Amagqabantshintshi eChicago kwisikhumbuzo se-87th ye-Kellogg-Briand Pact, Agasti 27, 2015.
Ndiyabulela kakhulu ngokundimema apha kwaye ndiyabulela kuKathy Kelly ngayo yonke into ayenzayo kwaye ndiyabulela kuFrank Goetz nawo wonke umntu obandakanyekayo ekudaleni olu khuphiswano lwesincoko kwaye alugcine luqhubeka. Olu khuphiswano kukude kwaye yeyona nto intle iphume kwincwadi yam Xa iMfazwe yeHlabathi iHlabathiwe.
Ndicebise ukwenza nge-27 ka-Agasti ngeholide kuyo yonke indawo, kwaye oko akukenzeki, kodwa sele iqalile. Isixeko saseSt. Paul, eMinnesota, siyenzile. UFrank Kellogg, obizwa ngokuba nguKellogg-Briand Pact, wayevela apho. Iqela eAlbuquerque libambe umsitho namhlanje, njengamaqela kwezinye iidolophu namhlanje nakwiminyaka edlulileyo. Ilungu leCongress liye lasamkela isiganeko kwiRekhodi yeCongress.
Kodwa iimpendulo ezinikwe kwezinye zeencoko ezivela kubafundi abohlukeneyo kwaye zibandakanyiwe kwincwadana ziqhelekileyo, kwaye ukusilela kwabo akufuneki kubonakalise kakubi kwizincoko. Phantse wonke umntu akanalo nofifi lokuba kukho umthetho malunga neencwadi ezivala yonke imfazwe. Kwaye xa umntu efumanisa ukuba, yena akahlali ngaphezu kwemizuzu embalwa ukuyichitha loo nto njengengenantsingiselo. Funda iimpendulo kwizincoko. Akukho namnye kubaphenduli oye wagxothwa wazithathela ingqalelo izincoko ngononophelo okanye wafunda imithombo yolwazi eyongezelelweyo; ngokucacileyo akukho namnye kubo ofunda igama kwincwadi yam.
Nasiphi na isizathu esidala siyasebenza ukugxotha isivumelwano seKellogg-Briand. Nokuba indibaniselwano yezizathu eziphikisanayo isebenza kakuhle. Kodwa ezinye zazo zifumaneka ngokulula. Eyona nto ixhaphakileyo kukuba ukuvalwa emfazweni khange kusebenze kuba kuye kwakho iimfazwe ezininzi ukusukela nge1928. Kwaye ke, kuthiwa, isivumelwano sokunqanda imfazwe luluvo olubi, mbi enyanisweni kunanto kwaphela; olona luvo lufanele ukuba luzanyiwe ziingxoxo zothethathethwano okanye ukupheliswa kwezixhobo okanye… khetha enye indlela.
Ngaba unokucinga ukuba umntu uyayiqonda into yokuba ukungcungcuthekiswa kuyaqhubeka okoko kuyekiswa umthetho, kwaye evakalisa ukuba umthetho olwa ukungcungcuthekiswa kufuneka uphoswe ngaphandle kwaye kusetyenziswe enye into endaweni yoko, mhlawumbi iikhamera zomzimba okanye uqeqesho olululo okanye nantoni na? Ngaba unokuyicinga loo nto? Ngaba unokucinga ngomntu, nabani na, eqonda ukuba ukuqhuba unxilile kuphelile kwaye kuvakaliswe ukuba umthetho awuphumelelanga kwaye kufuneka ubhukuqwe kulungiselelwe ukuzama iintengiso zikamabonakude okanye iziphefumli-ukufikelela-kwezitshixo okanye nantoni na? Ukukhanya okupheleleyo, akunjalo? Ke, kutheni le nto ingekuko ukuba ngumntu ongathandabuziyo ukugxotha umthetho othintela imfazwe?
Oku akufani nokuvalwa kotywala okanye iziyobisi kubangela ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwazo kungaphantsi komhlaba kwaye kwandise apho ngemiphumo emibi eyongeziweyo. Imfazwe inzima kakhulu ukuyenza ngasese. Imizamo yenziwa yokufihla izinto ezahlukeneyo zomlo, ukuqiniseka, kwaye yayihlala injalo, kodwa imfazwe ihlala isesidlangalaleni, kwaye uluntu lwase-US lugcwele kukuphakanyiswa kokwamkelwa kwalo. Zama ukufumana iithiyetha yaseMelika hayi Okwangoku ibonisa naziphi na iifilimu ezukisa imfazwe.
