AMAQHAWE AWANGAWO AMAQHAWE

UPericles wabazukisa abo bafa emfazweni kwicala laseAthene:

“Ndiye ndacamngca ngobungangamsha baseAthene kuba ndifuna ukunibonisa ukuba silwela ibhaso eliphakamileyo kunabo bangalifumaniyo nalinye lala malungelo, nokuze ndibonise ngobungqina obucacileyo ukufaneleka kwala madoda ndiwakhumbulayo ngoku. Eyona ndumiso yabo iphakamileyo sele ithethiwe. Ngokuba ndawenza wankulu umzi, ndawenza wankulu, amadoda anjengabo bawenza wazukiswa zizidima zawo. Kwaye bambalwa kangakanani na amaHellene ekunokuthiwa ngawo, ukuba izenzo zabo xa zilinganiswa esikalini zifunyenwe zilingana nodumo lwabo! Ndiyakholelwa ukuba ukufa okufana nokwabo kube ngumlinganiselo wokwenene wexabiso lomntu; isenokuba sisityhilelo sokuqala seempawu zakhe ezintle, kodwa nangaliphi na izinga itywina labo lokugqibela. Kuba kwanabo basilelayo ngezinye iindlela banokuthi ngokufanelekileyo bacenge ubugorha abalilwela ngabo ilizwe labo; baye babucima ububi ngokulungileyo, kwaye baye bazuza urhulumente ngakumbi ngeenkonzo zabo zoluntu kunokuba bamenzakalise ngezenzo zabo zangasese.

“Akukho namnye kwaba bantu owayeziswe bubutyebi okanye othandabuza ukurhoxa kwiziyolo zobomi; akukho namnye kubo owuncamayo umhla ombi, enethemba, ekuswelekeni kwemvelo, ukuze umntu, nokuba elihlwempu, abe sisityebi ngenye imini. Kodwa, becinga ukuba isohlwayo seentshaba zabo sasimnandi ngakumbi kunayo nayiphi na kwezi zinto, nokuba babengenakuwela nakweliphi na icala libalaseleyo, bazimisela ngengozi yobomi babo impindezelo ebekekileyo, baze bayishiye intsalela. Barhoxa ngethemba lokuba banethuba elingaziwayo lolonwabo; kodwa ebusweni bokufa bagqiba kwelokuba bathembele kubo bodwa. Kwaye xa umzuzu ufikileyo babezimisele ukuxhathisa kwaye babandezeleke, kunokuba babhabhe kwaye basindise ubomi babo; balibaleka ilizwi lehlazo, kodwa kwithafa ledabi iinyawo zabo zema nkqi, kwaye ngephanyazo, ekuphakameni kwethamsanqa labo, badlula kuloo ndawo, kungekhona ngenxa yokoyika kwabo, kodwa uzuko lwabo.

UAbraham Lincoln wawonga abo bafela emfazweni kwicala laseNyakatho:

“Kwiminyaka engamashumi amane anesixhenxe edlulileyo oobawo bazala kweli lizwekazi, isizwe esitsha, sakhawulwa kwiNkululeko, kwaye sazinikela kwisiphakamiso sokuba bonke abantu badalwe ngokulinganayo. Ngoku sikwimfazwe yamakhaya enkulu, sivavanya enoba eso sizwe, okanye nasiphi na isizwe esiqulunqwe ngolo hlobo nesizinikele ngolo hlobo, sinokunyamezela ixesha elide kusini na. Sidibana kwindawo enkulu yedabi yaloo mfazwe. Size kunikela inxalenye yaloo ntsimi, njengendawo yokuphumla yokugqibela kwabo bathe banikela ngobomi babo ukuze eso sizwe siphile. Kufanelekile kwaye kufanelekile ukuba sikwenze oku.

"Kodwa, ngengqiqo enkulu, asinakunikezela - asinakungcwalisa - asinakuwungcwalisa - lo mhlaba. Amadoda akhaliphileyo, aphilayo nafileyo, awayezabalaza apha, ayingcwalise, ngaphezu kwamandla ethu ahlwempuzekileyo okongeza okanye ukuphazamisa. Ihlabathi aliyi kuphawula kancinci, okanye lide likhumbule into esiyithethayo apha, kodwa ayinakuze iyilibale into abayenzileyo apha. Yethu thina baphilayo, endaweni yoko, ukuba sizinikele apha kumsebenzi ongagqitywanga abathe bawulwela apha ukuza kuthi ga ngoku baqhubele phambili ngokuncomekayo. Kunokuba sibe lapha sizinikele kumsebenzi omkhulu oseleyo phambi kwethu - ukuba kwaba bafileyo bahlonitshwayo sithatha ukuzinikela okuthe kratya kweso sizathu basinike umlinganiselo opheleleyo wokuzinikela - ukuba apha sizimisele kakhulu ukuba aba bafileyo abayi bafela ilize—ukuba olu hlanga, phantsi koThixo, luya kuba nokuzalwa ngokutsha kwenkululeko—kwaye loo rhulumente wabantu, ngabantu, ngenxa yabantu, akayi kutshabalala emhlabeni.”

Nangona oomongameli bengasayithethi le nto, kwaye ukuba banako ukuyinceda ingathethi ngabafi kwaphela, umyalezo ofanayo uqhubeka ngaphandle kokuthetha namhlanje. Amajoni adunyiswa esibhakabhakeni, kwaye inxalenye engokubeka ubomi bawo esichengeni iqondwa ngaphandle kokukhankanywa. Iinjengele zinconywa kakhulu kangangokuba ayiqhelekanga ukuba babe noluvo lokuba balawula urhulumente. Abongameli bakhetha kakhulu ukuba yiNkumanda ePhambili endaweni yokuba ngumlawuli oyintloko. Owangaphambili unokuphathwa phantse njengothixo, ngelixa lo mva ulixoki elaziwayo kwaye uyakopela.

Kodwa iwonga leenjengele kunye noomongameli livela ekusondeleni kwabo kwimikhosi engaziwayo kodwa ezukileyo. Xa oobhululu bengafuni ukuba imigaqo-nkqubo yabo ibuzwe, kufuneka bacebise nje ukuba loo mibuzo ikukugxeka amajoni okanye imbonakalo yamathandabuzo malunga nokungoyiswa kwemikhosi. Enyanisweni, iimfazwe ngokwazo zenza kakuhle kakhulu ukunxulumana namajoni. Uzuko lwamajoni lunokuvela kwinto yokuba baya kubulawa emfazweni, kodwa imfazwe ngokwayo izuke kuphela ngenxa yobukho bemikhosi engcwele - ingeyiyo imikhosi ethile yokwenyani, kodwa abo banikela ngamagorha angabonakaliyo bombingelelo wokugqibela. -ihlonitshwe liNgcwaba leJoni elingaziwayo.

Logama elona wonga umntu anokulilangazelela kukuthunyelwa ngenqanawa aze abulawe emfazweni yomntu othile, kuya kubakho iimfazwe. UMongameli uJohn F. Kennedy wabhala ileta eyayisiya kumhlobo wakhe into awayengenakuze ayibeke kwintetho yakhe: “Imfazwe iya kubakho de kube yimini ekude xa lowo ungafuniyo ukuya emkhosini ngenxa yesazela enandipha udumo nowonga olufanayo nolo lusemfazweni namhlanje. Ndingayilungisa kancinci loo ngxelo. Ifanele iquke abo balayo ukuya emfazweni enoba banikwe iwonga “lokungavumi ukuya emkhosini ngenxa yesazela” okanye akunjalo. Kwaye kufuneka ibandakanye abo baxhathisa imfazwe ngaphandle komkhosi ngaphandle komkhosi ngokunjalo, kubandakanywa nokuhamba kwiindawo ezilindelekileyo zokuqhunyiswa kweebhombu ukuze basebenze "njengamakhaka abantu."

Xa uMongameli uBarack Obama wanikwa iBhaso loXolo likaNobel waza wathi abanye abantu babefaneleka ngakumbi, ngoko nangoko ndacinga ngabaninzi. Abanye babona bantu bakhaliphileyo endibaziyo okanye endikhe ndeva ngabo baye bala ukuthabatha inxaxheba kwiimfazwe zethu zangoku okanye bazama ukubeka imizimba yabo kwiigiya zoomatshini bemfazwe. Ukuba babenodumo olufana nolwabaphumi-mkhosi, sonke besiya kuva ngabo. Ukuba bebebekeke ngolo hlobo, abanye babo bebeya kuvunyelwa ukuba bathethe ngezikhululo zethu zikamabonwakude nakumaphephandaba, yaye kungekudala imfazwe ibingayi kubakho.

Icandelo: YINTONI IQHAWE?

Makhe sijonge ngakumbi kwintsomi yobugorha bomkhosi esinikwe nguPericles noLincoln. I-Random House ichaza iqhawe ngale ndlela ilandelayo (kwaye ichaza iqhawekazi ngendlela efanayo, ibeka "umfazi" endaweni "indoda"):

"1. Indoda enesibindi okanye ikhono elikhethekileyo, elimangalisayo ngenxa yezenzo zakhe ezinesibindi kunye neempawu ezintle.

“2. umntu othi, ngokoluvo lwabanye, abe neempawu zobugorha okanye enze isenzo sobugorha kwaye agqalwe njengomzekelo okanye ofanelekileyo: Wayeligorha lasekuhlaleni xa wayesindisa umntwana orhaxwayo.

"4. I-Mythology yamaClass.

"A. ukuba ngumntu onobunono bobuthixo kunye nobutyebi abahlala bezukiswa njengobuthixo. "

Isibindi okanye ubuchule. Izenzo ezinesibindi kunye neempawu ezintle. Kukho into engaphaya kwenkalipho nobukroti, ukujongana nje noloyiko kunye nengozi. Kodwa ntoni? Iqhawe lithathwa njengemodeli okanye elifanelekileyo. Ngokucacileyo umntu owathi ngenkalipho watsiba efestileni enemigangatho engama-20 akanakuhlangabezana naloo nkcazo, nokuba ubukroti babo bube bubukroti obunokuba bunjalo. Ngokucacileyo ubugorha kufuneka bufune ubukroti obuthi abantu babuthathe njengomzekelo wabo nakwabanye. Kufuneka ibandakanye amandla kunye nokulunga. Oko kukuthi, ubukroti abunakusuka bube nesibindi; imele ibe ntle kwaye inobubele. Ukutsiba ngefestile akufanelanga. Umbuzo ke ngowokuba, ingaba ukubulawa nokufa emfazweni kufanele ukuba kulunge kwaye kulunge. Akukho mntu uthandabuzayo ukuba ikhaliphile kwaye ikhaliphile.

Ukuba ujonga “ubukroti” kwisichazi-magama, ngendlela, uya kufumana “isibindi” kunye “nobukroti.” I-Ambrose Bierce's Devil's Dictionary ichaza "ubugorha" njenge

"Inxalenye yejoni engamampunge, umsebenzi, kunye nethemba lokugembula.

'Kutheni unqamle?' bhongeza umlawuli wecandelo laseChickamauga, oye wayala umyalelo: 'qhubela phambili, mnumzane, kanyekanye.'

‘Mphathi-mkhosi,’ watsho umthetheli womkhosi wabanjubaqa, ‘ndeyisekile kukuba nakuphi na ukuphinda ndibonise ubugorha bomkhosi wam kuya kubenza bangquzulane notshaba.’”

Kodwa ngaba ubugorha obunjalo bebuya kuba bubuhle nobubele okanye bube butshabalalisa kwaye bube nobubhanxa? UBierce naye wayelijoni loManyano eChickamauga kwaye wayefike ecaphukile. Kwiminyaka emininzi kamva, xa kwakunokwenzeka ukupapasha amabali malunga neMfazwe yamakhaya engazange ikhazimle bubuqaqawuli obungcwele bomkhosi, uBierce wapapasha ibali elibizwa ngokuba yi "Chickamauga" ngo-1889 kwiSan Francisco Examiner eyenza inxaxheba kwidabi elinjalo. kubonakala esona senzo sibi sibi nesoyikekayo anokuthi asenze. Ukususela ngoko amajoni amaninzi abalisa amabali afanayo.

Inqwenela ukuba imfazwe, into ehlala ihlelwa njengento embi kwaye iyingozi, kufuneka iphumelele ukuba bathathe inxaxheba kwizuko. Ewe, uzuko aluhlali. Abadlali bezilwanyana eziphazamiseka ngamagama bathatyathwa bucala kuluntu lwethu. Enyanisweni, kwiimeko ezininzi ezibhalwe phakathi kwe-2007 kunye ne-2010, amasosha ayebanjwe ngokomzimba nangokwengqondo aze afumaneke emkhosini, enza "ngokuhloniphekileyo," kwaye ayengayibhali imbali yengxaki yengqondo. Emva koko, xa bexhatshazwe, amasosha afanayo ayenempilo afunyaniswa ukuba anesifo sengqondo esasikhona ngaphambili, akhutshwe, kwaye aphika unyango ngamanxeba abo. Elinye ijoni lalivalelwe kwikhamera kwaze kwaba yilapho evumile ukutyikitya ingxelo yokuba wayenesifo esasikhona ngaphambili - inkqubo eyenziwa nguSihlalo weKomiti yezoLwaphulo lweeNdlu ebizwa ngokuthi "ukuhlushwa."

Imikhosi yomsebenzi osebenzayo, okwenene, ayiphathwa ngumkhosi okanye uluntu ngokuhlonela okanye ukuhlonipha. Kodwa ingqungquthela, "isiqalo" esiyingqungquthela yinto engcwele yehlabathi ngenxa yokuzimisela kwakhe ukukhawuleza nokufa ngohlobo olufanayo lokubulala okungenangqiqo oluthandayo. Lezo zinambuzane ezincinci ezinobumba obukhulu. . . kakuhle, ubukhulu bento encinci kunobundwane: balwa imfazwe. Kwaye bangcono kunalo.

