ABENZA IMFAZWE ABANAZO IINJONGO EZINKULU

Iingxoxo ezininzi zobuxoki eziqalisa iimfazwe zikhawuleza zifike kumbuzo othi "Ke kutheni beyifuna imfazwe?" Ngokuqhelekileyo kukho ngaphezu kwesizathu esinye esibandakanyekayo, kodwa iinjongo akunzima kakhulu ukuzifumana.

Ngokungafaniyo namajoni amaninzi athe axokiswa kuwo, uninzi lwabagwebi bemfazwe abaphambili, iinkosi zemfazwe ezigqiba ukuba iimfazwe zenzeke okanye zingenzeki, azinanjongo zintle kwinto abayenzayo. Nangona iinjongo ezintle zinokufunyanwa ekuqiqeni kwabanye bababandakanyekayo, nakwabanye bawona manqanaba aphakamileyo okwenza izigqibo, kuyathandabuzeka kakhulu ukuba ezo njongo zintle zizodwa zingaze zibangele iimfazwe.

Iinjongo zoqoqosho kunye nezobukhosi zibonelelwe ngoongameli kunye namalungu e-congress kuninzi lweemfazwe zethu ezinkulu, kodwa azizange zihlanjululwe ngokungapheliyo kwaye zibonakaliswe njengezinye izityholo zezizathu. Imfazwe neJapan ubukhulu becala yayimalunga nexabiso lezoqoqosho e-Asiya, kodwa ukuzikhusela kumlawuli ongendawo waseJapan kwenza ipowusta engcono. Iprojekthi yeNew American Century, itanki yokucinga etyhalela imfazwe e-Iraq, yenza iinjongo zayo zacaca kwiminyaka elishumi elinesibini ngaphambi kokuba ibe nemfazwe yayo - iinjongo ezibandakanya ulawulo lomkhosi wase-US kwihlabathi liphela kunye neziseko ezingaphezulu nezikhudlwana kwimimandla ephambili "yaseMelika. umdla.” Olo sukelo aluzange luphindwe rhoqo okanye ngokukhalipha njengokuthi “i-WMD,” “ubugrogrisi,” “umenzi wobubi,” okanye “ukusasaza idemokhrasi.”

Ezona zizathu zibalulekileyo kwiimfazwe zezona kuthethwa kancinci ngazo, kwaye ezona zizathu zincinci zibalulekileyo okanye ezinobuqhophololo zezona zixoxwa kakhulu. Izinto ezikhuthazayo, izinto iinkosi zemfazwe ezixoxa kakhulu ngasese, zibandakanya izibalo zonyulo, ulawulo lwemithombo yendalo, ukoyikiswa kwamanye amazwe, ukulawulwa kwemimandla yelizwe, inzuzo yemali kubahlobo kunye nabaxhasi bephulo, ukuvulwa kweemarike zabathengi, kunye nethemba. zokuvavanya izixhobo ezitsha.

Ukuba abezopolitiko bebenyanisekile, ukubalwa konyulo bekuya kufuneka ukuba kuxoxwe ngokuphandle kwaye bekungayi kuba sisiseko sentloni okanye imfihlo. Amagosa anyuliweyo kufuneka enze into eya kubenza bonyulwe kwakhona, ngaphakathi kolwakhiwo lwemithetho esekwe ngokwedemokhrasi. Kodwa umbono wethu wedemokhrasi ujijekile kangangokuba ukunyulwa kwakhona njengenkuthazo yesenzo kufihlwe ecaleni kokwenza inzuzo. Oku kuyinyaniso kuzo zonke iinkalo zomsebenzi karhulumente; inkqubo yonyulo yonakele kangangokuba uluntu lujongwe njengenye impembelelo eyonakalisayo. Xa kuziwa kwimfazwe, le ngqiqo iphakanyiswe kukwazi kwabezopolitiko ukuba iimfazwe zithengiswa ngobuxoki.

Icandelo: NGAMAZWI ABO

Iprojekthi yeNew American Century (PNAC) yayiyitanki yokucinga ukusuka kwi-1997 ukuya kwi-2006 eWashington, DC (kamva yavuselelwa ngo-2009). Amalungu alishumi elinesixhenxe e-PNAC asebenze kwizikhundla eziphezulu kulawulo lukaGeorge W. Bush, kuquka i-Vice-President, i-Chief of Staff ku-Vice-President, uMncedisi oKhethekileyo kuMongameli, uSekela Nobhala we "Defense," i-ambassador e-Afghanistan nase-Iraq, uSekela Nobhala we State, naPhantsi kukaNobhala kaRhulumente.

Umntu omnye owayeyinxalenye ye-PNAC kwaye kamva kuLawulo lwaseBush, uRichard Perle, ekunye nelinye ibhunga likaBush owayeza kuba nguDouglas Feith, wayesebenzele inkokeli yeLikud yakwa-Israel uBenjamin Netanyahu ngo-1996 kwaye bavelisa iphepha elibizwa ngokuba Ikhefu Elicocekileyo: Ikhefu Elitsha. Isicwangciso-qhinga soKhuseleko lweNdawo. Indawo yayiyi-Israel, kwaye isicwangciso esikhuthazwayo yayiyi-hyper-militarized nationalism kunye nokususwa ngobundlobongela kweenkokheli zamazwe angaphandle ezibandakanya uSaddam Hussein.

Ngo-1998, i-PNAC yapapasha ileta evulelekileyo eya kuMongameli uBill Clinton imbongoza ukuba amkele injongo yokutshintsha kolawulo lwase-Iraq, nto leyo awayenzayo. Loo leta yayiquka oku:

"[I] f Saddam ufumana amandla okuhambisa izixhobo zembubhiso enkulu, njengoko eqinisekile ukuba uya kwenza ukuba siqhubeka nekhosi yangoku, ukhuseleko lwemikhosi yaseMelika kwingingqi, yabahlobo bethu kunye namahlakani afana noSirayeli kunye amazwe angama-Arabhu alungeleleneyo, kunye nenxalenye enkulu yeoli yehlabathi eza kuba sengozini.”

Ngo-2000, i-PNAC yapapasha iphepha elinesihloko esithi Ukwakha kwakhona uKhuselo lwaseMelika. Iinjongo ezichazwe kweli phepha zihambelana ngakumbi nokuziphatha kwabaphathi bemfazwe kunokuba benze naziphi na iingcamango "zokusasaza idemokhrasi" okanye "ukuma kwingcinezelo." Xa i-Iraq ihlasela i-Iran siyanceda. Xa ihlasela iKuwait siyangenelela. Xa ingenzi nto siyayiqhumisa. Oku kuziphatha akwenzi ngqiqo ngokwamabali angeyonyani esiwaxelelwayo, kodwa kuyavakala ngokugqibeleleyo ngokwezi njongo zivela kwi-PNAC:

• ukugcina ukongama kwe-US,
•
• ukuthintela ukunyuka kwamandla amakhulu imbangi, kunye
•
• ukubumba umyalelo wokhuseleko wamazwe ngamazwe ngokuhambelana nemithetho-siseko kunye nomdla waseMelika.

I-PNAC igqibe kwelokuba kuya kufuneka "silwe kwaye siphumelele ngokugqibeleleyo iimfazwe ezininzi zethiyetha ngaxeshanye" kwaye "senze imisebenzi 'yombutho' enxulumene nokubumba imeko yokhuseleko kwimimandla ebalulekileyo." Kwiphepha elifanayo lika-2000, i-PNAC yabhala:

"Ngelixa ungquzulwano olungasonjululwanga kunye ne-Iraq lubonelela ngesizathu esikhawulezileyo, imfuno yobukho bemikhosi yaseMelika kwiGulf idlula umba wolawulo lukaSaddam Hussein. Ukubekwa kweziseko zase-US akukabonakali ezi nyani. . . . Ngokwembono yaseMelika, ixabiso leziseko ezinjalo linganyamezela nokuba uSaddam angadlula kwindawo. Kwixesha elide, i-Iran inokungqina isoyikiso esikhulu kwiminqweno yase-US kwiGulf njengoko i-Iraq yenze njalo. Kwaye nokuba ubudlelwane be-US-Iranian buphucuka, ukugcina imikhosi esekwe phambili kummandla kuseyinto ebalulekileyo kwisicwangciso sokhuseleko sase-US. . . .”

La maphepha apapashwa kwaye afumaneka ngokubanzi iminyaka ngaphambi kohlaselo lwe-Iraq, kwaye kunjalo ukucebisa ukuba imikhosi yase-US iza kuzama ukuhlala kunye nokwakha iziseko ezisisigxina e-Iraq nasemva kokubulala uSaddam Hussein yayilihlazo kwiiholo zeCongress okanye kumajelo eendaba. Ukucebisa ukuba iMfazwe yase-Iraq inento yokwenza neziseko zethu zobukhosi okanye i-oyile okanye i-Israel, ngakumbi ukuba u-Hussein wayengenazo izixhobo, wayeyinkohliso. Okubi kakhulu yayikukucebisa ukuba ezo ziseko zinokusetyenziselwa ukuhlasela amanye amazwe, ngokuhambelana nenjongo ye-PNAC “yokugcina ukongama kwe-US.” Kwaye nangona kunjalo, uMlawuli oPhakamileyo waseYurophu we-NATO ukusuka kwi-1997 ukuya kwi-2000 u-Wesley Clark uthi kwi-2001, uNobhala weMfazwe uDonald Rumsfeld wakhupha imemo ecebisa ukuthatha amazwe asixhenxe kwiminyaka emihlanu: i-Iraq, iSiriya, iLebhanon, iLibya, iSomalia, iSudan, kunye ne-Iran.