Umthetho othintela imfazwe awukho ngaphezulu okanye ungaphantsi koko bekunenjongo yokuba ubeyinxalenye yenkqubo yeenkqubo ezijolise ekunciphiseni nasekupheliseni iimfazwe. Isivumelwano seKellogg-Briand asikhuphisani nothethathethwano ngoonozakuzaku. Ayenzi ngqiqweni into yokuba "ndichasene nokuvalwa kwemfazwe kwaye ndithanda ukusebenzisa ubuchule." Isivumelwano soxolo ngokwaso sigunyazisa uxolo, oko kukuthi, oonozakuzaku, iindlela zokucombulula zonke iimbambano. Isivumelwano asichasene nokuchithwa kwezixhobo kodwa sijolise ekwenzeni kube lula.
Ukutshutshiswa kwemfazwe ekupheleni kweMfazwe yesibini (II) yeJamani kunye neJapan yayingumlingisi ophumeleleyo, kodwa yayizitshutshiso zokuqala zolwaphulo-mthetho kwaye zazisekwe kwi-Kellogg-Briand Pact. Ukusukela ngoko, amazwe axhobileyo awaphindanga alwa kwakhona, esenza imfazwe kuphela kumazwe ahluphekayo angazange afunyanwe efanelekile ukuphathwa ngokufanelekileyo nangorhulumente ohanahanisayo owasayina isivumelwano kwiminyaka engama-87 eyadlulayo. Ukusilela kweMfazwe yesibini yeHlabathi ukuba ifike okwangoku ayinakuhlala, inokubangelwa kukwenziwa kweebhombu zenyukliya, kunye / okanye kungangumbandela wethamsanqa. Kodwa ukuba akukho mntu wakha waqhuba enxilile kwakhona emva kokubanjwa kokuqala kolwaphulo-mthetho, ukulahla umthetho njengobubi kunokuba kungenamsebenzi bekuya kujongeka kunzima ngakumbi kunokuwukhuphela ngelixa iindlela zigcwele kukunxila.
Ke kutheni le nto abantu beyinyanzela ngokukhawuleza ukuyikhupha kwi-Pact yoxolo ngokukhawuleza emva kokufunda ngayo? Kudala ndicinga ukuba lo yayingumbuzo nje wokuvila kunye nokwamkelwa kwee-memes ezimbi ekujikelezweni kwezithuthi. Ngoku ndicinga ukuba ingumbandela wokukholelwa kokungafezeki, imfuneko, okanye ukuxhamla emfazweni. Kwaye kwiimeko ezininzi ndicinga ukuba ingangumbandela wotyalo mali lomntu emfazweni, okanye ukuthandabuza ukucinga ukuba iprojekthi yokuqala yoluntu lwethu inokuba ikho ngokupheleleyo kwaye inobubi kakhulu kwaye iphinde ibe semthethweni ngokungekho semthethweni. Ndicinga ukuba kungaphazamisa abanye abantu ukuba bacinge umbono wokuba le projekthi iphambili korhulumente wase-US, ethathe i-54% yenkcitho yobumbano yenkampani, nokulawula ukuzonwabisa kunye nokuzithanda, lishishini lolwaphulo-mthetho.
Jonga indlela abantu abahamba ngayo kunye neCongress ekucingelwa ukuba bayakuthintela ukutshutshiswa qho kwiminyaka embalwa nangona yayivalwe ngokupheleleyo ngaphambi kwesiphango sentuthumbo esasiqala phantsi kukaGeorge W. Bush, kunye nokuvalwa ngokusemthethweni kuvula amathuba okutshutshiswa, kanye njenge-UN. Isivumelwano senzela imfazwe. I Washington Post Ngokwenyani baphuma bathi, kanye njengoko umhlobo wakhe wakudala uRichard Nixon wayenokutsho, ukuba ngenxa yokuba uBush wayehlukumezile kufanele ukuba kwakusemthethweni. Lo ngumkhwa oqhelekileyo kunye nentuthuzelo yokucinga. Kuba iUnited States yenza iimfazwe, imfazwe kufuneka ibe semthethweni.
Kukho amaxesha adlulileyo kwiindawo ezithile zeli lizwe xa babecinga ukuba amaMerika Omthonyama anamalungelo omhlaba, okanye abantu abagqilazwayo banelungelo lokukhululeka, okanye ukuba abantu basetyhini babengabantu njengamadoda, yayiziingcinga ezingacingekiyo. Ukuba ucinezelwe, abantu banokuzikhupha ezo ngcinga nangasiphi na isizathu esithe sabakho. Siphila kuluntu olutyala imali kakhulu emfazweni kunayo nayiphi na enye into kwaye lwenza njengesiqhelo. Ityala elilethwe ngumfazi waseIraq ngoku liyabhena kwiSekethe ye-9 ifuna ukubamba amagosa ase-US anoxanduva phantsi kwemithetho yase-Nuremberg yemfazwe yase-Iraq eyasungulwa ngo-2003. Ngokomthetho eli tyala liqinisekile. Ngokwenkcubeko ayicingeki. Khawufane ucinge ngomzekelo oza kumiselwa zizigidi zamaxhoba kumazwe amaninzi! Ngaphandle kotshintsho olukhulu kwinkcubeko yethu, ityala alimi ethubeni. Utshintsho olufunekayo kwinkcubeko yethu ayilulo utshintsho olusemthethweni, kodwa sisigqibo sokuthobela imithetho esele ikho, kwinkcubeko yethu yangoku, engakholelekiyo nengaziwayo, nokuba ibhalwe ngokucacileyo nangokufutshane kwaye iyafumaneka esidlangalaleni kwaye yamkelwe.
