kwezempilo okuhlwempuzekileyo. Uninzi lwabantu ababhubhileyo (i-601,027) yayiqikelelwa ukuba ibangelwe bubundlobongela. Unobangela wokusweleka kobundlobongela kwakuyi-gunshot (iipesenti ezingama-56), ibhombu yemoto (iipesenti ezili-13), okunye ukuqhuma / ukuqina (iipesenti ezili-14), uqhankqalazo lomoya (iipesenti ezili-13), ingozi (iipesenti ezi-2), nengaziwayo (iipesenti ezi-2). Umgaqo-nkqubo wezangaphandle, umbutho osekwe eWashington, ubala ukubhubha okuqikelelweyo ngexesha lokubhalwa, kuchazwe kwingxelo yeLancet ngokusekwe kwinqanaba lokufa elixeliweyo kumajelo eendaba kule minyaka iphakathi. Uqikelelo lwangoku li-1,366,350.

Isifundo sesibini esibalulekileyo sokufa esabangelwa yiMfazwe yase-Iraq kwakuyi-poll ye-2,000 yabantu abadala base-Iraq abaqhutywe yi-Opinion Research Business (ORB) ngo-Agasti 2007. I-ORB iqikelele ukubulawa kobudlova be-1,033,000 ngenxa yeMfazwe yase-Iraq: "Iipesenti ze-48 zafa ngenxa yecala lokuqhuma, i-20 ekhulwini kwiimpembelelo zebhomu yemoto, ipesenti ze-9 kwi-bombardment yangaphandle, ipesenti ze-6 ngenxa yengozi, kunye ne-6 ekhulwini ukusuka olunye ukuqhuma / ukulungiswa. "

Ukufa okuqikelelwa kwiMfazwe yase-Afghanistan kwakuphantsi kakhulu kodwa kuphakama ngokukhawuleza ngexesha lo kubhala.

Kuzo zonke iimfazwe, umntu unokungeza inani elikhulu lokubulawa kwabantu abalimele kunokuba ndichazile abafileyo. Kukhuselekile ukucinga kwimeko nganye inani elikhulu kwinani labaxhatshazwayo, inkedama, lingahlali, okanye lixoshwe. Inkathazo ye-refugee yase-Iraq iquka izigidi. Ngaphandle koko, la manani alithathanga ubunjani bomgangatho wobomi kwimimandla yemfazwe, ixesha eliqhelekileyo lokunciphisa ixesha lokuphila, ukunyuka kwamaxesha okuzalwa, ukusabalalisa ngokukhawuleza kwamabhansela, ukuxhalaba kweebhotile ezingachangekanga zihleli zijikelezile, okanye amajoni ase-US ayetyhefu kwaye bazama kwaye baphika isinxephezelo.

U-Zeeshan-ul-hassan Usmani, uprofesa oncedisayo kwi-Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute kwiPhondo lasePakistan laseNyakatho-ntshonalanga yasePakistan, esandula ukugqiba iminyaka emihlanu njengomfundi we-Fulbright wase-US, uxela ukuba i-drone eqhubekayo kunye engekho mthethweni yase-United States ibetha ePakistan ibulale i-29 amaphekula, kunye nabahlali be-1,150, balimaza i-379 ngaphezulu.

Ukuba iinombolo ezingentla zichanekile, iMfazwe Yehlabathi II yabulala i-67 ipesenti zabantu, iMfazwe yaseKorea i61 iiprogram yabantu, iMfazwe yaseVietnam i-77 iiprogram yabantu, iMfazwe e-Iraq 99.7 ekhulwini i-Iraqis (nokuba ngabahlali) kunye neDyone War on I-Pakistan 98 ipesenti zabantu.

Ngo-Matshi i-16, i-2003, umfazi waseMelika ogama lakhe linguRachel Corrie wayemi phambi komntu wasePalestina emqulwini waseGaza, enethemba lokukhusela ekubhubhiseni yimpi yase-Israel eyayifuna ukukhulisa iindawo zokuhlala zase-Israel. Wayejongene ne-Caterpillar D9-R ibhuldozer, kwaye yamtyhafa ekufeni. Ukukhusela isantya sentsapho yakhe kwintendelezo ngoSeptemba 2010, umkhokeli wecandelo loqeqesho lwezempi lase-Israel wachaza: "Ngexesha lemfazwe akukho zizwe."

Icandelo: AMAZI NABANTWANA KWOKUQALA

Enye into ekufuneka uyikhumbule ngabantu basekuhlaleni kukuba awona onke amadoda angamajoni. Abanye babo ngabantu abadala. Enyanisweni abo bahlala bebuthathaka kakhulu banokubulawa. Abanye bafazi. Abanye banabantwana, iintsana, okanye abafazi abakhulelweyo. Abasetyhini kunye nabantwana abadibeneyo mhlawumbi benza ininzi yamaxhoba exhoba, njengokuba sicinga ngemfazwe njengomsebenzi ngokuyinhloko kubantu. Ukuba sicinga ngemfazwe njengendlela yokubulala inani elikhulu labasetyhini kunye nabantwana nootatomkhulu singaba sizimisele ukuyivumela?