Inkcazo esisiseko yesi sicwangciso yaqinisekiswa ngumntu ongomnye ngaphandle kowayesakuba yiNkulumbuso yaseBritane uTony Blair, owathi ngo-2010 wayiqhoboshela kulowo wayesakuba nguSekela Mongameli uDick Cheney:

"UCheney wayefuna 'utshintsho lolawulo' olunyanzelwayo kuwo onke amazwe akuMbindi Mpuma awacinga ukuba anobutshaba kwiminqweno yaseMelika, ngokutsho kukaBlair. "Ngewayesebenze kulo lonke iqashiso, i-Iraq, iSyria, i-Iran, ejongene nabo bonke abo babambeleyo ekuhambeni kwayo - iHezbollah, iHamas, njl.," utshilo uBlair. 'Ngamanye amazwi, yena [Cheney] wacinga ukuba ihlabathi kufuneka lenziwe ngokutsha, kwaye emva kwe-11 Septemba, kwafuneka ukuba yenziwe ngamandla kunye nokukhawuleza. Ngoko wayemele amandla anzima, anzima. Hayi ukuba, hayi kodwa, hayi mhlawumbi.'“

Uphambene? Ngokuqinisekileyo! Kodwa yiloo nto ephumelelayo eWashington. Njengoko ngalunye kolo hlaselo lwenzeka, izizathu ezintsha zaziza kwenziwa esidlangalaleni kumntu ngamnye. Kodwa izizathu ezisisiseko beziya kuhlala zezi zicatshulwe ngasentla.

Icandelo: IITHIYORI ZEQELELE

Inxalenye ye-ethos "yokuqina" efunekayo kubenzi bemfazwe base-US ibe ngumkhwa wokucinga ofumanisa utshaba olukhulu, lwehlabathi, kunye needemon emva kwethunzi ngalinye. Kangangamashumi eminyaka utshaba yayiyiSoviet Union kunye nesisongelo sobukomanisi behlabathi. Kodwa iSoviet Union ayizange ibe nobukho bomkhosi wehlabathi eUnited States okanye umdla ofanayo wokwakha ubukhosi. Izixhobo zayo kunye nezisongelo kunye nohlaselo zazisoloko zibaxwa, kwaye ubukho bayo babubhaqwe nangaliphi na ixesha ilizwe elincinane, elihlwempuzekileyo elixhathisayo kulawulo lwase-US. AmaKorea namaVietnam, ama-Afrika kunye nabemi baseMelika baseMelika abanakubanakho ukuba nezinto abazithandayo, bekucingelwa ukuba. Ukuba babesala ukhokelo lwethu bengalucelanga, kwakufuneka kubekho umntu obabekayo kubo.

Ikomishoni eyenziwe nguMongameli uReagan ebizwa ngokuba yiKomishoni yeSicwangciso esiDibeneyo seXesha elide yaphakamisa iimfazwe ezincinci ezingakumbi eAsia, eAfrika, naseLatin America. Iinkxalabo zazibandakanya "ukufikelela kwe-US kwimimandla ebalulekileyo," "ukuthembeka kweMelika phakathi kwamahlakani kunye nabahlobo," "ukuzithemba kwaseMelika," kunye "nokwazi kweMelika ukukhusela iimfuno zayo kwezona ndawo zibalulekileyo, njengePersian Gulf, iMeditera, kunye kwiNtshona yePasifiki.”

Kodwa yintoni efanele ixelelwe uluntu ukuba sasikhuseleka kuyo? Kaloku, ubukhosi obungendawo, kakade! Ngexesha elibizwa ngokuba yiMfazwe ebandayo, ukuthetheleleka kweyelenqe lamakomanisi kwakuxhaphake kangangokuba abanye abantu abakrelekrele kakhulu bakholelwa ukuba imfazwe yase-US ayinakuqhubeka ngaphandle kwayo. Nanku uRichard Barnet:

"Inkolelo yobuKomanisi be-monolithic - ukuba yonke imisebenzi yabantu kuyo yonke indawo abazibiza ngokuba ngamaKomanisi okanye abo uJ. Edgar Hoover ababiza ngokuba ngamaKomanisi acwangciswa kwaye alawulwa kwi-Kremlin - ibalulekile kwingcamango ye-bureaucracy yokhuseleko lwesizwe. Ngaphandle kwayo uMongameli kunye nabacebisi bakhe kuya kuba nzima ukuchonga utshaba. Ngokuqinisekileyo abazange babafumane abachasi ababeyifanelekele imigudu ‘yokuzikhusela’ yelona gunya linamandla lomkhosi kwimbali yehlabathi.”

Hayi! Uxolo lwam ukuba ubukhe wasela utywala emlonyeni watshiza kwimpahla yakho ngoku ufunda oko. Ngokungathi iimfazwe aziyi kuqhubeka! Ngokungathi iimfazwe zazingesiso isizathu sosongelo lwamakomanisi, kunokuba kube ngenye indlela! Ukubhala ngo-1992, uJohn Quigley wayekubona ngokucacileyo oku:

“[T] yena uhlaziyo lwezopolitiko olwatshayela impuma yeYurophu ngo-1989-90 lwashiya imfazwe ebandayo kwimfumba yothuthu lwembali. Nakuba kunjalo, ukungenelela kwethu emkhosini akuzange kuphele. Ngowe-1989, sangenelela ukuze sixhase urhulumente wakwiiPhilippines nokubhukuqa owasePanama. Ngowe-1990, sathumela umkhosi omkhulu kwiPersian Gulf.

“Noko ke, ukuqhubeka kokungenelela emkhosini akumangalisi, kuba eyona njongo ngalo lonke ixesha . . . iye yaba ngaphantsi ekulweni ubukomanisi kunokugcina ulawulo lwethu.”

Isoyikiso seSoviet Union okanye ubukomanisi yaba, kwisithuba seminyaka elishumi elinambini yathatyathelw' indawo sisoyikiso se-al Qaeda okanye ubunqolobi. Iimfazwe ezichasene nobukhosi kunye neengcamango ziya kuba ziimfazwe ezichasene neqela elincinane labanqolobi kunye neqhinga. Olu tshintsho lwaba neengenelo ezithile. Ngelixa iSoviet Union inokuwa esidlangalaleni, ingqokelela efihlakeleyo kunye nesasazwe ngokubanzi yeeseli zabanqolobi apho sinokufaka khona igama elithi al Qaeda ayinakuze ingqinwe ukuba imkile. Ingcamango isenokungamkeleki, kodwa naphi na apho besilwa iimfazwe okanye sibeka ulawulo olungafunwayo, abantu babezilwela, yaye imfazwe yabo yayiya kuba “bubugrogrisi” kuba ijoliswe kuthi. Esi yayisisizathu esitsha semfazwe engapheliyo. Kodwa inkuthazo yayiyimfazwe, ingeyiyo imfazwe yokuphelisa ubunqolobi eyayiza kuthi, ngokuqinisekileyo, ivelise ubugrogrisi obungakumbi.

Inkuthazo yayilulawulo lwase-US kwiindawo “zomdla obalulekileyo,” ezizezi zizibonelelo zendalo ezinenzuzo kunye neemarike kunye nezikhundla ezicwangcisiweyo zeziseko zomkhosi apho kunokwandisa amandla phezu kwezibonelelo ezingakumbi kunye neemarike, nalapho kukhanyelwa naziphi na “izimbangi” ezinokuthi zicingelwe nantoni na efana ne " Ukuzithemba kwaseMelika. " Oku, ngokuqinisekileyo, kuncediswa kwaye kuxhaswe yinkuthazo yabo bazuza ngemali kwimfazwe eyenza ngokwayo.

Icandelo: YEMALI NEEMAKHI

Iimpembelelo zoqoqosho kwiimfazwe azizondaba ncam. Imigca edumileyo evela kwiMfazwe kaSmedley Butler yiRacket ayikho kule ncwadi konke konke, kodwa kwinqaku le-1935 lephephandaba leSocialist Common Sense, apho wabhala khona:

“Ndichithe iminyaka engama-33 kunye neenyanga ezine ndikwinkonzo yasemkhosini esebenzayo kwaye ngelo xesha ndachitha ixesha lam elininzi njengendoda yodidi oluphezulu lwezihlunu kwiShishini elikhulu, iWall Street kunye noobhanki. Ngamafutshane, ndandingumqhankqalazi, ndingumgulukudu wobukapitali. Ndancedisa ekwenzeni iMexico ngakumbi iTampico ibe yindawo ekhuselekileyo kwioli yaseMerika ngowe-1914. Ndanceda ekwenzeni iHaiti neCuba ibe yindawo efanelekileyo ukuze amakhwenkwe eNational City Bank aqokelele ingeniso. kwiWall Street. Ndancedisa ekuhlambululeni iNicaragua kwi-International Banking House of Brown Brothers ngo-1902-1912. Ndazisa ukukhanya kwiRiphabhlikhi yaseDominican kwiminqweno yeswekile yaseMelika ngo-1916. Ndanceda ukwenza iHonduras ilungile kwiinkampani zeziqhamo zaseMelika ngo-1903. E-China ngowe-1927 ndancedisa ukuba i-Standard Oil ihambe ngendlela yayo ingaphazanyiswa. Xa ndijonga emva kuyo, ngendinike uAl Capone iingcebiso ezimbalwa. Eyona nto wayenokuyenza yayikukusebenzisa irakhethi yakhe kwizithili ezithathu. Ndatyanda kumazwekazi amathathu.”

Le ngcaciso yeenjongo zeemfazwe yayingafane iboniswe ngolwimi olunemibala kaButler, kodwa yayingafihlwanga. Ngapha koko, abasasaza bemfazwe kudala bexoxa ngokubonisa iimfazwe njengenzuzo kumashishini amakhulu nokuba ngaba ngokwenene okanye akunjalo:

“Ngenxa yamadoda angoosomashishini imfazwe kufuneka ibonakale njengeshishini elinengeniso. I-LG Chiozza, iMali, i-MP, ipapashe isitatimende kwi-Daily Chronicle yaseLondon ngo-Agasti 10, i-1914, eyipatheni yolu hlobo lwento. Wabhala wathi:

“'Oyena mntu sikhuphisana naye oyintloko eYurophu nangaphandle kwayo akayi kukwazi ukurhweba, kwaye ekuqukunjelweni kweMfazwe intiyo engathandabuzekiyo evuselelwa bubundlobongela baseJamani kuyo yonke indawo iya kusinceda ukuba sigcine urhwebo kunye neenqanawa esiya kuphumelela kuye.'

