'Imfazwe Yobugrogrisi' Abantu baseAfghani aboyikisayo kangangeminyaka engama-20

Abahlaseli kusenokwenzeka ukuba bathabathe amaxesha ayi-100 + njengamaxhoba amaninzi abahlali  njenge-9 / 11- kwaye izenzo zabo zazilulwaphulo-mthetho

NguPaul W. Lovinger, Imfazwe noMthetho, Septemba 28, 2021

The ukubulawa kwasemoyeni Yosapho lwe-10, kubandakanya abantwana abasixhenxe, e-Kabul ngo-Agasti 29 kwakungekho ngxaki. Yayiyimfazwe yase-Afghanistan yeminyaka engama-20.

Isizwe sethu sizilele abantu baseMelika abamsulwa abangama-2,977 11 ababulawa kubunqolobi ngoSeptemba 2001, 20. Phakathi kwezithethi ezazibukele iminyaka engama-XNUMX^th Isikhumbuzo, owayesakuba nguMongameli uGeorge W. Bush wagxeka abo baneengcwangu abanenzondelelo “ababukhathalelanga ubomi bomntu.”

Imfazwe yase-Afghanistan, eyaqala ngu-Bush kwiiveki ezintathu emva kwe-9/11, inokuba ithathe ngaphezulu kwamaxesha ali-100 ubomi babemi balapho.

The Iindleko zeMfazwe Iprojekthi (iYunivesithi yaseBrown, iProvidence, i-RI) yaqikelela ukubulawa kwabantu ngokuthe ngqo emfazweni ngo-Epreli 2021 malunga ne-241,000, kubandakanya abantu abangaphezulu kwama-71,000, iAfghan nePakistan. Iziphumo ezingathanga ngqo, ezinjengesifo, indlala, ukunxanwa, kunye nokuqhuma kwe-dud kunokubanga amaxhoba "amaxesha amaninzi".

A umlinganiselo wesine ukuya komnye, ngokungangqalanga ekufeni ngokungqalileyo, kuvelisa inani elipheleleyo lokusweleka kwabantu abangama-355,000 (ukuya ku-Epreli odlulileyo) - amaxesha ali-119 ngerhafu eyi-9/11.

Amanani agcinwa. Kwi-2018 umbhali omnye uqikelele oko 1.2 million Abantu base-Afghanistan nabasePakistan babulawa ngenxa yokuhlasela kwe-Afghanistan ngo-2001.

Abemi bajongene neenqwelo zemfazwe, iihelikopta, iidroni, izixhobo zokudubula, kunye nokuhlaselwa kwamakhaya. Amashumi amabini e-US kwaye adibeneyo iibhombu nemijukujelwa Ngosuku kubikwa ukuba wabetha abantu baseAfghan. Xa iPentagon yamkela naluphi na uhlaselo, uninzi lwamaxhoba aba "yiTaliban," "abagrogrisi," "abezomkhosi," njl. IWikileaks.org yahlutha amakhulu ezifihliweyo.

Kwisiganeko esinye esasicinezelwe, kuqhushumbe kwahlasela uthotho lwamajoni olwandle ngo-2007. Eyona ngozi yayililonda lengalo. Ukubuyela kwisiseko sabo, AmaMarines adubula nabani na-Oomotorists, intombazana ekwishumi elivisayo, indoda endala-ebulala ama-Afghani ayi-19, enzakalisa ama-50. Abazange bohlwaywe.

“Besifuna bafe”

Unjingalwazi waseNew Hampshire wachaza ukuhlaselwa kwangaphambili kwemfazwe kwiindawo zase-Afghanistan, umzekelo, ukubulawa kwabahlali abangama-93 ubuncinci bezolimo. Ilali yaseChowkar-Karez. Ngaba kwenziwe impazamo? Igosa lePentagon lathi, ngokungafihlisiyo, "Abantu balapho baswelekile kuba besifuna babulawe."

Abeendaba bamanye amazwe badlale iindaba ezinje: “I-US ityholwa ngokubulala ngaphezulu kwe-100 yabantu belali kugwayimbo lomoya. ” Indoda ixelele iReuters ukuba yodwa kusapho olunama-24 olusindile kuhlaselo lwangaphambi kokusa eQalaye Niazi. Akukho babelwa apho, utshilo. Intloko yesizwe yabala i-107 ifile, kubandakanya abantwana nabasetyhini.

Iinqwelo-moya zahlaselwa ngokuphindaphindiweyo abantu ababebhiyozela umtshato, umz. kwilali yaseKakarak, apho iibhombu kunye neerokethi zabulala abangama-63, zenzakalisa i-100 +.

