NguDavid Swanson, Masilinge iNdemokhrasi, Julayi 21, 2021
IiSenators uMurphy, uLee, kunye noSanders bazise umthetho wokujongana neCongressional kunye namandla emfazwe kaMongameli. (Bona umbhalo wetyala, upapasho ndaba zekhampani, ipage enye, ividiyo yenkomfa yabezindaba, i-op-ed, yaye Politico inqaku).
Kwezi nyanga zidlulileyo, sibone iinzame zokurhoxisa ezinye kodwa hayi ezinye ii-AUMFs (Izigunyaziso zokuSetyenziswa koMkhosi woMkhosi), kunye nentetho yokudala i-AUMF entsha (kutheni?!). Kwaye iminyaka sijonge abantu abanjengoSenator Kaine bethetha ngokubuyisela amandla emfazwe e-Congressional ngelixa betyhala Mithetho ukuba phuma bona. Ngoko, ndacinga ukuba ndinesizathu sokukhathazeka.
Ndivile ngalo mthetho mtsha ngaphambi kokuba ubonakale kubantu abaxhalabileyo ukuba awuyi kujongana namandla okumisela izigwebo ezingekho mthethweni nezibulalayo kwiintlanga emhlabeni jikelele. Ndandicinga ukuba yinkxalabo enzulu leyo. Kwaye kwavela ukuba kuthetheleleka kakuhle, njengoko umthetho oyilwayo awuthethi nelizwi elinye malunga nesohlwayo. Kodwa bendilumkele ukugxila ekukhuthazeni olo phuculo kwibhili ekungekho mntu unokundibonisa yona okanye andixelele ukuba yintoni enye into ekulo. Akukho nto ingako ekufezekiseni ityala elibi ngokwentlekele, uyazi?
Ngoku, ukuze kucace, lo mthetho uyilwayo ayikokufika koxolo, ingqondo, kunye nokuthotywa kwezixhobo. Ayiqapheli ukuba iimfazwe azikho mthethweni phantsi kwe-UN Charter, i-Kellogg-Briand Pact, kunye nezinye izivumelwano ezahlukeneyo, kwaye zitshutshiswe yiNkundla yoLwaphulo-mthetho lwamazwe ngamazwe. Iwuphatha ngokunzulu ngokugqibeleleyo umbuzo wokuba leliphi isebe likarhulumente elifanele ukugunyazisa olona lwaphulo-mthetho lubi kakhulu, ngendlela engenakuze isetyenziswe kuyo, njengokuthi, iCongressional Rape Powers okanye iCongressional Child Abuse Powers.
Kananjalo, ngokuqinisekileyo, umthetho omtsha awujongani nokusilela ukusebenzisa umthetho okhoyo. I Ukusonjululwa kwamandla eMfazwe ngo-1973 ayizange isetyenziselwe ukuphelisa naziphi na iimfazwe de iTump ikwi-White House, apho zombini izindlu zeCongress zasebenzisa ukuphelisa ukuthatha inxaxheba kwe-US kwimfazwe yaseYemen, besazi ukuba banokuthembela kwi-veto kaTrump. Nje ukuba uTrump ehambile, iCongress - ukuya kuyo yonke indoda kunye nomfazi wokugqibela - yenza ngathi ayizange yenze nto kwaye yalile ukuphazamisa uBiden ngokumenza aphelise ukuxhela okanye ukuvala umthetho oyilwayo. Imithetho iluncedo kuphela njengabantu abayisebenzisayo.
Oko kuthethiweyo, eli tyala lijonge kum ukuba linokulunge ngakumbi kunokubi kulo. Ngelixa irhoxisa iSigqibo saMagunya eMfazwe ka-1973, ithatha indawo yayo ngenguqulelo eguqulweyo (engeyiyo idecimated) eneendlela ezithile ezingcono kuneyokuqala. Ikwatshitshisa ii-AUMF, kuquka i-AUMF ka-2001 ukuba abacimi be-AUMF abaxakekileyo kwiinyanga zakutshanje baye bagwema ukukhankanya. Ikwaqinisa iindlela apho iCongress inokuthi, ukuba ikhethe, ingapheleli nje imfazwe, kodwa ithintele ukuthengiswa kwezixhobo okanye ukuphelisa imeko yonxunguphalo.