Icandelo: INGABA Iimbovane zingamagorha?

Iimbovane zilwa iimfazwe ezinde nezintsonkothileyo ngolungelelwaniso olubanzi kunye nokuzimisela okungenakuthelekiswa nanto, okanye into esinokuyibiza ngokuba “bubugorha.” Banyaniseke ngokupheleleyo kulo mba ngendlela ekungekho bantu bathanda ilizwe banokungqamana ngayo: “Kuya kufana nokuba nendwe yaseMelika ifakwe umvambo ekuzalweni kwakho,” isazi ngendalo nentatheli yezofoto uMark Moffett uxelele iphephancwadi iWired. Iimbovane ziya kubulala ezinye iimbovane ngaphandle kokuqhwanyaza. Iimbovane ziya kwenza “umbingelelo wokugqibela” ngaphandle kokuthandabuza. Iimbovane ziya kuqhubeka nomsebenzi wazo kunokuba ziyeke ukunceda igorha elenzakeleyo.

Izintuthwane eziya phambili, apho zibulala khona zize zife kuqala, zincinci kwaye zibuthathaka. Zibingelelwa njengenxalenye yesicwangciso esiphumelelayo. "Kweminye imikhosi yemingcipheko, kukho izigidi zemikhosi ezisebenzisayo ezihamba phambili kwiindawo ezinobunzima be-100 inyawo." Kwesinye seefoto zikaMoffett, ezibonisa "intlanzi yokuphanga eMalaysia, ininzi yezilwanyana ezinobuthakathaka zixutywe ngesigxina ngokutsha kweentshaba ezimnyama, ezinjengomhlathi omnyama. "Yintoni eya kuthiwa ngamaPericle emngcwabeni?

"NgokukaMoffett, singafunda into okanye ezimbini kwindlela iimbovane eziyilwa ngayo. Komnye, imikhosi yeembovane isebenza ngocwangco nangona ingahambi kakuhle. ” Kwaye akukho zimfazwe ziya kugqitywa ngaphandle kokuxoka: "Njengabantu, iimbovane zingazama ukoyikisa iintshaba ngokukhohlisa nangobuxoki." Kwesinye ifoto, “iimbovane ezimbini zijongane kumzamo wokungqina ukongama kwazo - ethi, kolu hlobo lweembovane, ichongwe ngobude bomzimba. Kodwa imbovane engasekunene imi phezu kwelitye ukuze ifumane inkcenkceshela. ” Ngaba u-Abe onyanisekileyo angavuma?

Ngapha koko, iimbovane ngamagorha azinikeleyo ukuba angade alwe iimfazwe zamakhaya ezenza ukuba loo mbambano incinci phakathi koMntla noMzantsi ibonakale njengebhola ekhatywayo. Unomeva ofunxa ezinye, Ichneumon eumerus, unokufaka isidleke sembovane ngemfihlo yemichiza ebangela ukuba iimbovane zilwe imfazwe yamakhaya, isiqingatha sendlwane ngokuchasene nesiqingatha. Khawufane ucinge ukuba sineli chiza elinje ebantwini, uhlobo lwamandla-amiselweyo eFox News. Ukuba silubekile uhlanga, ngaba onke amajoni aza kuba ngamagorha okanye nje isiqingatha sabo? Ngaba ngamaqhawe eembovane? Kwaye ukuba azinjalo, ngaba kungenxa yoko bakwenzayo okanye kungenxa yento abacinga ngayo ngento abayenzayo? Kwaye kuya kuthini ukuba iyeza libenza bacinge ukuba babeka ubomi babo emngciphekweni ukuze bafumane ubomi obuzayo emhlabeni okanye ukugcina i-anthill ikhuselekile kwidemokhrasi?

Icandelo: BRAVY PLUS

Amajoni ahlala exokwa, njengoko uluntu luphela luxokiswa, kwaye - ukongeza - njengabaqeshwa emkhosini kuphela abanokuxoka kuwe. Amajoni adla ngokukholelwa ukuba akumsebenzi oncomekayo. Kwaye banokuba nesibindi kakhulu. Kodwa ngokunjalo amagosa asebupoliseni kunye nabacimi-mlilo ngeendlela ezifanayo, ngeenjongo ezifanelekileyo kodwa kuncinci kakhulu uzuko kunye ne-hoo-ha. Iyintoni ingenelo yokuba nenkalipho kwiprojekthi etshabalalisayo? Ukuba ngempazamo ukholelwa ukuba wenza into exabisekileyo, ubugorha bakho bunokuthi-ndicinga ukuba bubuhlungu. Kwaye kusenokuba bubugorha obufanele ukuxeliswa kwezinye iimeko. Kodwa wena ngokwakho ngekhe ube ngumzekelo okanye ofanelekileyo. Izenzo zakho bezingayi kuba zilungile kwaye zinobubele. Enyanisweni, kwindlela yokuthetha eqhelekileyo kodwa engekho ngqiqweni ngokupheleleyo, usenokugwetywa “njengegwala.”

Xa abanqolobi babethubelezisa iinqwelo-moya kwizakhiwo ngoSeptemba 11, 2001, basenokuba babekhohlakele, bebulala, begula, becekiseka, bengabaphuli-mthetho, bephambene, okanye benxanelwe igazi, kodwa oko babedla ngokubizwa ngokuba “ngamagwala” kumabonwakude waseUnited States. Kwakunzima ukungachukunyiswa, enyanisweni, bubukroti babo, mhlawumbi yiloo nto ebangela ukuba abahlalutyi abaninzi ngoko nangoko bafikelele kwingcaciso echaseneyo. “Ubukroti” buqondwa njengento elungileyo, ngoko ke ukubulawa kwabantu abaninzi akunakuba nesibindi, ngoko ke yayibubugwala. Ndicinga ukuba le yayiyinkqubo yokucinga. Omnye umsasazi kamabonwakude akazange adlale kunye.

“Sibe ngamagwala,” utshilo uBill Maher, evumelana nondwendwe olwaluthe ababulali be-9-11 babengengowogwala. “Imijukujelwa yokuhamba ngenqanawa ukusuka kumawaka amabini eemayile kude. Bubugwala obo. Ukuhlala kwinqwelomoya xa ifika kwisakhiwo. Thetha into oyifunayo ngayo. Hayi ubugwala. Ulungile." UMaher wayengakukhuseli ukubulala. Wayekhusela nje ulwimi lwesiNgesi. Noko ke, waphelelwa ngumsebenzi.

Ingxaki endicinga ukuba uMaher wayichonga kukuba sibuzukise ubukroti ngenxa yayo ngaphandle kokuyeka ukuqonda ukuba asiyithethi loo nto. I-drill Sergeant ithetha oko. Umkhosi ufuna amajoni akhaliphe njengeembovane, amajoni aza kulandela imiyalelo, kwanemiyalelo enokubabulala, ngaphandle kokuyeka ukucinga nantoni na, ngaphandle kokunqumama nomzuzwana ukuze bazibuze ukuba ngaba imiyalelo iyathandeka okanye imbi. Singalahleka ngaphandle kokukhalipha. Siyayidinga ukuze sijongane nazo zonke iintlobo zeengozi ezingenakuthintelwa, kodwa ubukroti obungenangqondo abunamsebenzi okanye bubi ngakumbi, kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo abubobuqhawe. Into esiyifunayo yinto efana nembeko. Umntu wethu ongumzekelo kunye nomntu ofanelekileyo ufanele abe ngumntu okulungeleyo ukuzibeka emngciphekweni xa efunwa oko azimisele ngokucokisekileyo ukuba abe yindlela efanelekileyo yokufikelela kwisigqibo esihle. Usukelo lwethu alufanele lube neentloni zonke ezinye iimfene ezisehlabathini, kwaneemfene ezinogonyamelo ngokuxelisa kwethu iincukuthu ezingenangqondo. "Amaqhawe," wabhala uNorman Thomas,

“Enoba ngowesizwe esoyisileyo okanye esoyisiweyo, baye bohlwaywa ekwamkeleni ugonyamelo nohlobo lokuthobela iinkokeli ezimfamekileyo. Emfazweni akukho ndlela yokuzikhethela phakathi kokuthobela ngokupheleleyo nokuvukela. Ukanti impucuko efanelekileyo ixhomekeke kumandla amadoda [namabhinqa] okuzilawula ngeenkqubo apho ukunyaniseka kuhambisana nokugxekwa ngendlela eyakhayo.”

Kukho izinto ezilungileyo malunga nokulwa: inkalipho nokungazingci; umanyano lweqela, ukuzinikela, kunye nenkxaso kubahlobo bakabani, kwaye - ubuncinci kwintelekelelo yomntu - kwihlabathi elikhulu; imingeni emzimbeni nasengqondweni; kunye neadrenaline. Kodwa umzamo uphela uzisa okona kulungileyo kokubi kakhulu ngokusebenzisa ezona mpawu zibalaseleyo zomlingiswa wokusebenzela ezona njongo zimbi. Eminye imiba yobomi basemkhosini kukuthobela, inkohlakalo, impindezelo, ingqumbo, ubuhlanga, uloyiko, uloyiko, ukwenzakala, ukwenzakala, ukubandezeleka nokufa. Yaye eyona inkulu kuzo kukuthobela, kuba inokukhokelela kuzo zonke ezinye. Iimeko zomkhosi abaqeshwa bayo ukuba bakholelwe ukuba ukuthobela yinxalenye yokuthembela, kwaye ngokuthemba abaphathi unokufumana ukulungiswa okufanelekileyo, ukwenza ngcono njengeyunithi, kwaye uhlale ukhuselekile. “Yiyeke loo ntambo ngoku!” aze umntu akubambe. Ubuncinci kuqeqesho. Kukho umntu okhwaza i-intshi enye ukusuka empumlweni yakho: “Ndiza kusula phantsi ngeempundu zakho ezibuhlungu, joni!” Ukanti uyasinda. Ubuncinci kuqeqesho.

Ukulandela imiyalelo emfazweni, kunye nokujongana neentshaba ezikufunayo ukuba ufe, eneneni kudla ngokukubulala, nokuba umiselwe ukuba uziphathe ngokungathi awuzange wenze njalo. Kusenjalo. Yaye abo ubathandayo baya kuphanza. Kodwa umkhosi uya kuqengqeleka ngaphandle kwakho, ubeke imali encinci kwiipokotho zabenzi bezixhobo, kwaye wenze izigidi zabantu ukuba bajoyine amaqela achasene nabanqolobi baseMelika. Kwaye ukuba umsebenzi wakho wejoni wale mihla kukuqhumisa abantu ongabaziyo kwiindawo ezikude ngaphandle kokubeka ubomi bakho emngciphekweni konke konke, musa ukuzikhohlisa ukuba uya kukwazi ukuhlala ngoxolo ngento oyenzileyo, okanye nabani na oya cinga ukuba uligorha. Ayingobugorha obo; alikhalipha, alilungile, ayilobugorha, ayilunganga;

Icandelo: ISHISHINI LENKONZO

Ngomhla we-16 kaJuni ngo-2010, iNkongolokazi uChellie Pingree waseMaine, owathi, ngokungafaniyo noninzi lwabalingane bakhe, wayemamele abantu bakhe kwaye echasa ukuxhaswa ngemali kweemfazwe, wabuza uGeneral David Petraeus kwiKomiti yeeNkonzo ezixhobileyo zeNdlu ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

"Enkosi . . . General Petraeus ngokuba nathi namhlanje kunye nenkonzo yakho enkulu kweli lizwe. Siyayixabisa kakhulu loo nto, kwaye ndifuna ukutsho kwi-offset (sic) ukuba ndiyayixabisa kangakanani umsebenzi onzima kunye nokuzincama kwemikhosi yethu, ngokukodwa emele ilizwe laseMaine apho sinomlinganiselo ophezulu wabantu abaye basebenza emkhosini, Umh, sinombulelo ngomsebenzi wabo namadini abo, eh, namadini eentsapho zabo. . . .