Into ephambili yemfazwe eyenziwa kwabasetyhini yinto enzima kakhulu: iyababulala. Kodwa kukho enye into eyenziwa yimfazwe kwabasetyhini abathengisa amaphephandaba amaninzi. Ngoko, maxa wambi siva malunga nalo. Imfazwe idlwengula abafazi. Amajoni adlwengula amabhinqa kwiindawo ezizimele, kodwa zidla ngokuphindaphindiweyo. Kwaye amajoni kwiimfazwe ezithile aphelisa ngokudlwengula bonke abafazi njengendlela yobugrogasi obucwangcisiweyo.

U-Véronique Aubert, oyiSekela loMlawuli we-Amnesty International yaseAfrika, uthi: "Amakhulu amabini, ukuba kungengamawaka, amabhinqa kunye namantombazana aye kwaye aqhubeka exhoba elixhaphakileyo kwaye, ngamanye amaxesha, ukudlwengulwa ngokuchanekileyo kunye nokuhlaselwa ngokwesini, Inkqubo, kwi-2007, ethetha ngemfazwe eCote d'Ivoire.

Kuthathwa nguMandla: Ukudlwengula kunye ne-American GIs eYurophu ngethuba leWWII ngu-American sociologist uRobert Lilly wagqitywa kwi-2007 e-United States. Emuva kwi-2001 umshicileli kaLilly wayenqabile ukupapasha le ncwadi ngenxa yobugebengu bukaSeptemba 11, 2001. URichard Drayton waphankanya kwaye wathetha ngeengxelo zikaLilly kwi-Guardian:

"ULilly ubonisa ubuncinane bokudlwengulwa kwe-10,000 yaseMerika [kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi II]. Abahlalutyi bachaza isilinganisi esikhulu kakhulu solwaphulo-mthetho ngokwesondo. I-Time Magazine yabika ngoSeptemba 1945: 'Umkhosi wethu kunye nomkhosi waseBrithani kunye newethu sele senze isabelo sabo sokuphanga nokudlwengula. . . nathi sibhekwa njengomkhosi wabadlwenguli. '"

Kulo mfazwe, njengabanye abaninzi, amaxhoba okudlwengula awazange anikezwe ngoncedo kwiintsapho zawo, ukuba iintsapho zabo ziphila. Babesoloko benqatshelwe ukunonyamekelwa kwezokwelapha, bagxothwa, baze babulawe.

Abo baphatha udlwengulo ngexesha lemfazwe bahlala benethemba lokukhuseleka kwabo emthethweni (emva koko, bafumana umlwelwe kwaye badibanise nokubulawa kwabantu abaninzi, ngokunjalo ukudlwengulwa kufuneka kuhlawulwe kwakhona) ukuba bayaziqhayisa ngamacala abo kwaye, xa kunokwenzeka, babonise iifoto zazo. Ngo-Meyi 2009, sifunde ukuba iifoto zamabutho ase-US zixhaphaze iziboshwa zase-Iraq zibonise ijoni laseMelika ngokudlwengula intolongo yabasetyhini, umhumushi wesilisa odlwengula intolongo yesibini, kunye nokuhlaselwa ngokwesondo kwiibanjwa ezinento kuquka ne-truncheon, i-wire kunye ne-phosphorescent tube .

Iingxelo ezininzi ziye zavela kumajoni ase-US adlwengula abafazi base-Iraqi ngaphandle kwejele. Ngelixa zonke izigxeko ziyinyani, iziganeko ezinjalo azihlali zixeliwe, kwaye ezo zichazwe kumkhosi azihlali zikarhulumente okanye zitshutshiswa. Izigwenxa zabalandeli baseMelika, kubandakanywa ubugebengu nabasebenzi babo, abazange bajeziswe, kuba baye basebenza ngaphandle komthetho. Ngamanye amaxesha sifunda emva kweyinyaniso yokuba impi iye yaphanda izigxeko zokudlwengula kwaye yawa phantsi. Ngo-Matshi 2005, i-Guardian ibike:

"Amasosha avela kwi-3rd Infantry Infantry Brigade. . . babephantsi kophando kunyaka odlulileyo ngokudlwengula amabhinqa ase-Iraq, amaxwebhu aseMelika aseMelika ayityhila. Amasosha amane asolwa ngokudlwengula amabhinqa amabini ngelixa ekhuselekileyo kwi-shopping e-Baghdad. Umphenyi wase-US ophandululwazi waxoxwa ngamajoni amaninzi ukusuka kwinqanaba lezempi, i-1-15th ibhethoni ye-3rd Infantry Infantry Brigade, kodwa akazange afumane okanye axoxe nabafazi base-Iraq ababandakanyekile ngaphambi kokuba bavale uphando ngenxa yokungabikho kobungqina. "

Kwaye kwakukho udlwengulo lokudlwengula olubandakanyeka nguPaul Cortez, okukhankanywe kwisahluko esisihlanu. Igama lexhoba lalingu-Abeer Qassim Hamza al-Janabi, iminyaka eyi-14. Ngokutsho kwesifungo esifungelwe ngumnye ummangalelwa,

