NguDavid Swanson
Kwiiveki ezininzi ezidlulileyo ndamenywa ukuba ndithethe ngo-Okthobha uzayo kwiyunivesithi yase-US ngokuphelisa imfazwe kunye nokwenza uxolo. Njengoko ndihlala ndisenza, ndabuza ukuba ngaba abaququzeleli abanakuzama ukufumana umxhasi wemfazwe endinokuthi ndixoxisane naye okanye ndixoxe ngesihloko, ngoko ke (ndinethemba) ukuzisa abaphulaphuli abaninzi abantu abangekaqinisekiswa ngesidingo sokuphelisa. iziko lemfazwe.
Njengoko kwakungazange kwenzeke ngaphambili, abaququzeleli besiganeko abazange bathi ewe kuphela kodwa ngokwenene bafumana umxhasi wemfazwe ozimisele ukuthatha inxaxheba kwingxoxo yoluntu. Kakhulu! Ndacinga ukuba, oku kuya kwenza isiganeko esicenga ngakumbi. Ndifunde iincwadi kunye namaphepha omngeneleli wam wexesha elizayo, ndaza ndabhala isikhundla sam, ndiphikisa ukuba ithiyori yakhe ethi “Imfazwe Yobulungisa” ayinakukwazi ukuphonononga, ukuba eneneni akukho mfazwe “inokulunga.”
Kunokuba ndicebe ukumangalisa umchasi wam "wemfazwe nje" ngeengxoxo zam, ndamthumela into endiyibhalileyo ukuze acwangcise iimpendulo zakhe kwaye mhlawumbi abe negalelo kwintengiso ebhaliweyo, ebhaliweyo. Kodwa, kunokuba aphendule ngesihloko, ngokukhawuleza wabhengeza ukuba "unezibophelelo zobuchwephesha kunye nezobuqu" eziya kumthintela ukuba athathe inxaxheba kumcimbi ngo-Oktobha. Gcwina!
Kodwa abona baququzeleli beminyhadala abagqwesileyo sele beyifumene enye indawo. Ngoko ke ingxoxo iya kuqhubela phambili kwiKholeji yaseSt. Michael, Colchester, VT, ngo-Oktobha 5. Okwangoku, ndisanda kupapasha njengencwadi ingxabano yam yokuba imfazwe ayisoze yalunga. Unokuba ngowokuqala ukuyithenga, uyifunde, okanye uyiphonononge apha.
Inxalenye yesizathu sokuqhubela phambili le ngxoxo ngoku kukuba emva kwe-11-13 ka-Aprili iVatican waqhuba intlanganiso malunga nokuba iCawa yamaKatolika, umseki wengcamango yeMfazwe Yobulungisa, ifanele ekugqibeleni iyikhabe kusini na. Nantsi uxwebhu lwezikhalazo onokuthi ulusayine, enoba ungumKatolika okanye akunjalo, bebongoza icawa ukuba yenze kanye loo nto.
Ulwandlalo lwengxoxo yam lunokufumaneka kwitheyibhile yencwadi yam yesiqulatho:
Yintoni Imfazwe Yobulungisa?
Ithiyori yeMfazwe nje iKhokelelisa iiMfazwe ezingekho sikweni
Ukulungiselela Imfazwe Yobulungisa Kukungabi Nabulungisa Okukhulu Kunayo Nayiphi na Imfazwe
INkcubeko yeMfazwe nje ithetha iMfazwe engakumbi
The I-Ad Bellum / Kwi-Bello Ukwahlulahlula Kuyingozi
Ezinye iiNqobo nje zeMfazwe azinakulinganiswa
Injongo eLungileyo
Isizathu nje
Ukulingana
Ezinye Iikhrayitheriya zeMfazwe nje azinakwenzeka
Ukuncamela Okokugqibela
Ithemba elisengqiqweni leMpumelelo
Abangalwi Bazikhusela kuhlaselo
Amajoni Otshaba Ahlonitshwa Njengabantu
Amabanjwa eMfazwe Aphathwa Njengabangezomfazwe
Eminye imilinganiselo yeMfazwe nje ayizozinto zokuziphatha konke konke
Ibhengezwe esidlangalaleni
Iqhutywa liGunya elisemthethweni nelinobuchule
Iikhrayitheriya zokubulala nje iiDrone aziphethe kakubi, azihambelani, kwaye azihoywa
Kutheni le nto iiKlasi zokuziphatha zicinga ngokubulala Kangaka?
Ukuba zonke iikhrayitheriya zeMfazwe ziye zadibana nemfazwe ayisayi kuba nje
Ii-Theorists zeMfazwe nje aziboni iiMfazwe eziNtsha ezingenabulungisa nangayiphi na indlela ngokukhawuleza nangaye nabani na ongomnye
Ukuhlala nje ngemfazwe yelizwe eloyisiweyo ayisiyiyo nje
Ithiyori yeMfazwe nje ivula umnyango kwiTheory yePro-War
Sinako Ukuphelisa Imfazwe Ngaphandle Kokulinda UYesu
Ngubani owayeza Kwebhombu yekhaphethi yomSamariya olungileyo?