KuCarl von Clausewitz, owafa ngowe-1831, imfazwe “yayikukuqhubeka nolwalamano lwezobupolitika, ukuphunyezwa okufanayo ngezinye iindlela.” Oko kuvakala kulungile, lo gama siqonda ukuba abenzi bemfazwe bahlala bekhetha iindlela zemfazwe nokuba ezinye iindlela zinokufezekisa iziphumo ezifanayo. Nge-31 ka-Agasti, i-2010, intetho yeOfisi ye-Oval idumisa iimfazwe zase-Iraq nase-Afghanistan, uMongameli u-Obama wadanduluka wathi: "Iimarike ezintsha zempahla yethu zisuka e-Asiya ukuya eMelika!" Ngowe-1963, uJohn Quigley, owayengekahlalutyi ubuxoki bemfazwe, wayeligosa laseLwandle wabelwa ukuba afundise iqela lakhe ngemicimbi yehlabathi. Xa omnye wabafundi bakhe wayechasa ingcamango yokulwa eVietnam, uQuigley “wachaza ngomonde ukuba kukho ioli ngaphantsi kweshelufu yelizwekazi laseVietnam, nokuba abantu abaninzi baseVietnam babeyimarike ebalulekileyo yeemveliso zethu, nokuba iVietnam yayalela indlela yolwandle esuka kuMbindi Mpuma. kwiMpuma Ekude.”

Kodwa masiqale ekuqaleni. Ngaphambi kokuba abe ngumongameli, uWilliam McKinley wathi "Sifuna imakethi yangaphandle kwiimveliso zethu ezishiyekileyo." Njengomongameli, uxelele iRhuluneli uRobert LaFollette waseWisconsin ukuba ufuna "ukufikelela ukongama e-US kwiimarike zehlabathi." Xa iCuba yayisemngciphekweni wokufumana inkululeko yayo eSpain ngaphandle koncedo, uMcKinley wacenga iCongress ukuba ingamazi urhulumente woguqulo. Emva koko, injongo yakhe yayingeyiyo inkululeko yaseCuba, okanye inkululeko yasePuerto Rican okanye yasePhilippines. Xa wayethatha iiPhilippines, uMcKinley wayecinga ukuba uqhubela phambili injongo “yobungangamsha kwiimarike zehlabathi.” Xa abantu bakwiiPhilippines bazilwela, wakubiza oko “kumvukelo.” Wachaza imfazwe njengemishini yokunceda abantu bakwiiPhilippines. UMcKinley waba nguvulindlela ngokuthi aqale athi abongameli bamva bathini njengomcimbi wesiqhelo xa bekwimfazwe yezixhobo okanye iimarike.

Kwinyanga ngaphambi kokuba iUnited States ingene kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi I, ngoMatshi 5, 1917, unozakuzaku waseMelika eGreat Britain, uWalter Hines Page, wathumela intambo kuMongameli uWoodrow Wilson, efunda ngokuyinxenye:

"Ingcinezelo yale ngxaki ezayo, ndiqinisekile, uye ngaphaya kwekhono likaMorgan we-arhente yezemali kubaRhulumente baseBrithani nabaseFransi. Iimfuneko zezemali ze-Allies zikhulu kakhulu kwaye ziphuthumayo ukuba nayiphi na i-arhente yabucala yokusingatha, ngokuba zonke i-arhente kufuneka zihlangabezane nezoshishino kunye nokuchasana kwamacandelo. Akunakwenzeka ukuba indlela kuphela yokugcina isikhundla sethu esinobukhulu bezohwebo kunye nokuphazamisa ukwethuka kukumemezela imfazwe eJamani. "

Xa kwakusenziwa uxolo kunye neJamani eyayiphelisa iMfazwe Yehlabathi I, uMongameli uWilson wagcina imikhosi yase-US eRashiya ukuba ilwe neSoviet, nangona ngaphambili amabango athi imikhosi yethu yayiseRashiya ukuze yoyise iJamani kwaye ithintele izinto eziya eJamani. USenator uHiram Johnson (P., Calif.) wayethe ngokusesikweni ngokusungulwa kwemfazwe: "Ingozi yokuqala xa kufika imfazwe, yinyaniso." Ngoku wayenento yokuthetha ngokusilela ukuphelisa imfazwe xa isivumelwano soxolo sasityobelwe. UJohnson wayigxeka imfazwe eqhubekayo eRashiya waza wacaphula kwiChicago Tribune xa wayebanga ukuba injongo yayikukunceda iYurophu ukuba iqokelele ityala laseRashiya.

Ngomnyaka we-1935, ngokuqwalasela umdla wokwenza imali kwimfazwe neJapan, uNorman Thomas wabonisa ukuba, ubuncinci ngokwembono yelizwe, ukuba akunjalo kwimbono yabaxhasi abathile, kwakungekho ngqiqo:

“Lonke urhwebo lwethu neJapan, iTshayina neePhilippines ngowe-1933 lwafikelela kwizigidi ezingama-525 zeerandi okanye ezaneleyo ukuze siqhubeke neMfazwe Yehlabathi Yokuqala kangangeentsuku ezimbini ezinesiqingatha!”

Ewe, wayibiza ngokuba yimfazwe yehlabathi “yokuqala,” kuba wabona into ezayo.

Kunyaka omnye ngaphambi kohlaselo lweZibuko lasePearl, imemo yeSebe leSizwe malunga nokwandiswa kweJapan ayizange ithethe nelimdaka malunga nokuzimela kweTshayina. Kodwa yathi:

“. . . Isikhundla sethu sozakuzo jikelele kunye nesicwangciso sobuchule siya kuba buthathaka kakhulu - ngokuphulukana kwethu neemarike zamaTshayina, amaIndiya, kunye noLwandle lwaseMazantsi (kunye nokulahlekelwa kwethu uninzi lwentengiso yaseJapan yempahla yethu, njengoko iJapan iza kukwazi ukuzimela) nangemiqathango engenakuthintelwa ekufikeleleni kwethu kwirabha, itoti, ijute, nezinye izinto ezibalulekileyo kwimimandla yaseAsiya noLwandlekazi.”

Ebudeni beMfazwe Yehlabathi II, uSosiba weLizwe uCordell Hull waba ngusihlalo “wekomiti yeengxaki zezobupolitika” eyagqiba kwelokuba isingathe uloyiko olwalucingwa luluntu lokuba iUnited States yayiza kuzama “ukondla, ukunxibisa, ukwakha ngokutsha nokumapolisa ehlabathini lonke.” Uloyiko lwaluza kuthomalaliswa ngokuqinisekisa uluntu ukuba usukelo lwaseUnited States kukuthintela enye imfazwe nokubonelela “ngokufikelela simahla kwizinto ezisetyenziswayo [nokukhuthaza] urhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe.” Amagama oMqulu weAtlantiki (“ukufikelela ngokulinganayo”) aba “ukufikelela ngokukhululekileyo,” okuthetha ukufikelela eUnited States, kodwa kungeyomfuneko kuye nabani na ongomnye.

Ebudeni beMfazwe Yomlomo, izizathu ezichaziweyo zeemfazwe zatshintsha ngakumbi kunezo zokwenene, njengoko ubukomanisi bokulwa babukhusela ukubulala abantu ukuze kuzuze iimarike, abasebenzi bamanye amazwe nobuncwane. Sathi silwela idemokhrasi, kodwa saxhasa oozwilakhe abafana noAnastasio Somoza eNicaragua, uFulgencio Batista eCuba, noRafael Trujillo waseDominican Republic. Umphumo waba ligama elibi le-United States, kunye nokuxhotyiswa koorhulumente basekhohlo ekuphenduleni ukuphazamiseka kwethu. Ilungu leNdlu yoWiso-mthetho uFrank Church (D., Idaho) lafikelela kwisigqibo sokuba “siphulukene, okanye siphazamise ngokunzulu, igama elihle nodumo oluhle lwaseUnited States.”

Kwanokuba abaqulunqi bemfazwe babengenazo iintshukumisa zezoqoqosho, bekungayi kwenzeka ukuba amaqumrhu angayiboni ingeniso yezoqoqosho njengemveliso yeemfazwe. Njengoko uGeorge McGovern noWilliam Polk baphawula kwi-2006:

“Ngowama-2002, ngaphambi nje kokuhlasela kweMerika [i-Iraq], yayinye kuphela iqumrhu leenkampani ezilishumi elinengeniso eninzi ehlabathini elalisebenza kwioli negesi; ngo-2005 abane kwabalishumi babe. BabeyiExxon-Mobil kunye neChevron Texaco (yaseMelika) kunye neShell kunye neBP (eBritish). Imfazwe yaseIraq yaliphinda kabini ixabiso lezinto ezingcolileyo; bekuya kunyuka ngama-50 ekhulwini ebudeni beenyanga zokuqala zowama-2006.”

Icandelo: NGEENZUZO

Ukufumana inzuzo ekulweni imfazwe kuye kwaba yinxalenye eqhelekileyo yeemfazwe zase-US ukususela ubuncinane kwiMfazwe yamakhaya. Ngexesha leMfazwe ka-2003 e-Iraq uSekela Mongameli u-Cheney wayalela iikhontrakthi ezinkulu zokungabhidi kwinkampani, iHalliburton, apho wayesafumana imbuyekezo, kwaye wazuza kwimfazwe efanayo engekho semthethweni waqhatha uluntu lwaseMelika ukuba alusungule. Inkulumbuso yase-Bhritane uTony Blair wayejonge ngakumbi kwimfazwe yakhe yokwenza inzuzo. I-Stop the War Coalition yahlala kunye naye, nangona kunjalo, ebhala ngo-2010:

“[UBlair] ufumana i-£2 yezigidi ngonyaka ngomsebenzi wosuku olunye enyangeni, kwibhanki yotyalo-mali yase-US uJP Morgan, othe wenza ingeniso enkulu ngokuxhasa ngemali iiprojekthi 'zokwakha ngokutsha' e-Iraq. Akukho siphelo sokubulela ngeenkonzo zikaBlair kwishishini leoli, uhlaselo lwase-Iraq lujolise ngokucacileyo ekulawuleni indawo yesibini enkulu yokugcina ooyile emhlabeni. I-Kuwait Royal Family yamhlawula malunga nesigidi ukuze avelise ingxelo ngekamva le-Kuwait, kunye nezivumelwano zoshishino nangona umcebisi uye wamisa ukucebisa amanye amazwe akuMbindi Mpuma kulindeleke ukuba afumane malunga ne-5 yezigidi zeedola ngonyaka. Nje ukuba abaleke, uye watyikitya nenkampani yeoli yaseMzantsi Korea i-UI Energy Corporation, enomdla kakhulu e-Iraq kwaye abanye uqikelelo bathi ekugqibeleni iyakumfumana i-20 yezigidi zeedola.

