III. INQABO AYIYA KUYA KUYIPHUMA KUNYE

Ukuba imfazwe yayikuphela kwayo, yayiya kuphela kuba abantu babangela ukuba iphele. Loo mkhwa unokuthi uguquke xa abantu abaneleyo befumene ukuba umsebenzi olwa nemfazwe uphumelele kwaye wathatha eso sizathu sokuyeka ukubandakanya kuyo. Kodwa asiyikuphumelela ngokucacileyo. Ukuba sifuna ukuphelisa imfazwe kuya kufuneka sivuselele imizamo yethu kwaye sifumane abantu abaninzi ababandakanyekayo. Okokuqala, makhe sihlolisise ubungqina bokuba imfazwe ayiyikuphela.

Amaqela okubala

Ngaphezulu kweenkulungwane kunye namashumi eminyaka, inani lokufa liye lakhula ngokuphawulekayo, lafudukela kakhulu kuluntu kunabantu abalwa, kwaye liye lafumana ukulimala kubalwa njengokuba kunobuninzi abalimelekileyo kodwa amayeza avumele ukuba baphile. Ukufa ngoku ngokuqhelekileyo kubangelwe kukudlwengula kunokuba izifo, ezazisakuba ngumbulali omkhulu kwiimfazwe. Ukufa nokubala kokulimala kuye kwatshintsha kakhulu kwicala elinye kwimfazwe nganye, kunokuba ihlukaniswe ngokulinganayo phakathi kwamaqela amabini.

Ukuqonda ukuba kukho iintsilelo ezingenamlinganiselo kunoma yikuphi ukuthelekiswa kweemfazwe ezalwe kwiimpawu ezahlukileyo, usebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obuhlukeneyo, usebenza phantsi kwemibandela eyahlukeneyo yomthetho, njl., Nantsi iziqhathaniso ezibonakala zi luncedo. Oku kulandelayo kukuba, isampuli kwaye ayilungiselelwe nayiphi na indlela njengengxoxo epheleleyo kuyo yonke iMelika okanye iimfazwe zehlabathi.

Kwimfazwe yase-US yokuzimela, ezinye ze-63,000 zafa, kuquka i-46,000 yama-Amerika, i-10,000 yaseBritani kunye ne-7,000 Hesse. Mhlawumbi i-2,000 isiFrentshi yafa kwicala laseMelika eNyakatho Melika, kwaye ngakumbi ilwa neBrithani eYurophu. AbaseBrithani kunye ne-US ngamnye babenomdla nge-6,000. Abantu abahlali abazange babulawe ngamanani amaninzi ekulweni, njengoko bekho kwimfazwe yanamhlanje. Kodwa imfazwe yabangela ukuba i-smallpox epidemic, eyathatha ubomi be-130,000. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba abaninzi abantu baseMelika bafa kunokuba babesele belapha ngaphaya, ukuba bafa ngaphezu kokulimala kwaye baphila, ukuba amasosha amaninzi afe ngaphezu koobuhlali, ukuba i-United States iphumelele, ukuba imfazwe yalwa eMelika, kwaye akukho kwintlekele yabangaphesheya (nangona isango lavuleka ngokubanzi kubantu baseMerika nakwiimfazwe ezizayo).

Kwimfazwe ye-1812, amanye ama-3,800 ase-US namabutho aseBrithani afa ekulweni, kodwa izifo zazisa inani lokufa ku-20,000. Inani labalimala laliyingcinci, njengoko bekuza kuba kwiimfazwe ezininzi ngaphambi kokuba i-penicillin kunye nezinye iintuthuko zezokwelapha zafika kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi II kwaye emva koko iimfazwe. Kuze kube ngoko, amajoni amaninzi afa ngamanxeba abo. Ukulwa kwimfazwe ye-1812 ayizange ibulale inani elikhulu labantu. Abantu abaninzi baseMelika bafa kunokuba bekunjalo nakwezinye ihlangothi. Imfazwe yalwa eMelika, kodwa imfazwe yayingaphumeleli. IChanada ayinakunqotshwa. Ngokuchaseneyo, iWashington DC yatshiswa. Ayikho ingxaki enkulu yokubalekela impunzi.

Imfazwe yase-US ngokumelene namaMerika aseMelika yayiyingxenye yoluhlanga. Ngokutsho kwe-US Census Bureau e-1894, "Iimfazwe zaseNdiya phantsi koorhulumente wase-United States ziye zaba ngaphezu kwe-40 kwinani. Bayixabise ubomi be-19,000 amadoda amhlophe, abafazi kunye nabantwana, kuquka abo babulawa kwiintlankaso, kunye nabomi bama-Indiya ase-30,000. "Le nto yayilwa imfazwe e-United States, apho urhulumente wase-United States" wancinci "ngokuphindaphindiweyo lahleka, kwaye kwelinye icala lathintela isabelo esikhulu sabasweleko, kubandakanywa nokufa okuphawulekayo kubahlali. Inkathazo yababaleki beendawo eziphambili kwaba enye yeziphumo eziphambili. Ngeendlela eziliqela, ezi mfazwe ziyimodeli emfutshane yeemfazwe zaseMelika emva koko kunezinye iimfazwe zakuqala.