"Andivumelani nawe kwisiseko sokuba ukuqhubeka kwethu emkhosini e-Afghanistan kuyalomeleza ukhuseleko lwethu lwesizwe. Ukusukela oko kwaqala imikhosi esemazantsi nakwimpuma ye-Afghanistan, sibone ukwanda kwamanqanaba obundlobongela, okudityaniswa norhulumente wase-Afghan ongakwaziyo nokonakala. Ndinenkolelo yokuba ukuqhubeka nolu hlaselo kunye nokwandisa inqanaba lemikhosi yaseMelika kuya kuba nesiphumo esifanayo: ubomi obungakumbi baseMelika bulahlekile, kwaye asiyi kusondela kwimpumelelo. Ngokombono wam abantu baseMelika bahlala bethandabuza ukuba ukuqhubeka nokubeka oonyana neentombi zabo engozini e-Afghanistan kufanelekile ukuba ixabiso lihlawulwe, kwaye ndicinga ukuba banesizathu esihle sokuvakalelwa ngaloo ndlela. Kubonakala ngathi ukwanda komkhosi kumazantsi nakwimpuma ye-Afghanistan kubangele ukungazinzi, ukwanda kobundlobongela, kunye nokubulawa kwabantu abaninzi. . . . “

Oku kunye nokunye kwakuyinxalenye yombuzo wokuvula we-congresswoman, imibuzo ye-congressional idla ngokuthetha malunga nemizuzu emihlanu eyabelweyo kunokuvumela ubungqina ukuba buthethe. U-Pingree uqhubekile nokubalisa ubungqina bokuba xa imikhosi yase-US iphuma kwiindawo zase-Afghanistan, iinkokeli zasekuhlaleni zinokukwazi ngcono ukuchasa i-Taliban - isixhobo sayo esiyintloko sokugaya ibe ngumsebenzi wase-US. Ucaphule unozakuzaku waseRussia owayeqhelene nokuhlala kweSoviet Union ngaphambili eAfghanistan esithi iUnited States ngoku sele yenze kwa ezo mpazamo zifanayo kwaye iqhubela phambili nokwenza ezintsha. Emva kokuba uPetraeus evakalise ukungavumelani kwakhe ngokupheleleyo, ngaphandle kokubonelela ngolwazi olutsha, uPingree waphazamisa:

“Ngenxa yomdla wexesha, kwaye ndiyazi ukuba ndiza kuphelela apha, ndizakuthi ndiyabulela kwaye ndiyibulele kwasekuqaleni into yokuba mna nawe singavumelani. Bendifuna ukubeka uluvo lokuba ndicinga ngakumbi ukuba uluntu lwaseMelika luxhalabile malunga neendleko, ukulahleka kobomi, kwaye ndicinga ukuba sonke sinenkxalabo yokungaphumeleli kwethu, kodwa enkosi kakhulu ngenkonzo yakho. ”

Ngelo xesha, uPetraeus watsibela ukuba achaze ukuba ufuna ukuphuma e-Afghanistan, ukuba wabelane ngazo zonke iinkxalabo zikaPingree, kodwa wayekholelwa ukuba into ayenzayo ngokwenene yayikuphucula ukhuseleko lwelizwe. Isizathu sokuba sibe se-Afghanistan "sicace kakhulu," watsho, ngaphandle kokuchaza ukuba yintoni. UPingree wathi: “Ndiza kuthi kwakhona: Ndiyayixabisa inkonzo yenu. Sineqhinga lokungavisisani apha.”

"Imibuzo" kaPingree yayiyeyona nto isondeleyo sakha sayibona kwiCongress - kwaye inqabile kakhulu - ukucacisa umbono woluntu oluninzi. Kwaye yayingekokuthetha nje. I-Pingree ilandelwe ngokuvota ngokuchasene nenkxaso-mali yokunyuka kwe-Afghanistan. Kodwa ndiye ndacaphula olu tshintshiselwano ukuze ndibonise enye into. Ngelixa etyhola uGeneral Petraeus ngokubangela ukuba amadoda nabafazi abancinci baseMelika babulawe ngaphandle kwesizathu esibambekayo, ebangela ukuba abantu base-Afghan babulawe ngaphandle kwesizathu esibambekayo, bephazamisa i-Afghanistan kwaye basenze singaphantsi kunokuba sikhuseleke ngakumbi, uCongresswoman Pingree ukwazile ukubulela abantu ngokubanzi izihlandlo ezithathu. kule “nkonzo”. Huh?

Masilungise ukungaqondi okunzulu. Imfazwe ayiyonkonzo. Ukuthatha iidola zam zerhafu, kwaye ngokubuyisela ukubulala abantu abamsulwa kunye nokubeka emngciphekweni usapho lwam nge-blowback enokwenzeka ayisiyonkonzo. Andiziva ndikhonzwa seso senzo. Andiyiceli. Andithumeli itshekhi eyongezelelweyo eWashington njengengcebiso yokuvakalisa umbulelo wam. Ukuba ufuna ukukhonza uluntu, maninzi amakhondo obulumko ahamba ngaphezu kokujoyina umatshini wokufa - kwaye njengebhonasi ufumana ukuhlala uphila kwaye iinkonzo zakho zixatyiswe. Ke ngoko andizukubiza le nto iSebe leMfazwe lenzayo "inkonzo" okanye abantu abayenzayo "inkonzo yamadoda nabasetyhini" okanye iikomiti ezijonge ukongamela ukuba zeziphi na iikomiti "zeenkonzo ezixhobileyo". Into esiyidingayo ziikomiti zeenkonzo ezingaxhotyiswanga, kwaye siyazifuna ngodumo kunye nodumo awabhala ngalo uKennedy. ISebe lezoKhuselo elilinganiselweyo kukhuselo lokwenene liya kuba libali elahlukileyo.

Icandelo: MALUNGA NOKUFA

Ngexesha leemfazwe zamva nje, abongameli baye bathanda ukungasondeli nakweyiphi na indawo yedabi, ukuba kukho nawaphi na amabala edabi, nasemva kokuba uLincoln wenzayo, okanye ukuya emingcwabeni yasemkhosini ekhaya, okanye nokuvumela iikhamera ukuba zenze ifilimu imizimba ebuyela kwiibhokisi ( into eyalelweyo ngexesha lobongameli bukaGeorge W. Bush), okanye kwanokunikela iintetho ezikhankanya abafileyo. Kukho iintetho ezingapheliyo malunga nezizathu ezibalaseleyo zeemfazwe kunye nobugorha bemikhosi. Isihloko sokufa, nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yesizathu esithile siphepheka rhoqo.

UFranklin Roosevelt wakha wathi kunomathotholo "Amadoda alishumi elinanye akhaliphileyo nathembekileyo oMkhosi wethu waManzi abulawa ngamaNazi." URoosevelt wayezenza ngathi inqanawa yaseJamani yahlasela i-USS Kearny ingakhange ichukunyiswe kwaye kungekho silumkiso. Enyanisweni, oomatiloshe banokuba nesibindi kakhulu, kodwa kwimbali ka-Roosevelt, babeya kuba ngabantu abamsulwa abangabonakaliyo abahlaselwe ngelixa becinga ishishini labo kwinqanawa yabarhwebi. Bekuya kufuna ubugorha nokunyaniseka okungakanani oko?

Ngetyala lakhe, ngokuvuma okungaqhelekanga kwemfazwe, uRoosevelt wathi kamva ngemfazwe ezayo:

“Uluhlu lweengxwelerha lwamajoni ngokuqinisekileyo luya kuba lukhulu. Ndiluva ngokunzulu unxunguphalo lwazo zonke iintsapho zamadoda akumkhosi wethu oxhobileyo nezalamane zabantu abakwizixeko eziye zaqhushumba.”

I-FDR ayizange, nangona kunjalo, iye emingcwabeni yamajoni. ULyndon Johnson uphephe isihloko sokufa kwemfazwe, kwaye waya kwimingcwabo emibini kuphela kumashumi amawaka amajoni awayeyalele ukuba abulawe. UNixon kunye noomongameli uBush ngokudibeneyo bazimasa inani elipheleleyo lemingcwabo enguziro yamajoni abawathumele ukuba asweleke.

Kwaye, akufuneki ukuthetha, abongameli abazange bahloniphe amaxhoba angengawo aseMelika eemfazwe zabo. Ukuba “ukukhulula” ilizwe kufuna “ukuncama” amawaka ambalwa abemi baseMerika namakhulu ambalwa amawaka abemi bomthonyama, kutheni bengakhalelwa bonke abo bantu? Nokuba ucinga ukuba imfazwe yayifanelekile kwaye ifezekise into ethile engaqondakaliyo, ngaba ukunyaniseka akufuni ukuqonda ukuba ngubani ofileyo?

Umongameli uRonald Reagan utyelele amangcwaba emfazwe yaseJamani eswelekile kwiMfazwe yesibini yeHlabathi. Uhambo lwakhe lwaba ngumphumo wothethathethwano nomongameli waseJamani owayesazi ukuba uReagan wayenokutyelela indawo eyayisakuba yinkampu yoxinaniso. UReagan wathi, phambi kohambo, “Akukho nto iphosakeleyo ngokutyelela loo mangcwaba apho abo bafana bangamaxhoba obuNazi nabo. . . . Babengamaxhoba, kanye njengamaxhoba kwiinkampu zoxinaniso.” Ngaba babenjalo? Ngaba amajoni amaNazi abulawa kumaxhoba emfazwe? Ngaba kuxhomekeke ekubeni babekholelwa ukuba benza okuthile okulungileyo? Ngaba kuxhomekeka ekubeni babebadala kangakanani nokuba bubuphi na ubuxoki ababebuxelelwe? Ngaba kuxhomekeke ekubeni babeqeshwe edabini okanye kwinkampu yoxinaniso?

Kwaye kuthekani ngemfazwe yaseMelika efile? Ngaba isigidi se-Iraqis somonakalo kunye ne-4,000 yaseMelika yokwenzakala ngamagorha? Okanye ngaba bonke abayi-1,004,000 bangamaxhoba? Okanye ngaba abo bahlaselweyo bangamaxhoba kunye nabo benza ababulali abahlaselayo? Ndicinga ukuba kukho indawo yobuqili apha, kwaye nawuphi na umbuzo onjalo uphendulwe ngcono ngokomntu othile, kwaye nalapho kunokubakho impendulo engaphezulu kwesinye. Kodwa ndicinga ukuba impendulo esemthethweni-ukuba abo bathatha inxaxheba kwimfazwe enobundlongondlongo ngababulali, kwaye kwelinye icala bangamaxhoba abo-bafumana inxalenye ebalulekileyo yempendulo yokuziphatha. Kwaye ndicinga ukuba yimpendulo echanekileyo kwaye igqibezele ngokukhona abantu abaninzi beyazi ngayo.

UMongameli uGeorge W. Bush, kunye nentloko yelizwe elindwendweleyo, babambe inkomfa yoonondaba kwindlu enkulu awayibiza ngokuba “yifama” yakhe eCrawford, eTexas, ngo-Agasti 4, 2005. Wabuzwa malunga ne-14 Marines evela eBrook Park, Ohio, owayesandul’ ukubulawa yibhombu ecaleni kwendlela eIraq. UBush waphendula wathi,

“Abantu baseBrook Park kunye namalungu osapho abo baphulukene nobomi babo, ndiyathemba ukuba banokuthuthuzeleka kwinto yokuba izigidi zabemi balapho zibathandazela. Ndiyathemba ukuba nabo bayathuthuzeleka kukuqonda ukuba idini lenziwa ngenjongo entle.”

Kwiintsuku ezimbini emva koko, uCindy Sheehan, umama wejoni lase-US elabulawa e-Iraq ngo-2004, wamisa inkampu kufutshane nesango kwipropathi kaBush ngeenzame zokumbuza ukuba yintoni na ehlabathini unobangela obalaseleyo. Amawakawaka abantu amthelela, kuquka namalungu eVeterans for Peace kwinkomfa awayethetha ngayo kanye phambi kokuba aye eCrawford. Amajelo eendaba anike ibali ingqalelo eninzi kwiiveki, kodwa uBush akazange awuphendule umbuzo.

Uninzi lwabongameli lundwendwela ingcwaba leJoni elingaziwa. Kodwa amajoni afela eGettysburg awakhunjulwa. Siyakhumbula ukuba iNyakatho iphumelele imfazwe, kodwa asinamntu okanye inkumbulo edibeneyo yejoni ngalinye elaliyinxalenye yolo loyiso. Amajoni phantse onke awaziwa, kwaye iTomb of the Unknown imele bonke. Lo ngumba wemfazwe owawukho naxa uPericles wayethetha, kodwa wayengekho kancinci ngexesha leemfazwe zomkhosi kunye neemfazwe zomnqamlezo zamaXesha Aphakathi, okanye eJapan ngexesha leSamurai. Xa kusiliwa imfazwe ngamakrele nezixhobo - izixhobo ezibizayo ezifanelwe kuphela ngababulali ababalaseleyo abaziingcali ekubulaleni kwaye akukho nto yimbi - abo baphumi-mkhosi banokubeka ubomi babo esichengeni ngenxa yozuko lwabo.

Icandelo: AMAMAKRHWE NAMAHASHI KUPHELA KWI-ADS ZOKUGAYWA

Xa igama elithi “ubuhandiba” libhekisela kwabo bazuza ilifa ubutyebi kwakunye neempawu ezilindelekileyo kubo, ijoni ngalinye ubuncinane lalingaphezu kancinane kwentonga kumatshini wemfazwe. Oko kwatshintsha ngemipu, kunye namaqhinga amaMerika awafunda kubantu bomthonyama kwaye asebenza ngokuchasene namaBritane. Ngoku, naliphi na ihlwempu lalinokuba ligorha lemfazwe, yaye lalinikwa imbasa okanye umgca endaweni yobuhandiba. "Ijoni liza kulwa ixesha elide kwaye kunzima ukufumana iribhoni enemibala," utshilo uNapoleon Bonaparte. KwiNguqulelo yesiFrentshi, wawungadingi ntsapho; ungalwela uze ufele iflegi yesizwe. Ngexesha likaNapoleon kunye neMfazwe yamakhaya yase-US, awuzange ufune nokuba nesibindi okanye ubukrelekrele ukuze ube ngumphumi-mkhosi ofanelekileyo. Kwakufuneka nje uthathe indawo yakho kumgca omde, ume apho, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha wenze ngathi udubula umpu wakho.

Incwadi kaCynthia Wachtell ethi War No More: I-Antiwar Impulse in American Literature 1861-1914 ibalisa ibali lokuchaswa kwemfazwe ukoyisa ukuzikhohlisa, ukuzivavanya, ukunyanzelwa koshishino lopapasho, kunye nokungathandwa koluntu, kunye nokuzimisa njengentambo eqhubekayo. kunye nohlobo loncwadi lwase-US (kunye ne-cinema) ukusukela ngoko. Libali, ubukhulu becala, labantu ababambelele kwiimbono zakudala zamaqhawe omkhosi kwaye ekugqibeleni baqala ukuwayeka.