IJapan ikwimeko efanayo. Inkulumbuso iwaguqule la magama ngokusekwe kwi-Kellogg-Briand Pact kwaye yafunyanwa kuMgaqo-siseko waseJapan: “abantu baseJapan bayilahla ngonaphakade imfazwe njengelungelo lokuzimela lesizwe kunye nesoyikiso okanye ukusebenzisa amandla njengeendlela zokusombulula iimbambano zamanye amazwe… [ L] kwaye, ulwandle, kunye nemikhosi yomoya, kunye nezinye izinto ezinokubakho kwimfazwe, ngekhe zigcinwe. Ilungelo lokulwa ilizwe ngurhulumente aliyi kwamkelwa. ” Inkulumbuso iguqule la magama ukuba athetha ukuba "iJapan izakugcina umkhosi kwaye ilwe iimfazwe naphina emhlabeni." IJapan ayifuni ukulungisa uMgaqo-siseko kodwa ihambisane nolwimi olucacileyo- kanye njengokuba i-United States inokuthi iyeke ukunika amalungelo oluntu kwimibutho ngokufunda nje igama elithi "abantu" kuMgaqo-siseko wase-US lithetha "abantu."
Andicingi ukuba ndingakuvumela ukugxothwa okuqhelekileyo kweKellogg-Briand Pact njengokungenamsebenzi ngabantu abathi kwimizuzu emihlanu ngaphambili bengazi ukuba ikhona iyandikhathaza baninzi abantu abangaswelekanga emfazweni okanye ndibhale i-tweet endaweni yencwadi. Ukuba bendisandula ukubhala kuTwitter ngoonobumba abali-140 okanye ngambalwa ukuba umnqophiso othintela imfazwe ngumthetho welizwe, ndingabhikisha njani xa umntu eyichitha ngesiseko sezinto abazithathileyo, njenge-Monsieur Briand, Ngubani lo mnqophiso ubizwa ngegama kunye noKellogg, wayefuna isivumelwano sokunyanzela i-US ukuba ijoyine kwiimfazwe zaseFrance? Ewe kunjalo, yiyo loo nto umsebenzi wamatshantliziyo ukhuthaza uKellogg ukuba akhuthaze uBriand ukuba andise isivumelwano kuzo zonke izizwe, ekupheliseni umsebenzi waso njengokuzibophelela eFrance ngakumbi, yayiyimodeli yobukrelekrele kunye nokuzinikezela kufanelekile ukubhala incwadi malunga endaweni yetwitter.
Ndayibhala incwadi Xa iMfazwe yeHlabathi iHlabathiwe hayi nje ukukhusela ukubaluleka kwe-Kellogg-Briand Pact, kodwa ngokuyintloko ukubhiyozela intshukumo eyizisileyo kwaye iphinde ivuselele loo ntshukumo, eyaqonda ukuba ikho, kwaye isenayo, indlela ende ekusafanele ihambe. Le yayiyintshukumo eyayinombono wokupheliswa kwemfazwe njengesakhiwo sonyathelo sokupheliswa kwemicimbi yegazi kunye neendlebe kunye nobukhoboka kunye nokungcungcuthekiswa kunye nokubulawa. Kwakuza kufuna ukungasebenzi, kunye nokudalwa kwamaziko ehlabathi, kwaye ngaphezulu kwako konke ukuphuhliswa kwezithethe zenkcubeko. Kwakusemva kokugqibela, ngenjongo yokujongela phantsi imfazwe njengento engekho mthethweni kwaye engathandekiyo, ukuba umbutho wabaThobi ngokungekho mthethweni babefuna ukuqhuba imfazwe.