Kwimfazwe yase-US eMexico ye-1846-1848, ii-1,773 zaseMerika zabulawa ngokusebenza, ngelixa i-13,271 yafa ngenxa yokugula, kwaye i-4,152 yalimala kwimpikiswano. Ngokumalunga nama-25,000 aseMexico abulawe okanye awonzakele. Kwakhona, izifo zazingumbulali omkhulu. Kwakhona, abaninzi bafa kunokuba babenxeba kwaye basinda. Bambalwa abantu baseMerika bafa kunokuba babesele ngaphesheya. Amajoni amaninzi afe ngaphezu koohlali. Kwaye iMelika iphumelele imfazwe.

Kwiimfazwe nganye ezichazwe ngasentla, inani labalimalayo lalingamaphesenti amakhulu ebantwini beli xesha kunabantu namhlanje. Ingaba kunye nokuba yintoni eyenza iimfazwe zibe zibi ngaphezu kokubulawa kwezinto ezibalulekileyo zibonisa ukuba umcimbi wempikiswano. Ukulungelelaniswa kubemi akubalulekanga njengokuba umntu unokucinga. Inani labantu baseMelika ngexesha lemfazwe yalo eMexico laliphantse likhulu njengabantu base-Iraq ngexesha lokutshatyalaliswa kunye ne-Awe. I-United States ilahlekelwe i-15,000. I-Iraq ilahlekelwe yi-1.4 yezigidi. Ukuze kube ngokuchanekileyo, abantu base-US babe malunga ne-22 yezigidi kunye neMexico malunga nezigidi ze-2, zazo ezinye ii-80,000 ezikuzo zithathwa yi-United States. Abo 80,000 babona ubuzwe babo butshintshile, nangona abanye bevunyelwe ukuhlala eMexico. I-Iraq yabona izigidi zabantu zingenamakhaya, kuquka nezigidi ezinyanzelekile ukuba zihambe ngaphandle kwe-Iraq kwaye zihlala njengababaleki kwamanye amazwe.

Imfazwe Yase-United States, eyakhula kwimfazwe yaseMexico nezinye izinto, iyahlukana. Inani lokufa lisoloko liqikelelwa kwinto ekhangeleka kakhulu kwi-654,965 Iraqi yabulawa ngoJuni 2006, njengoko kubikwa nguJohn Hopkins. Omnye umphandi ubeka uluhlu lweMfazwe yezoLuntu njengoko kulandelayo:

Inani elipheleleyo lempi elifile: i-618,022, kuquka i-360,022 yeNyakatho kunye ne-258,000 Southern. KwiNyakatho, i-67,058 yafa ekulweni, i-43,012 kumaxhoba, i-219,734 kwizifo, kubandakanywa i-57,265 kwi-dysentery, kwaye i-30,218 yafa njengezibophelelo zemfazwe. KwaseMzantsi, i-94,000 yafa ekulwa, inombolo engaziwayo kumanxeba, i-138,024 kwizifo, kunye ne-25,976 njengezibophelelo zemfazwe. Enye i-455,175 yalimala, kuquka i-275,175 esuka kuMntla kunye ne-180,000 evela eMzantsi.

Uphando olutshanje, usebenzisa idatha yolwazi, uqikelele i-US Civil War efile kwi-750,000. Ukulinganisela kunye nokufa kweendawo zokufa kwabantu, kuquka nokubulawa kwendlala, kwi-50,000 eyongezelelweyo okanye ngaphezulu. Inani labantu base-US ye-31.4 yezigidi kwi-1860, encitshiswe yi-800,000, ithetha ukulahlekelwa kweepesenti ze-2.5, okanye ngaphantsi kwesigamu yiyiphi i-Iraq elahlekileyo kwi-OIL (ukusebenza kwe-Iraqi Liberation, igama lokuqala lemfazwe); I-1,455,590 yabulawa kwi-27 yezigidi ilahleko le-5.4 ipesenti.

Amanani eMfazwe e-United States ekugqibeleni aqala ukusondela ekufeni kweemfazwe zanamhlanje, ngelixa zihlala zihluke ngokulinganayo phakathi kwamacala amabini. Ukongezelela, amanani amanxeba aqala ukugqithisa amanani efile. Sekunjalo, ukubulawa kwabantu kubaluleke kakhulu ukubulawa kwamajoni, kungekhona abantu.