Kwiminyaka ekhokelela kunye nokubandakanya iMfazwe yombango, imfazwe - phantse ngokwenkcazo - ayinakuchaswa kwiincwadi. Phantsi kwempembelelo enkulu kaSir Walter Scott, imfazwe yaboniswa njengento enqwenelekayo kunye neyothando. Ukufa kwakupeyintwe ngeethowuni ezithambileyo zobuthongo obunqwenelekayo, ubuhle bendalo, kunye nozuko lwe-chivalric. Amanxeba kunye nokwenzakala akuzange kubonakale. Uloyiko, ukukhungatheka, ubudenge, ingqumbo kunye nezinye iimpawu ezingundoqo kwimfazwe yokwenyani azizange zibekho ngohlobo lwayo oluyintsomi.

UMark Twain wathi: “UMhlekazi uWalter wayenesandla esikhulu ekwenzeni umntu waseMzantsi, njengoko wayekho ngaphambi kwemfazwe, kangangokuba ngomlinganiselo omkhulu nguye owayebekek’ ityala ngemfazwe.” Umlinganiswa waseMantla wayefana ngokumangalisayo nohlobo lwaseMazantsi. UWachtell ubhala athi: “Ukuba uMntla noMzantsi banokuvumelana ngenye into encinane ngexesha lemfazwe.

“Babevumelana ngokulula malunga nokhetho lwabo lokufunda. Enoba babenyanisekile kuManyano lweZizwe okanye kuManyano, abafundi babefuna ukuqinisekiswa ukuba oonyana, abantakwabo nootata babo babedlala indima ethile kumzamo ozukileyo owawukholekileyo kuThixo. Ababhali abadumileyo bexesha lemfazwe babesebenzisa isigama ekwabelwana ngaso samazwi achukumisa kakhulu entlungu, usizi nokuzincama. Ukuchazwa okuncinci kwemfazwe kunye neyona nto ifanelekileyo yayingamkelekanga. "

Ukuzukiswa kwemfazwe kwakugquba oko uPhillip Knightley akubiza ngokuba “lixesha legolide” kubabhaleli bemfazwe, ngo-1865-1914:

"Kubafundi baseLondon okanye eNew York, amadabi akude kwiindawo ezingaqhelekanga amele ukuba abonakala engelokwenene, kunye nesimbo seGolden Age sengxelo yemfazwe - apho imipu idanyaza, iinkanunu ziduma, umzabalazo unomsindo, injengele inesibindi, amajoni anobukroti, kwaye I-bayonets yabo yenza umsebenzi omfutshane wotshaba - yongezwe kwinkohliso yokuba yonke yayilibali le-adventure elonwabisayo. "

Sisaphila ngoluncwadi lwakudala lwemfazwe namhlanje. Izulazula emhlabeni njenge-zombies, kanye ngokuqinisekileyo njengoko kwenza indalo, ukukhanyela ukufudumala kwehlabathi, kunye nobuhlanga. Ibumba imbeko yamalungu eCongress kuDavid Petraeus ngokuqinisekileyo njengoko bekuya kuba njalo ukuba ebenokulwa ngekrele nehashe endaweni yedesika kunye nesitudiyo sikamabonakude. Kwaye kuyingozi kakhulu kwaye akunanjongo njengoko kwakunjalo xa amajoni eMfazwe Yehlabathi I ahamba esiya kufela emasimini ngenxa yayo:

“Omabini la macala akhumbula ubukhazikhazi bamandulo, esebenzisa uphawu lwegorha lokulwa ukuze abonise idabi njengomsebenzi wokuhlonipha ubudoda nobunkokeli obuzukileyo, ngelixa esebenzisa ubuchwephesha bale mihla ukulwa imfazwe yokulwa. Kwidabi laseSomme, elaqalisa ngoJulayi 1916, imikhosi yaseBritani yahlasela imikhosi yotshaba kangangeentsuku ezisibhozo yaza yadlulela kwelinye igxalaba negxalaba. Abadubuli baseJamani babulala abangama-20,000 600,000 kusuku lokuqala. Emva kweenyanga ezine imikhosi yaseJamani iye yabuyela umva iimayile ezimbalwa ngexabiso le-750,000 ye-Allied efile kunye ne-XNUMX yaseJamani efile. Ngokwahlukileyo kwiimfazwe zobukoloniyali eziqhelekileyo kuwo onke amagunya obukhosi abandakanyekayo, inani lokufa kumacala omabini laliphezulu ngendlela eyothusayo. "

Ngenxa yokuba abakhi bemfazwe bexoka ngalo lonke ixesha leemfazwe, kanye njengokuba besenza ngaphambi kokuba ziqalise, abantu baseBritani, eFransi, eJamani, kamva naseUnited States, babengabuqondi ngokupheleleyo ubungakanani bamaxhoba njengoko yayidlala iMfazwe Yehlabathi I. ngaphandle. Ukuba bekunjalo, ngebabeyekile.

Icandelo: IMFAZWE YEYABANTU ABAHLUNGU

Nokuba sitsho ukuba imfazwe yedemokhrasi kukubeka into emnandi kwizinto, hayi nje ngokuba izigqibo zemfazwe zisenziwa ngabaphezulu abangaphenduliyo. Ukusukela kwiMfazwe yaseVietnam, iUnited States iye yalahla konke ukuhanahanisa koyilo lomkhosi ngokulinganayo kubo bonke. Endaweni yoko sichitha iibhiliyoni zeedola ekuqeshweni, ukwandisa intlawulo yasemkhosini, kunye nokubonelela ngeebhonasi zokusayina de abantu abaneleyo "ngokuzithandela" bajoyine ngokusayina izivumelwano ezivumela umkhosi ukuba utshintshe imimiselo ngokuthanda.

Ukuba imikhosi emininzi iyafuneka, vele wandise izivumelwano zaleyo unayo. Usafuna ezinye? Yenza iFederalize kuMkhosi weSizwe kwaye uthumele abantwana emfazweni ababhalise becinga ukuba baya kunceda amaxhoba enkanyamba. Akwanelanga? Ukuqesha iikontraka zothutho, ukupheka, ukucoca kunye nokwakha. Amajoni makabe ngamajoni amsulwa anomsebenzi wawo kuphela kukubulala, njengamaqhawe amandulo. Boom, uye waphinda kabini ubungakanani bamandla akho, kwaye akukho mntu ubonileyo ngaphandle kwabenza inzuzo.

Usafuna ababulali abaninzi? Ukuqesha amajoni. Qasha amajoni angaphandle. Ayonelanga? Chitha iitriliyoni zeedola kubuchwephesha ukwandisa amandla omntu ngamnye. Sebenzisa inqwelomoya engenabantu ukuze kungabikho mntu wenzakalayo. Thembisa abaphambukeli ukuba baya kuba ngabemi ukuba bazibandakanya. Guqula imigangatho yobhaliso: thatha 'bakhulile, batyebe, bakwimpilo enkenenkene, nemfundo encinci, kunye neerekhodi zolwaphulo-mthetho. Yenza izikolo eziphakamileyo zinike abaqeshwa iziphumo zovavanyo lokufaneleka kunye nolwazi loqhagamshelwano lwabafundi, kwaye uthembise abafundi ukuba banokulandela indawo yabo abayikhethileyo kwihlabathi elimangalisayo lokufa, kwaye uya kubathumela ekholejini ukuba bahlala - hey, ukubathembisa nje ukuba kuyakubiza. akukho nto. Ukuba bayaxhathisa, uqale emva kwexesha kakhulu. Beka imidlalo yevidiyo yomkhosi kwiindawo zokuthenga. Thumela iinjengele ezinxibe iyunifomu kwii-kindergartens ukuze zifudumeze abantwana kumbono wokufunga ngokufanelekileyo nangokufanelekileyo loo flegi. Chitha imali ephindwe ka-10 ekufuneni ijoni ngalinye elitsha njengoko sichitha ukufundisa umntwana ngamnye. Yenza nantoni na, nantoni na ngaphandle kokuqalisa uyilo.

Kodwa kukho igama lalo mkhuba wokunqanda uyilo lwemveli. Ibizwa ngokuba luyilo lwentlupheko. Ngenxa yokuba abantu bathambekele ekungafuni ukuthatha inxaxheba kwiimfazwe, abo banezinye iinketho zomsebenzi badla ngokukhetha ezo zikhetho. Abo babona umkhosi njengenye yokhetho lwabo kuphela, ukudubula kwabo kuphela kwimfundo yasekholejini, okanye indlela yabo ekuphela kwayo yokusaba ubomi babo obunxungupheleyo kunokwenzeka ukuba babhalise. NgokweProjekthi engeyiyo Yakho Ijoni:

"Uninzi lwabaqeshwe emkhosini luvela kwiindawo eziphantsi kwengeniso.

"Kwi-2004, iipesenti ze-71 zabasebenzi abamnyama, i-65 ekhulwini labasebenzi baseLatino, kunye ne-58 ekhulwini labafundi abamhlophe bavela kwiindawo ezingenanto ezingenanto.

"Ipesenteji yabasebenzi abaye baphumelela esikolweni esiphakamileyo esikolweni esiphantsi kwe-86 kwi-2004 kwi-73 ipesenti kwi-2006.

"[Abaqashi] abazange bathethe ukuba imali yekholeji inzima ukuza - kuphela i-16 yepesenti yabasebenzi ababhalisiweyo abagqibile iminyaka emine yomsebenzi wemikhosi oye wafumana imali yokufunda. Akunakutsho ukuba izakhono zomsebenzi abazithembisayo aziyi kuthunyelwa kwihlabathi lenene. Ipesenti ze-12 kuphela zezilwanyana zamadoda kunye neepesenti ze-6 zezilwanyana zamabhinqa zisebenzisa izakhono ezifunyenwe emkhosini kwimisebenzi yazo yangoku. Kwaye ke, baxakeka ingozi yokubulawa ngexesha besemsebenzini. "

Kwinqaku le-2007 u-Jorge Mariscal uhlalutyo olukhankanywe ngu-Associated Press ofumene ukuba "malunga neyesine-yesine [yamabutho ase-US] abulawe e-Iraq avela kwiidolophu apho imali engenayo ingaphantsi komyinge wesizwe. Ingaphezulu kwesigama yayivela kwiidolophu apho ipesenteji yabantu abahlala behlwempuzeke ukuba baphumelele kwisiqingatha sikazwelonke. "

"Mhlawumbi akumele kumangaliswe," wabhala uMariscal,

"Ukuba i-Army GOLD Plus Inkqubo yokuBhalisa, apho abafaki-zicelo abangenazo idiploma zezikolo eziphakamileyo bavunyelwe ukuba babhalise ngelixa begqibe isatifikethi sokulinganisela esikolweni esiphambili, kugxininiswe kwimimandla yangaphakathi kwimizi.

"Xa ulutsha olusebenzayo lwenza ukuba lukholeji lwabantu basekuhlaleni, bahlala behlangana nabaqashi bezempi basebenzisana nzima ukuze badikibala. 'Awuyi ndawo apha,' abaqashi bathi. 'Le ndawo yiphelo lokufa. Ndiyakunikela ngakumbi. Izifundo ezixhaswe yiPentagon - ezifana ne-RAND Corporation yoLutsha lokuBasha kwiKholeji yeKholeji: iiNkqubo zokuSebenza kunye neNkqubo yeeNkqubela zexesha elizayo-thetha ngokucacileyo malunga nekholejini njengomncintiswano wenani lomthengi kwinkoke yolutsha. . . .

"Akunabo bonke abaqeshwayo, ngokuqinisekileyo, baqhutywa yimfuneko yemali. Kwiindawo ezisemagqabini abasebenza kuyo yonke imibala, zihlala zikholo zenkonzo yemikhosi kunye neenxibelelwano phakathi kweenkonzo kunye neendlela ezinobuninzi bomntu. Kwiindawo ezihlala ziphawulwe njenge 'zangaphandle,' njengeLatinos neAsia, kukho uxinzelelo ukuba lusebenze ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba umntu 'unguMerika.' Kwabemi basuka kwamanye amazwe, kukho umkhwa wokufumana isikhundla somthetho okanye ummi. Uxinzelelo loqoqosho, nangona kunjalo, luyimpembelelo engenakuphikiswa. . . . "

I-Mariscal iyaqonda ukuba kukho ezinye iinjongo ezininzi, kuquka nomnqweno wokwenza into ebalulekileyo kwaye ibalulekile kwabanye. Kodwa ukholelwa ukuba ezo zizathu zothando zilahlekiswa:

"Kule meko, umnqweno wokuba 'wenze umehluko,' ngokufakwe kwi-apparatus yomkhosi, kuthetha ukuba abaseMelika abancinci banokubulala abantu abangenacala okanye baxhatshazwe ngumoya wokulwa. Thatha umzekelo ombi weSgt. UPaul Cortez, owathi waphumelela kwi-2000 esuka kwiCentral High School kwikidolophu yokusebenza yaseBarstow, Calif., Wajoyina i-Army, wathunyelwa e-Iraq. Ngo-Matshi i-12, i-2006, wathatha inxaxheba ekudlwengulweni kwentombazana eneminyaka eyi-14 ubudala kunye nokubulawa kwakhe kunye nentsapho yakhe yonke.