IMfazwe Yehlabathi Yesibini Yayingeyiyo Nje
I-Revolution yase-US yayingekho nje
Imfazwe yamakhaya yase-US yayingekho nje
Imfazwe YaseYugoslavia Yayingeyiyo Nje Kuphela
Imfazwe eLibya Akunjalo nje
Imfazwe yaseRwanda yayingayi kuba nje
Imfazwe yaseSudan yayingazuba nje
Imfazwe kwi-ISIS Akunjalo nje
Ookhokho bethu Bahlala Kwilizwe Lenkcubeko Eyahlukileyo
Singavumelana ngokwenza uXolo nje
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Nali icandelo lokuqala:
YINTONI “IMFAZWE NJE”?
Ingcamango yeMfazwe yoBulungisa ithi imfazwe iyathetheleleka phantsi kweemeko ezithile. Iithiyori zeMfazwe nje zibeka kwaye zicacisa iindlela zabo zokuqala kwemfazwe, ukuziphatha okusesikweni kwemfazwe, kwaye-kwezinye iimeko, kubandakanywa noMark Allman's-umsebenzi ofanelekileyo wemimandla eyoyiweyo emva kwesaziso esisemthethweni sokuba imfazwe " ngaphezulu.” Ezinye iithiyori zeMfazwe nje zibhala malunga nokuziphatha kwangaphambi kwemfazwe, eluncedo ukuba ikhuthaza izimilo ezenza imfazwe ingabikho. Kodwa akukho kuziphatha kwangaphambi kwemfazwe, ngokombono endiwubeke ngezantsi, kunokusithethelela isigqibo sokusungula imfazwe.
Imizekelo yeenqobo zokugweba zeMfazwe (eziya kuxutyushwa ngezantsi) zezi: injongo elungileyo, ukulingana, isizathu esifanelekileyo, isigqibo sokugqibela, ithemba elisengqiqweni lempumelelo, ukungakhuseleki kwabalwayo ekuhlaselweni, amajoni eentshaba ahlonitshwa njengabantu, amabanjwa emfazwe aphathwe njengabantu. abantu abangengawo amajoni, imfazwe ebhengezwa esidlangalaleni, nemfazwe eqhutywa ligunya elisemthethweni nelinobuchule. Kukho abanye, kwaye ayizizo zonke iithiyori ze-Just War ezivumelanayo kuzo zonke.
Ithiyori yeMfazwe nje okanye “isithethe seMfazwe esisesikweni” ibikho ukusukela oko iCawa yamaKatolika yazimanya noBukhosi baseRoma ngexesha leeSaints Ambrose noAugustine ngenkulungwane yesine yeXesha Eliqhelekileyo. U-Ambrose wakuchasa ukutshatana nabahedeni, abaqhekeki, okanye amaYuda, kwaye wakhusela ukutshiswa kwezindlu zesikhungu. UAugustine wayithethelela imfazwe nobukhoboka ngokusekelwe kwiingcamango zakhe “zesono sokuqala,” yaye ingcamango yokuba “obu” bomi abunamsebenzi kangako xa buthelekiswa nobomi basemva kokufa. Wayekholelwa ukuba ukubulala abantu ngokwenene kwakubanceda bafikelele kwindawo ebhetele yaye akufanele ube sisidenge kangangokuba ude uzikhusele kumntu ozama ukukubulala.
Ithiyori yeJust War yaphuhliswa ngakumbi nguSaint Thomas Aquinas ngenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithathu. UAquinas wayengumxhasi wobukhoboka nowobukhosi njengolona hlobo lufanelekileyo lorhulumente. U-Aquinas wayekholelwa ukuba injongo ephambili yabenzi bemfazwe kufuneka ibe luxolo, ingcamango ephilayo kakhulu kuze kube namhlanje, kwaye kungekhona nje kwimisebenzi kaGeorge Orwell. Kwakhona uAquinas wayecinga ukuba abaqhekeki babefanelwe kukubulawa, nangona wayekholelwa ukuba icawa yayifanele ibe nenceba, ibe wayekhetha ukuba urhulumente abulale.
Ngokuqinisekileyo kwakukho okuninzi okuncomekayo malunga nala manani amandulo kunye naphakathi. Kodwa iimbono zabo zeMfazwe eziLungileyo zihambelana ngcono neembono zabo zehlabathi kunezethu. Kuyo yonke imbono (kubandakanya iimbono zabo ngabasetyhini, isondo, izilwanyana, okusingqongileyo, imfundo, amalungelo oluntu, njl. njl., njl.) eyenza ingqiqo kuninzi lwethu namhlanje, esi siqwenga sibizwa ngokuba yi "Theory War Just" igcinwe iphila ngaphaya komhla wokuphelelwa kwayo.