Ii-helikopta zoMkhosi oKhethekileyo wase-US zagxothwa iibhasi ezintathu Kwiphondo lase-Uruzgan, kwabulawa abantu abangama-27 ngo-2010. Amagosa ase-Afghanistan aqhankqalaza. Umphathi-mkhosi wase-US wakhala “engaqondanga” ngokwenzakalisa abantu aze athembise ukuba uza kuphinda abanakekele. Kodwa emva kweeveki, amajoni ase-US kwiphondo laseKandahar adubula enye ibhasi, ukubulala abantu abahlanu.

phakathi Ukubulawa kwabantu ngokungabonakaliyo, Abahlali abali-10 belali yaseGhazi Khan Ghondi, uninzi lwabo bengamakhwenkwe besikolo beneminyaka eli-12 ubudala, barhuqwa kwiibhedi zabo badutyulwa, kuhambo olugunyazisiweyo lweNATO ngasekupheleni kuka-2009.

Iiveki kamva, Imikhosi ekhethekileyo yagqogqa ikhaya Ngexesha lomsitho wokuthiya usana kwilali yaseKhataba badubula babulala abantu abasixhenxe, kubandakanya nabasetyhini abakhulelweyo, intombazana ekwishumi elivisayo kunye nabantwana ababini. Amajoni aseMelika ayesusile iimbumbulu emizimbeni kwaye axoka ukuba bawafumene amaxhoba, kodwa abafumana sohlwayo.

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Imithombo yeendaba yaseMelika yayihlala iginya iinguqulelo zomkhosi. Umzekelo: Ngo-2006 baxela “uqhankqalazo lomoya wobumbano oluchasene nesaziwayo Inqaba yaseTaliban"

Kodwa abasindileyo bathetha. Inkqubo ye- Melbourne Herald Ilanga ichaze "abantwana abophayo nabatshisiweyo, abafazi kunye namadoda" bangena kwisibhedlele saseKandahar kwiikhilomitha ezingama-35, kulandela uhlaselo olungayekeleliyo, "Kwakufana ncam nangexesha abantu baseRussia babesiqhushumisa," yatsho enye indoda.

Umdala welali uxelele i-French Press Agency (AFP) ukuba uhlaselo lubulale abangama-24 kusapho lwakhe; kwaye utitshala wabona imizimba yabantu abangama-40, kubandakanya abantwana, kwaye wanceda ukungcwaba. I-Reuters yenze udliwanondlebe nomntwana okwishumi elivisayo owenzakeleyo owayejonga uninzi lwamaxhoba, kubandakanya abantakwabo babini.

"Iibhombu zibulala abantu baseAfghan" yintloko yebali eToronto Iglobhu kunye neMeyile. Isicatshulwa: “UMahmood oneminyaka eli-12 ubudala ebesalwa nazo iinyembezi…. Usapho lwakhe lonke-umama, utata, oodade abathathu, abantakwabo abathathu-babulewe…. Ngoku ndindedwa. ' Kufutshane nalapho, kwisibhedlele sabagula kakhulu, umzala wakhe owayengekho zingqondweni eneminyaka emi-3 ubudala wayelele ejingxiza, efuna umoya. ” Ifoto enkulu ibonise inkwenkwana encinci ye-supine, ivaliwe amehlo, ibhanji kunye neetyhubhu zigxunyekwe.

I-AFP yenze udliwanondlebe noninakhulu oneenwele ezimhlophe, enceda usapho olimele. Waphulukana namalungu osapho angama-25. Njengoko unyana wakhe wamazibulo, utata wabantwana abasithoba, wayelungiselela ukulala, kwabaneka isibane. “Ndabona u-Abdul-Haq elele egazini…. Ndabona oonyana neentombi zakhe, bonke bafile. Owu Thixo, lonke usapho lonyana wam labulawa. Ndabona imizimba yabo iqhekeka kwaye iqhekekile. ”

Emva kokubetha ikhaya labo, iinqwelo-mafutha zazihlasela izindlu ezikufutshane, zibulala unyana wesibini weli bhinqa, umfazi wakhe, unyana neentombi ezintathu. Unyana wakhe wesithathu waphulukana noonyana abathathu nomlenze. Ngosuku olulandelayo, wafumanisa ukuba unyana wakhe omncinci naye ubhubhile. Wawa isiqaqa, engazi ukuba izalamane nabamelwane bakhe abaninzi bafile.