"Amajoni ammbona kwindawo yokukhangela. Bamtshintsha emva kokuba omnye okanye abaninzi babo babonise injongo yakhe yokudlwengula. Ngomhla ka-Matshi 12, emva kokudlala amakhadi ngelixa i-slugging whiskey exutywe ngokuphuza kwamandla aphezulu kunye nokwenza iigulane zazo, zashintsha zaba ngabomnyama zaza zafika emzini ka-Abeer e-Mahmoudiya, idolophu ye50 eekhilomitha ezantsi kweBaghdad. Babulala unina uFikhriya, ubaba uQassim kunye nodade oneminyaka emihlanu ubudala uHadeel eneenhlamvu ebunzini, 'batshintshana' badlwengula u-Abeer. Ekugqibeleni, bambulala, bawagcoba imizimba kunye ne-parafini, bawashisa ngomlilo ukutshabalalisa ubungqina. Emva koko ii-GIs zavumba amaphiko enkukhu. "

Amasetyhini ase-US aseMelika asemngciphekweni omkhulu wokudlwengulwa ngabafana bawo abesilisa, kunye nokubuyiswa kwabo "ngabaphathi" xa bebika ukuhlaselwa.

Nangona udlwengulo luqhelekileyo ngexesha lemfazwe eshushu, kuyinto eqhubekayo ngexesha lomsebenzi wokubanda. Ukuba amasosha ase-US angashiyi iIraq, ukudlwengulwa kwabo akunakuze kube njalo. Amasosha ase-US adlwengula, ngokuqhelekileyo, amabhinqa amabini aseJapan ngenyanga njengenxalenye yomsebenzi wethu oqhubekayo waseJapan, uqalise ekupheleni "kwemfazwe emihle."

Abantwana benza ipesenti enkulu yabantu abaswelekileyo emfazweni, mhlawumbi kangangesiqingatha, ngenxa yobukho babo “edabini.” Abantwana babhaliswa emfazweni. Kwimeko enjalo, umntwana ulixhoba ngokusemthethweni, nangona oko kungayeki iUnited States ukuba iphose abantwana abanjalo kwiintolongo ezinjengeGuantanamo ngaphandle kokuhlawuliswa okanye ukuthethwa kwetyala. Ngokuyintloko, nangona kunjalo, abantwana abangathathi-nxaxheba babulawa ziimbumbulu kunye neebhombu, benzakele, baba ziinkedama, kwaye baxhwaleka. Abantwana nabo bangamaxhoba aqhelekileyo emigodini yomhlaba, iibhombu ezisebenzisanayo, kunye nezinye iziqhushumbisi ezishiyeke emva kwemfazwe.

Ngexesha le-1990, ngokwe-United Nations Children's Fund, abantwana abayi-2 babulala kwaye ngaphezu kwezigidi ze-6 zikhubazekile okanye zilimale kakhulu kwimpi, kodwa iimfazwe zixoshwe kwi-20 abantwana basekhaya.

Le miba yemfazwe-isambuku, enyanisweni, yeyiphi na imfazwe - isenza sizwakale singekho sikweni kunesivumelwano ekuvunyelwene ngaso phakathi kwabachasi abanobuganga bokubeka ubomi babo emngciphekweni wokubulala omnye nomnye. Ukubulala umchasi onesibindi oxhobileyo kunye nokuzama ukukubulala unokulinciphisa ityala ngohlobo lwezemidlalo. Imfazwe Yehlabathi I igosa lase-Bhritane lancoma oombayimbayi baseJamani lisithi: “Abahlobo abaphezulu. Yilwa de babulawe. Basinike isihogo. ” Ukuba ukusweleka kwabo kwakulungile ngoko ke nokubulawa kwabo.

Le ngqiqweni yengqondo ayinakwenzeka ngokulula xa umntu ebulala intshaba ngomlilo we-sniper okanye ixesha elithile okanye ukuhlaselwa ngokumangalisa, izenzo ezake zibonwa zihlazo. Kunzima nakakhulu ukufumanisa ubuqaqawuli ekubulaleni abantu abakwaziyo ukuba bathathe inxaxheba kwimfazwe yakho, abantu abangase bazama ukukuzisa isikhwama sokutya. Sithanda ukuthanda imfazwe, njengoko kuthethwe kwisahluko esithandathu, kodwa iindlela zokudala zemfazwe zaphela kwaye zinyanisekileyo ngelixa zihlala. Iindlela ezintsha zibandakanya kakhulu ukukhwela kwihashe, nangona amaqela asejoni esabizwa ngokuthi "amahhashi." Kukho imfazwe encinane kakhulu. Kunoko, ukulwa emhlabathini kubandakanya iimfazwe zesitalato, ukuhlaselwa kwindlu, kunye neengcambu zezinto zokuhamba, zonke zidibaniswa neqhwithi lokufa esivela ngasentla esibizwa ngokuba yimfazwe yombutho.