Elona bali likhulu leendaba ngo-1928, elikhulu ngelo xesha nangaphezu kokubaleka kukaCharles Lindbergh ka-1927 elaba negalelo kwimpumelelo yalo ngendlela engadibananga kwaphela neenkolelo zika-Lindbergh zobu-fascist, yayikukutyikitywa kwe-Peace Pact eParis ngo-Agasti 27. Ngaba ukhona umntu ongenalwazi ngokwaneleyo ukuba akholelwe ukuba iprojekthi yokuphelisa imfazwe yayisendleleni eya empumelelweni? Babengenakuba njani? Abanye abantu abanamava ngayo yonke into eyenzekayo. Izigidi ngezigidi zabantu baseMelika bakholelwa ukuba imfazwe nganye entsha iza kuba yiyo ezisa uxolo, okanye uDonald Trump unazo zonke iimpendulo, okanye ukuba ubuDlelwane beTrans-Pacific buza kusizisela inkululeko nokuchuma. UMichele Bachmann uyasixhasa isivumelwano saseIran kuba esithi sizakuphelisa umhlaba sibuyise uYesu. (Esi ayisosizathu, ngasendleleni, sokuba singasixhasi isivumelwano se-Iran.) Okukhona ingcinga ephosakeleyo ifundiswa kwaye iphuhliswa, kwaye incinci ukuba imbali ifundisiwe kwaye iqondwe, indawo ebanzi yesenzo naiveté kufuneka isebenze. in, kodwa i-naiveté ihlala ikhona kuwo wonke umsitho, kanye njengokungazithembi. UMoses okanye abanye babebukele babenokucinga ukuba uza kuphelisa ukubulala ngomyalelo, kwaye mangaphi amawaka eminyaka kamva apho iUnited States iqalile ukuthatha umbono wokuba amagosa asebupoliseni akufuneki abulale abantu abamnyama? Kwaye akukho mntu ucebisa ukuba ulahle imithetho ngokuchasene nokubulala.
Kwaye abantu abenza iKellogg-Briand ukuba yenzeke, abangakhange babizwe ngokuba nguKellogg okanye uBriand, babengekhoyo. Babelindele umzabalazo wezizukulwana ngezizukulwana kwaye bayothuka, badideka, kwaye bakhathazeke kukusilela kwethu ukuqhubeka nomzabalazo nangokungawamkeli kwabo umsebenzi ngezizathu zokuba awukaphumeleli.
Kukho, ngendlela, ukwala okutsha kunye nokukhohlisa umsebenzi woxolo obeka indlela yawo kwiimpendulo kwizincoko nakwiminyhadala efana nale kule mihla, kwaye ndinoloyiko lokuba ingakhula ngokukhawuleza. Le yinto endiyibiza ngokuba yiPinkerism, ukwaliwa kobugqwetha ngoxolo ngenxa yenkolelo yokuba imfazwe iyazihambela. Zimbini iingxaki ngalo mbono. Inye yeyokuba ukuba imfazwe yayihamba, ngokuqinisekileyo iya kuba yinxalenye enkulu ngenxa yomsebenzi wabantu abachasayo kwaye bezama ukuyibuyisela amaziko oxolo. Okwesibini, imfazwe ayihambi. Izifundiswa zase-US zenza ityala lokulwa kwemfazwe elihlala kwisiseko sobuqhetseba. Baphinda bazichaze iimfazwe zase-US njengenye into engezizo iimfazwe. Balinganisa ukwenzakala ngokuchasene nabemi behlabathi, oko ke kuthintela inyani yokuba iimfazwe zamva nje bezingalunganga kubemi ababandakanyekayo njengayo nayiphi na imfazwe yexesha elidlulileyo. Batshintshela isihloko ekwehliseni ezinye iintlobo zobundlobongela.
Oko kwehla kolunye uhlobo lobundlobongela, kubandakanya isigwebo sentambo e-US, kufuneka kubhiyozelwe kwaye kubanjwe njengemodeli zento enokwenziwa ngemfazwe. Kodwa ayikenziwa emfazweni, kwaye imfazwe ayizukuyenza ngokwayo ngaphandle komzamo omkhulu nokuzincama kwethu nangabanye abantu abaninzi.
Ndonwabile ukuba abantu eSt. Paul bayamkhumbula uFrank Kellogg, kodwa ibali lasekuhambeni kwexesha ngo-1920 liyimodeli elungileyo yobutshantliziyo kuba uKellogg wayechasene nalo lonke uluvo ixesha elifutshane ngaphambi kokuba alisebenzele ngenzondelelo. Waziswa ngephulo loluntu eliqaliswe ligqwetha laseChicago kunye nomzabalazo ogama linguSalmon Oliver Levinson, ongcwaba lakhe lingaqondakaliyo kumangcwaba e-Oak Woods, kwaye amaphepha akhe ayi-100,000 ahlala engafundwanga kwiYunivesithi yaseChicago.