"Xa ebuzwa ngoCortez, omnye umfundi wathi: 'Akaze enze into enjalo. Akaze aphinde akhathaze intombi. Wayengeze athabathe enye okanye aphakamise isandla sakhe. Ukulwa nelizwe lakhe yinto enye, kodwa kungekhona xa kuthethwa ukudlwengula nokubulala. Akuyena yena. Makhe samkele ibango lokuba 'akunjalo.' Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yechungechunge lweziganeko ezingenakwenzeka kwaye ezingenakulibaleka ngaphakathi kwimeko yemfazwe engekho mthethweni neyokuziphatha okubi, 'yile' yinto yaba ngayo. Ngomhla kaFebruwari 21, 2007, uCortez watyala enecala lokudlwengulwa kunye neenkalo ezine zokubulala. Wagwetywa iintsuku ezimbalwa emva koko, wagwetywa ebomini entolongweni kunye nobomi bakhe kwisihogo sakhe. "

Kwincwadi ka-2010 ebizwa ngokuba yi-Casualty Gap, uDouglas Kriner kunye noFrancis Shen bajonga idatha evela kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi yesiBini, eKorea, eVietnam, nase-Iraq. Baye bafumanisa ukuba kuphela kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi II yayiyidrafti esebenzayo, ngelixa ezinye iimfazwe ezintathu zatsalela ngokungafaniyo kubantu baseMelika abahlwempuzekileyo nabangafundanga, bavula "umsantsa wokwenzakala" owakhula kakhulu eKorea, kwakhona eVietnam, kwaye kwakhona kwi Imfazwe e-Iraq njengoko umkhosi wasuka ekubhaliseni ukuya “kwivolontiya.” Ababhali baphinda bacaphule uphando olubonisa ukuba njengoko abantu baseMelika besazi ngalo msantsa wokwenzakala, baye bangabi nankxaso kwiimfazwe.

Utshintsho olusuka emfazweni olusisityebi lusiya emfazweni ikakhulu ngamahlwempu luye lwahamba kancinane kwaye lusekude ukuba lugqitywe. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, abo bakwizikhundla eziphakamileyo emkhosini badla ngokuphuma kumakhaya akhethekileyo. Kwaye nokuba banayiphi na imvelaphi, amagosa aphezulu ngawona mancinci amathuba okuba abone ukulwa okuyingozi. Ukukhokelela imikhosi edabini akuseyiyo indlela esebenza ngayo, ngaphandle kweengcinga zethu. Bobabini abongameli bakaBush babone ukuvunywa kwabo kunyuka kuvoto lwezimvo zoluntu xa besilwa iimfazwe - ubuncinci ekuqaleni xa iimfazwe zazisentsha kwaye zintle. Ungaze ucinge ukuba aba mongameli balwa iimfazwe zabo kwiOfisi ye-Oval ene-air-conditioning. Esinye isiphumo soku kukuba abo benza izigqibo apho obona bomi buxhonywe kuzo abona bantu banokubona ukufa kwemfazwe kufutshane, okanye bakha bayibona.

Icandelo: I-AIR-CONDITIONED NIGHTMARE

Umongameli wokuqala uBush wabona iMfazwe yeHlabathi yesiBini esuka kwinqwelomoya, sele ikude kumgama wokufa, nangona ingekho kude noReagan owayenqande ukuya emfazweni. Kanye njengokuba ukucinga ngeentshaba njengomntu kukwenza kube lula ukuzibulala, ukuqhushumbiswa kwazo phezulu esibhakabhakeni kulula kakhulu ngokwasengqondweni kunokuthatha inxaxheba kumlo weemela okanye ukudubula umngcatshi omi evale amehlo ecaleni kodonga. UMongameli uClinton kunye noBush Jr. baphephe iMfazwe yaseVietnam, uClinton ngelungelo lemfundo, uBush ngokuba ngunyana kayise. UMongameli Obama akazange aye emfazweni. IiSekela-Mongameli uDan Quayle, uDick Cheney, kunye noJoe Biden, njengoClinton kunye noBush Jr., bayiphepha idrafti. USekela Mongameli u-Al Gore waya kwiMfazwe yaseVietnam ngokufutshane, kodwa njengentatheli yomkhosi, hayi ijoni elibone ukulwa.

Kunqabile ukuba umntu enze isigqibo sokuba amawaka kufuneka afe abe namava okuyibona isenzeka. NgoAgasti 15, 1941, amaNazi ayesele ebulele abantu abaninzi. Kodwa uHeinrich Himmler, esinye sezigantsontso zomkhosi zelizwe esasiza kongamela ukubulawa kwamaYuda azizigidi ezithandathu, wayengazange abone mntu esifa. Wacela ukubukela ukudubula eMinsk. AmaYuda axelelwa ukuba atsibele emhadini apho athi adutyulwa aze agqunywe luthuli. Emva koko kwathiwa abangakumbi mabatsibe. Badutyulwa baza bagqunywa. U-Himmler wema kanye emphethweni ebukele, de kwabe kukho into ephuma entlokweni yomnye umntu eyathi saa kwidyasi yakhe. Ujike waphaphatheka wajika. Umphathi wendawo wathi kuye:

“Jonga amehlo amadoda akule Komando. Ngabalandeli abanjani esibaqeqeshayo apha? Ngaba i-neurotics okanye i-savages!"

UHimmler wabaxelela ukuba benze umsebenzi wabo nokuba kunzima. Wabuyela ekwenzeni okwakhe ekwidesika entle.

Icandelo: UYABULALA OKANYE UNGABULALI?

Ukubulala izandi kulula kakhulu kunokuba kunjalo. Ukutyhubela imbali, amadoda aye abeka ubomi bawo esichengeni ukuze aphephe ukuba nenxaxheba kwiimfazwe:

“Amadoda abaleke amakhaya awo, ahlala entolongweni ixesha elide, anqunyulwe amalungu omzimba, adutyulwa ezinyaweni okanye ngeminwe, ezenza ngathi ayagula okanye ayageza, okanye, ukuba ayakwazi, ahlawule amaqabane awo ukuba alwe endaweni yawo. ‘Abanye batsala amazinyo, abanye baziimfama, abanye bazigxwelerha, xa besendleleni besiza kuthi,’ irhuluneli yaseYiputa yakhalazela abantu bayo abangamahlwempu ebutsheni benkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba. Yayingathembekanga ke inqanaba kunye nefayile yomkhosi wasePrussia wenkulungwane yeshumi elinesibhozo kangangokuba iincwadi zomkhosi zazikwalela ukumisa iintente kufutshane nehlathi okanye ihlathi. Amajoni asuka anyibilike emithini.”

Nangona ukubulala izilwanyana ezingengobantu kufikelela ngokulula kubantu abaninzi, ukubulala umntu ongoowabo kungaphaya kogxininiso lwesiqhelo lobomi bomntu obubandakanya ukuhlalisana nabantu kangangokuba iinkcubeko ezininzi ziye zaphuhlisa amasiko okuguqula umntu oqhelekileyo abe ligorha, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha ubuya kwakhona emva kwemfazwe. AmaGrike amandulo, ama-Aztec, amaTshayina, amaIndiya aseYanomamo, namaSkitiya ayesebenzisa utywala okanye ezinye iziyobisi ukuze abulale abantu.

Bambalwa kakhulu abantu ababulala ngaphandle komkhosi, kwaye uninzi lwabo ngabantu abaphazamiseke kakhulu. UJames Gilligan, kwincwadi yakhe ethi Violence: Reflections on a National Epidemic, wafumanisa oyena nobangela wokubulala okanye ugonyamelo lokuzibulala njengehlazo elinzulu kunye nokuthotywa, imfuneko enzulu yentlonipho kunye nesimo (kwaye, ngokusisiseko uthando kunye nenkathalo) kakhulu kangangokuba ukubulala kuphela ( wena kunye/okanye abanye) unokunciphisa intlungu-okanye, kunoko, ukungabikho kwemvakalelo. Xa umntu eba neentloni ngeemfuno zakhe (kunye nokuba neentloni), uGilligan ubhala, kwaye xa engaboni isisombululo esingenabugorha, kwaye xa engenamandla okuziva uthando okanye ityala okanye ukwesaba, umphumo unokuba lugonyamelo. Kodwa kuthekani ukuba ugonyamelo sisiqalo? Kuthekani ukuba ubeka abantu abasempilweni ukuba babulale ngaphandle kokucinga? Ngaba umphumo unokuba yimeko yengqondo efana neyomntu oqhutywa ngaphakathi ukuba abulale?

Ukhetho lokubandakanyeka kubundlobongela ngaphandle kwemfazwe alukho ngqiqweni, kwaye luhlala lubandakanya ukucinga ngemilingo, njengoko uGilligan echaza ngokuhlalutya intsingiselo yolwaphulo-mthetho apho ababulali baye batyumza imizimba yamaxhoba okanye eyabo. “Ndiqinisekile,” uyabhala,

“ubundlobongela, nokuba bubonakala bububudenge, obungaqondakaliyo, nobusengqondweni, yimpendulo eqondakalayo kwiimeko ezichongiweyo nezicacileyo; nokuba kwanaxa kubonakala kuphenjelelwa ‘kukuzingca’ ‘okusengqiqweni,’ kusisiphumo sothotho lweentshukumisa ezingenangqiqo, ezizitshabalalisayo nezingekho zingqondweni ezinokuhlolisiswa, ziqondwe, zize ziqondwe.”

Ukunqunyulwa kwemizimba, nokuba yintoni na eyiqhubayo kwimeko nganye, yinto eqhelekileyo emfazweni, nangona isenziwa ikakhulu ngabantu ababengatyekelanga kubundlobongela bokubulala ngaphambi kokuba bangene emkhosini. Iifoto ezininzi zeendondo zemfazwe ezivela kwiMfazwe yase-Iraq zibonisa izidumbu kunye namalungu omzimba atyunyuziweyo kwaye aboniswe kufutshane, abekwe esityeni ngokungathi zezabantu. Uninzi lwale mifanekiso yathunyelwa ngamajoni aseMelika kwiwebhusayithi ethengisa iphonografi. Kucingelwa ukuba, le mifanekiso yayijongwa njengemifanekiso engamanyala emfazwe. Mhlawumbi, badalwe ngabantu abaye bathanda imfazwe - kungekhona ngo-Himmlers okanye i-Dick Cheneys abathanda ukuthumela abanye, kodwa ngabantu abanandipha ngokwenene ukuba khona, abantu ababhalisele imali yekholeji okanye i-adventure kwaye baqeqeshwa njenge-sociopathic. ababulali.

NgoJuni 9, 2006, umkhosi wase-US wabulala u-Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, wathatha ifoto yentloko yakhe efileyo, wayivuthela ngomlinganiselo omkhulu, kwaye wayibonisa kwifreyimu kwinkomfa yabezindaba. Ukusuka kwindlela eyakhiwe ngayo, intloko yayinokudityaniswa nomzimba okanye hayi. Kucingelwa ukuba oku bekungenzelwa ukuba ingabi bubungqina bokufa kwakhe kuphela, kodwa luhlobo lwempindezelo yokunqunyulwa kuka-al-Zarqawi kubantu baseMelika.

Ukuqonda kukaGilligan ukuba yintoni ekhuthaza ubundlobongela buvela ekusebenzeni entolongweni nakumaziko empilo yengqondo, kungekhona ekuthatheni inxaxheba emfazweni, kwaye kungekhona ekubukeni iindaba. Ucebisa ukuba ingcaciso ecacileyo yobundlobongela ihlala ayilunganga:

“Abanye abantu bacinga ukuba abaphangi abaxhobileyo benza izenzo zabo zolwaphulo-mthetho ukuze bafumane imali. Kwaye kunjalo, ngamanye amaxesha, yindlela abalungisa ngayo ukuziphatha kwabo. Kodwa xa uhlala phantsi uze uthethe nabantu abaphindaphinda ulwaphulo-mthetho olunjalo, into oyivayo kukuba, ‘Andizange ndihlonelwe kangako ngaphambili ebomini bam njengokuba ndandinjalo xa ndandiqala ukukhomba umntu ngompu,’ okanye, ‘Ubungenakuhlonelwa. ndiyakholelwa ukuba ingakanani intlonipho oyifumanayo xa ukhombe umpu ebusweni bendoda ethile.' Kumadoda aye aphila ubomi bakhe bonke ngokutya indelelo nendelelo, isilingo sokufumana intlonelo ekhawulezileyo ngale ndlela sinokuba nexabiso elingaphezulu lee kuneendleko zokuvalelwa entolongweni, kwanokufa.”

Ngelixa ubundlobongela, ubuncinci kwihlabathi labemi, bunokuba bungenangqondo, uGilligan ucebisa iindlela ezicacileyo ezinokuthi zithintelwe okanye zikhuthazwe. Ubhala athi, ukuba ubufuna ukwandisa ugonyamelo, ubuya kuthabatha la manyathelo alandelayo athatyathwe yiUnited States: Yohlwaya abantu abangakumbi nangakumbi ngokuqatha; vala iziyobisi ezithintela ubundlobongela kwaye zisemthethweni kwaye zibhengeze ezo ziluvuselelayo; ukusebenzisa iirhafu kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo yezoqoqosho ukwandisa iyantlukwano kubutyebi kunye nengeniso; ukwala imfundo ephantsi; qhubela phambili ubuhlanga; velisa ukuzonwabisa okuzukisa ugonyamelo; yenza ukuba izixhobo eziyingozi zifumaneke lula; ukwandisa ukucalulwa kweendima zentlalo zamadoda nabasetyhini; ukukhuthaza ukucalula ubufanasini; ukusebenzisa ugonyamelo ukohlwaya abantwana esikolweni nasekhaya; kwaye ugcine intswela-ngqesho iphezulu ngokwaneleyo. Kwaye kutheni unokwenza loo nto okanye uyinyamezele? Mhlawumbi ngenxa yokuba uninzi lwamaxhoba obundlobongela luhlwempuzekile, kwaye amahlwempu atyekele ekuququzeleleni nasekufuneni amalungelo awo ngcono xa engothuswa lulwaphulo-mthetho.