Icandelo: AMANQAKU, AMA-RAIDS, NAKUQHUBA

Ngo-Epreli 2010, iwebhusayithi ebizwa ngokuba yiWikileaks yathumela kwi-intanethi ividiyo yesiganeko esenzeka ngo-2007 eBaghdad. Iihelikopta zaseMelika zibonwa zidubula iqela lamadoda kwikona yesitalato, libulala abahlali kubandakanya iintatheli, kunye nokwenzakalisa abantwana. Kuvakala amazwi omkhosi wase-US kwiihelikopta. Abalwi kwibala lomlo kodwa kukwisixeko apho abo bazama ukubabulala kunye nabo ekumele ukuba bayabakhusela babangqongile, abakwazi ukwahlula omnye komnye. Amajoni akholelwa ngokucacileyo ukuba ukuba likho elinye ithuba elincinci iqela lamadoda elinokuba ngamajoni, kufuneka abulawe. Lakufumanisa ukuba bababethile abantwana kunye nabantu abadala, elinye iqela lase-US lathi "Yimpazamo yabo ngokuzisa abantwana babo edabini." Khumbula, le yayiyindawo yasezidolophini. Yimpazamo yakho ukuba usemfazweni, njengoko kuyimpazamo yakho uAdam wayitya loo apile ingavumelekanga: uzalwe unetyala ukuba uzalelwe kulo mhlaba.

Imikhosi yase-US yayisemhlabeni ngaloo mini. U-Ethan McCord owayengumphathi wezeMpi wabonakala kwividiyo ekuncedeni abantwana ababini balimala emva kokuhlaselwa. Wathetha ngo-2010 malunga noko kwenzekile. Uthe yena wayengomnye wamasosha ayisithupha ukufika kuqala kwindawo:

"Kwakunzima kakhulu ukubulawa. Andizange ndimbone umntu ebethelwa ngu-30-millimeter ngeenxa zonke, kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo akafuni ukubona kwakhona. Kwakubonakala ngathi yinto engafanelekiyo, njengento ephuma kwi-movie yeB-horror eyingozi. Xa ezi zijikelezileyo zibetha wena ziba zixhaphaza - abantu abaneentloko zabo, insides zabo zixhomeke ngaphandle kwemizimba yazo, izitho zingekho. Ndabona i-RPG ezimbini kwindawo kunye ne-AK-47 ezimbalwa.

"Kodwa ke ndava ukukhala komntwana. Babengazibizi ukukhalazela, kodwa kunjengezikhala zomntwana omncinci owayesaba engqondweni yakhe. Ngoko ndagijimela kwiphini apho izikhala zivela khona. Unokwazi ukubona kwimifanekiso evela kwividiyo apho elinye ijoni kwaye ndiza kumqhubi kunye namacala omgibeli wevini.

"Ijoni ebekunye, ngokukhawuleza xa ebona abantwana, bajika, baqala ukuhlanza baza baleka. Akazange afune nayiphi na indawo yeso sithuba nabantwana.

"Into endiyibonayo xa ndijonga ngaphakathi kwinqanawa yayintombazana encinane, malunga neminyaka emithathu okanye emine ubudala. Wayenesilonda esiswini kunye neglasi kwizinwele zakhe kunye namehlo. Emva kwakhe kwakuyinkwenkwe malunga neminyaka asixhenxe okanye eyisibhozo ubudala enesilonda ukuya kwicala lasekunene lentloko. Wayebeka isiqingatha kwicala elisezantsi kunye nesiqingatha kwibhentshi. Ndacinga ukuba ufile; wayengahambi.

"Emva kwakhe kwakunguye ndicinga ukuba nguyise. Wayezingelwa ngaphesheya, ecaleni kwindlela yokukhusela, ezama ukukhusela abantwana bakhe. Kwaye unokuxelela ukuba uthathe i-30-millimeter ngeenxa zonke. Ndandiyazi kakuhle ukuba ufile. "

UMcCord wambamba intombazana waza wafumana unyango, wabuyela e-van waza wabona ukuba inkwenkwe ihamba. UMcCord wamthabatha kwisithuthi esifanayo ukuze asuswe. UMcCord waqhubeka ekuchazeni imigaqo yena kunye namanye amaqela ayesebenza phantsi kwalo mfazwe wasezidolophini:

"Imithetho yethu yokubandakanyeka yayitshintsha kwimihla ngemihla. Kodwa sasinomlawuli we-gung-ho enhle, oye wagqiba ekubeni ngenxa yokuba sitshitshiswa ngama-IED [amacebo aqhubiweyo], kwakuya kubakho i-BOP entsha ye-BOP [inkqubo esebenzayo yokusebenza].

"Uyahamba, 'Ukuba umntu ohamba kumgca wakho uhlaselwa i-IED, i-360 umlilo wokujikeleza. Ubulala yonke i-motherfucker kwisitalato. Mna kunye noJosh [Stieber] kunye namanye amajoni ahlala nje ekhangelelana, athi, 'Ngaba undibamba? Ufuna ukuba sibulale abafazi nabantwana esitratweni? '

"Kwaye awukwazanga nje ukuthobela umyalelo wokudubula, kuba babeza kwenza ubomi bakho buhogweni e-Iraq. Ngathi njengaye, ndiza kudubula phezulu kwiphakamileyo yesakhiwo endaweni yokuhlalisa abantu. Kodwa ndiyibonile amaxesha amaninzi, apho abantu behamba nje ngezitrato kwaye i-IED iyahamba kwaye amasosha avule umlilo aze abulale. "

UMongameli wezeMpi u-Josh Stieber, owayesecandelo elifanayo kunye noMcCord, wathi amasosha asandul 'ukufika eBaghdad abuzwa ukuba abuye abuyele kumhlaseli ukuba awazi ukuba ahlaselwe ngabantu abangahlaselwanga. Abo bangaphenduliyo, okanye ngubani owayengathandabuzekiyo, "banjiswa" baze baqaphele oko kwakulindelwe kubo, bongezelela ukuba bebeyi-Army Specialist uRay Corcoles, owayesebenza noMcCord noStieber.