Icandelo: YEMALI KUNYE NEKLASI

Enye intshukumisa yezoqoqosho yemfazwe edla ngokutyeshelwa yinzuzo yemfazwe enikelwa kudidi olukhethekileyo lwabantu abaxhalabele ukuba abo bavinjwa isabelo esifanelekileyo sobutyebi belizwe banokuvukela. Ngowe-1916 eUnited States, inkqubo yobusoshiyali yayithabath’ unyawo, ngoxa nawuphi na umqondiso womzabalazo wodidi eYurophu wavalwa umlomo yiMfazwe Yehlabathi I. Ilungu leNdlu yoWiso-mthetho uJames Wadsworth (R., NY) wacebisa ukuba kuqeqeshwe amajoni ngesinyanzelo kuba esoyika ukuba “aba bantu eyethu iya kwahlulwa ngokweendidi.” Uyilo lwentlupheko lunokusebenza umsebenzi ofanayo namhlanje. Uguquko lwaseMelika lunokuba nalo. IMfazwe yeHlabathi yesiBini yamisa i-radicalism yexesha lokudakumba ebone iCongress of Industrial Organisation (CIO) iququzelela abasebenzi abamnyama nabamhlophe kunye.

Amajoni eMfazwe Yehlabathi II athatha imiyalelo yawo kuDouglas MacArthur, uDwight Eisenhower, noGeorge Patton, amadoda awathi ngo-1932 akhokele uhlaselo lomkhosi “kuMkhosi weBhonasi,” amagqala eMfazwe Yehlabathi I amisa iintente eWashington, DC, ecela ukuba ahlawulwe. iibhonasi ababethenjiswe zona. Lo yayingumzabalazo owawubonakala ngathi awuphumelelanga de amagqala eMfazwe Yehlabathi II anikwa i-GI Bill of Rights.

UMcCarthyism wakhokelela abaninzi bazabalazela amalungelo abantu abasebenzayo ukuba babeke umkhosi ngaphambi kwemizabalazo yabo kwisiqingatha sokugqibela senkulungwane yamashumi amabini. UBarbara Ehrenreich wabhala ngo-1997:

“Abantu baseMerika bathi iMfazwe yeGulf 'yasidibanisa.' Iinkokeli zaseSerbia nezaseCroatia zacombulula ukunganeliseki kwabantu bazo emva kobukomanisi ngenxa yogonyamelo lobuzwe.”

Ndandisebenzela amaqela asekuhlaleni anengeniso ephantsi ngoSeptemba 11, 2001, kwaye ndikhumbula indlela zonke iintetho zomvuzo ongcono ongcono okanye izindlu ezifikelelekayo zahamba eWashington xa amaxilongo emfazwe ekhala.

Icandelo: YEOLI

Oyena nobangela weemfazwe kukuhluthwa ukulawula ubuncwane bezinye iintlanga. IMfazwe Yehlabathi I yakwenza kwacaca kubenzi bemfazwe ukubaluleka kweoli ekuphembeleleni iimfazwe ngokwabo, kunye nasekukhuthazeni uqoqosho lwemizi-mveliso, kwaye ukususela ngelo xesha ukuya phambili eyona ntshukumisa inkulu yemfazwe ibikukoyiswa kwezizwe ezineoyile. Ngowe-1940 iUnited States yavelisa uninzi (ipesenti ezingama-63) zeoli yehlabathi, kodwa ngo-1943 uNobhala Wezangaphakathi uHarold Ickes wathi,

"Ukuba bekuya kubakho iMfazwe Yehlabathi III kuya kufuneka kuliwe nepetroleum yomnye umntu, kuba iUnited States ayinakuba nayo."

Umongameli uJimmy Carter uwise umthetho kwintetho yakhe yokugqibela yeManyano:

"Iinzame zawo nawuphi na umkhosi wangaphandle wokulawula ummandla wePersian Gulf ziya kuthathwa njengohlaselo kwizinto ezibalulekileyo zase-United States of America, kwaye olo hlaselo luya kurhoxiswa ngayo nayiphi na indlela eyimfuneko, kubandakanya nomkhosi wamajoni."

Nokuba iMfazwe yeGulf yokuqala yalwelwa ioyile okanye hayi, uMongameli uGeorge HW Bush wathi kunjalo. Ulumkise ngelithi i-Iraq iza kulawula i-oyile eninzi kakhulu yehlabathi ukuba ingahlasela iSaudi Arabia. Uluntu lwase-US lwagxeka "igazi le-oyile" kwaye uBush wayitshintsha ngokukhawuleza ingoma yakhe. Unyana wakhe, ehlasela ilizwe elifanayo kwiminyaka elishumi elinesibini kamva, wayeya kuvumela usekela-mongameli wakhe ukuba acwangcise imfazwe kwiintlanganiso ezifihlakeleyo nabaphathi be-oyile, kwaye uya kusebenza nzima ukunyanzelisa "umthetho we-hydrocarbons" e-Iraq ukuze kuxhamle iinkampani zeoli zangaphandle, kodwa wayeya kwenza umsebenzi onzima. ungazami ukuthengisa imfazwe esidlangalaleni njengothumo lokweba ioyile yaseIraq. Okanye ubuncinci, loo nto yayingeyona nto iphambili ekugxilwe kuyo kwintengiso yokuthengisa. Kwakukho ngoSeptemba 15, 2002, isihloko seWashington Post esifundeka ngolu hlobo "Kwimeko yeMfazwe yase-Iraqi, i-Oli yiNqaku eliPhambili; I-US Drillers iliso elikhulu le-Petroleum Pool.

I-Africom, isiseko somkhosi wase-US saloo mhlaba ungafane uxoxwe ngesiqwenga somhlaba omkhulu kunawo wonke uMntla Melika, ilizwekazi lase-Afrika, wadalwa nguMongameli uGeorge W. Bush ngowama-2007. I-Oil Policy Initiative Group (kubandakanya abameli be-White House, iCongress, kunye ne-oyile corporations) njengesakhiwo "esinokuvelisa ingeniso ebalulekileyo ekukhuseleni utyalo-mali lwase-US." Ngokutsho kukaGeneral Charles Wald, usekela-mphathi wemikhosi yase-US eYurophu,

“Eyona njongo iphambili yemikhosi yase-US [e-Afrika] kukuqinisekisa ukuba iindawo zeoli zaseNigeria, eziya kuthi kwixesha elizayo zibe neepesenti ezingama-25 zayo yonke ioli ethunyelwa ngaphandle e-US, ikhuselekile.”

Ndiyazibuza ukuba uthetha ukuthini xa esithi "ukhuselekile." Ngandlel’ ithile ndiyathandabuza inkxalabo yakhe kukukhulisa ukuzithemba kwibala leoyile.

Ukubandakanyeka kwe-US eYugoslavia ngeminyaka yoo-1990 yayinganxulumananga nelothe, i-zinc, i-cadmium, igolide, imigodi yesilivere, abasebenzi abaphantsi, kunye nemarike engamiselwanga. Ngowe-1996 uSosiba wezoRhwebo waseUnited States uRon Brown wasweleka kwingozi yenqwelo-moya eCroatia ekunye nabaphathi abaphezulu beBoeing, iBechtel, iAT&T, iNorthwest Airlines, neminye imibutho eliqela eyayisenza izivumelwano zikarhulumente “zokwakha ngokutsha.” I-Enron, iqumrhu elidumileyo elinobuqhophololo elaliza kungena ngo-2001, laliyinxalenye yohambo oluninzi olunjalo kangangokuba yakhupha isibhengezo seendaba ukuba akukho namnye kubantu bayo owayekho kolu. U-Enron wanika i-100,000 yeedola kwiKomiti yeSizwe yeDemokhrasi kwi-1997, iintsuku ezintandathu ngaphambi kokuba ahambe noNobhala omtsha wezoRhwebo uMickey Kantor ukuya eBosnia naseCroatia kwaye asayine isivumelwano sokwakha i-100 yezigidigidi zamandla. Ukufakwa kweKosovo, uSandy Davies ubhala kwiGazi kwiZandla Zethu,

“. . . iye yaphumelela ekudaleni ilizwe elincinane elinomkhosi phakathi kweYugoslavia kunye nendlela eqikelelweyo yombhobho we-oyile we-AMBO odlula eBulgaria, eMakedoniya naseAlbania. Lo mbhobho uyakhiwa, ngenkxaso karhulumente wase-US, ukunika iMelika kunye neNtshona Yurophu ukufikelela kwi-oyile evela kuLwandle lweCaspian. . . . Unobhala wezaMandla uBill Richardson wachaza isicwangciso esisisiseko kwi-1998. 'Oku kumalunga nokhuseleko lwamandla aseMelika,' wachaza. '. . . Kubaluleke kakhulu kuthi ukuba zombini imephu yombhobho kunye nezopolitiko ziphume zilungile.'

Umphathi wemfazwe ixesha elide uZbigniew Brzezinski uthethe kwiforum ye-RAND Corporation e-Afghanistan kwigumbi le-Senate ka-Okthobha ka-2009. Ingxelo yakhe yokuqala yayikukuba "ukurhoxa e-Afghanistan kwikamva elingekude nguNo-No." Akazange anike zizathu zokuba kutheni kwaye wacebisa ukuba ezinye iinkcazo zakhe ziya kuba yimpikiswano ngakumbi.

Ngexesha lemibuzo kunye neempendulo, ndabuza uBrzezinski ukuba kutheni le ngxelo ifanele ithathwe njengengenakuphikiswa xa malunga nesiqingatha sabantu baseMelika ngelo xesha bechasa ukuthathwa kweAfghanistan. Ndabuza ukuba wayeza kuphendula njani kwiingxoxo zonozakuzaku waseUnited States owayesandul’ ukurhoxa ngenxa yokuqhankqalaza. UBrzezinski waphendula ngelithi abantu abaninzi babuthathaka yaye abazi nto bhetele, yaye abafanele bangahoywa. UBrzezinski uthe enye yeenjongo eziphambili zeMfazwe yase-Afghanistan kukwakha umbhobho werhasi osuka emantla ukuya kuLwandlekazi lwaseIndiya. Le nto ayizange yothuse mntu kwelo gumbi.

