NguDavid Swanson, World BEYOND War, Oktobha 13, 2021
Ndisandula ukufunda amaxwebhu amathathu okruqulayo kodwa abaluleke kakhulu. Inye ngu Ukusonjululwa kwamandla eMfazwe ngo-1973 onokuyiprinta kumaphepha ama-6 kwaye yinto ekubhekiswa kuyo njengomthetho okhoyo nangona wophulwe rhoqo njengoko kuphefumlwa umoya. Omnye umthetho oyilwayo wokuguqulwa kwamagunya emfazwe okhoyo yaziswa kwiNdlu yeeNgwevu kwaye kubonakala ngathi kunokwenzeka ukuba kungayi ndawo (ngamaphepha angama-47), kwaye eyesithathu yile Umthetho osayilwayo wamandla okulwa kwiNdlu (Amaphepha angama-73) kubonakala ngathi kuya ndawo.
Kuya kufuneka sibeke bucala iinkxalabo ezinkulu, ngaphaya kokungabikho kobunkokheli beCongressism evumela ukuba ezo zityholo zidlule, ngaphambi kokuthatha ezi zinto nzulu.
Kuqala, kufuneka sityeshele / ngokungakhathali sikophule i- IHague Convention ye1907, i I-Kellogg-Briand iPact ye-1928 (imfutshane kwaye icace ngokwaneleyo ukuba ungayibhala kwisandla sakho okanye ngentloko), Itshata yeZizwe eziManyeneyo yowe-1945, i Isivumelwano saseNyakatho yeAtlantic yowe-1949, kwaye ngokubhekisele kwiindawo ezininzi zehlabathi I-Statute yaseRome yeNkundla yeNkundla yeNkundla yeNkundla. Oko kukuthi, kufuneka senze ngathi isigqibo sokuba ngubani omele enze imfazwe yiprojekthi esemthethweni neyamkelekileyo kunokuthatha isigqibo sokuba ngubani omele enze nolunye ulwaphulo-mthetho.
Okwesibini, kufuneka sibeke phambili ekuphuculeni umthetho okhoyo ngaphezulu kokufumana umntu oza kuwusebenzisa. Isisombululo saMandla oMkhosi sele sifumaneka ukuba sisetyenziswe ukusukela ngo-1973. Isetyenziswe ngengqondo yokuba amalungu eNdlu nganye abenakho, phantsi kwawo, ukunyanzela iingxoxo kunye (nokusilela) iivoti zokuphelisa iimfazwe. Oku kunokuba negalelo kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo zokuphelisa iimfazwe ngumbutho uninzi lwamalungu eCongress afuna ukuba nawo onke amagunya emfazwe, i-White House. Eyona nkongolo ikufutshane iphelisile imfazwe ngeSigqibo saMandla eMfazwe kuxa ivotayo kaninzi kwizindlu zombini ukuphelisa ukuthatha inxaxheba kwe-US kwiMfazwe yase-Yemen-enokuthi ithembele kwi-veto evela-owayengu-Mongameli uDonald Trump. Emva kokuba uJoe Biden abe ngumongameli, iCongress yaphosa loo mzamo. Inkongolo engazukusebenzisa umthetho okhoyo inokulindeleka ukuba isebenzise umthetho omtsha ukuya kuthi unyanzeliswe ngumthetho omtsha. Inkongolo ethe kula mashumi eminyaka akutshanje iphinde yakwaphula umthetho ukungcungcuthekisa amatyeli amaninzi kunokuba ndinokubala, kwizihloko ezininzi, yenze kwacaca ukuthanda kwayo okunamandla ekudaleni imithetho emitsha, kwanemithetho engafunekiyo, kunokuba isebenzise esele ikho.
YINTONI IMITHETHO ESAYILWAYO YENDAWO NEYENDLU EFANAYO
Ukubeka ezo nkxalabo ecaleni, iindleko zeSenethi kunye neNdlu zokutshintsha isisombululo samandla emfazwe. Umthetho osayilwayo weSenate ungawuphelisa wonke umthetho okhoyo kwaye ubeke endaweni yawo owahlukileyo nomde. Umthetho osayilwayo weNdlu uya kuhlela kwaye uhlengahlengise isiGqibo seGunya laMandla esele likho, endaweni yokutshintsha, kodwa endaweni yayo uninzi lwayo, kwaye yongeze okukhulu kuyo. Amatyala amabini abonakala ngathi anezinto zilandelayo ngokufanayo:
NGAPHANTSI
Banokuphelisa ukubanakho kwelungu okanye iqela lamalungu endlu enye ukunyanzela ingxoxo kunye nokuvota. Akukho namnye kwiingxoxo kunye neevoti ezazinyanzelwe ngamalungu eNdlu ngaphambili ezazinokwenzeka phantsi kwalo mthetho ngaphandle kweNdlu yeeNgwevu eyazisa isigqibo esinye.