Nangona kunzima kakhulu, xa uhlala kwisixeko, ukwahlula abahlaseli bezobudlova kubantu, imimiselo yemfazwe iyahlula phakathi kwabantu kunye namaqhawe. Ukholo lukaRalph Lopez luyabhala: "Oko oku kuchazwe ngamajoni, ukubuyisela ukuhlawulelwa ngokubambisana nabahlali, yinto yolwaphulo-mthetho olucacileyo oluye lwashushiswa ngempumelelo emva kweWWII kwi-German SS Obersturmbannführer uHerbert Kappler."

"Kwi-1944 Kappler yalela ukuba kuqhutywe abantu base-10 ukuya kwi-1 kubo bonke amajoni aseJamani ababuleweyo kwi-March 1944 ehlaselwe ibhomu. Ukubulawa kwabakho emaphandleni aseArdeatine eItali. Usenokuba ubonayo ibhayisikobho malunga nalo uRichard Burton. "

Enye indlela esheshayo yokujika abangabandakanyeli kwimfazwe yabaxhobi abakhutheleyo kukukhaba eminyango yabo, baqhekeza impahla yabo, bahlasekise baze baveze abo bathandekayo. Abo babenqabile iziganeko ezinjalo rhoqo e-Iraq nase-Afghanistan baye batyhulwa okanye bavalelwe - kamva, kwiimeko ezininzi, bakhululwe, bavame ukuzaliswa ngumnqweno wokuphindiselela abahlali. Enye into elolo hlobo e-Afghanistan ichazwe nguZaitullah Ghiasi Wardak kwisiqendu sesithathu. Ayikho i-akhawunti yeyiphi intlanzi ibonisa nantoni na efana nebala lemfazwe elizukileyo.

NgoJanuwari 2010, urhulumente wase-Afghanistan kunye neZizwe eziManyeneyo bagqiba kwelokuba ngoDisemba 26, 2009, eKunar, imikhosi ekhokelwa yi-US yarhuqa abantwana abasibhozo abalele ngaphandle kweebhedi zabo, babopha abanye babo, babadubula bafa bonke. Ngomhla kaFebruwari 24, 2010, umkhosi wase-US wavuma ukuba abafileyo babengabafundi abamsulwa, bephikisana nobuxoki babo bokuqala malunga nesi sehlo. Ukubulawa kwabantu kukhokelele kwimiboniso yabafundi kulo lonke elase-Afghanistan, uqhankqalazo olusemthethweni olwenziwe nguMongameli wase-Afghanistan, kunye nophando olwenziwe ngurhulumente wase-Afghanistan kunye neZizwe eziManyeneyo. Urhulumente wase-Afghanistan ufuna ukuba kutshutshiswe kwaye kwenziwe amajoni aseMelika abulala abantu base-Afghanistan. UDave Lindorff uphawule ngoMatshi 3, 2010:

"Ngaphantsi kweeNdibano zeGenesva, yinto yolwaphulo-mthetho lolwaphulo-mthetho. Sekunjalo e-Kunar ngoDisemba 26, amabutho aqhutywa yi-US, okanye mhlawumbi amasosha ase-US okanye iimvumelwano zeenkontileka, ama-fired-bloodedly abulawe ngamabhozo ayisibhozo. Kuyinto yolwaphulo-mthetho lokubulala abantwana abangaphantsi kweminyaka yobudala be-15, kodwa kule siganeko inkwenkwe ye-11 kunye nenkwenkwana ye-12 yayibanjwe ngesandla njengamaxhoba athathweyo kwaye abulawa. Abanye ababini kwabafileyo be-12 kunye neyesithathu yi-15. "

I-Pentagon ayizange iphande, idlulisele ibhokhwe e-US-dominated force NATO e-Afghanistan. I-Congress ayinalo igunya lokunyanzelisa ubungqina be-NATO, njengoko kwenzayo - ubuncinane kwimfundiso - ngePentagon. Xa uLindorff edibana neKomiti yeeNkonzo zeeNdlu, igosa lophandaba alizange lijwayelene nesiganeko.

