Ngeminyaka yee-1920 kunye nee-1930, nabani na owayekhe wazama ukufumana indlela yokususa imfazwe yehlabathi. Ngokudibeneyo, ndingatsho ukuba banekota ezintathu zendlela yokufumana impendulo. Kodwa ukusuka kwi-1945 ukuya kwi-2014, abazange bahoywe xa kunokwenzeka (ixesha elininzi), bahleka xa kuyimfuneko, kwaye kwiimeko ezinqabileyo kakhulu ezifunayo: ukuhlaselwa.
Onjani wona umhlambi wezidenge iinkcuba-buchopho eziphambili zesizukulwana sonke. Kwenzeke iMfazwe Yehlabathi II. Ngoko ke, imfazwe ingunaphakade. Wonke umntu uyayazi loo nto.
Kodwa abacimi bobukhoboka baqhubela phambili nangona ubukhoboka busenzeka omnye unyaka, nomnye unyaka. Abasetyhini bafune ilungelo lokuvota kumjikelo wonyulo olandelayo belandela lowo bebethintelwa kuwo. Ngokungathandabuzekiyo imfazwe inzima ukuyisusa, kuba oorhulumente bathi bonke abanye oorhulumente (kunye nabaphi na abanye abenzi bemfazwe) kufuneka bahambe kuqala okanye bayenze ngaxeshanye. Ithuba lokuba omnye umntu aqalise imfazwe, edityaniswe nombono ongeyonyani wokuba imfazwe yeyona ndlela yokuzikhusela emfazweni, idala imaze ebonakala isisigxina apho ihlabathi lingenako ukuvela khona.
kodwa kunzima igqwetheka ngokulula kakhulu akunakwenzeka. Imfazwe kuya kufuneka ipheliswe ngoqheliselo olucokisekileyo nolucothayo; kuya kufuna ukucocwa urhwaphilizo lukarhulumente ngabantu abafumana inzuzo emfazweni; kuya kubangela ihlabathi elahluke kakhulu kuzo zonke iindlela: ngokwezoqoqosho, ngokwenkcubeko, ngokuziphatha. Kodwa imfazwe ayiyi kupheliswa kwaphela ukuba ukucamngca kwababhubhisi kungcwatywa kwaye kungafundwa.
Khawufane ucinge ukuba abantwana, xa sele bebadala kakhulu kuWinnie the Pooh kwaye sikhula ngokwaneleyo ukuba sifunde iingxabano ezinzulu, baxelelwe ukuba u-AA Milne naye wabhala incwadi ngo-1933-1934 ebizwa. Uxolo Olunembeko. Ngubani ongafuni ukwazi ukuba umyili kaWinnie the Pooh wayecinga ntoni ngemfazwe noxolo? Kwaye ngubani ongayi kuba nemincili ukufumanisa ubukrelekrele bakhe kunye noburharha bakhe busebenza ngokunzulu kwityala lokuphelisa elona shishini loyikekayo ukuze lihlale lamkelekile kuluntu oluchubekileyo?
Ngoku, uMilne wayesebenza njengepropagandi yemfazwe kunye nejoni kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi I, imbono yakhe ye-1934 yaseJamani njengengafuni imfazwe ijongeka (ubuncinci ngokujonga kuqala) ihlekisayo xa ijongwa, kwaye uMilne ngokwakhe wayeka ukuchasa imfazwe ukuze ajabule. kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi II. Ngoko sinokubugatya ubulumko bakhe njengohanahaniso, i-naiveté, nanjengobo bugatywe ngumbhali. Kodwa besiya kuba sizibandeza ingqiqo kuba umbhali wayengafezekanga, kwaye besiya kuba sibeka phambili ingxokozelo yomntu onxilileyo ngaphezu kweengxelo ezithethwe ngexesha lokuzingca. Nkqu noyena mntu ufanelekileyo wokuxilonga i-war fever unokuvakala njengendoda eyahlukileyo xa sele esulelwe sesi sifo ngokwakhe.