NgoJuni ka-2010, inkampani yobudlelwane bomkhosi eqhagamshelwe emkhosini yacenga iNew York Times ukuba iqhube ibali elikwiphepha elingaphambili elibhengeza ukufunyanwa kobutyebi bezimbiwa e-Afghanistan. Uninzi lwamabango ayethandabuza, kwaye lawo aqinile ayengengawo amatsha. Kodwa ibali lalityalwe ngexesha apho iiseneta kunye namalungu e-congress babeqala ukujika kancinci ngokuchasene nemfazwe. Kuyabonakala ukuba i-White House okanye iPentagon yayikholelwa ukuba kungenzeka ukuba i-lithium yase-Afghan ivelise inkxaso engakumbi yemfazwe kwiCongress.

Icandelo: FOR Empire

Ukulwela ummandla, nokuba yintoni na amatye anokulala phantsi kwawo, yintshukumisa ehloniphekileyo yemfazwe. Ukutyhubela iMfazwe Yehlabathi I kwaye kubandakanywa nayo, i-empires yasilwela iindawo ezahlukeneyo kunye neekoloni. Kwimeko yeMfazwe Yehlabathi I kwakukho iAlsace-Lorraine, iiBalkans, iAfrika, noMbindi Mpuma. Iimfazwe zikwalwelwa ukuba zibe nempembelelo kunokuba zibe ngabanini kwimimandla yehlabathi. Ibhombu yase-US yaseYugoslavia kwiminyaka yoo-1990 isenokuba yayibandakanya umnqweno wokugcina iYurophu ingaphantsi kwe-United States ngokusebenzisa i-NATO, umbutho owawusengozini yokuphulukana nesizathu sokubakho. Imfazwe nayo inokuliwa ngenjongo yokwenza buthathaka esinye isizwe ngaphandle kokungena kulo. Umcebisi wezoKhuseleko kuZwelonke uBrent Scowcroft uthe enye injongo yeMfazwe yeGulf yayikukushiya i-Iraq "ingenamandla okhubekisayo." Impumelelo ye-United States kulo mba yaba luncedo xa iphinda yahlasela i-Iraq ngo-2003.

I-Economist yayinenkxalabo yokugcina iMfazwe yase-Afghanistan iqhubeka kwi-2007: "Ukoyiswa kuya kuba kukubethelwa komzimba kungekhona kuma-Afghans kuphela, kodwa kumanyano lwe-NATO." Umbhali-mbali waseBritane wasePakistan uTariq Ali uthe:

“Nanini na ngaphambili, i-geopolitics yongamela imidla yase-Afghan kwizibalo zamagunya amakhulu. Isivumelwano esisisiseko esisayinwe yi-US kunye nomqeshwa wayo eKabul ngoMeyi ka-2005 sinika iPentagon ilungelo lokugcina umkhosi omkhulu e-Afghanistan ngokungapheliyo, okunokuthi kubandakanye imijukujelwa yenyukliya. Ukuba iWashington ayifuni iziseko ezisisigxina kulo mhlaba ugqwethekileyo kunye nongenamdla ngenxa nje 'yedemokhrasi kunye nolawulo olulungileyo' yacaciswa nguNobhala-Jikelele we-NATO uJaap de Hoop Scheffer kwi-Brookings Institution ngoFebruwari 2009: ubukho be-NATO esisigxina ilizwe elikumda weriphabliki ezazisakuba yiSoviet Union, iTshayina, iIran, nePakistan yayilunge kakhulu ukuba singaphoswa.”

Icandelo: NGEMIPU

Enye inkuthazo yeemfazwe kukuzithethelela ababonelela ngako ukugcina umkhosi omkhulu kunye nokuvelisa izixhobo ezininzi. Oku kunokuba yintshukumisa ephambili yezenzo ezahlukeneyo zomkhosi wase-US emva kweMfazwe ebandayo. Intetho yolwahlulo loxolo yaphela njengoko iimfazwe nongenelelo lwalusanda. Iimfazwe nazo zibonakala zisiliwa ngamaxesha athile ngendlela evumela ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ezithile nangona isicwangciso singenzi ngqiqo njengendlela yokuphumelela. Ngo-1964, umzekelo, abenzi bemfazwe base-US bagqiba ekubeni baqhubhise uMntla weVietnam nangona ubukrelekrele babo bubaxelele ukuba ukuchasana eMzantsi kwakukhule ekhaya.

Ngoba? Mhlawumbi ngenxa yokuba iibhombu zaziyinto ekwakufuneka basebenze nayo kwaye-ngenxa yazo naziphi na ezinye izizathu-babefuna imfazwe. Njengoko sibonile ngasentla, iibhombu zenyukliya zaphoswa ngokungeyomfuneko eJapan, eyesibini nangakumbi ngokungeyomfuneko kuneyokuqala. Le yesibini yayiluhlobo olwahlukileyo lwebhombu, ibhombu yeplutonium, kwaye iPentagon yayifuna ukuyibona ivavanywa. IMfazwe Yehlabathi II eYurophu yayisele ifikelele esiphelweni ngokuqhushumba kwebhombu yase-US ngokungeyomfuneko kwidolophu yaseFransi yaseRoyan- kwakhona nangona amaFrentshi ayengamahlakani ethu. Oku kuqhushumba kwakuqala kukusetyenziswa kwe-napalm ebantwini, kwaye iPentagon ngokucacileyo yayifuna ukubona ukuba iza kwenza ntoni.

Icandelo: MACHISMO

Kodwa abantu abanakuphila ngesonka sodwa. Iimfazwe ezisilwa nxamnye nosoyikiso lwehlabathi lonke (ubukomanisi, ubugrogrisi, okanye obunye) nazo ziimfazwe ezilwelwa ukubonisa amandla kabani kwabo babukeleyo, ngaloo ndlela kuthintelwa ukubhukuqwa kwamagunya—ingozi enokuhlala ibangelwa kukuphulukana “nokuthenjwa.” Okumangalisayo kukuba, kwi-warmongerspeak "ukuthembeka" sisithetha-ntonye segama elithi "bellicosity," hayi "ukunyaniseka." Ngaloo ndlela, iindlela zokungabonisi ugonyamelo ehlabathini azinalugonyamelo nje kuphela kodwa “zikwanokuthenjwa.” Kukho into engandilisekanga kubo. Ngokutsho kukaRichard Barnet,

“Amagosa omkhosi kuLawulo [Lyndon] Johnson ahlala exoxa ukuba imingcipheko yokoyiswa kunye nokuthotywa yayinkulu kunemingcipheko yemigodi yaseHaiphong, ukubhangisa iHanoi, okanye ukuqhushumbisa 'iithagethi ezikhethiweyo' eTshayina."

Babesazi ukuba ihlabathi liya kucatshukiswa zizenzo ezinjalo, kodwa ngandlel’ ithile akukho nto ihlazisayo ngethemba lokukhutshelwa ngaphandle njengegeza elibulalayo. Kuphela kukuthamba okunokuthoba.

Elinye lawona mabali amangalisayo eendaba aphuma kuDaniel Ellsberg ekukhululweni kwePentagon Papers yayiziindaba zokuba ama-70 ekhulwini enkuthazo yabantu ababesemva kweMfazwe yaseVietnam “yayikukusindisa ubuso.” Yayingekuko ukugcina amakomanisi ngaphandle kwePeoria okanye ukufundisa idemokhrasi yaseVietnam okanye nantoni na entle kangaka. Yayikukukhusela umfanekiso, okanye mhlawumbi umfanekiso wobuqu, wabasunguli bemfazwe ngokwabo. UNobhala oNcedisayo we "Defense" kaJohn McNaughton kaMatshi 24, 1965, imemo yathi iinjongo zase-US ekuqhubiseni abantu baseVietnam ngama-70 ekhulwini "ukunqanda ukoyiswa okuhlazisayo kwe-US (kwigama lethu njenge-guarantor)," i-20 pesenti yokugcina indawo ngaphandle. Izandla zamaTshayina, kunye ne-10 ekhulwini lokuvumela abantu ukuba “baphile ubomi obubhetele, obukhululekileyo.”

UMcNaughton wayenexhala lokuba ezinye izizwe, zizibuza ukuba ingaba iUnited States inokuba nobunzima bokubhobhoza isihogo na kubo, inokubuza imibuzo efana nale:

"Ngaba i-US ibanjwe yizithintelo ezinokuthi zisebenze kwiimeko ezizayo (uloyiko lokungavumelekanga, i-UN, ukungathathi hlangothi, uxinzelelo lwasekhaya, ilahleko yase-US, yokuthumela imikhosi yase-US e-Asia, imfazwe ne-China okanye iRashiya, ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zenyukliya, njalo njalo)?”

Kuninzi ukubonisa ukuba awuyoyiki. Kodwa ke siye sawisa iibhombu ezininzi eVietnam sizama ukungqina oko, ngaphezulu kwe-7 yezigidi zeetoni, xa kuthelekiswa nezigidi ezi-2 eziye zehla kwiMfazwe yesibini yeHlabathi. U-Ralph Stavins uxoxa kwi-Washington Plans ngeMfazwe eNdloboleyo yokuba uJohn McNaughton kunye noWilliam Bundy baqonda ukuba ukuhoxiswa kuphela eVietnam kwakunengqiqo, kodwa ukunyuka kwenkxaso ngenxa yokoyika ukubonakala buthathaka.

Ngowe-1975, emva kokuba boyisiwe eVietnam, iinkosi zemfazwe zazichukumiseke ngakumbi kubuqhetseba bazo kunesiqhelo. Xa iKhmer Rouge yathimba inqanawa yabarhwebi ebhalisiweyo e-US, uMongameli uGerald Ford wafuna ukuba kukhululwe inqanawa kunye nabasebenzi bayo. IKhmer Rouge yathobela. Kodwa abalweli bejethi base-US baqhubela phambili badubula iKhambodiya njengendlela yokubonisa ukuba, njengoko i-White House yatshoyo, iUnited States “isakulungele ukuhlangabezana nomkhosi ngamandla ukukhusela umdla wayo.”