Olunye uhlaselo lwasebusuku, ngoFebruwari 12, 2010, lwalujolise kwikhaya lepolisa elidumileyo, u-Commander Dawood, owabulawa emi emnyango wakhe ekhalazela ubumsulwa bosapho lwakhe. Kwakhona kwabulawa umfazi wakhe okhulelweyo, omnye umfazi okhulelweyo, kunye nentombazana eneminyaka eyi-18. I-US kunye ne-NATO bathi amajoni abo afumanise ukuba abafazi babebotshiwe kwaye sele befile, kananjalo bathi amajoni ajongane nomlilo ovela "kubavukeli" abaninzi. Ngokuxoka, ngamanye amaxesha kuncinci kuninzi. Enoba ubuxoki ngebusebenzile, kodwa bobabini bebenuka iintlanzi. I-NATO kamva ixhase ibali labavukeli kwaye yatsho ngokuchanekileyo indlela umkhosi wethu owuthathayo ukuya kwiintlanga ezihlala abantu, indlela engenakuphumelela:

"Ukuba unomntu ophuma ngaphandle kwequmrhu, kwaye ukuba amandla akho okuhlaselwa ayenakho, oku kudla ngokubangela ukuba unqande. Akufuneki uphunyelelwe ukuba uphinde ubuyeke. "[Italics yongezwa]

Kuthathe ngowe-Ephreli 2010 ngaphambi kokuba i-NATO ivume ukubulala aba besetyhini, ebonisa ukuba amabutho akhethekileyo ase-US, ekuzameni ukufihla izenzo zabo zobugebengu, babambe iibhola kumabhinqa amabhinqa ngamacu.

Ukongezelela ekuhlaselweni, imfazwe entsha inokubandakanya iindawo zokukhangela izithuthi ezingenakubalwa. Kwi-2007, umkhosi wase-US wamukelwa ukuba wabulala abahlali be-429 ngonyaka kwiindawo zokujonga iIraq. Kwilizwe elihlala kuyo, izithuthi zomhlali kufuneka ziqhubeke, okanye abo bangaphakathi bangabulawa. Iinqwelo zeendawo ezihlala kuyo, nangona kunjalo, maziyeke ukukhusela ukubulawa kwabo. Imfazwe e-Iraqi yaseMaraki uMat Howard uyakhumbula:

Ubomi baseMerika buhlala buxabisa ngaphezu kobomi base-Iraq. Okwangoku, ukuba unesigodlo e-Iraq, awuyeki loo convo. Ukuba inkunzi encinane ihamba phambi kweloli lakho, ulawulwa ngumyalelo wokumqhubela esikhundleni sokumisa i-convoy yakho. Lo ngumgaqo-nkqubo osekwe kwindlela yokujongana nabantu base-Iraq.

"Ndibe nalo mhlobo ongumLwandle owamise ikhonkco. Imoto ilayishwe ngabantu abathandathu, intsapho iya kwipikiniki. Akuzange kume ukukhawuleza kwimeko yokujonga. Kwakububele ukuza kwindawo yokumisa. Yaye nemimiselo yokubandakanyeka kwimeko, kwimeko enjalo, kufuneka ucime kuloo moto. Kwaye benza. Kwaye babulala wonke umntu kuloo moto. Kwaye bazama ukukhangela imoto, baza bafumana i-basketball yepikiniki. Akukho zixhobo.

"Ewe, endibuhlungu kakhulu, kwaye igosa lakhe liza kwaye [umhlobo wam] ufana, 'Uyazi, mnumzane, sasibulala nje intsapho yaseAraq. Yaye yonke into ayithetha ngayo, 'Ukuba aba hajis banokufunda ukuqhuba, le nto ayiyi kwenzeka.' "

Enye ingxaki esoloko iqhutywe idibeneyo. Amajoni afundiswa ukuba intonga ephakanyisiweyo yayithetha "ukuyeka," kodwa akukho mntu watshela iAraqui, abangenayo ingcamango kwaye kwezinye iimeko bahlawulwa ngenxa yokungazi ngobomi babo.

Iimpawu zokujonga ziindawo eziqhelekileyo zokubulala abantu base-Afghanistan. U-Stanley McChrystal, umlawuli waseMelika kunye ne-NATO e-Afghanistan, wathi ngo-Matshi 2010: "Siye sabetha inani elinqabileyo labantu, kodwa ulwazi lwam, akukho nto ibonakele ukuba iyingozi."

Icandelo: IBHOMBI NEENKONZO

Esinye seziganeko ezibalulekileyo zeMfazwe Yehlabathi II sele ibhobho lwabantu. Le ndlela entsha yokulwa nayo yazisa imida yangaphambili ngokusondeleyo ekhaya ngelixa ivumela abo benza ukubulawa ukuba babe kude kakhulu ukuba babone amaxhoba abo.