UGilligan ujonga ulwaphulo-mthetho olunobundlobongela, ngakumbi ukubulala, aze aphendulele ingqalelo yakhe kwinkqubo yethu yesohlwayo esinobundlobongela, kuquka isigwebo sokufa, ukudlwengulwa entolongweni, nokuvalelwa wedwa. Ujonga ukohlwaywa kwesohlwayo njengohlobo olufanayo lobundlobongela obungenangqiqo njengolwaphulo-mthetho olulohlwayayo. Ubona ubundlobongela besakhiwo kunye nentlupheko njengowona monakalo mkhulu, kodwa akathethi ngombandela wemfazwe. Kwiimbekiselo ezisasazekileyo uGilligan wenza kucace ukuba ufaka imfazwe kwithiyori yakhe yobundlobongela, ukanti kwenye indawo uyakuchasa ukuphelisa iimfazwe, kwaye akukho ndawo ayichazayo ukuba ithiyori yakhe ingasetyenziswa ngokuhambelanayo.

Iimfazwe zidalwe ngoorhulumente, njengenkqubo yethu yobulungisa kulwaphulo-mthetho. Ngaba zineengcambu ezifanayo? Ngaba amajoni kunye namajoni kunye neekontraka kunye nabaphathi baziva behlazekile kwaye behlazekile? Ngaba ubuxoki bemfazwe noqeqesho lwasemkhosini luvelisa ingcamango yokuba utshaba alumhloneli umlo omele ngoku abulale ukuze afumane imbeko? Okanye ngaba ukuthotywa kwesajini ye-drill yenzelwe ukuvelisa impendulo eqondiswe ngokutsha ngokuchasene notshaba? Kuthekani ngamalungu enkongolo kunye noongameli, iinjengele kunye nee-CEO zemibutho yezixhobo, kunye neendaba ezidibeneyo - abo bathatha isigqibo sokuba nemfazwe kwaye benze ukuba kwenzeke? Ngaba abanawo umlinganiselo ophakamileyo wewonga nentlonelo esele benayo, kwanokuba basenokuba baye bangena kwezobupolitika ngenxa yomnqweno wabo obalaseleyo wokufuna ingqalelo enjalo? Ngaba azikho izinto ezikhuthazayo, njengenzuzo yemali, inkxaso-mali yephulo, kunye nokuphumelela kwevoti emsebenzini apha, nokuba imibhalo yeProjekthi yeXesha Elitsha laseMelika inokuthetha okuninzi malunga nesibindi kunye nolawulo kunye nolawulo?

Kwaye kuthekani ngoluntu ngokubanzi, kubandakanywa nabo bonke abo baxhasa imfazwe abangenabundlobongela? Izilogeni eziqhelekileyo nezincamathelisi ezinkulu ziquka: “Le mibala ayibaleki,” “Ndizingca ngokuba ngumMelika,” “Ungaze uhlehle,” “Musa ukusika uze ubaleke.” Akukho nto inokuba yinto engekho ngqiqweni okanye engumfuziselo ngaphezu kwemfazwe yeqhinga okanye imvakalelo, njengakwi “Mfazwe yeHlabathi yoBugrogrisi,” eyasungulwa njengempindezelo, nangona abantu abaphambili ababefuna impindezelo kubo sele befile. Ngaba abantu bacinga ukuba ikratshi labo kunye nokuzixabisa kwabo kuxhomekeke kwimpindezelo enokufunyanwa ekuqhushumbiseni i-Afghanistan de kungabikho mntu ushiyekileyo exhathisa ulawulo lwase-US? Ukuba kunjalo, akuyi kunceda nakancinane ukubacacisela ukuba izenzo ezinjalo zisenza singakhuselekanga kangako. Kodwa kuthekani ukuba abantu abanxanelwe ukuhlonelwa baye bafumanise ukuba ukuziphatha okunjalo kwenza ilizwe lethu lidelwe okanye libe yintlekisa, okanye urhulumente udlalisa ngabo, ukuba abantu baseYurophu banomgangatho ophakamileyo wokuphila ngenxa yokungayifaki yonke imali yabo emfazweni? okanye ukuba umongameli woonodoli ofana noHamid Karzai wase-Afghanistan ebehamba ngeesutikheyisi zemali yaseMelika?

Kungakhathaliseki ukuba, olunye uphando lufumanisa ukuba kuphela malunga neepesenti ezimbini zabantu abathanda ukubulala, kwaye baphazamiseke kakhulu engqondweni. Injongo yoqeqesho lwasemkhosini kukwenza abantu abaqhelekileyo, kubandakanywa abaxhasi bemfazwe abaqhelekileyo, ukuba babe kwi-sociopaths, ubuncinane kwimeko yemfazwe, ukuba benze emfazweni into eya kujongwa njengeyona nto imbi kakhulu abanokuyenza nangaliphi na ixesha. okanye indawo. Indlela abantu abanokuqeqeshwa ngayo kwangaphambili ukubulala emfazweni kukulinganisa ukubulala ekuqeqesheni. Abaqeshwa abagwaza babulale iidummies, becula “Igazi lenza ingca ikhule!”, kwaye badubule ukuzilolonga okujoliswe kuko ngenkangeleko yabantu, baya kubulala edabini xa besoyika. Abayi kufuna iingqondo zabo. Iingqondo zabo ziya kuthatha indawo. UDave Grossman ubhala athi: “Ekuphela kwento enalo naliphi na ithemba lokuphembelela ubuchopho obuphakathi, ikwakuphela kwento ephembelela inja: indlela eqhelekileyo nesebenza ngayo.”

“Yiloo nto esetyenziswayo xa kuqeqeshwa abacimi-mlilo kunye nabaqhubi beenqwelo-moya ukuba basabele kwiimeko zonxunguphalo: ukuphindaphinda ngokuchanekileyo kovuselelo abaya kujongana nalo (kwindlu yedangatye okanye kwisilinganisi senqwelo-moya) kunye nokubunjwa okubanzi kwempendulo efunwayo kweso sivuseleli. I-Stimulus-response, i-stimulus-response, i-stimulus-response. Kule ngxaki, xa aba bantu besoyika, basabela kakuhle kwaye basindisa ubomi. . . . Asibaxeleli abantwana besikolo ukuba mabenze ntoni xa kuthe kwatsha, sibamisela imeko; yaye xa besoyika, benza into elungileyo.”

Kungemeko eqatha neyilwe kakuhle kuphela apho abantu abaninzi banokuziswa ukuba babulale. Njengoko uGrossman nabanye beye babhala, “ukutyhubela imbali inkoliso yamadoda edabini ibingayi kuzama ukubulala utshaba, kwanokusindisa ubomi bayo okanye babahlobo bayo.” Siyitshintshile loo nto.

UGrossman ukholelwa ukuba ubundlobongela obubuxoki kwiimuvi, imidlalo yevidiyo, kunye nenkcubeko yethu yonke inegalelo elikhulu kubundlobongela bokwenyani kuluntu kwaye uyayigxeka, nangona ecebisa ngeendlela ezingcono apho umkhosi unokwenza ababulali bemfazwe. Ngelixa uGrossman ekwishishini lokucebisa amajoni awonzakeleyo ngokubulala, uncedisa ekuveliseni ukubulala okungakumbi. Andiqondi ukuba izizathu zakhe zimbi njengoko kuvakala. Ndicinga ukuba ukholelwa nje ukuba ukubulala kuguqulwa kube yinto efanelekileyo ngokubhengezwa kwemfazwe yelizwe lakhe. Kwangaxeshanye ukhuthaza ukuba kuncitshiswe ukulinganisa ubundlobongela kumajelo eendaba nakwimidlalo yabantwana. Akukho ndawo ekubulaleni apho ajongana khona nenyani engathandekiyo yokuba imithombo yeendaba enobundlobongela inamandla ngokwaneleyo okuqhuba ubundlobongela obungeyiyo imfazwe kufuneka yenze umsebenzi wabaqeshwa kunye nabaqeqeshi babe lula.

Ngo-2010, uqhanqalazo lwabalweli boxolo lwanyanzela uMkhosi ukuba uvale into owawuyibiza ngokuba liZiko lamava oMkhosi, elalikwivenkile yokuthenga yasePennsylvania. Embindini, abantwana babedlale imidlalo yevidiyo yokulinganisa imfazwe equka ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zokwenyani zasemkhosini ezibotshelelwe kwizikrini zevidiyo. Abaqeshwa banikela amacebiso aluncedo. Umkhosi wenze oku kubantwana abancinci kakhulu ukuba baqeshwe ngokusemthethweni, bekholelwa ngokucacileyo ukuba kuya kwandisa ukuqeshwa kamva. Ngokuqinisekileyo, ezinye iindlela esifundisa ngazo abantwana ukuba ubundlobongela bunokuba luhle kwaye lube luncedo lubandakanya ukuqhubeka nokusetyenziswa kwemfazwe ngokwayo kunye nokusetyenziswa kokubulawa kwelizwe kwinkqubo yethu yobulungisa bolwaphulo-mthetho.

Ngo-Agasti 2010, ijaji yase-Alabama yazama indoda ngenxa yolwaphulo-mthetho lokusongela kwiwebhusayithi ye-Facebook ukwenza ukubulawa kwabantu ngokufana nokudubula okwabulala abantu be-32 eVirginia Tech. Isivakalisi? Le ndoda kwafuneka iye emkhosini. Umkhosi uthe uza kumthatha emva kokuba ephumile eluvalelweni. “Umkhosi yinto elungileyo, elungileyo kuwe,” yamxelela loo jaji. “Ndingathi sisiphumo esifanelekileyo,” lavuma igqwetha lale ndoda.

Ukuba kukho unxibelelwano phakathi kobundlobongela obungaphandle kwemfazwe kunye nangaphakathi kuyo, ukuba ezi zimbini azikho imisebenzi engahambelani ngokupheleleyo, umntu unokulindela ukubona amazinga angaphezulu kwe-avareji yobundlobongela obuvela kumagqala emfazwe, ngakumbi abo baye bajongana ubuso nobuso. umlo wobuso emhlabeni. Ngo-2007, i-Bureau of Justice Statistics yakhupha ingxelo, isebenzisa idatha ye-2004, kumagqala asentolongweni, ibhengeza:

"Phakathi kwamadoda amadala kubemi baseMelika ngo-2004, amagqala ayesisiqingatha esinokwenzeka njengabangengawo amagqala ukuba basentolongweni (amabanjwa angama-630 kumagqala angama-100,000, xa kuthelekiswa namabanjwa ayi-1,390 ngabahlali base-US abangama-100,000). Oko kubonakala kubalulekile, kwaye ndiyibonile icatshulwa ngaphandle kokulandelayo:

“Umahluko ubukhulu becala uchazwa ngokweminyaka. Isibini esithathwini samadoda angamagqala e-US ayeneminyaka engama-55 ubuncinci, xa kuthelekiswa neepesenti ezili-17 zamadoda angengawo amagqala. Izinga lokuvalelwa kwala magqala angamadoda amadala (i-182 nge-100,000) lalisezantsi kakhulu kunabo bangaphantsi kweminyaka engama-55 (1,483 nge-100,000).

Kodwa oku akusixeleli ukuba ingaba amagqala angavalelwa na, anobundlobongela. Le ngxelo isixelela ukuba baninzi kula magqala avalelweyo abakhe bagwetyelwa ulwaphulo-mthetho olunobundlobongela kunokuba kunjalo kwabo bavalelweyo abangengawo amagqala, kwaye liqaqobana laloo magqala avalelweyo elikhe lalwa. Kodwa ayisixeleli ukuba amadoda okanye amabhinqa ebesilwa anamathuba amaninzi okanye kancinane okwenza ulwaphulo-mthetho olunogonyamelo kunabanye abakwiqela elilingana nabo.

Ukuba iinkcukacha-manani zolwaphulo-mthetho ziye zabonisa ukwanda kolwaphulo-mthetho ngamagqala emfazwe, akukho mntu wezobupolitika owayefuna ukuhlala engumpolitiki ixesha elide ebenokulangazelela ukuzipapasha. Ngo-Epreli ka-2009, amaphephandaba axela ukuba i-FBI kunye neSebe loKhuseleko lweLizwe bebecebisa abasebenzi babo abajonge kubaphathi abamhlophe kunye "namaqela omkhosi/abemi abazimeleyo" ukuba bagxile kumagqala ase-Iraq nase-Afghanistan. Isivunguvungu somsindo sasingenakuba yintaba-mlilo ngakumbi ukuba i-FBI yayicebise ukuba igxininise kubantu abamhlophe njengamalungu arhanelekayo kula maqela!

Ngokuqinisekileyo kubonakala kungafanelekanga ukuthumela abantu ukuba benze umsebenzi ombi kwaye babambe ucalucalulo kubo xa bebuya. Amaqela amagqala azinikele ekulweni ucalucalulo olunjalo. Kodwa izibalo zeqela akufuneki zithathwe njengezizathu zokuphathwa kakubi kwabantu. Ukuba ukuthumela abantu emfazweni kubenza babe yingozi ngakumbi ukuba yingozi kufuneka siyazi ukuba, ekubeni ukuthumela abantu emfazweni yinto esinokukhetha ukuyeka ukuyenza. Akukho mntu uya kuba nakuwuphi na umngcipheko wokuphatha amagqala ngokungekho sikweni xa singasekho magqala.