Umthetho omtsha mde, uneenkcukacha ezithe chatha, kwaye uneenkcazo ezicace ngakumbi kuneSigqibo esikhoyo saMagunya eMfazwe. Oku kunokwenza umahluko omkhulu xa kufikwa kwinkcazo “yobutshaba.” Ndikhumbule igqwetha lika-Obama uHarold Koh exelela iCongress kunokuba ibhombu eLibya ayinakubalwa njengemfazwe. Zeziphi iibhombu ezingenabutshaba? Ewe, iSigqibo saMagunya eMfazwe (kwaye oku kudlulela kumacandelo amaninzi omthetho oyilwayo omtsha) uchazwa ngokwemigaqo yokubekwa kwemikhosi. Ukuqonda ngokubanzi kurhulumente wase-US kunye nemithombo yeendaba yase-US iminyaka emininzi, eneneni, kukuba unokubhobhoza yonke i-intshi yelizwe ngeyure ngaphandle kokuba ibe yimfazwe, kodwa ngokukhawuleza ukuba umkhosi wase-US ubekwe engozini (yento ethile. ngaphandle kokuzibulala okanye ukuyalela udlwengulo) iyakuba yimfazwe. Ngaloo ndlela unako "ukuphelisa" imfazwe e-Afghanistan ngelixa uquka izicwangciso zokuyijolisa ngemijukujelwa kumhlathi ofanayo. Kodwa ibhili entsha, ngelixa isenokungawafumani amabhaso egrama elungileyo, ichaza ngokucacileyo "ubutshaba" ukubandakanya imfazwe ekude ngemijukujelwa kunye needrones [ukongeza okongeziweyo]:
“Igama elithi ‘ubutshaba’ lithetha nayiphi na imeko ebandakanya nayiphi na into yokusebenzisa amandla abulalayo okanye anokuba yingozi okanye ngokuchasene neUnited States (okanye, ngeenjongo zomhlathi 4(B), okanye ngokuchasene nemikhosi yamazwe angaphandle okanye engaqhelekanga), nokuba ithini na indawo leyo, ingaba loo mandla asetyenziswa kude, okanye ukuphumla kwayo.”
Kwelinye icala, ndiqaphela ukuba umthetho oyilwayo omtsha wazisa isidingo sokuba umongameli acele isigunyaziso kwiCongress xa sele eqalise imfazwe, kodwa ayikhankanyi ukuba kwenzeka ntoni ukuba umongameli akasenzi eso sicelo. Umthetho owaziswa kwixesha elidlulileyo ngu-Congresswoman Gabbard ukwenza iimfazwe zomongameli zizenzekeleyo izenzo ezigwenxa zinokuthi zenze isilungiso esilungileyo apha.
Ndikwaqaphela ukuba ibhili entsha ifuna isisombululo esidibeneyo kuzo zombini izindlu, ngaphandle kokwenza ikristale icace kwiliso lam le-amateur ukuba ilungu elinye lendlu enye lisenokuqalisa inkqubo yokuphelisa imfazwe ngaphandle kokuba nomntu osebenza naye kwenye indlu. enjalo. Ukuba ilungu leNdlu yabaMeli linyanzeliswe ukuba lilinde iSenator ngaphambi kokuba lisebenze, uninzi lweevoti kwiNdlu kwiminyaka edlulileyo esebenzise iSigqibo saMandla eMfazwe ngekhe yenzeke.
Oko kuthethiweyo, la manqaku aphezulu abalwe ngabaxhasi bebhili zonke zilungile:
Umthetho oyilwayo unciphisa ixesha lokuphelisa imfazwe engagunyaziswanga ukusuka kwiintsuku ezingama-60 ukuya kwezingama-20. [Kodwa kuthekani malunga nokubulawa kwabantu ngedrone enye engathathi iintsuku ezingama-20?]
Icima ngokuzenzekelayo inkxaso-mali yeemfazwe ezingagunyaziswanga.
It oichaza iimfuno zexesha elizayo Ii-AUMFs, kuquka echazwe ngokucacileyo
ubuthunywa kunye neenjongo zokusebenza, Izazisi zamaqela okanye amazwe ekujoliswe kuwo, kunye nesibini-unyaka ukutshona kwelanga. Ugunyaziso olulandelayo luyafuneka ukwandisa uluhlu lweenjongo, amazwe, okanye ekujoliswe kuzo amaqela. Njengoko uninzi lweemfazwe zase-US azizange zibe nothumo oluchazwe ngokucacileyo, le ntwana inokujika ibe namandla kunokuba ababhali bayo becinga.