"Kubahlali basezidolophini zaseJamani, ukusinda 'phantsi kweebhotile' kwakuphawu olucacileyo lwemfazwe. Imfazwe esibhakabhakeni yayisicacisile ukwahlula phakathi kwekhaya nangaphambili, kwongezelela 'ingqondo yeengcipheko zomoya kunye' nesigxina sokwesaba 'kwisigama sesiJalimane. Abahlali basezidolophini banokuthi bafune 'ixesha lokuphila ngaphambili,' kwimfazwe eyayitshintshe izixeko zaseJamani zibe 'kwindawo yokulwa.' "

Umqhubi wase-US kwimfazwe yaseKorea wayenombono ohlukileyo:

"Isihlandlo esithile sokuqala ndangena kwisiteyimu se-napalm, ndandibe nomoya ongenanto. Ndacinga emva koko, Ewe, mhlawumbi ndimele ndingenzi nto. Mhlawumbi abo bantu ndibafayo babengabantu abangenacala. Kodwa ufumana imeko, ingakumbi emva kokubetha into ebonakala ngathi yintsapho kunye ne-A-ifom ekhanda lakhe likhanya njengekhandlela laseRoma - uphawu oluqinisekileyo oluthe lwaba neempahla. Ngokuqhelekileyo ethethayo, andinaso ikhwalithi ngomsebenzi wam. Ngaphandle koko, asisebenzisi i-napalm kubantu esibabonayo. Siyisebenzisa kwiindawo zeenduli okanye kwizakhiwo. Kwaye enye into malunga ne-napalm kukuba xa ufikelele kwidolophana kwaye uyibonile ikhuphuke emaqabini, uyazi ukuba uphumelele into ethile. Akukho nto eyenza umqhubi aziva ebi ngakumbi kunokuba asebenze kwindawo kwaye angaboni ukuba uphumelele. "

Ezi zibini zikhankanywe ngasentla zivela kwiqoqo leengcawa ezibizwa ngokuba yiBombing Communists: I-Twentyth Century History, ehleliwe nguYuki Tanaka no-Marilyn B. Young, endiyincomayo.

Ngelixa amaJamani ahlasele iGuernica, eSpain, kwi-1937, ukuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu kwiidolophu kwathatha into esondeleyo kwimo yayo yangoku kunye nokukhuthazwa kwangoku xa amaJapan aqhubhisa iCongqing, eChina, esuka kwi-1938 eya kwi-1941. Le ngqongqelo yaqhubeka, kunye nokuqhunyiswa kwebhomu nge-1943, kwaye yayiquka ukuhlukana kunye neebhomu ezinobungozi, izixhobo zamakhemikhali, kunye neebhomu ezinokubangela ukuphazamiseka kwexesha elide kunye neengqondo ezifana neibhola zamagqabi asetyenziswa iminyaka eyi-60 e-Iraq. Iintsuku ezimbini zokuqala zale bhomu zihlaselwa ngokuphindwe kathathu inani labantu babulawa eGuernica. Ngokungafani nemikhankaso yokuqhuma kwamabhomu emva kweJamani, e-Ngilani naseJapan, ukuqhunyiswa kwebhinqa kweTshayina kwakuxhelelwe ngokupheleleyo abantu abangenayo indlela yokwenene yokulwa, okufana nale ndlela eya kwimikhankaso emva kamva, kubandakanywa nokuqhuma kweBighdad.

Abaxhasi bebhomu bendiza bathetha ngokuqala ukuba kunokuzisa uxolo ngokukhawuleza, ukuphazamisa abantu ekuqhubekeni kwemfazwe, okanye ukutshitshiswa nokuyikwesaba. Oku kuye kwasoloko kukubonakalisa ubuxoki, kuquka eJamani, eNgilani naseJapan. Ingcamango yokuba ukutshabalalisa enyukliya yezixeko ezimbini zaseJapan zitshintshe isikhundla sikarhulumente saseJapan sasingenakuqhelaniswa nokuqala, ngenxa yokuba iUnited States sele ichithe izixeko ezininzi zaseJapan ezinomlilo kunye ne-napalm. Ngo-Matshi i-1945, iTokyo yaquka

". . . milambo yomlilo. . . iifenitshala ezivuthayo ziqhuma ekushiseni, ngelixa abantu ngokwabo babetshisa 'njengeentambo' njengoko amakhaya abo kunye namaphepha abo emaphandleni aqhuma. Ngaphantsi komoya kunye nokuphefumula okukhulu komlilo, ii-vortices ezinkulu ze-incandescent zenyuka kwiindawo eziliqela, zijikeleza, zinyathela, zityela iibhloko zonke zezindlu kwiindawo zazo zomlilo. "

UMark Selden uchaza ukubaluleka kwesi siganeko kwiminyaka eminyaka yokwenza imfazwe yase-US eya kulandela:

"[E] umongameli omkhulu waseRoosevelt waya eGeorge W. Bush uye wavuma ekusebenziseni indlela yokulwa nemfazwe ejolise kubo bonke abantu ngokutshabalalisa, okuphelisa konke ukungafani phakathi kwezilwelo kunye nabangabambisani nemiphumo emibi. Amandla amatshatsheli ebhomu ye-athomu afihlile into yokuba le siqalo safika ngexesha elidala kwi-firebombing yaseTokyo kwaye yaba yinto ephambili yezinto zokwenza imfazwe zase-US ukususela ngelo xesha. "

Ummeli weFifth Air Force wabonisa ngokugqithiseleyo imbono yezempi yase-US: "Kithina, akukho zizwe zaseJapan."