NgoJulayi 28, 2009, iWashington Post yabhala inqaku elaqalayo:

"Amajoni abuya e-Iraq emva kokusebenza kunye ne-Fort Carson, e-Colo., I-brigade yokulwa ibonise izinga eliphezulu lokuziphatha kolwaphulo-mthetho kwiidolophu zabo zasekhaya, beqhuba uluhlu lokubulala kunye nolunye ulwaphulo-mthetho abathi abo babesakuba ngamajoni bathi bube bubugqwirha kwaye Iziganeko zokubulala ngokungenamkhethe ngexesha lokusiwa kwabo emsebenzini, ngokophando lweenyanga ezintandathu olwenziwa liphephandaba laseColorado Springs Gazette.”

Ulwaphulo-mthetho olwenziwe ngala majoni eIraq lubandakanya ukubulala abantu ngokungalindelekanga - kwezinye iimeko kwindawo engenanto - ukusebenzisa imipu evaliweyo kubathinjwa, ukutyhala abantu kwiibhulorho, ukulayisha izixhobo ngeembumbulu ezingekho mthethweni, ukusebenzisa kakubi iziyobisi, kunye nokusika imizimba. yabaseIraq. Izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho abazenzileyo xa bebuyela ekhaya ziquka ukudlwengula, ukuxhatshazwa ekhaya, ukudubula, ukuhlatywa, ukuxhwila kunye nokuzibulala.

Asinakuphinda sikhuphele kumkhosi wonke kwityala elibandakanya amagqala ali-10, kodwa kuyacetyiswa ukuba umkhosi ngokwawo ukholelwa ukuba iingxaki zemfazwe yangoku “zinokwandisa umngcipheko” wamagqala okubulala abuyela kwilizwe lasekuhlaleni apho. ukubulala akusathandeki.

Uphononongo oluninzi lugqibe kwelokuba amagqala anengxaki yoxinzelelo lwasemva kokwenzakala (PTSD) kunokwenzeka kakhulu ukuba enze izenzo zobundlobongela kunamagqala angakhathazwa yi-PTSD. Ewe kunjalo, abo banengxaki ye-PTSD kunokwenzeka ukuba ibe ngabo babone umlo omninzi. Ngaphandle kokuba amagqala angakhathaliyo anamazinga asezantsi obundlobongela kunabemi, amagqala akwi-avareji kufuneka abe phezulu.

Ngelixa izibalo zokubulala zibonakala kunzima ukuzifumana, abo bazibulalayo bafumaneka lula. Ngeli xesha lokubhalwa, umkhosi wase-US wawuphulukana nobomi obuninzi ngokuzibulala kunokuba ulwe, kwaye loo majoni ayebone umlo ayezibulala ngenqanaba eliphezulu kunalawo angazange azibulale. Umkhosi ubeke izinga lokuzibulala kumajoni asebenzayo kwi-20.2 kwi-100,000 nganye, ngaphezulu komndilili wase-US naxa ulungelelaniselwe isini kunye nobudala. Kwaye i-Veterans Administration ngo-2007 yabeka izinga lokuzibulala kumagqala ase-US awayeshiye umkhosi nge-56.8 emangalisa nge-100,000, ephezulu kunezinga eliphakathi lokuzibulala kulo naliphi na ilizwe emhlabeni, kwaye liphezulu kumyinge wezinga lokuzibulala kwamadoda naphi na ngaphandle kweBelarus. - indawo efanayo apho u-Himmler wabona ukubulawa kwabantu abaninzi. Iphephancwadi i-Time laphawula ngo-Epreli 13, 2010, ukuba-nangona umkhosi wawungafuni ukuyivuma-into enye enegalelo, ngokumangalisayo ngokwaneleyo, yayiyimfazwe:

“Amava okulwa nawo anokuba negalelo. 'Ukulwa kwandisa ukungoyiki malunga nokufa kunye nokukwazi ukuzibulala,' utshilo uCraig Bryan, ugqirha wengqondo weDyunivesithi yaseTexas, enika ingxelo kumagosa ePentagon ngoJanuwari. Indibaniselwano yokuvezwa komlo kunye nokufikelela ngokulungeleyo kwimipu kunokubulala nabani na ocinga ngokuzibulala. Malunga nesiqingatha samajoni azibulalayo asebenzisa izixhobo, yaye inani linyuka liye kutsho kuma-93 ekhulwini phakathi kwalawo asebenza kwimimandla yemfazwe.

"UBryan, ingcali yokuzibulala esandul' ukushiya uMkhosi woMoya, uthi umkhosi uzifumana ukwi-22. 'Siqeqesha amajoni ethu ukuba asebenzise ubundlobongela obulawulwayo kunye nobundlobongela, ukucinezela ukusabela okunamandla ngokweemvakalelo xa ejongene nobunzima, ukunyamezela intlungu yomzimba kunye neemvakalelo kunye nokoyisa uloyiko lokwenzakala nokufa,' uxelele i-TIME. Nangona zifuneka edabini, 'ezi mpawu zikwanxulunyaniswa nengozi eyandayo yokuzibulala.' Loo meko ayinakwenziwa buthuntu 'ngaphandle kokuchaphazela kakubi amandla okulwa omkhosi wethu,' wongezelela. 'Amalungu enkonzo, xa sibeka nje, ayakwazi ukuzibulala ngenxa nje yoqeqesho lwawo lobungcali.'

Enye into enegalelo kukungabikho kokuqonda okucacileyo malunga nokuba yintoni imfazwe. Amajoni kumlo onje ngeMfazwe yase-Afghanistan akanaso isiseko silungileyo sokukholelwa ukuba izinto ezoyikisayo ajongene nazo kunye nokwenzayo zithethelela into ebaluleke ngakumbi. Xa ummeli kamongameli e-Afghanistan engakwazi ukunxibelelana nenjongo yemfazwe kwiiseneta, amajoni anokulindela njani ukuba azi? Khona umntu angaphila njani ngokuba ebulele engazi nokuba bekusenzelwa ntoni?

Icandelo: AMAGQEBA AKUNJALO KANJALO

Kakade ke, inkoliso yamagqala ajamelana namaxesha anzima ayizibulali. Ngapha koko, amagqala e-United States - bonke abo "baxhasa imikhosi" iintetho zezityebi nabanamandla nangona kunjalo - basengozini enkulu yokungabi namakhaya. Umkhosi, ewe, awubeki ingqwalasela efanayo ekuncedeni amagorha ukuba angabi ngamajoni abeke kwinguqu yawo yangaphambili. Kwaye uluntu aluwakhuthazi ngentliziyo iphela amagqala ukuba akholelwe ukuba izenzo zawo zifanelekile.

Amagqala eMfazwe yaseVietnam amkelwa emva ngokugculelwa nokudelelwa, nto leyo eyachaphazela imeko yabo yengqondo kabuhlungu. Amagqala eeMfazwe zase-Iraq nase-Afghanistan zihlala zamkelwa ekhaya ngombuzo othi "Ngaba uthetha ukuba imfazwe isaqhubeka?" Lo mbuzo awunakuba yingozi njengokuxelela umntu ukuba ubulele, kodwa kukude ekugxininiseni ukubaluleka okuphakamileyo kunye nexabiso lezinto azenzileyo.

Ukuthetha eyona nto inokuba luncedo kwimpilo yengqondo yamagqala kukuba, yonke enye into iyalingana, yinto endifuna ukuyenza. Kodwa ayisiyiyo le nto ndiyenzayo kule ncwadi. Ukuba siza kufikelela ngaphaya kwemfazwe kuya kuba ngokuphuhlisa inkcubeko yobubele obukhulu ebalekela inkohlakalo, impindezelo kunye nobundlobongela. Abantu abaphambili kwiimfazwe ngabo baphezulu, abo kuxutyushwa ngabo kwisahluko sesithandathu. Ukohlwaya ulwaphulo-mthetho lwabo kwakuya kuthintela imfazwe kwixesha elizayo. Ukohlwaya amagqala akusayi kuyinqanda imfazwe nakancinane. Kodwa umyalezo ekufuneka ungene kuluntu lwethu awungowokuncoma nokubulela olona lwaphulo-mthetho lubi kakhulu esiluvelisayo.

Isisombululo, ndicinga ukuba asikokuncoma okanye ukohlwaya amagqala, kodwa kukubabonisa ububele ngelixa bethetha inyani efunekayo ukuze bayeke ukuvelisa ngakumbi kubo. Amagqala kunye nabangengawo amagqala ngokufanayo banokuba nokhathalelo lwempilo yengqondo lwasimahla nolukumgangatho ophezulu, ukhathalelo lwempilo olusemgangathweni, amathuba emfundo, amathuba emisebenzi, ukhathalelo lwabantwana, iiholide, ukuqeshwa okuqinisekisiweyo, kunye nomhlalaphantsi ukuba siyeka ukulahla zonke izixhobo zethu kwiimfazwe. Ukubonelela amagqala ngezo zinto zisisiseko zobomi obonwabileyo, obusempilweni boluntu bunokuba ngaphezulu kunokulinganisa nakuphi na ukungonwabi abazivayo xa besiva ukugxekwa kwemfazwe.

UMatthis Chiroux lijoni laseMelika eliye lala ukuya e-Iraq. Uthi wayesebenza eJamani kwaye wakha ubuhlobo nabantu abaninzi baseJamani, abanye babo bamxelela ukuba into eyenziwa lilizwe lakhe e-Iraq nase-Afghanistan yimbubhiso. UChiroux uthi oku kwamkhubekisa kakhulu, kodwa wacinga ngako waza wenza ngokuvisisana noko, yaye kusenokwenzeka ukuba kwabusindisa ubomi bakhe. Uthi ngoku unombulelo kwamanye amaJamani akhaliphileyo awayekulungele ukumkhubekisa. Apha ukukhubekisa abantu!

Ndidibene neqela lamagqala eeMfazwe zase-Iraq nase-Afghanistan abafumene intuthuzelo kunye nesiqabu ekubeni babe ngabachasi belizwi bezo mfazwe balwe kuzo kwaye, kwezinye iimeko, baba ngabachasi abangafuniyo ukulwa kwakhona. Amagqala, kwanamajoni asebenzayo, akufuneki abe ziintshaba zamatshantliziyo oxolo. Njengoko uKapteni uPaul Chappell echaza kwincwadi yakhe ethi, Ukuphela kweMfazwe, kusoloko kukho umsantsa omkhulu phakathi kweengcinga. Amajoni athatha uvuyo olubuhlungu ekubulaleni abamsulwa kunye nabaphembeleli boxolo abatshicela amagqala baqelelene ngeekhilomitha (okanye mhlawumbi basondele kancinci kunokuba becinga), kodwa umndilili othatha inxaxheba kunye nomchasi wemfazwe basondelelene kakhulu kwaye banokufana kakhulu kunoko bakwenzayo. iyabahlula. Ipesenti enkulu yabantu baseMelika, kunye nepesenti enkulu yabalwela uxolo, basebenzela abenzi bezixhobo kunye nabanye ababoneleli kwishishini lemfazwe.

Ngelixa amajoni ekufumanisa kulula ukubulala ekumgama ngeedrones okanye ukusebenzisa izinzwa zobushushu kunye nombono wasebusuku, ukudlala imfazwe yomdlalo wevidiyo apho kungafuneki ukuba babone amaxhoba abo, abezopolitiko abathumela emfazweni linyathelo elongezelelweyo. isusiwe kwaye ube nexesha elilula ngakumbi lokuphepha iimvakalelo zoxanduva. Yiyiphi enye indlela esinokuyiqonda ngayo imeko apho amakhulu amalungu eNdlu yabaMeli "abachasi" kunye "nabagxeki" beemfazwe kodwa baqhubeka bexhasa ngemali? Kwaye abanye bethu bahlali selinye inyathelo elisusiweyo kwakhona.

Amajoni kudala akufumanisa kulula ukubulala esebenzisa isixhobo esifuna abantu abangaphezu komnye ukuba asisebenzise, ​​esasaza uxanduva. Sicinga ngendlela efanayo. Kukho amakhulu ezigidi zabantu abasilelayo ukuthatha amanyathelo aqatha ukumisa ezi mfazwe, ngokuqinisekileyo andinakubekwa tyala ngokusilela okufanayo, akunjalo? Eyona nto incinci endinokuyenza, ngelixa ndizityhalela kwinkcaso eyomeleleyo, kukuvelana nabantu abathi kwiimeko ezininzi baye emkhosini ngaphandle kolunye ukhetho endinalo, kwaye ndibeke imbeko ngaphezu kwabo bonke abafumana isibindi nobugorha ngaphakathi. emkhosini ukubeka phantsi izixhobo zabo kwaye ukwala ukwenza oko bakuxelelwayo, okanye ubuncinci ukufumana ubulumko bokuthetha ngokuzisola kamva ngento abayenzileyo.

Icandelo: AMABALI AMAJONI

Ubuxoki obuye baxelelwa ukuba baqalise iimfazwe bahlala bebandakanya amabali amangalisayo, kwaye ukususela ekudalweni kwe-cinema, amabali amaqhawe angamaqhawe afunyenwe apho. IKomiti yeNgcaciso kaWonke-wonke yavelisa iifilimu ezinde yaye yanikela iintetho zemizuzu emi-4 xa iireel zitshintshwa.

Kwincwadi ethi The Unbeliever (yowe-1918), eyenziwe ngentsebenziswano yoMbutho Waselwandle waseUnited States, isityebi nesinamandla uPhil ufumanisa ukuba ‘ikratshi lodidi liyinkunkuma’ njengoko ebukele umqhubi wenqwelo yakhe esifa edabini, uba nokholo emva kokubona umfanekiso kaKristu ehamba edabini. kwindawo yedabi, kwaye uthandana nentombazana entle yaseBelgium eyasinda ngokulambisa ukudlwengulwa ligosa laseJamani.”