Ndithumele i-op-ed kwi-Levinson kwi yenkulungwane ongavumiyo ukuyiprinta, njengoko kwenziwe ilanga. The Imihla ngemihla yeHerald ugqibile ukuyiprinta. I yenkulungwane Ufumene igumbi kwiiveki ezimbalwa ezidlulileyo ukuprinta ikholamu enqwenela ukuba inkanyamba efana noKatrina ibethe iChicago, idale isiphithiphithi esaneleyo kunye nentshabalalo ukuvumela ukutshatyalaliswa ngokukhawuleza kwenkqubo yesikolo sikarhulumente kaChicago. Indlela elula yokonakalisa inkqubo yesikolo inokuba kukunyanzela bonke abafundi ukuba bafunde iifayile ze- IChicago Tribune.
Le yinxalenye yento endiyibhalileyo: NGOKU U-Levinson wayeligqwetha elikholelwa ekubeni iinkundla zisingatha ukungavisisani phakathi kwabantu kunokuba bekwenzile ngaphambi kokuvalwa. Wayefuna ukulwa nemfazwe njengendlela yokusingatha iingxabano zamazwe ngamazwe. Kude kube ngo-1928, ukumiliselwa kwemfazwe bekusoloko kusemthethweni ngokugqibeleleyo. U-Levinson wayefuna ukuthintela yonke imfazwe. Ubhale wathi: "Masithi, emva koko kwakucetyiswa ukuba kuphela 'ulwahlulo olunoburharha' olumele luchithwe kwaye 'ukuzikhusela'
Ndongeze ukuba isifaniso sinokungagqibeleli ngendlela ebalulekileyo. Oorhulumente besizwe bayakwalela ukurhawuzelela kwaye banikezela isohlwayo ngenxa yoko. Akukho rhulumente wehlabathi ohlwaya izizwe ezenza imfazwe. Kodwa i-dueling ayizange ife de inkcubeko iyala. Umthetho wawungonelanga. Kwaye icandelo lokutshintsha kwenkcubeko ngokuchasene nemfazwe ngokuqinisekileyo kufuneka libandakanye ukudalwa kunye nohlaziyo lwamaziko ehlabathi avuza ukwenza uxolo kunye nokohlwaya ukwenziwa kwemfazwe, njengoko eneneni la maziko sele esohlwaya ukwenziwa kwemfazwe ziintlanga ezihlwempuzekileyo ezisebenza ngokuchasene ne-ajenda yaseNtshona.
I-Levinson kunye nokunyuka kwama-Outlawristi awayebuthele kuyo, kuquka no-Chicagoan owaziwayo uJane Addams, bakholelwa ukuba ukwenza imfazwe ubugebengu kuya kuqala ukuyihlambalaza kwaye kuququzelele ukunyanzeliswa. Baye baphishekela kunye nokudala imithetho yehlabathi kunye neendlela zokubambisana kunye nezinye iindlela zokusingatha iingxabano. Ukulwa kwemfazwe yayiza kuba yinyathelo lokuqala kwixesha elide lokuphela kwesi sikhundla.
Umbutho wabaphuli-mthetho wasungulwa ngenqaku likaLevinson elindulula ukuba lingene I-Republic entsha Ngo-Matshi 7, 1918, kwaye kwathatha ishumi leminyaka ukufezekisa isivumelwano seKellogg-Briand. Umsebenzi wokuphelisa imfazwe uyaqhubeka, kwaye iPact sisixhobo esinokunceda. Esi sivumelwano senza amazwe ukuba asombulule iingxabano zawo ngoxolo kuphela. Iwebhusayithi yeSebe likaRhulumente wase-US idwelise ukuba isasebenza, njengoko lisenza iSebe lezoKhuselo loMthetho Wezomkhosi opapashwe ngoJuni 2015.
Ukudinwa kokucwangcisa kunye nokusebenza ngokudala isivumelwano soxolo kwakukhulu. Ndifunele umbutho okhoyo ukususela nge-1920s kwaye ndiza kukufumanela umbutho orekhodayo ukuxhasa ukupheliswa kwemfazwe. Oko kubandakanya i-American Legion, iNational League yaBafazi yabaVoti, kunye noMbutho weSizwe waBazali nabaTitshala. Ngo-1928 ibango lokulwa umlo ngokungekho mthethweni lalingenakuphikiswa, kwaye uKellogg owayesandula ukugculela kwaye eqalekisa abasebenza ngoxolo, waqala ukulandela ukhokelo lwabo kwaye exelela umfazi wakhe ukuba angayifumana iNobel Peace Prize.