Iidrones ezingenakunyulwa ziba yinto entsha yemfazwe, amajoni okusasaza kunanini ngaphambili kulabo bawabulalayo, okwandisa ubugcini bomntu obuthathakayo, nokuhlambalaza wonke umntu omele alaphule i-drones ejikelezayo xa esongela ukutshabalalisa indlu aze aphelise ubomi nanini na umzuzu. Iidrones ziyingxenye yezinto zobuchwepheshe ezibulalayo ezibekwe kumazwe apho sithatha khona iimfazwe zethu.

"Iingcamango zam zikhuphukela kwiZiko loKhuseleko oluPhezulu kwiiNkqubela zeMfazwe, eKabul," uKathy Kelly wabhala ngoSeptemba 2010.

"Emva kweenyanga ezimbini ezedlulileyo, uJosh [uBrollier] kwaye ndidibana noMnuz Said, iminyaka eyi-11, kwiwadi yesibhedlele kubafana abancinci belimele ngenxa yokuqhuma. Ininzi yala makhwenkwe ayamkela ukuphazamiseka kwi-ward's ward, kwaye babezimisele kakhulu ukuhlala ngaphandle, kwintsimi yesibhedlele, apho babeza kwenza isangqa baze bathethe kunye iiyure. U-Nur Said wahlala ngaphakathi. Ukubuhlungu gqitha ukuthetha, uya kuguqula nje, amehlo akhe angabonakali ngezinyembezi. Iveki ngaphambili, wayeyincinci yeqela elincinci labantwana abancinci abaye bancedisa ukunyusa iindleko zabo zentsapho ngokukhangela izitraba zentsimbi kunye nokukhangela iimigodi zomhlaba kwi-Afghanistan. Ukufumana umgodi womhlaba ongachangekanga wawuyi-eureka kubantwana kuba, xa sele kuvulekile, iinxalenye zobuncwane ezibalulekileyo zingasuswa kwaye zithengiswe. Nur wayenomgodi womhlaba ngesandla xa waqhwitha ngokukhawuleza, ehlwitha iminwe emine esandleni sakhe sokunene aze amphofu emehlweni akhe asekhohlo.

"Ngethuba elibuhlungu lobubi, u-Nur kunye nabahlobo bakhe baphumelele kunokuba elinye iqela labatsha bachithwa ngensimbi yenkqantosi kwiPhondo laseKunar ngo-Agasti 26th.

"Emva kokuhlaselwa kweTaliban kwisitishi samapolisa esikufuphi, amabutho ase-NATO awela phezulu ukuze 'athathe inxaxheba' kumajoni. Ukuba ukubandakanyeka kubandakanya ukuqhubhisa ibhomu endaweni ehlolisisiweyo, kuya kuba ngakumbi ukuthetha ukuba i-NATO ijolise ukuhlambulula ama-militants. Kodwa kulo mzekelo, iibhomu zaphuhlisa abantwana ngenxa yamajoni kwaye zabulala abayisithupha, abaneminyaka eyi-6 kwi-12. Amapolisa asekuhlaleni athi akukho Taliban kwisayithi ngexesha lokuhlaselwa, kuphela abantwana.

". . . E-Afghanistan, izikolo eziphakamileyo ezingamashumi amathathu ziye zavalwa ngenxa yokuba abazali bethetha ukuba abantwana babo baphazamiseka yi-drones ezijikelezayo kunye nokuba zingabakhuselekanga ukuba zihlangane ezikolweni. "

Umonakalo weemfazwe zethu kwibala lomlo wehlabathi ukhupha iinkumbulo zabantu abasindileyo abasindileyo. Sishiya imbonakalo yelizwe ephawulwe ngemingxunya yeebhombu, amasimi eoli atshisa, ulwandle lunetyhefu, amanzi omhlaba onakele. Sishiya ngasemva, kwaye kwimizimba yamagqala ethu, iAgent Orenji, iphelile iuranium, nazo zonke ezinye izinto eziyilelwe ukubulala abantu ngokukhawuleza kodwa zithwele iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga zokubulala abantu kancinci. Ukusukela ngokuqhushumbisa ngokufihlakeleyo kwe-Laos e-United States eyaphela ngo-1975, abantu abayi-20,000 XNUMX babulawa ngumthetho ongachazwanga. Nokuba imfazwe yeziyobisi iqala ukubonakala ngathi yimfazwe yoloyiko xa ukutshizwa kwamasimi kuguqula imimandla yaseColombia ukuba ingahlali.

Siya kufunda nini? UJohn Quigley watyelela iVietnam emva kwemfazwe waza wabona ngaphaya kwedolophu yaseHanoi,

". . . kwindawo esasiyibethe ngoDisemba 1972, kuba uMongameli uNixon uthe ukuqhunyiswa kwebhombiso kuya kwenza ukuba iNorth Vietnam ixoxisane. Apha amawaka abulawe ngexesha elifutshane. . . . Umntu osekhulile, osindayo kwindlobongela, wayengumncedisi kulo mboniso. Njengoko wangibonisa, ndabona ukuba wayexinzeleleka ukuba angaphepheli imibuzo engabonakaliyo kwindwendwe elalijongene nelo bhomu. Ekugqibeleni, wandibuza, ngendlela enokuziphendulela ngendlela enokuyenza ngayo, indlela iMelika inokuyenza ngayo kwindawo yakhe. Andizange ndiphendule. "