Umboniso bhanyabhanya ka-DW Griffith ka-1915 othi The Birth of a Nation about the Civil War kunye nokwakhiwa ngokutsha wanceda ekuqaliseni imfazwe yasekhaya kubantu abantsundu, kodwa incwadi yakhe ethi Hearts of the World ngo-1918, eyenziwa ngoncedo lomkhosi, yafundisa abantu baseMelika ukuba iMfazwe Yehlabathi I yayimalunga nokuhlangula ngobugorha abantu abamsulwa. ekubanjelweni kwabangendawo.

KwiMfazwe Yehlabathi II, iOfisi yoLwazi lweMfazwe yacebisa imiyalezo, yaphonononga imibhalo, yaza yacela ukuba kunqunyulwe imifanekiso engathandekiyo, kuthathelwe indawo ishishini lefilimu ukukhuthaza imfazwe. Umkhosi waqesha uFrank Capra ukuba avelise iifilimu ezisixhenxe ze-pro-war. Lo mkhuba uye, ngokuqinisekileyo, uqhubekile ukuya namhlanje kunye ne-Hollywood blockbusters eveliswa rhoqo ngoncedo lomkhosi wase-US. Imikhosi kula mabali ichazwa njengamaqhawe.

Ngexesha leemfazwe zokwenyani, umkhosi uthanda ukubalisa amabali amangalisayo amaqhawe obomi bokwenyani, nawo. Akukho nto ingcono ekuqeshweni. Kwiiveki nje ezimbalwa kwiMfazwe yase-Iraq, imithombo yeendaba yase-US, ngokukhuthazwa komkhosi kunye neNdlu ye-White House, yaqala ukunika ingxelo egcweleyo kwibali lejoni elibhinqileyo eligama linguJessica Lynch ekucingelwa ukuba lalibanjiwe ngexesha lokutshintshiselana ngobundlobongela kwaye emva koko wahlangulwa ngendlela emangalisayo. Wayeligorhakazi kunye nentombi esentlungwini. IPentagon yaxoka yathi uLynch wayenamanxeba okugwazwa kunye neembumbulu, kwaye wabethwa ngempama ebhedini yakhe esibhedlele wancinwa. ULynch walikhanyela lonke eli bali waza wakhalaza ngelithi asetyenziswe ngumkhosi. Ngo-Aprili 24, 2007, uLynch wanikela ubungqina phambi kweKomiti yeNdlu yoLawulo kunye noHlaziyo lukaRhulumente:

“[Emva nje kokubanjwa kwam], amabali obugorha obukhulu ayebaliswa. Ikhaya lomzali wam eWirt County lalirhangqwe ngamajelo eendaba onke aphindaphinda ibali lentwazana uRambo osuka ezindulini wehla esilwa. Yayingeyonyani. . . . Ndisadidekile ukuba kwakutheni ukuze bakhethe ukuxoka.”

Elinye ijoni elalibandakanyekile kolu phulo elalisazi ukuba amabali abubuxoki nelathi ngelo xesha umkhosi “wenza imuvi” yayinguPat Tillman. Wayeyingqwele yebhola ekhatywayo kwaye wayedume ngokuncama isivumelwano sebhola ekhatywayo sezigidi ngezigidi zeedola ukuze azibandakanye nomkhosi kwaye enze umsebenzi wakhe wokuthand' izwe ukukhusela ilizwe kubanqolobi ababi. Wayengoyena mkhosi waziwayo emkhosini wase-US, kwaye umphengululi kamabonwakude uAnn Coulter wambiza ngokuba "ngumntu waseMelika wokuqala - onesidima, onyulu, kwaye oyindoda enokuba yindoda yaseMelika kuphela."

Ngaphandle nje kokuba wayengasawakholelwa amabali awayemkhokelele ekubeni abhalise, yaye uAnn Coulter wayeka ukumdumisa. NgoSeptemba 25, 2005, iSan Francisco Chronicle yabika ukuba uTillman wayeyigxeka imfazwe yase-Iraq kwaye wayecwangcise intlanganiso kunye nomgxeki owaziwayo wemfazwe uNoam Chomsky ukuba yenzeke xa ebuya e-Afghanistan, lonke ulwazi olwaqinisekiswa ngumama kaTillman noChomsky kamva. . UTillman khange akwazi ukuyiqinisekisa kuba wasweleka e-Afghanistan ngo-2004 ukusuka kwiimbumbulu ezintathu ukuya ebunzi kuluhlu olufutshane, iimbumbulu ezidutyulwe ngumMelika.

I-White House kunye nomkhosi wayazi ukuba u-Tillman ubhubhile kwinto ebizwa ngokuba ngumlilo wobuhlobo, kodwa baxoka baxelela abeendaba ukuba ubhubhile kutshintshiselwano olukhohlakeleyo. Abaphathi bomkhosi abaphezulu babezazi iinyani kwaye bavuma ukunika uTillman iNkwenkwezi yesiSiliva, iNtliziyo ePurple, kunye nokunyuselwa emva kokusweleka kwakhe, konke oku kusekwe ekuswelekeni kwakhe esilwa notshaba.

Amabali amangalisayo acela umngeni kwingcamango yamagorha angamaqhawe ayabaliswa ngokunjalo. Umdlalo kaKaren Malpede Isiprofeto ubonisa igqala leMfazwe yase-Iraq elifuna ukuzibulala. Iifilimu ezifana neNtili ye-Ellah zidlulisa umonakalo owenziwa yimfazwe kumajoni, kwaye zinika inkcazo kwinkolelo yabo yokuba oko bakwenzileyo kuchasene nobugorha. Indawo eluhlaza ibonisa ijoni eliqonda kade ukuba iMfazwe yase-Iraq yayisekelwe kubuxoki.

Kodwa akukho mfuneko yakuphethukela kwiintsomi okanye ukuyila amabali abonisa amajoni njengoko eyiyo ngokwenene. Ekuphela kwento efunekayo kukuthetha nabo. Abaninzi, ewe, basazixhasa iimfazwe nasemva kokuba bephakathi kwazo. Ukuxhasa ngakumbi umbono jikelele wemfazwe kwaye banebhongo ngento abayenzileyo, nokuba banezigxeko zemfazwe ethile ababeyinxalenye yayo. Kodwa abanye baba ngabachasi ngokuphandle beemfazwe, bebalisa amava abo ukuze baphelise iintsomi. Amalungu e-Iraq Veterans Against the War ahlanganisana kufutshane neWashington, DC, ngoMatshi ka-2008 kumsitho abawubiza ngokuba “Ijoni laseBusika.” Bathetha la mazwi:

“Wabukela umphathi-mkhosi owayesiyalele ukuba sidubule nabani na esitratweni edubula amaxhegwazana amabini awayehamba ethwele imifuno. Yathi inkumanda yathi makawadubule la mabhinqa, yaye xa engazange avume, inkumanda yawadubula. Ngoko, xa lo matiloshe waqalisa ukudubula abantu kwiinqwelo-mafutha ekungekho mntu wumbi owayecinga ukuba zizoyikisela, wayexelisa umzekelo womphathi wakhe.” - UJason Wayne Lemieux

“Ndikhumbula elinye ibhinqa lidlula apho. Wayephethe ibhegi enkulu, kwaye wayebonakala ngathi ujonge ngakuthi, ngoko samlayita ngeMark 19, i-automatic grenade launcher, kwaye xa uthuli luthe cwaka, safumanisa ukuba ingxowa yayizele yigrosari. Ebesoloko ezama ukusiphathela ukutya samqhumisa. . . .

“Enye into esakhuthazwa ukuba siyenze, phantse ngokuqhwanyaza nentloko, yayikukuphatha izixhobo zokuwisa, okanye kukhenketho lwam lwesithathu, ukuwisa imihlakulo. Sasiphatha ezi zixhobo okanye imihlakulo kuba ukuba sidubule ummi ngempazamo, sasinokusuka nje sisijule esi sixhobo emzimbeni, simenze abonakale njengomvukeli.” - UJason Washburn

“Ndifuna ukuqala ngokunibonisa ividiyo yeGosa lesiGqeba seKilo Company. Sasingene kumlo womlilo weeyure ezimbini, kwaye kwakusele kudlule ixesha elide, kodwa wayesaziva enesidingo sokuwisa umjukujelwa okhokelwa yilaser ongamakhulu amahlanu eeponti kumantla eRamadi. -Jon Michael Turner

Ividiyo ibonisa igosa livuya emva koqhankqalazo lwemijukujelwa: "Ndicinga ukuba ndibulale isiqingatha sabemi basemantla eRamadi!"

“Ngomhla we-18 kuTshazimpuzi, ngo-2006, ndaqinisekisa ukuba ndibulewe. Wayeyindoda emsulwa. Andilazi igama lakhe. Ndimbiza ngokuba 'NguNdoda Otyebileyo.' Ebudeni beso siganeko, wabuyela endlwini yakhe, ndaza ndamdubula phambi komhlobo wakhe noyise. Umjikelo wokuqala zange wambulala emva kokuba ndimbethe entanyeni. Emva koko, waqalisa ukukhala wandijonga kanye emehlweni. Ndajonga umhlobo wam endandihamba naye, ndaza ndathi 'Hayi, andinakuyivumela ukuba yenzeke.' Ndithathe enye ishot ndamkhupha. Inxalenye yentsapho yakhe yamthwala yemka naye. Kwathatha abantu baseIraq abasixhenxe ukuthwala umzimba wakhe.

“Sonke siye savuyisana nawe emva kokuba sibulewe okokuqala, ibe yayiyeyam leyo. Umphathi wenkampani yam wavuyisana nam. Ngulo mntu mnye owathi nabani na ofumene ukubulala kwakhe okokuqala ngokubahlaba afe uya kufumana ukudlula kweentsuku ezine xa sibuya e-Iraq. . . .

“Ndiyaxolisa ngentiyo nentshabalalo endiye ndayenza kubantu abamsulwa. . . . Andisenguye la rhamncwa ndandililo ngaphambili.” -Jon Michael Turner

Ayemaninzi amabali angakumbi afana nala, yaye into eyayibonakala ibubugorha yayikukubaliswa kwawo, kungekhona into awayeyibalisa. Asiqhelekanga ukuva ukuba amajoni acinga ntoni. Nangona uluntu ngokubanzi lungahoywa eWashington, DC, amajoni akahoywa ngakumbi. Kunqabile ukuba sibone novoto lwento ekholelwa yimikhosi. Kodwa ngo-2006, ngelixa abongameli kunye namalungu engqungquthela babethetha ngemfazwe "yemikhosi" uphando lwafumanisa ukuba i-72 pesenti yemikhosi yase-US e-Iraq yayifuna ukuba imfazwe iphele ngaphambi ko-2007. "ukuphindezela ngendima kaSaddam kuhlaselo lwe-85-9." Ewe uSaddam Hussein wayengenandima kolu hlaselo. Kwaye i-11 pesenti ikholelwa ukuba esona sizathu semfazwe "kukumisa uSaddam ekukhuseleni i-al Qaeda e-Iraq." Ngokuqinisekileyo kwakungekho al Qaeda e-Iraq de yadalwa yimfazwe. La majoni ayekholelwa ukuba imfazwe ibubuxoki, ibe ayesafuna ukuba imfazwe iphele. Kodwa uninzi lwabo aluzange lubeke phantsi izixhobo zalo.

Ngaba ukuthatha kwabo inxaxheba kwimfazwe endlongondlongo kuyaphumelela kuba bexokisiwe? Ewe, ngokuqinisekileyo ibeka ityala elingakumbi kubenzi bezigqibo eziphezulu ekufuneka baphendule. Kodwa okubaluleke ngakumbi kunokuphendula lo mbuzo, ndiyacinga, kukuthintela ubuxoki bexesha elizayo kubaphumi-mkhosi bexesha elizayo. Kungeso sizathu le nto kufuneka kutyhilwe inyaniso ngeemfazwe ezidlulileyo. Inyaniso yile: imfazwe ayizange ibe kwaye ayinakuba yinkonzo. Ayingobuqhawe. Lihlazo. Inxalenye yokuqaphela ezi nyaniso iya kubandakanya ukususa i-aura yobugorha kumajoni. Xa abezopolitiko beyeka ukwenza ngathi baye balwa emfazweni - into eqhelekileyo, kwaye into eyenziwa ngumgqatswa we-senatorial ngo-2010 - kwaye iqala ngokuxoka ngathi akenzanga njalo, siya kwazi ukuba senza inkqubela.

Olunye uphawu lwenkqubela phambili lukhangeleka ngolu hlobo:

"NgoJulayi 30, [2010], malunga nama-30 amajoni asebenzayo, amagqala, iintsapho zomkhosi, kunye nabaxhasi babambe umhlangano ngaphandle kwamasango e-Fort Hood [apho amajoni asele ephethwe yi-PTSD abuyiselwe emfazweni] kunye nebhanile enkulu. ibhekiswe kuColonel Allen, umphathi we-3rd ACR [Umkhosi Wamahashe Omkhosi], ofundeka 'Kol. Allen . . . Musani Ukumisela Amajoni Angxwelerhiweyo!' Ababonisi babephethe iiplacards ezifundeka ngolu hlobo:

'Xelela ubhedu: Khanga iesile lam!'

kwaye

'Bayaxoka, siyafa!'

“Umboniso ubukwindawo yokungena ephambili kwisiseko, ngoko ke amawakawaka ee-GIs ezisebenzayo kunye neentsapho zabo badlula kulo mboniso. Abaninzi nabo bathelela emva kokubona umboniso. Amapolisa omkhosi waseFort Hood athumele izithuthi kunye nemikhosi ukuya koyikisa abaqhankqalazi, kuba besoyika intshukumo eyandayo.