Bush: "Iyayaphula intliziyo yam"

Umongameli wangaphambili uBush ubize ukuphuma kwe-US e-Afghanistan ngempazamo, kudliwanondlebe nenethiwekhi ye-DW yaseJamani (7/14/21). Abasetyhini kunye namantombazana “baya kuva ubunzima obungathethekiyo…. Bazokushiyeka nje ngasemva ukuba babulawe ngaba bantu bakhohlakeleyo kwaye iyayophula intliziyo yam. ”

Ewe, abasetyhini kunye namantombazana babonakala phakathi kwamakhulu amawaka abingelela kwimfazwe yeminyaka engama-20 eyaqala ngu-Bush ngo-Okthobha 7, 2001. Makhe siqwalasele.

Ulawulo lukaBush lwaluthethathethane ngasese neTaliban, eWashington, eBerlin, kwaye okokugqibela i-Islamabad, iPakistan, malunga nombhobho e-Afghanistan. UBush wayefuna iinkampani zase-US zixhaphaze ioyile ese-Asia. Isivumelwano asiphumelelanga kwiiveki ezintlanu ngaphambi kwe-9/11.

Ngokwincwadi ka-2002 Inyaniso engavumelekanga ngu-Brisard no-Dasquié, iiarhente zobukrelekrele base-France, kungekudala emva kokuthatha i-ofisi, u-Bush wacothisa uphando lwe-FBI malunga ne-al-Qaeda kunye nobunqolobi ukuze kuxoxwe ngesivumelwano sepayipi. Wayeyinyamezela iSaudi Arabia yokunyusa ngokungekho sikweni yobunqolobi. "Isizathu?…. Umdla weoyile ehlanganisiweyo. ” Ngomhla ka-Meyi ka-2001, uMongameli uBush wabhengeza ukuba usekela-Mongameli uDick Cheney uzakuphatha iqela eliza kufundisisa amanyathelo okulwa ubunqolobi. Nge-11 kaSeptemba wafika engakhange ahlangane.

Ulawulo lwaluphindaphindiwe walumkisa ngohlaselo oluzayo ngabanqolobi abanokubhabha iinqwelomoya ukuba zakhe. IZiko loRhwebo leHlabathi kunye nePentagon beza. UBush ubonakale esisithulu kwizilumkiso. Ngelishwa watyeshela iphepha elimfutshane lika-Agasti 6, 2001, elibhalwe, "Bin Laden Determined to Strike in US"

Ngaba uBush noCheney babezimisele ukuvumela uhlaselo lwenzeke?

I-impiriyali evulekileyo, iprojekthi yezomkhosi ye-New American Century ifuthe kwimigaqo-nkqubo ka-Bush. Amanye amalungu anezikhundla eziphambili kulawulo. Iprojekthi iyafuneka “IPearl Harbour entsha” Ukuguqula iMelika. Ngaphezu koko, uBush wayenqwenela ukuba ngu Umongameli wexesha lemfazwe. Ukuhlasela i-Afghanistan kuya kuyiphumeza loo njongo. Ubuncinci yayiyinto yokuqala: Umnyhadala ophambili uya kuba ehlasela i-Iraq. Kwakukho neoli.

Ngomhla we-9/11/01 uBush wafunda ngobunqolobi ngexesha lokuthatha ifoto kwigumbi lokufundela laseFlorida, Yena kunye nabantwana babebandakanyeka kwisifundo sokufunda malunga nebhokhwe yasekhaya, engakhange ibonakalise ukungxama ukuyiphelisa.

Ngoku uBush wayenesizathu semfazwe. Kwiintsuku ezintathu kamva, isisombululo sokusetyenziswa kwamandla sasihamba ngeCongress. UBush ukhuphe isigwebo sokugqibela kwiTaliban ukuba ijike u-Osama bin Laden. Ethandabuza ukunikezela ngokungakholelwa kumaSilamsi, amaTaliban afuna ukuyekethisa: ukuzama u-Osama eAfghanistan okanye kwilizwe lesithathu elingathathi hlangothi, enikwa ubungqina bokuba unetyala. UBush wenqabile.

Emva kokusebenzisa uBin Laden njenge casus belli, UBush engamlindelanga ngokungalindelekanga kwintetho yeSacramento iintsuku ezili-10 emfazweni, apho athe wafunga "woyisa amaTaliban." UBush ubonakalise umdla omncinci ku-Bin Laden kwinkomfa noonondaba ngoMatshi olandelayo: “Andazi ke ukuba uphi. Uyazi, andichithi xesha lingako kuye…. Andikhathali kangako ngaye. ”

Imfazwe yethu engenamthetho

Owona mfazwe mde wase-US wawungekho mthethweni kwasekuqaleni. Iphule uMgaqo-siseko kunye nezivumelwano ezininzi zase-US (imithetho yomanyano phantsi koMgaqo-siseko, iSiqendu 6). Zonke zidweliswe apha ngezantsi ngokolandelelwano lwamaxesha.