Imiboniso elolo hlobo yokuqina iyaqondwa eWashington, DC, ukuba ingaqhubeli phambili nomsebenzi kuphela kodwa nokwandisa udumo ngonaphakade. Abaongameli kudala bekholelwa ukuba abanakukhunjulwa njengabongameli abakhulu ngaphandle kweemfazwe. UTheodore Roosevelt wabhalela umhlobo wakhe ngo-1897,

“Ngentembelo engqongqo . . . Ndifanele ndamkele yonke imfazwe, kuba ndicinga ukuba eli lizwe liyayidinga.”

Ngokombhali wenoveli kunye nombhali u-Gore Vidal, uMongameli uJohn Kennedy wamxelela ukuba umongameli ufuna imfazwe yobukhulu kwaye ngaphandle kweMfazwe yamakhaya, u-Abraham Lincoln wayeya kuba lelinye igqwetha likaloliwe. NgokukaMickey Herskowitz, owayesebenze noGeorge W. Bush ngo-1999 “kwincwadi engobomi bomntu,” uBush wayefuna imfazwe phambi kokuba abe ngumongameli.

Enye into ephazamisayo malunga nalo lonke ulangazelelo lwemfazwe kukuba, ngelixa ezininzi zeempembelelo zibonakala zisisiseko, zibawa, zibudenge, kwaye zidelekile, ezinye zazo zibonakala zinomntu kwaye zisengqondweni. Mhlawumbi “kusengqiqweni” ukufuna ukuba iimarike zehlabathi zithenge iimveliso zase-US kwaye zizivelise ngexabiso eliphantsi, kodwa kutheni kufuneka sibe “nobunganga kwiimarike zehlabathi?” Kutheni sisonke sifuna “ukuzithemba?” Ngaba asiyonto umntu ngamnye ayifumanayo eyedwa? Kutheni kugxininiswa “kobungangamsha”? Kutheni le nto kukho intetho encinci kumagumbi angasemva malunga nokukhuselwa kwizisongelo zamazwe angaphandle kwaye ingaka malunga nokulawula abantu bamanye amazwe ngobungangamsha bethu kunye “nokuthenjwa” okoyikekayo? Ngaba imfazwe imalunga nokuhlonelwa?

Xa udibanisa i-illogic yezi zinto zikhuthaza imfazwe kunye nenyaniso yokuba iimfazwe zihlala zisilela ngokwemiqathango yazo kwaye ziphinda ziphindaphindwe amaxesha ngamaxesha, kuya kwenzeka ukuthandabuza ukuba iinkosi zemfazwe zihlala ziziingqondi zabo. IUnited States ayizange yoyise iKorea okanye iVietnam okanye iIraq okanye iAfghanistan. Ngokwembali, izikumkani azizange zihlale zikho. Kwilizwe elinengqiqo singatsiba iimfazwe kwaye siye ngqo kwiingxoxo zoxolo ezizilandelayo. Ukanti, amaxesha amaninzi, asikwenzi oko.

Ngexesha leMfazwe yaseVietnam, iUnited States yaqala imfazwe yomoya, yaqala imfazwe yomhlaba, kwaye yaqhubeka nenyathelo ngalinye lokunyuka ngenxa yokuba abacwangcisi bemfazwe babengenakucinga ngenye into enokuyenza ngaphandle kokuphelisa imfazwe, kwaye nangona iphakamileyo. ukuzithemba ukuba oko bakwenzayo akuyi kusebenza. Emva kwexesha elide lokuzaliseka kolu lindelo, benza oko babenokukwenza kwasekuqaleni baza bayiphelisa imfazwe.

Section: INGABA ABANTU BAPHAMBANE?

Njengoko sibonile kwisahluko sesibini, abenzi bemfazwe baxoxa malunga nokuba yeyiphi injongo uluntu ekufuneka ixelelwe ukuba imfazwe iyasebenza. Kodwa baphinda baxoxe ngeenjongo zokuzixelela ukuba imfazwe iyasebenza. Ngokutsho kwababhali-mbali bePentagon, nge-26 kaJuni ngo-1966, "iqhinga lagqitywa," eVietnam, "kwaye ingxoxo ukusukela ngoko yayigxile ekubeni mangaphi amandla kunye nesiphelo." Kwakutheni ukuze? Umbuzo obalaseleyo. Le yayiyingxoxo yangaphakathi eyayicinga ukuba imfazwe yayiza kuya phambili kwaye yayifuna ukulungisa isizathu sokuba kutheni. Ukukhetha isizathu sokuxelela uluntu yayilinyathelo elahlukileyo ngaphaya kwelo.

UMongameli uGeorge W. Bush ngamanye amaxesha wacebisa ukuba iMfazwe yase-Iraq yayiyimpindezelo yendima kaSaddam Hussein (kwaye mhlawumbi yintsomi) kwilinge lokubulala uyise kaBush, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha uBush uMncinane watyhila ukuba uThixo wayemxelele ukuba enze ntoni. Emva kokuqhushumba kwebhombu eVietnam, uLyndon Johnson wayecinga ukuba “Andikhange ndimjike nje uHo Chi Minh, ndimnqumle.” UBill Clinton ngo-1993, ngokukaGeorge Stephanopoulos, wathi ngeSomalia:

“Asibenzi ntlungu kula marhewu. Xa abantu besibulala, bafanele babulawe ngamanani amakhulu. Ndikholelwa ekubulaleni abantu abazama ukukwenzakalisa. Kwaye andikholelwa ukuba sityhalwa ngapha nangapha ngala maqhosha amabini.”

NgoMeyi ka-2003, umbhali weNew York Times uTom Friedman wathi kwiCharlie Rose Show kwi-PBS, ukuba injongo yemfazwe yase-Iraq yayikukuthumela imikhosi yase-US kwindlu ngendlu e-Iraq ukuba ithi "Suck kule."

Ngaba aba bantu banzulu, baphambene, bathe phithi ngamalungu abo, okanye banxiliswe iziyobisi? Iimpendulo zibonakala ngathi: ewe, ewe, kunjalo, kwaye bonke basele utywala njengoko kufuneka. Ngexesha lephulo likamongameli ngowe-1968, uRichard Nixon waxelela umncedisi wakhe uBob Haldeman ukuba uya kunyanzela ummi waseVietnam ukuba anikezele ngokuphambana (ngeli xesha ebalekela umongameli ngempumelelo, nokuba yintoni enokuthiwa ngabavoti bethu):

“[UmNtla weVietnam] uya kukholelwa nasiphi na isisongelo samandla esenziwa nguNixon, kuba nguNixon . . . . Ndiyibiza ngokuba yiMadman Theory, uBob. Ndifuna ukuba abantu baseNyakatho yeVietnam bakholelwe ukuba ndifikelele kwinqanaba apho ndinokwenza nantoni na ukunqanda imfazwe. "

Enye yeengcamango eziphambeneyo zikaNixon yayikukulahla i-nukes, kodwa enye yayikukuqhushumba kwebhombu eHanoi naseHaiphong. Nokuba wayezenza ngathi uyaphambana okanye hayi, uNixon uyenzile le nto, ewisa iitoni ezingamawaka angama-36 kwizixeko ezibini ngeentsuku ezili-12 ngaphambi kokuba avumelane namagama afanayo awayenikelwe ngaphambi kokubulawa kwabantu abaninzi. Ukuba bekukho inqaku kule nto, inokuba iyafana neyathi kamva yakhuthaza ukunyuka "kwe-Iraq nase-Afghanistan - umnqweno wokubukeka unzima ngaphambi kokuba uhambe, ngaloo ndlela uguqule ukoyiswa kwibango elingacacanga lokuba "ugqibile umsebenzi." Kodwa mhlawumbi kwakungekho sizathu.

Kwisahluko sesihlanu sijonge ukungabi nangqiqo kobundlobongela ngaphandle kweemfazwe. Ngaba ukudalwa kweemfazwe mhlawumbi kungenangqiqo ngokufanayo? Kanye njengokuba umntu enokuphanga ivenkile kuba efuna ukutya kodwa eqhutywa sisidingo esiphambeneyo sokubulala unobhala, ngaba iinkosi zemfazwe zingalwela iziseko kunye nemithombo yeoli kodwa ziqhutywa koko uGqr. Martin Luther King, Omnci. ebizwa ngokuba yimpambano yomkhosi?

Ukuba uBarbara Ehrenreich ulungile ukulandelela imbali yangaphambili yenkanuko yemfazwe ebantwini njengexhoba lezilwanyana ezikhulu, ukuya kumaqela okuzingela ajika iitafile kuloo marhamncwa, nakwiinkonzo zokuqala zonqulo lwezilwanyana, amadini ezilwanyana, namadini ngabantu, imfazwe. inokulahlekelwa luzuko neqhayiya layo kodwa ibe lula ukuqondakala. Kwanabo bakhusela uqheliselo lwangoku lokungcungcuthekisa abantu, bade bathuthunjiswe ukuze bafumane izizathu zobuxoki zemfazwe, abanakuchaza isizathu sokuba singcungcuthekise abantu de bafe.

Ngaba le nxalenye yomboniso wemfazwe endala kunembali yethu? Ngaba abenzi bokufudumala bazibonakalisa ngokwabo ukubaluleka kokuphela kwesizathu sabo ngokusika utshaba lwabo? Ngaba bavuya ngoloyiko kunye noloyiko lwemikhosi emikhulu yobubi eyayikade iyingwe kwaye ngoku ingamaSilamsi, kwaye iqhayisa ngenkalipho kunye nedini elifunekayo ukuze okuhle kuphumelele? Ngaba imfazwe, eneneni, uhlobo lwangoku “lwedini” lomntu, igama esisalisebenzisa ngaphandle kokukhumbula imbali yalo ende okanye imbali yangaphambili? Ngaba amadini okuqala ayengabantu nje abaphulukene namarhamncwa? Ngaba abo basindileyo bazithuthuzela ngokuchaza amalungu eentsapho zabo njengeminikelo yokuzithandela? Ngaba kudala sixoka ngobomi nokufa? Kwaye ngaba amabali emfazwe yinguqulelo yangoku yobo buxoki?