NgoAgasti 27, 1928, eParis, iiflegi zaseJamani kunye neSoviet Union zazisandula ukubhabha kunye nezinye ezininzi, njengoko kwakudlalwa indawo echazwe kwingoma ethi "Ngobusuku Bokugqibela Ndibe nephupha Elimangalisayo." Amaphepha la madoda ebewatyikitya ngokwenene atsho ukuba ngekhe baphinde balwe. Abaphuli-mthetho bacenga iNdlu yeeNgwevu yase-US ukuba iqinisekise isivumelwano ngaphandle kokubeka umgaqo ngokusemthethweni.
I-UN Charter yaqinisekiswa ngo-Okthobha i-24, i-1945, ngoko isikhumbuzo sayo se-70th sisondela. Isakhono sayo asikazaliseki. Isetyenziselwe ukuqhubela phambili kunye nokuphazamisa unobangela woxolo. Sifuna uhlengahlengiso kwakhona kwinjongo yalo yokusindisa izizukulwana ezilandelayo kwisibetho semfazwe. Kodwa kufuneka sicace malunga nokuba mncinci kangakanani i-UN Charter engaphantsi kwe-Kellogg-Briand Pact.
Ngelixa iKellogg-Briand Pact iyakwalela yonke imfazwe, i-UN Charter ivula ithuba lokuba kubekho imfazwe yomthetho. Ngelixa uninzi lweemfazwe zingahlangabezani neziqinisekiso ezincinci zokuzikhusela okanye ukugunyaziswa yi-UN, iimfazwe ezininzi ziyathengiswa ngokungathi ziyahlangabezana nazo ezo ziqinisekiso, kwaye abantu abaninzi bakhohlisiwe. Emva kweminyaka engama-70 ayilixesha lokuba iZizwe eziManyeneyo ziyeke ukugunyazisa iimfazwe kwaye zenze ukuba umhlaba uqonde ukuba uhlaselo lwamazwe akude alukhuseli?
Umnqophiso we-UN ungqinelana nesiVumelwano saseKellogg-Briand ngala mazwi: “Onke amaLungu aya kusombulula iimbambano zawo kwilizwe lonke ngendlela yoxolo ngendlela yokuba uxolo nokhuseleko lwamazwe ngamazwe, kunye nobulungisa, zingabeki emngciphekweni.” Kodwa i-Charter ikwadala ezo ndawo zemfazwe, kwaye kufanelekile ukuba sicinge ukuba ngenxa yokuba i-Charter igunyazisa ukusetyenziswa kwemfazwe ukuthintela imfazwe kubhetele kunokuvalwa ngokupheleleyo emfazweni, kubi kakhulu, kuyanyanzeliswa, kwibinzana elityhilekayo - amazinyo. Inyaniso yokuba i-UN Charter iye yasilela ukuphelisa imfazwe kangangeminyaka engama-70 ayibanjwanga njengendawo yokwala uMgaqo-siseko we-UN. Endaweni yoko, iprojekthi ye-UN yokuchasa iimfazwe ezimbi neemfazwe ezilungileyo ithathwa njengeprojekthi eqhubekayo engapheliyo kuphela enokuthi igqityiwe ngenye imini. Logama ingca ikhula okanye amanzi ebaleka, okoko nje inkqubo yoxolo yase-Palestina yase-Israeli ibambe iinkomfa, okoko nje iSivumelwano se-Non-proliferation sityhalwa ebusweni bezizwe ezingezizo ezenyukliya ngamagunya enyukliya asisigxina ayaphulayo, iZizwe eziManyeneyo. Uya kuqhubeka egunyazisa ukukhuselwa kwamaLibya okanye abanye ngabantu abaphambili bemfazwe abaya kuthi baqhubeke ngokukhawuleza benze isihogo emhlabeni eLibya okanye kwenye indawo. Le yindlela abantu abacinga ngayo ngeZizwe eziManyeneyo.
Zimbini izinto ezisandula ukwenzeka kule ntlekele iqhubekayo, ndiyacinga. Enye yeentlekele ezizayo zotshintsho lwemozulu olubeka umda wexesha esinokuba sele sigqithile kulo kodwa ngokuqinisekileyo alikho ixesha elide kwinkcitho yethu eqhubekayo yemithombo emfazweni kunye nokutshatyalaliswa okungqongileyo. Ukuphelisa imfazwe kuya kufuneka ibe nomhla wokuphela kwaye kufanele ukuba kungekudala, okanye imfazwe kunye nomhlaba esiwurhola kuwo uya kusisusa. Asinakho ukuya kwingxubakaxaka ebangelwa yimozulu esiya kuyo emfazweni eshelufini njengokhetho olunokwenzeka. Soze sisinde kuyo.
Okwesibini kukuba ingcamango yeZizwe eziManyeneyo njengomenzi osisigxina wemfazwe yokuphelisa yonke imfazwe sele yolulwe ngaphaya kwendlela yesiqhelo ngokuvela kwemfundiso "yoxanduva lokukhusela" kunye nokwenza into ebizwa ngokuba yimfazwe yehlabathi. ngokwesoyikiso kunye nekhomishini yeemfazwe zedrone nguMongameli Obama.