Kutshanje amanani ohlukeneyo oluntu abuze ukuba umntu unakho na themba ilizwi laseMelika, ungqina ukuphuma kweAfghanistan. Akukho namnye okhe wakhankanya ukophula imithetho yaseMelika.

UMGAQO-SISEKO WASE-US.

ICongress khange ibhengeze imfazwe e-Afghanistan okanye ikhankanye i-Afghanistan kwisisombululo se-9/14/01. Kucingelwa ukuba u-Bush makaye kulwa naye nabani na azimisele "ukucwangcisa, ukugunyazisa, ukuzibophelela, okanye ukunceda uhlaselo lwabanqolobi" kwiintsuku ezintathu ezidlulileyo okanye "ukubamba" nabani na owenza njalo. Injongo ekucingelwa yayikukuthintela ubugrogrisi.

I-Saudi Arabia elite ngokucacileyo ixhase abaxhakamfuli be-9/11; I-15 ye-19 yayiyi-Saudi, akukho namnye wase-Afghan. UBin Laden wayenonxibelelwano namagosa awahlukeneyo aseSaudi kwaye wayefumana imali kwiArabia ngo-1998 (Inyaniso engavumelekanga). Ukufakwa kweziseko zase-US apho kwi1991 kumenze wamthiya iMelika. Kodwa uBush, kunye ne-Saudi affinities, ukhethe ukuhlasela abantu abangazange basenzakalise.

Ngapha koko, uMgaqo-siseko khange umvumele ukuba athathe eso sigqibo.

“Mongameli UBush uxele imfazwe kubunqolobi, ”utshilo uGqwetha Jikelele u-John Ashcroft. YiNkongolo kuphela enokuthi ibhengeze imfazwe, phantsi kweSiqendu I, iCandelo lesi-8, Umhlathi we-11. Ukanti iCongress, ngokuchaseneyo nje kuphela (Rep. UBarbara Lee, D-CA), watywina isitampu serabha ngokuthumela amandla alo.

Iindibano ezinkulu.

Abenzi bemfazwe eAfghanistan abalihoyanga eli lungiselelo: "Uhlaselo okanye ukuqhushumba, nangayiphi na indlela, kwiidolophu, iilali, izindlu zokuhlala okanye izakhiwo ezingakhuselekanga akuvumelekanga." Ivela kwiNgqungquthela yokuhlonipha iMithetho kunye neMveli yeMfazwe eMhlabeni, phakathi kwemithetho yamazwe ngamazwe evela kwiinkomfa e-Hague, eHolland, ngo-1899 no-1907.

Izithintelo zibandakanya ukusebenzisa izixhobo ezinetyhefu okanye ezibangela ukubandezeleka ngokungeyomfuneko; ukubulala okanye ukwenzakalisa ngobuqhophololo okanye emva kokuba utshaba lunikezele; engenanceba; kunye nokuqhushumisa ngaphandle kwesixwayiso.

I-KELLOGG-BRIAND (IPACTI YEPARIS).

Ngokwesiqhelo sisivumelwano sokuLawulwa kweMfazwe njengesixhobo soMgaqo-nkqubo weSizwe. Ngo-1928, oorhulumente abali-15 (abangama-48 abaza kuza) babhengeza “ukuba bayayigxeka indlela emfazweni yokusombulula iingxaki zehlabathi, bayilahle njengesixhobo somgaqo-nkqubo welizwe kubudlelwane babo.”

Bavumile "ukuba ukusonjululwa okanye ukusonjululwa kwembambano okanye ungquzulwano lwayo nayiphi na imeko okanye imvelaphi, enokuvela phakathi kwabo, ayinakuze ifunwe ngaphandle kwendlela yoxolo."

U-Aristide Briand, umphathiswa wezangaphandle wase-France, ekuqaleni wacebisa isivumelwano esinje nge-US Frank B. Kellogg, unobhala welizwe (phantsi kuka-Mongameli u-Coolidge), wayefuna umhlaba wonke.

Iinkundla zamatyala emfazwe aseNuremberg-Tokyo zavela eKellogg-Briand ekufumaneni ulwaphulo-mthetho ukuqala imfazwe. Ngalo mgangatho, ukuhlasela i-Afghanistan ne-Iraq ngokungathandabuzekiyo kuya kuba lulwaphulo-mthetho.