U-Konrad Lorenz uphawule kwisiqingatha senkulungwane eyadlulayo ukufana ngokwasengqondweni phakathi koloyiko olungokonqulo kunye nokuvuseleleka okufunyanwa sisilwanyana esijongene nengozi yokufa.

Wacebisa ngelithi: “Oko kwaziwa ngesiJamani njengeheiliger Schauer, okanye 'ukungcangcazela okungcwele' koloyiko, kusenokuba 'sisila,' wacebisa ukuba, indlela yokuzikhusela exhaphakileyo nebangela ukuba uboya besilwanyana bume esiphelweni. ubukhulu obubonakalayo."

U-Lorenz wayekholelwa ukuba "kumntu othobekileyo ofuna inyaniso yebhayoloji akunakubakho mathandabuzo nokuba mancinci amathandabuzo okuba inzondelelo yabantu yokulwa yavela kwimpendulo yokhuselo loluntu lookhokho bethu bangaphambi kokuba babe ngabantu." Kwakubangel’ imincili ukumanyana kunye nokulwa nengonyama okanye ibhere ekhohlakeleyo. Ubukhulu becala iingonyama namabhere azisekho, kodwa ukulangazelela olo lonwabo akusekho. Njengoko sibonile kwisahluko sesine, izithethe ezininzi zabantu azilufikeleli olo langazelelo yaye azibandakanyeki emfazweni. Eyethu, ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, isenayo.

Xa ejamelene nengozi okanye kwanokubona ukuphalala kwegazi, intliziyo yomntu nokuphefumla kwakhe kuyanda, igazi litsalwa kude nolusu nakwi<em>viscera, abantwana bayanwenwa, i<em>bronchi iyancipha, isibindi sikhuphela i<em>glucose kwizihlunu, yaye igazi liyajika ngokukhawuleza. Oku kusenokoyikisa okanye kuvuyisa, yaye ngokungathandabuzekiyo isithethe somntu ngamnye sinempembelelo kwindlela ajongwa ngayo. Kwezinye iindawo uvakalelo olunjalo luyaphetshwa nangaliphi na ixabiso. Kweyethu, le nto inegalelo kwintetho yeendaba zasebusuku: "Ukuba iyopha, iyakhokela." Kwaye okuvuyisa ngakumbi kunokunikela ubungqina okanye ukujongana nengozi kukumanyana njengeqela ukujamelana nokuyoyisa.

Andithandabuzi ukuba ulangazelelo oluphambeneyo luqhuba iinkosi zemfazwe, kodwa bakuba besamkele isimo sengqondo soluntu, iingxelo zabo zivakala zipholile kwaye ziyabala. UHarry Truman wathetha kwi-Senate ngoJuni 23, 1941:

Ukuba sibona ukuba iJamani iyaphumelela kufuneka sincede iRussia, kwaye ukuba iRussia iyaphumelela kufuneka sincede iJamani, kwaye ngaloo ndlela mababulale abaninzi kangangoko, nangona ndingafuni ukubona uHitler esoyisa naphantsi kwayo nayiphi na imeko. ”

Kungenxa yokuba uHitler wayengenasimilo.

Icandelo: UKUSASA IDEMOKRASI KUNYE NOMQULU

Iinkosi zemfazwe zithetha ubuxoki bazo ukuze zifumane inkxaso yoluntu, kodwa zigcine iimfazwe zazo ziqhubeka iminyaka emininzi phambi kwenkcaso emandla yoluntu. Kwi-1963 kunye ne-1964 njengoko abenzi bemfazwe bezama ukucinga indlela yokunyusa imfazwe eVietnam, i-Sullivan Task Force yahlalutya umcimbi; imidlalo yemfazwe eqhutywe ngabaphathi abadibeneyo babasebenzi kwaye eyaziwa ngokuba yiMidlalo yeSigma ibeka abenzi bemfazwe kwiimeko ezinokwenzeka; kunye ne-United States Information Agency ilinganise ihlabathi kunye nombono we-congressional kuphela ukufunda ukuba ihlabathi liyakuchasa ukunyuka kodwa iCongress iya kuhamba nayo nantoni na. Nangona kunjalo,

“. . . ngokuphandle ukungabikho kolu phando yayilulo naluphi na uphononongo loluvo loluntu lwaseMelika; abakhi bemfazwe babengenamdla kwiimbono zesizwe.”

Noko ke, kwabonakala ukuba eli lizwe lalinomdla kwiimbono zabaphembeleli bemfazwe. Umphumo waba sisigqibo sikaMongameli uLyndon Johnson, esifana nezigqibo zikaPolk kunye neTruman zangaphambili, ukuba angaqhubeki ekukhethweni kwakhona. Kwaye ke imfazwe yaqengqeleka kwaye yanda ngokomyalelo kaMongameli uNixon.

UTruman wayene-54 yepesenti yokuvunywa kwexabiso de waya emfazweni eKorea emva koko yehla kwiminyaka yama-20s. U-Lyndon Johnson usuke kuma-74 ukuya kuma-42 ekhulwini. Umlinganiselo wokuvunywa kukaGeorge W. Bush wehla ukusuka kwipesenti ezingama-90 ukuya ngaphantsi kweTruman. Kunyulo lwengqungquthela ka-2006, abavoti banika uloyiso olukhulu kwiiDemocrats ngaphezulu kwamaRiphabhlikhi, kwaye yonke imithombo yeendaba elizweni yathi iivoti zokuphuma zifumanisa ukuba eyona nto ikhuthazayo yabavoti yayichasene nemfazwe yase-Iraq. Iidemokhrasi zathatha iNkongolo kwaye zayandisa kwangoko loo mfazwe. Ulonyulo olufanayo ngo-2008 nalo aluphumelelanga ukuphelisa iimfazwe e-Iraq nase-Afghanistan. Uvoto lwezimvo phakathi konyulo ngokufanayo lukhangeleka ngathi aluyichaphazeli ngoko nangoko indlela abaziphethe ngayo abo benza iimfazwe. Ngo-2010 iMfazwe yase-Iraq yayincitshisiwe, kodwa iMfazwe yase-Afghanistan kunye nokuqhunyiswa kwebhombu yasePakistan kwanda.

Kangangamashumi eminyaka, uluntu lwase-US luye lwahamba kunye neemfazwe ukuba zifutshane. Ukuba baqhubela phambili, banokuhlala bethandwa, njengeMfazwe Yehlabathi II, okanye bangathandwa, njengeKorea neVietnam, kuxhomekeke ekubeni uluntu luyakholelwa kwiingxoxo zikarhulumente zokuba kutheni imfazwe iyimfuneko. Uninzi lweemfazwe, kubandakanya iMfazwe yePersian Gulf yowe-1990, zigcinwe zimfutshane ngokwaneleyo kangangokuba uluntu alukhathali ngezizathu ezihlekisayo.

Iimfazwe zase-Afghanistan nase-Iraq ezaqala ngo-2001 nango-2003, ngokwahlukileyo, zatsala iminyaka eliqela ngaphandle kwesizathu esibambekayo. Uluntu luzijikile ezi mfazwe, kodwa amagosa anyuliweyo abonakala engakhathali. Bobabini uMongameli uGeorge W. Bush kunye neCongress babethe irekhodi eliphantsi kwi-presidenti kunye ne-congressional app ratings. Iphulo lika-Barack Obama lika-2008 likamongameli lasebenzisa umxholo othi “Tshintsho,” njengoko ayenzile amaphulo amaninzi enkongolo ngo-2008 nango-2010. Naluphi na utshintsho lokwenyani, nangona kunjalo, lwalungaphaya kwamandla.

Xa becinga ukuba iya kusebenza, okwethutyana, abenzi bemfazwe baya kuxoka eluntwini ukuba imfazwe ayenzeki kwaphela. I-United States ixhobisa ezinye izizwe kwaye incedisa kwiimfazwe zabo. Inkxaso-mali yethu, izixhobo, kunye / okanye imikhosi ithathe inxaxheba kwiimfazwe kwiindawo ezifana ne-Indonesia, i-Angola, iCambodia, iNicaragua, ne-El Salvador, ngelixa abongameli bethu bathi ngenye indlela okanye bathetha nto. Iirekhodi ezikhutshwe kwi-2000 zibonise ukuba uluntu lwaseMelika lwalungazi, iUnited States yayiqalise ukuqhubhisa ibhombu yaseCambodia ngo-1965, kungekhona i-1970, iphosa iitoni ze-2.76 yezigidi phakathi kwe-1965 kunye ne-1973, kwaye igalelo ekukhuleni kwe-Khmer Rouge. Xa uMongameli uReagan wayephembelela imfazwe eNicaragua, nangona iCongress yayiyalele, ihlazo eladlalwa ngo-1986 lafumana igama elithi "Iran-Contra," kuba uReagan wayethengisa izixhobo ngokungekho mthethweni eIran ukuze axhase ngemali imfazwe yaseNicaragua. Uluntu lwaluxolela ngokufanelekileyo, kwaye iNkongolo kunye namajelo eendaba babexolele kakhulu, kulwaphulo-mthetho oluye lwabhaqwa.

Icandelo: IIMFIHLO EZININZI

Iinkosi zemfazwe zoyika, ngaphezu kwazo zonke, izinto ezimbini: ukungafihli kunye noxolo. Abafuni ukuba uluntu lufumanise ukuba benza ntoni okanye kutheni. Yaye abafuni uxolo lubaphazamise.

URichard Nixon wayekholelwa ukuba "eyona ndoda iyingozi kakhulu eMelika" yayinguDaniel Ellsberg, indoda eyayikhuphe amaphepha ePentagon kwaye yaveza amashumi eminyaka emfazwe yobuxoki ngu-Eisenhower, Kennedy, kunye noJohnson. Xa unozakuzaku uJoseph Wilson, ngo-2003, wapapasha ikholamu kwiNew York Times echaza ubuxoki bemfazwe yase-Iraq, iBush White House yaziphindezela ngokubhentsisa isazisi senkosikazi yakhe njengearhente efihlakeleyo, ibeka ubomi bakhe emngciphekweni. Ngo-2010, iSebe lezoBulungisa likaMongameli u-Obama lamangalela i-Private First Class u-Bradley Manning ngolwaphulo-mthetho oluthwele isohlwayo seminyaka engama-52 entolongweni. UManning utyholwa ngokuvuza esidlangalaleni ividiyo yokubulawa kwabantu okubonakalayo ngabasebenzi benqwelomoya yase-US e-Iraq kunye nolwazi malunga nokucwangciswa kweMfazwe yase-Afghanistan.