Kodwa ngokuqinisekileyo konke kuya kuxhomekeka kwindlela iCongress eyakhetha ngayo ukusebenzisa lo mthetho mtsha, ukuba wawukhe wenziwa umthetho - enkulu ukuba.
EZINTSHA:
Umntu osebenza naye okrelekrele ubonisa ubuthathaka obutsha. Umthetho oyilwayo omtsha uchaza igama elithi "ukwazisa" ukungabandakanyi iimfazwe ezahlukeneyo endaweni yokuxhomekeka kwigama elithi "ubutshaba" ukwenza oko. Ikwenza oku ngokuchaza "ukwazisa" ukungabandakanyi "ukwabelwa okanye ukuchazwa kwamalungu emikhosi yase-United States ukuyalela, ukucebisa, ukuncedisa, ukukhapha, ukulungelelanisa, okanye ukubonelela ngenkxaso yezixhobo okanye izinto eziphathekayo okanye uqeqesho kuyo nayiphi na imikhosi yemikhosi yangaphandle okanye engaqhelekanga" ngaphandle kokuba. "Ezi zinto zenziwe yimikhosi yase-United States zenza i-United States ibe yinxalenye yongquzulwano okanye kusenokwenzeka ukuba ingenzi njalo." Ayinakuze ichaze "iqela."
QAPHELA 2:
Icandelo le-bill re izibhengezo zengxakeko libandakanya amandla phezu kwezohlwayo. Idrafti yangaphambili yalo mthetho uyilwayo yayiquka ngaphandle okucacileyo kwizohlwayo, okushiya igunya phezu kwesohlwayo koomongameli. Loo nto yakhutshwa kumthetho oyilwayo, kulandela uxinzelelo lwabameli. Ke, lo mthetho uyilwayo njengoko ubhaliwe ngoku uya kunika iCongress ulawulo ngakumbi kwizohlwayo ukuba ikhethe ukuyisebenzisa - ubuncinci njengoko inxulumene "nemeko kaxakeka" yesizwe apho ngoku kukho i-39 eqhubekayo.
Izimpendulo ze-2
UDaniel Larison naye waphawula ngalo mthetho oyilwayo.
https://responsiblestatecraft.org/2021/07/21/bipartisan-bill-takes-a-bite-out-of-runaway-executive-war-powers/
Bendiza kucebisa ukuba iisenenja zam zidibanise uMthetho waMandla oKhuseleko lweSizwe, kodwa kukho iingxaki ezimbini ezibalulekileyo kuwo. Okokuqala, Izinto ezibangela imali malunga nokuthengiswa kwezixhobo ezidweliswe kwiPhepha lama-24, iMigca 1-13 kufuneka zipheliswe okanye zincitshiswe zibe yimali ephantsi ngokwaneleyo ukuqinisekisa ukuba naziphi na izivumelwano ezinjalo zixelwe kwiCongress.
Okwesibini, la mazwe alandelayo akhutshiweyo kwiikhrayitheriya zokuvunywa: iNorth Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO), naliphi na ilizwe elilungu lalo mbutho, i-Australia, iJapan, iRiphabhlikhi yaseKorea, i-Israel, iNew Zealand, okanye iTaiwan.
Ndiyakuqonda ukukhululwa kwe-NATO, iSouth Korea, iJapan, i-Australia kunye neNew Zealand, kuba i-US inobudlelwane obude obukhuselayo kunye nezo zizwe. Nangona kunjalo, i-US ayinabo ubudlelwane obusemthethweni kunye noSirayeli okanye iTaiwan. Kude kube olo tshintsho, ndingacebisa ezo zizwe zibini ukuba zisuswe kumthetho oyilwayo.
Ngelixa inyathelo eliya kwicala elilungileyo, ukutshona kwelanga kweminyaka emibini kuvuthiwe kuxhatshazo: iCongress eyoyisiweyo ethanda imfazwe inokuthi, kwiseshoni yesiqhwala-idada, ikhuphe isigunyaziso esiya kuhlala siphelele kwiCongress ekhethiweyo. Kungangcono ukuba zonke izigunyaziso zitshone ilanga ungadlulanga u-Epreli emva kokuhlala kweNkongolo elandelayo.