IZizwe eziManyeneyo, nezenzelwe ukukhusela umhlaba emfazweni, ngoku kucingelwa ukuba zinoxanduva lokulwa iimfazwe phantsi kwenkohliso yokuba ukwenza njalo kukhusela umntu kwinto embi ngakumbi. Oorhulumente, okanye urhulumente wase-US, angayenza imfazwe ngokuchaza ukuba akhusela umntu okanye (kwaye oorhulumente abaninzi bakwenzile oku) ngokubhengeza ukuba iqela elihlaselayo lingelogrogrisi. Ingxelo ye-UN malunga nemfazwe yedrone ikhankanya ngokungathandabuzekiyo ukuba ama-drones enza imfazwe ibe yinto eqhelekileyo.
Simele ukuba sithethe malunga nokubizwa ngokuba "ulwaphulo-mthetho lwemfazwe" njengohlobo oluthile, nokuba luhlobo olubi kakhulu lolwaphulo-mthetho. Kodwa bacingelwa njengezinto ezincinci zeemfazwe, hayi ulwaphulo-mthetho lwemfazwe uqobo. Le yingqondo yangaphambi kweKellogg-Briand. Imfazwe ngokwayo ibonwa ngokubanzi ngokusemthethweni, kodwa ezinye izinto ezimbi ezenza ukuba uninzi lwemfazwe ziqondwe njengezingekho mthethweni. Ngapha koko, ubugqwetha bemfazwe bokuba olona lwaphulo-mthetho lubi kakhulu lunokubhaliswa ngokusemthethweni ngokubhengeza ukuba liyinxalenye yemfazwe. Sibonile oonjingalwazi benkululeko bengqina phambi kweCongress ukuba ukubulawa kwedrone kukubulala ukuba ayiyonxalenye yemfazwe kwaye kulungile ukuba yinxalenye yemfazwe, kunye nokuzimisela ukuba ingaba yinxalenye yemfazwe esele iye kumongameli oyalelayo ukubulala. Ubungakanani obuncinci bobuqu bokubulala i-drone kufuneka busincede siqonde ukubulawa okubanzi kwazo zonke iimfazwe njengokubulawa kwabantu abaninzi, kungabikho semthethweni ukubulala ngokudibanisa nemfazwe. Ukubona apho kukhokelela khona, ungajongi ngaphaya kwamapolisa asezitratweni e-United States anethuba lokukubulala kunokuba kunjalo i-ISIS.
Ndibonile umgqugquzeli oqhubela phambili evakalisa ingqumbo yokuba ijaji ibhengeze ukuba i-United States isemfazweni e-Afghanistan. Ukwenza oko kubonakala kuvumela iUnited States ukuba igcine abantu base-Afghans bevalelwe eGuantanamo. Kwaye kukwayi mar kwiintsomi zikaBarack Obama ophelisa iimfazwe. Kodwa umkhosi wase-US use-Afghanistan ubulala abantu. Ngaba singafuna ijaji ibhengeze ukuba phantsi kwezo meko i-US ayikho emfazweni e-Afghanistan kuba uMongameli uthi imfazwe iphelile ngokusemthethweni? Ngaba sifuna umntu olwa imfazwe ukuba abe namandla asemthethweni okuyihlengahlengisa imfazwe njenge-Overseas Contingency Genocide okanye nantoni na ebizwa ngokuba yiyo? I-United States isemfazweni, kodwa imfazwe ayikho semthethweni. Ukungabikho mthethweni, akunakubhalisa ngokusemthethweni ulwaphulo-mthetho olongezelelekileyo lokuxhwila, ukuvalelwa ngaphandle kwentlawulo, okanye ukungcungcuthekisa. Ukuba bekusemthethweni bekungekhe kusemthethweni ukwenza ezo zinto nokuba kunjalo, kodwa akukho semthethweni, kwaye sincitshisiwe sade saya kwinqanaba lokufuna ukuzenza ngathi ayenzeki ukuze sikwazi ukuphatha into ebizwa ngokuba "lulwaphulo-mthetho lwemfazwe" njengolwaphulo-mthetho Ngaphandle kokuza nxamnye nekhaka elisemthethweni elidalwe kukuba yinxalenye yokusebenza ngokubanzi kokubulala.