IINKCUKACHA
Omabini la mabhili ayakuchaza igama elikhohlisayo elithi "ubutshaba" kumthetho okhoyo ukubandakanya "amandla asetyenziswe kude" ukuze amagqwetha e-White House ayeke ukubanga ukuba amazwe aqhushumbe ayengengomlo okanye ubutshaba okoko amajoni ase-US ayengekho umhlaba apho. Ukuba lo ibingumthetho ngoku, imfazwe yase-Afghanistan ibingasayi “kuphela”.
Zombini iibhili ziyakunciphisa ixesha lokuphelisa iimfazwe ezingagunyaziswanga ukusuka kwi-60 ukuya kwiintsuku ezingama-20.
Bebeya kuthi ngokuzenzekelayo (okuthetha ukuba oku kuyakusebenza nakwiCongress engenasimpazamo yohlobo esinalo ngaphezulu kweminyaka engama-200) banqumle inkxaso-mali kwiimfazwe ezingagunyaziswanga. Kuba oku kuyakwenzeka ngaphandle kweCongress ukwenza nantoni na, inokuthi - ithiyori - ibe lolona tshintsho lubaluleke kakhulu kule mithetho iyilwayo. Kodwa ukuba iCongress ayinakuphikisa okanye nokuba (indlela yayo ekhethiweyo) yokumangalela umongameli enkundleni, akunakulunga ukubhengeza ukungagunyaziswanga kwemali kwiimfazwe ezingagunyaziswanga.
Le mithetho iyilwayo iya kudala iimfuno zalo naluphi na ugunyaziso lwexesha elizayo lweemfazwe, ezinje ngemishini ecaciswe gca, ubunikazi bamaqela okanye amazwe ahlaselwayo, njl.
Banokomeleza amandla anqabileyo asetyenziswayo ukulawula ukuthengiswa kwezixhobo koorhulumente bamanye amazwe kwaye baphelise kwaye banciphise ukubhengezwa kukamongameli okungxamisekileyo.
UMTHETHO OSAYILWAYO
UKONGEZELELA NGAPHAMBILI
Ngokungafaniyo nomthetho osayilwayo weNdlu, umthetho oyilwayo weSenate uza kunika oomongameli amandla okungahambelani nomgaqo-siseko ukwenza ulwaphulo-mthetho lokusebenzisa umkhosi wase-US ubambisene nelinye ilizwe okoko nje oku kungenzanga i-United States ukuba ibe liqela (igama elingalichazanga) Imfazwe. Oku kungathatha umlo omnye ukuba iCongress iphantse yenze into phantsi kweSigqibo seMfazwe (i-Yemen), kunye nokuphelisa ukubanakho ukuyenza.
UKUPHILA OKWENGEZIWEYO
Ngokungafaniyo nomthetho oyilwayo weNdlu, umthetho oyilwayo weSenate ungazitshitshisa zonke ii-AUMF ezikhoyo.
UMTHETHO OYILWAYO WENDLU
UKONGEZELELA NGAPHAMBILI
Ngokungafaniyo nomthetho osayilwayo weSenate, umthetho oyilwayo weNdlu uya kuqhubeka uphelisa umbono wokuba ukunyanzelwa sisisombululo esifanelekileyo kwizenzo ezinzulu ngabanini beofisi ephezulu ngokubhalela emthethweni ilungelo leCongress lokumangalela enkundleni owaphula umthetho weCongress kwimfazwe ethile. .
UKONGEZWA NGOKUPHELELEYO
Ngokungafaniyo nomthetho oyilwayo weSenate, umthetho oyilwayo weNdlu ungavala iimfazwe "ngomngcipheko omkhulu" wophula "umthetho wempixano exhobileyo, umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe, okanye izibophelelo zemvumelwano zaseMelika," ezinokubonakala ngathi ngumgangatho kuthintelwe yonke imfazwe yase-US kule nkulungwane idlulileyo ukuba ithathwe ngokungathí sina.
Ngelixa zombini iibhili zinamacandelo okusingathwa kwezixhobo, umthetho oyilwayo weNdlu ubaluleke kakhulu kuneNdlu yeeNgwevu. Umthetho osayilwayo weNdlu ukunqabela ukugqithiselwa kwezixhobo noqeqesho (“amanqaku okhuselo kunye neenkonzo zokhuselo”) kumazwe “enza intshabalalo okanye aphule umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe wobuntu.” Le nto iya kwenza okuhle kakhulu kwihlabathi kwaye ixabise abantu abathile imali eninzi kangangokuba iqinisekisa ukuba ibhilikhwe ayinakuze ivotelwe.
Ngelixa zombini iibhili zinamacandelo kwizibhengezo zonxunguphalo, umthetho oyilwayo weNdlu uyasiphelisa isigxina, kwaye uphelisa "imeko ezingxamisekileyo" ezikhoyo.
ISIPHELO
Andizithandi ezantsi kwezi mali. Ndicinga ukuba ziyoyikeka, zihlazo, kwaye azicacanga. Kodwa ndicinga ukuba badlulwa kukuphakama, nkqu nakwibhili ye-Senate, nangona iNdlu ingcono. Nangona kunjalo, ngokucacileyo eyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu kukuba iCongress isebenzise nayiphi na kwezi zinto, nokuba yenye yemithetho esayilwayo entsha okanye umthetho njengoko ukhona namhlanje.