Abaxhasi abaninzi beTheory ye-Just War ngokungathandabuzekiyo bakholelwa ukuba ngokuphakamisa imigaqo "yemfazwe yobulungisa" bathatha ukoyikeka okungenakuphepheka kwemfazwe kunye nokunciphisa umonakalo, ukuba benza iimfazwe ezingekho sikweni zincinci zingabi nabulungisa okanye mhlawumbi zingabikho sikweni. , ngelixa uqinisekisa ukuba iimfazwe ziqala kwaye zibulawa ngokufanelekileyo. "Kuyimfuneko" ligama elinokuthi ii-theorists ze-Just War akufanele zichase. Abanakutyholwa ngokuthi imfazwe ilungile okanye iyathandeka okanye ichwayitile okanye iyanqweneleka. Kunoko, bathi ezinye iimfazwe zinokuba yimfuneko—kungekhona ukuba yimfuneko ngokwasemzimbeni kodwa zithetheleleka ngokokuziphatha nangona zilusizi. Ukuba ndinokwabelana ngaloo nkolelo, bendiya kufumana inkalipho yokubeka emngciphekweni kwiimfazwe ezinjalo ukuba ndibekeke kwaye ndibe ligorha, kodwa lisengathandeki kwaye ndinganqweneleki-kwaye ngaloo ndlela ngengqiqo ekhethekileyo yegama elithi: "ulungile."
Uninzi lwabaxhasi e-United States kwiimfazwe ezithile azikho ngqongqo kwiithiyori zeMfazwe. Basenokukholelwa ukuba imfazwe ikhusela ngandlel’ ithile, kodwa khange bayicinge into yokuba ingaba linyathelo “eliyimfuneko” na, “linyathelo lokugqibela.” Amaxesha amaninzi bavuleleke kakhulu malunga nokufuna impindezelo, kwaye ngokufuthi malunga nokujolisa ukuziphindezela kwabangengabo abalwi abaqhelekileyo, zonke ezikhatywayo yithiyori yeJust War. Kwezinye iimfazwe, kodwa hayi ezinye, icandelo elithile labaxhasi likwakholelwa ukuba imfazwe yenzelwe ukuhlangula abamsulwa okanye ukunika idemokhrasi kunye namalungelo oluntu kwabaxhwalekileyo. Ngo-2003 kwakukho abantu baseMelika ababefuna ukuba i-Iraq iqhunyiswe ngebhombu ukuze kubulawe inkitha yabantu baseIraqi, kwaye abantu baseMelika ababefuna i-Iraq iqhunyiswe ngebhombu ukuze kukhululwe abantu baseIraq kurhulumente onobuzwilakhe. Ngo-2013 uluntu lwase-US lwayikhaba i-pitch karhulumente yokubhobhoza iSyria ukuze kuxhamle amaSyria. Ngo-2014 uluntu lwase-US luxhasa ukuqhushumba kwebhombu e-Iraq naseSyria ukuba bazikhusele kwi-ISIS. Ngokutsho kwethiyori ye-Just War akufuneki ikhathale ukuba ngubani okhuselweyo. Kuninzi loluntu lwase-US, ibaluleke kakhulu.
Ngelixa kungekho theory ezaneleyo zeMfazwe yokuqalisa imfazwe ngaphandle koncedo oluninzi oluvela kubaxhasi bemfazwe abangenabulungisa, izinto zethiyori ye-Just War zifumaneka ekucingeni malunga nabo bonke abaxhasi bemfazwe. Abo bachulumancisayo yimfazwe entsha basaza kuyibiza ngokuba “iyimfuneko.” Abo banqwenela ukusebenzisa kakubi yonke imigangatho kunye neengqungquthela ekuqhutyweni kwemfazwe baya kugxeka okufanayo kwelinye icala. Abo bavuyela ukuhlaselwa kwezizwe ezingoyikiyo kumgama oziikhilomitha ezingamawaka abasoze bakubize ngokuba bubundlongo-ndlongo, soloko “ukuzikhusela” okanye “ukuthintela” okanye “ukuhlangula” okanye isohlwayo sezenzo ezigwenxa. Abo bazigxeka ngokuphandle okanye baziphepha iZizwe Ezimanyeneyo baseza kuthi iimfazwe zorhulumente wabo zixhasa iimfazwe kunokuba zirhuqe phantsi ulawulo lomthetho. Ngelixa ii-theorists zeMfazwe zikude ukuba zivumelane kuzo zonke iingongoma, kukho imixholo eqhelekileyo, kwaye basebenzela ukuququzelela imfazwe ngokubanzi-nangona uninzi okanye zonke iimfazwe zingenabulungisa ngokwemigangatho yeTheory War. .