Ukunikezelwa koxolo kuye kwakhatywa kwaye kwanqunyanyiswa ngaphambi okanye ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi II, Korea, Afghanistan, Iraq, kunye nezinye iimfazwe ezininzi. EVietnam, iindawo zokuhlala zoxolo zacetywa ngamaVietnam, iiSoviets, kunye namaFrentshi, kodwa zaliwe kwaye zonakaliswa yiUnited States. Into yokugqibela oyifunayo xa uzama ukuqala okanye ukuqhubeka nemfazwe - kwaye xa uzama ukuyithengisa njengesenzo sokungafuni ukugqiba - kukuba igama livuze ukuba elinye icala liphakamisa iintetho zoxolo.

ICandelo: QINISEKA AMAMERIKA AYAFA

Ukuba ungaqalisa imfazwe kwaye ubange ubundlongondlongo kwelinye icala, akukho mntu uya kuva ukukhalela kwabo uxolo. Kodwa kuya kufuneka uqiniseke ukuba abanye abantu baseMelika bayafa. Iya kwandula ke imfazwe ingaqalisi nje kuphela kodwa iqhubeke ngokungenammiselo ukuze abo sele bebulewe bangafeli ilize. UMongameli Polk wayekwazi oku kwimeko yaseMexico. Benjenjalo ke nabo basasaza ubuxoki bemfazwe “bakhumbula iMaine.” Njengoko uRichard Barnet echaza, kumxholo weVietnam:

“Ukunikela ngobomi baseMelika linyathelo elibalulekileyo kwisiko lokuzibophelela. Ngaloo ndlela uWilliam P. Bundy wakugxininisa kumaphepha okusebenza ukubaluleka ‘kokuphalaza igazi laseMerika’ kungekuphela nje ukubethelela uluntu ukuba luxhase imfazwe engenakuchukunyiswa nangayiphi na indlela, kodwa nokurhintyela uMongameli.”

Wayengubani uWilliam P. Bundy? WayekwiCIA kwaye waba ngumcebisi kuMongameli uKennedy noJohnson. Wayelulo kanye uhlobo lomphathiswa ophumelele eWashington, DC Enyanisweni wayegqalwa “njengehobe” ngokwemigangatho yabo banegunya, abantu abafana nomntakwabo uMcGeorge Bundy, uMcebisi woKhuseleko lweSizwe kuKennedy noJohnson, okanye uyise kaWilliam Bundy- Umkhwekazi uDean Acheson, unobhala welizwe weTruman. Abenzi bemfazwe benza into abayenzayo, kuba kuphela abenzi bemfazwe abanobundlongondlongo baqhubela phambili kwiinqanaba kwaye bagcine imisebenzi yabo njengabacebisi abakwinqanaba eliphezulu kurhulumente wethu. Ngelixa ukuchasa impi kuyindlela elungileyo yokuphelisa umsebenzi wakho, akukho mntu ubonakala ngathi wakhe weva ukuba i-DC bureaucrat ibekwe ecaleni ngenxa yokufudumala okugqithisileyo. Umcebisi we-pro-war unokukhatywa, kodwa usoloko uthathwa njengehloniphekileyo kwaye ubalulekile.

Umntu unokuthi aziwe njengothambileyo ngaphandle kokucebisa nayiphi na indlela yokwenza nantoni na. Into efunekayo kukuba ulwazi lombuzo omnye lusetyenziselwa ukuthethelela imigaqo-nkqubo enzima. Sikubonile oku kuhlaselo luka-2003 lwase-Iraq, njengoko abalawuli bafunda ukuba ulwazi oluphikisa amabango malunga nezixhobo e-Iraq lwalungamkelekanga kwaye aluyi kuqhubela phambili imisebenzi yabo. Ngokufanayo, abasebenzi beSebe likaRhulumente ekupheleni kweminyaka yee-1940 ababesazi nantoni na malunga neChina kwaye babenobuganga bokuchaza ukuthandwa kukaMao (ukungayivumeli, ukuyiqonda nje) kwathiwa abathembekanga kwaye imisebenzi yabo yachithwa. Abenzi bemfazwe bakufumanisa kulula ukuxoka ukuba balungiselela ukuba bazixokise ngokwabo.

Icandelo: UKUCACISA IPROPAGANDA

Ukunganyaniseki kwabaphembeleli bemfazwe kunokubonwa kumahluko phakathi koko bakuthethayo ekuhleni noko bakwenzayo ngokwenene, kuquka oko bakuthethayo ngasese. Kodwa kukwabonakala nakuhlobo lweengxelo zabo zikawonke-wonke, ezilungiselelwe ukulawula iimvakalelo.

Iziko Lohlalutyo Lobuxoki, elalikho ukususela ngowe-1937 ukusa kowe-1942 lachonga iindlela ezisixhenxe eziluncedo zokuqhatha abantu ukuba benze oko ufuna bakwenze:

1. Ukubizwa ngamagama (umzekelo inokuba “ngumnqolobi”)

2. Glittering generalities (ukuba uthi usasaza idemokhrasi uze uchaze ukuba usebenzisa iziqhushumbisi, abantu baya kuba sele bevumelene nawe phambi kokuba beve ngeebhombu)

3. Ukudluliselwa (ukuba uxelela abantu ukuba uThixo okanye isizwe sabo okanye inzululwazi yamkelekile, nabo basenokufuna)

4. Ubungqina (ukubeka intetho emlonyeni wegunya elihloniphekileyo)

5. Abantu abaqhelekileyo (bacinga ukuba oosozigidi bezopolitiko bagawula iinkuni okanye babiza indlu yabo enqabileyo ngokuba "yifama")

6. Ukupakishwa kwekhadi (ukufaka ubungqina ngokutyibilikayo)

7. I-Bandwagon (wonke umntu uyayenza, musa ukushiywa ngaphandle)

Zininzi ngakumbi. Eyona nto ibalaseleyo kuzo kukusetyenziswa koloyiko.

Singaya emfazweni okanye sife ukufa okoyikekayo ezandleni zamarhamncwa anoburhalarhume, kodwa kukhetho lwakho, ngokupheleleyo kuwe, akukho xinzelelo, ngaphandle kokuba ababulali bethu baya kube belapha kwiveki ezayo ukuba awuyikhawulezisi!

Ubuchule bobungqina busetyenziswa ngokudibanisa noloyiko. Amagunya amakhulu afanele athotyelwe, kungekuphela nje ngenxa yokuba kulula, kodwa ngenxa yokuba aya kukuhlangula engozini ukuba uyawathobela, yaye unokuqalisa ukuwathobela ngokuwakholelwa. Cinga ngabantu abakuvavanyo lwe-Milgram abazimiseleyo ukwenza ezothuso zombane kwinto ababekholelwa ukuba yayiyinjongo yokubulala ukuba umntu onegunya ubaxelele ukuba benze njalo. Cinga ngokudutyulwa kukaGeorge W. Bush ukusuka kuma-55 epesenti ukuya kuma-90 ekhulwini ngenxa yokuba wayengumongameli welizwe xa iinqwelomoya zazibhabhela kwizakhiwo ngo-2001 kwaye wakhupha imfazwe okanye ezimbini. Usodolophu weSixeko saseNew York ngelo xesha, uRudy Giuliani, watyhubela inguqu efanayo. Bush (kunye no-Obama) abazange bafake i-9-11 kwiintetho zabo zemfazwe ngaphandle kwesizathu.

Abo bangawona mandla aqhuba imfazwe bayazi kakuhle into abaxoka ngayo nokuba kutheni. Amalungu ekomiti efana ne-White House Iraq Group, umsebenzi wayo yayikukuthengisa imfazwe e-Iraq eluntwini, bakhethe ngononophelo obona buxoki busebenzayo kwaye babubeke kwindlela yabo ngeendlebe ezamkelayo kunye nemilomo yezopolitiko kunye neepundits. UMacavavelli uxelele oozwilakhe ukuba kufuneka baxoke ukuze babe bakhulu, kwaye abaya kuba ngabakhulu bebethobela icebiso lakhe kangangeenkulungwane.

U-Arthur Bullard, intatheli ekhululekileyo eyabongoza uWoodrow Wilson, ukuba asebenzise ukunganyaniseki kunokuba avavanye, wathi.

“Inyaniso nobuxoki ngamabinzana angqingqwa. . . . Akukho nto ngamava esixelela ukuba enye isoloko ikhethwa kwenye. . . . Kukho iinyaniso ezingaphiliyo nobuxoki obubalulekileyo. . . . Amandla embono akwixabiso layo elikhuthazayo. Ayinamsebenzi kangako nokuba yinyaniso okanye bubuxoki.”

Ingxelo yekomiti yeSenate ngo-1954 yacebisa,

“Sijongene notshaba olungagungqiyo olunjongo yalo ikukulawula ihlabathi ngayo nayiphi na indlela. Akukho mithetho kumdlalo onjalo. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku izithethe ezamkelekileyo zokuziphatha kwabantu azisebenzi.”

Unjingalwazi wefilosofi uLeo Strauss, impembelelo kwi-Neoconservatives ehambelana ne-PNAC, wayixhasa ingcamango "yobuxoki obuhloniphekileyo," besidingo sokuba abantu abahlakaniphileyo baxoke kuluntu ngokubanzi ukuze balunge. Ingxaki ngeethiyori ezinjalo kukuba, xa sisenza, xa sifumanisa ukuba sixokisiwe asicaphuki nje ngokungenangqiqo ngakumbi ngobuxoki kunokuba sibe nombulelo ngako konke okuhle abasenzele kona, siyacaphuka ngokufanelekileyo ngenxa yokuba. abakhe basenzela nto ilungileyo.