Umnqophiso uhlala usebenza, nangona kunjalo bonke oomongameli abali-15 emva kokuba uHoover ephule umthetho.

ISAHLUKO SE-UN.

Ngokuchasene nokungakholelwa, uMgaqo-siseko weZizwe eziManyeneyo, we-1945, awuzange uyikhuthaze imfazwe e-Afghanistan. Ukulandela i-9/11, yagxeka ubunqolobi, iphakamisa iindlela ezingezizo ezibulalayo.

Inqaku lesi-2 lifuna onke amalungu ukuba "asombulule iingxabano zawo zelizwe ngeendlela zoxolo" kwaye ayeke "kwisoyikiso okanye ukusetyenziswa kwamandla ngokuchasene nomhlaba okanye ukuzimela kwezopolitiko zalo naliphi na ilizwe." Phantsi kweSiqendu 33, amazwe nakweyiphi na imbambano ebeka uxolo emngciphekweni “uyakuqala, afune isisombululo ngothethathethwano, ngokubuza, ngokulamla, ngoxolelwaniso, ngolamlo, ngohlaliso lwezomthetho… okanye ngezinye iindlela zoxolo.”

UBush akafunanga sisombululo soxolo, wasebenzisa amandla ngokuchasene nenkululeko yezopolitiko yase-Afghanistan, kwaye walahla nayiphi na iTaliban isithembiso soxolo.

UNYANGO LWASEMNtla

Esi sivumelwano, ukusukela ngo-1949, sihambelana noMnqophiso we-UN: Amaqela aya kusombulula iimbambano ngoxolo aze ayeke ukugrogrisa okanye ukusebenzisa amandla angangqinelaniyo neenjongo ze-UN. Ukuziqhelanisa, uMbutho weSivumelwano seNyakatho yeAtlantic (i-NATO) ubeligorha laseWashington eAfghanistan nakwezinye iindawo.

IINDIBANO ZASEGENEVA.

Ezi zivumelwano zexesha lemfazwe zifuna ukuphathwa ngobuntu kwamabanjwa, abahlali, kunye nabasebenzi abangasebenziyo. Banqanda ukubulala, ukungcungcuthekisa, inkohlakalo, kunye nokujolisa kwiiyunithi zonyango. Ubuninzi obabhalwa ngo-1949, babelungile nge-196 izizwe, i-US ibandakanyiwe.

Ngo-1977 iiprothokholi ezongezelelekileyo zagubungela iimfazwe zamakhaya kunye nokuhlaselwa okungafunekiyo kwabahlali, uhlaselo olungakhethiyo, kunye nokutshabalalisa iindlela zokuphila zabantu. Ngaphezulu kwe-160 yamazwe, kubandakanya i-US, batyikitya abo. I-Senate ayisayi kuvuma.

Ngokuphathelele abahlali, iSebe lezoKhuselo alithatheli ntweni ilungelo lokubahlasela kwaye lifune iinzame zokubakhusela. Ngokwenyani umkhosi uyaziwa ukwenza  ukubala okuhlaselweyo ngabahlali.

Ulwaphulo-mthetho olukhulu lweGeneva lwenzeka ngasekupheleni kuka-2001. babulawa, utyholwa ngentsebenziswano yase-US. Uninzi luxinaniswe kwizikhongozeli ezitywiniweyo. Abanye badutyulwa, abanye kusithiwa babulawa yimijukujelwa eyadutyulwa kwiinqwelomoya zaseMelika.

Iibhombu zeenqwelo moya ziqhushumbe izibhedlele eHerat, Kabul, Kandahar naseKunduz. Kwaye kwiingxelo eziyimfihlo, Umkhosi uvumile ukuphathwa gadalala kwamabanjwa ase-Afghanistan e-Bagram Collection Point. Ngo-2005 kwavela ubungqina bokuba amajoni alapho angcungcuthekisa aze abethe amabanjwa ade afe.

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Umkhosi wethu uyavuma nokusebenzisa iqhinga lokoyika. I-Guerillas "ikhohlakele ngokuchanekileyo" nangokuthi "fakela uloyiko kwiintliziyo zotshaba. ” E-Afghanistan nakwezinye iindawo “Umkhosi wase-US usebenzise amaqhinga e-guerilla ukwenza into ebulalayo.” Kwaye ungalibali "Yothuka kwaye woyike."

UPaul W. Lovinger yintatheli yaseSan Francisco, umbhali, umhleli, kunye nomzabalazo (jonga www.warandla.org).