In Uxolo ngembeko, UMilne ubonisa ukuba uye waziphulaphula iintetho zabakhuthazi bemfazwe waza wafumanisa ukuba “imbeko” abayilwelayo ngokusisiseko luwonga (okanye into ebizwa kutshanje eUnited States, “ukuthembeka”). Njengoko uMilne esitsho:
“Xa isizwe sithetha ngesiwonga saso, oko kuthetha iwonga laso. Udumo lwesizwe ludumo lokufuna ukulwa. Ngoko ke, ukuba nembeko kwesizwe kulinganiswa ngokuvuma kwesizwe ukusebenzisa izigalo ukuze sigcine igama lalo njengokusebenzisa izigalo. Ukuba umntu unomfanekiso-ngqondweni womdlalo we-tiddleywinks uthatha ukubaluleka okuphezulu emehlweni abasemagunyeni, kwaye ukuba umntu othile omsulwa unokubuza. ngoba I-tiddleywinks yayibaluleke kakhulu kubantu baseYurophu, impendulo iya kuba kukuba kuphela ngobuchule kwi-tiddleywinks ilizwe elinokuthi ligcine isidima salo njengelizwe elinobuchule kwi-tiddleywinks. Yiyiphi impendulo enokubangela ukuba umntu okhohlakeleyo abe mnandi.”
UMilne uxoxa ngeengxoxo ezithandwayo zemfazwe kwaye ubuyela ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukuyihlekisa njengokhetho lwenkcubeko yobudenge enxibe njengoko kuyimfuneko okanye engenakuthintelwa. Ubuza ukuba, kutheni iicawa zamaKristu zivumela ukubulawa kwabantu abaninzi ngokuqhushumba kwamadoda, abafazi nabantwana? Ngaba bebeya kuvuma ukuba abantu baguqukele kubuSilamsi ukuba bekufuneka bakhusele ilizwe labo? Akunjalo. Ngaba babeya kuluvumela ukrexezo oluxhaphakileyo ukuba ukwanda kwabemi kuphela kwendlela yokukhusela ilizwe labo? Hayi. Kutheni ke bevumela ukubulawa kwabantu abaninzi?
UMilne uzama ukulinga ukucinga ukubonisa ukuba iimfazwe zikhetho kwaye zikhethwa ngabantu abanokukhetha ngenye indlela. Makhe sicinge, uthi, ukuqhambuka kwemfazwe kuya kuthetha ukufa okuqinisekileyo kunye nokukhawuleza kukaMussolini, uHitler, uGoering, uGoebbels, uRamsay MacDonald, uStanley Baldwin, uMhlekazi uJohn Simon, umphathiswa wekhabhinethi ongachazwanga ngegama okhethwe ngamaqashiso ngosuku lwemfazwe. wabhengeza, abaphathiswa abajongene nomkhosi, uWinston Churchill, iiNjengele ezimbini ezingachazwanga ngamagama, iiAdmirals ezimbini ezingachazwanga ngamagama, abalawuli ababini abangachazwanga ngamagama beefemu zezixhobo ezikhethwe ngamaqashiso, Lords Beaverbrook kunye noRothermere, abahleli be Ixesha kwaye Iposi yasekuseni, kunye nabameli abahambelanayo baseFransi. Ngaba, kule meko, kuya kuze kubekho imfazwe? UMilne uthi ngokuqinisekileyo akunjalo. Kwaye ke ngoko yayingeyiyo "indalo" okanye "ingenakuthintelwa" konke konke.
UMilne wenza imeko efanayo malunga neendibano kunye nemithetho yexesha lemfazwe:
"Kamsinya nje xa siqala ukwenza imithetho yemfazwe, ngokukhawuleza xa sisithi le yimfazwe esemthethweni kwaye enye ayikho, siyavuma ukuba imfazwe yindlela evunyelwene ngayo yokusombulula ingxabano."
Kodwa, uMilne ubhala - ebonisa ngokuchanekileyo i-1945 kwimbali ye-2014 ye-UN kunye nehlabathi le-NATO-awukwazi ukwenza umthetho ngokuchasene nemfazwe enobudlova kwaye ugcine imfazwe ekhuselayo. Ayizukusebenza. Kukuzeyisa. Imfazwe iya kuqhubeka phantsi kweemeko ezinjalo, uMilne uqikelela-kwaye siyazi ukuba wayenyanisile. UMilne ubhala athi: “Ukuyeka ukuba nogonyamelo akwanele. "Kufuneka siluncame ukhuselo."
Yintoni esiyibuyisela ngayo? UMilne ubonisa ihlabathi lokusombulula iingxabano ezingenabundlobongela, ulamlo, kunye nengqiqo etshintshileyo yembeko okanye iwonga elifumana imfazwe ilihlazo kunokuba ibekeke. Kwaye kungekhona nje ihlazo, kodwa uphambene. Ucaphula umxhasi wemfazwe esithi, “Okwangoku, ekusenokwenzeka ukuba kubusuku bangaphambi kwenye iArmagedon, asikalungeli.” UMilne uyabuza: “Kwezi zibakala zimbini [iArmagedon okanye ukungalungeli], sisiphi esibaluleke ngakumbi kwimpucuko?