Yintoni ekufuneka siyivuselele kwii-1920s kukuhamba ngokuchasene nokubulawa kwabantu abaninzi. Ukungekho mthethweni kwecala yinto ephambili kwintshukumo. Kodwa kunjalo nokuziphatha kwayo okubi. Ukufumana ukuthatha inxaxheba ngokulinganayo ekubulaweni kwabantu abaninzi ngabantu abadlulileyo bayiphosa inqaku. Ukunyanzeliswa emkhosini apho amajoni angakhange adlwengulwe aphulukana nenqaku. Ukucima izivumelwano zokwenza ubuqhophololo ezithile kuyiphose inqaku. Kufuneka sinyanzelise esiphelweni sokubulawa kwabantu abaninzi. Ukuba iziko lokuzonwabisa lingasetyenziswa ne-Iran kutheni kungenjalo ngalo lonke ilizwe?
Endaweni yokuba imfazwe ngoku ibe lukhuseleko kubo bonke ububi obuncinci, imfundiso eyoyikisayo eqhubekayo. Nge-11 kaSeptemba 2001, bendisebenza ukuzama ukubuyisa ixabiso kowona mvuzo mncinci kwaye ndaxelelwa kwangoko ukuba akukho nto intle inokuphinda yenziwe kuba lixesha lemfazwe. Xa i-CIA yalandela impempe uJeffrey Sterling ngenxa yokuba inguye owatyhila ukuba i-CIA inike izicwangciso zenyukliya e-Iran, wabhenela kumaqela oluntu amalungelo. WayengumAfrika waseMelika owayetyhola i-CIA yocalucalulo kwaye ngoku wayekholelwa ukuba ujongene nokuziphindezela. Akukho namnye kumaqela amalungelo oluntu oya kusondela. Amaqela wenkululeko yoluntu ajongana nolunye ulwaphulo-mthetho oluncinci lwemfazwe awuyi kuyichasa imfazwe uqobo, idrone okanye enye indlela. Imibutho yendalo esingqongileyo eyaziyo umkhosi ngowona ungcolisi wethu omkhulu, ayizukukhankanya ubukho bayo. Umgqatswa othile wobusoshiyali kumongameli akangekhe athi iimfazwe azilunganga, endaweni yoko ucebisa ukuba idemokhrasi enobubele eSaudi Arabia ikhokele ekulweni nasekubambeni umthetho oyilwayo weemfazwe.
Umthetho omtsha wePentagon woMthetho weMfazwe othathe indawo yenguqulo ye-1956, uyavuma kumbhalo osemazantsi ukuba iKellogg-Briand Pact ngumthetho welizwe, kodwa uyaqhubeka nokwenza ibango ngokusemthethweni, ekujoliseni abahlali okanye iintatheli, ngokusebenzisa izixhobo zenyukliya kunye ne-napalm kunye namayeza okubulala ukhula kunye ne-uranium egqityiweyo kunye neebhombu ezisebenzisanayo kunye nokuqhushumba iimbumbulu, kunye nokubulala i-drone. Unjingalwazi osuka kude apha, uFrancis Boyle, wathi uxwebhu olo lwalunokubhalwa ngamaNazi.
Isicwangciso esiliQili seNtloko saBasebenzi seSizwe seQhinga loMkhosi weSizwe kufanelekile ukuba sifundwe. Inika njengesizathu sayo somlo oxhonywe malunga namazwe amane, eqala ngeRussia, etyhola "ngokunyanzela ukufezekisa iinjongo zayo, into engenakuze yenziwe yiPentagon! Okulandelayo kuxoka ukuba i-Iran "ilandela" iinjukhi. Emva koko ibango lokuba iinjukliya zaseNyakatho Korea ngenye imini ziya "kusongela ilizwe labo laseMelika." Okokugqibela, ithi i-China "yongeza ukungavisisani kwingingqi yeAsia-Pacific." Olu xwebhu luyavuma ukuba akukho namnye kwezi zizwe zine ufuna imfazwe ne-United States. Ithi: “Nangona kunjalo, nganye kuzo inengxaki yokhuseleko.”
Kwaye inkxalabo yezokhuseleko, njengoko sonke sisazi, zimbi kakhulu kunemfazwe, kwaye ukuchitha i-1 yezigidigidi zeedola ngonyaka emfazweni lixabiso elincinci lokuhlawula ukusingatha ezo zinto zixhalabisayo. Iminyaka engamashumi asibhozo anesixhenxe eyadlulayo oku bekuya kubonakala kuyimpambano. Ngethamsanqa sineendlela zokubuyisa ukucinga kwiminyaka eyadlulayo, kuba umntu ophethwe bubuhlanya akanandlela yokungena engqondweni yomnye umntu ojonga ubuhlanya bakhe ngaphandle. Sinayo loo nto. Singabuyela emva kwixesha elalicinga ngokuphela kwemfazwe kwaye siqhubeke nalo msebenzi siye phambili ngenjongo yokuwugqiba.