Urhulumente wokuqala waseUnited States ogqithiseleyo kurhulumente wasemzini ngaphaya kokutshatyalaliswa kweentlanga zaseMerika zaseHawaii kwi-1893. Akukho mntu wafa, omnye waseHawaii walimala. Ezi ziphangaleleyo aziyi kuphinda zibe ngegazi.

Imfazwe yase-US eCuba nasePhilippines ekupheleni kwekhulu leshumi elinesithoba iqala ukusishukumisela kwindlela esitsha. Le mi sebenzi yayinobudlova kwilizwe langaphandle. Izifo zahlala zingumbulali omkhulu, kodwa zachaphazela elinye icala, ngenxa yokuba ingxabano yayiqhubekele kude namanxweme omhlali.

Imfazwe yaseSpain neMelika yahlaselwa eCuba, ePuerto Rico, naseGuam, kodwa kungekhona eUnited States. Imfazwe yasePhilippines yayilwa ePhilippines. Kwimfazwe yaseSpain-Amerika, iUnited States yabona i-496 yicala ngokubulawa, i-202 yafa ngamanxeba, i-5,509 yafa ngenxa yesifo, kwaye i-250 yabulawa ngumonakalo we-USS Maine ngaphambi kokulwa. I-Spanish yabona i-786 ibulawe ngesenzo, i-8,627 yafa ngamanxeba, kwaye i-53,440 yafa zizifo. AmaCubans abona omnye u-10,665 efile.

Kodwa e-Philippines ukuba inani lokufa, kunye nobude bemfazwe, liqala ukubonakala liqhelekile. I-United States yayine-4,000 yabulawa, ingakumbi ngezifo, kunye ne-64 e-Oregon (engekho inxalenye ye-United States). Iiphilippines zabulala abaxhasi be-20,000, kunye ne-200,000 kubahlali base1,500,000 abafayo kubundlobongela nezifo, kuquka ikholera. Ngaphezulu kweminyaka eyi-15, ngokuqikelelwa kwamanye amazwe, i-United States 'force forces, kunye nezifo, yabulala izigidi zabantu eziyi-1.5 ePhilippines, ngaphandle kwabemi be6 ukuya kwii-7 yezigidi. Lingaphantsi kwesine kwikota labantu base-Iraq, ngokubulawa okulinganayo okufakwe kuyo, ngaphezu kwexesha eliphindwe kabini kwithuba elide. Ubuninzi bezigidi ezili-7 ezilahlekelwa ngabantu abayizigidi ze-1.5 zilahlekelwa yi-21 ekhulwini labantu abenza lo mfazwe, ngolu hlobo, ukuba umlinganiselo wokugqibela wokufa ulungile, imfazwe eyona nto i-United States iyenzile, ngaphandle ukubulawa kohlanga lwaseMelika. Inani lokufa lase-US le-4,000 ePhilippines lifana kakhulu nokufa kwe-US e-Iraq. Ukusuka apha ngaphandle, ukubalwa kwe-US kubalo kuya kuncinci kunezo ngaphesheya, kwaye ukubalwa kokufa komkhosi kuya kuba mncinci kunabemi. Ukutshintshwa kwakhona kukungabaza okanye kwesikhashana.

Imfazwe yokuqala yehlabathi yabona i-10 yezigidi zemfazwe, malunga ne-6 yezigidi zazo ngaseRussia, eFransi, eBritish, nakwezinye iiAllies. Phantse kweyesithathu kwalabo bafa ngenxa ye-influenza yaseSpain. Ngokumalunga nama-7 izigidi zabantu babulawa eRashiya, eTurkey, eJamani nakwezinye iindawo ngobundlobongela, indlala, nezifo. Ingqungquthela ye-"iSpanish" yesifo somkhuhlane yayidalwa kakhulu yimfazwe, eyabangela ukuhanjiswa kwegazi kunye nokuguqulwa kwamanye amazwe; imfazwe inokunyusa ukwanda kwegciwane. Loo bhubhane wabulala i-50 kubantu abayi-100 yezigidi emhlabeni jikelele. Ukulwa nobuhlanga neArmenia eRussia naseTurkey ngokuqinisekileyo kwaphuma kule mfazwe, ngokuqinisekileyo yayikuMfazwe Yehlabathi II. Ekugqibeleni, inani elipheleleyo lokufa alinakwenzeka. Kodwa sinokuqaphela ukuba le mfazwe ibandakanye ukubulawa okuthe ngqo nangokungafihli ngokukodwa, ukuba ukubulawa ngokuthe ngqo kulungelelaniso phakathi kwamacala amabini, kwaye ukuba abantu abasweleyo bebesele bafa kakhulu.

Oku kwakukubulala okukhawuleza okwenzeka ngokukhawuleza kwiminyaka engaphezu kwe-4, kunokuba ube ngumsebenzi ode njengabo base-Iraq okanye i-Afghanistan kwi-21st kwinkulungwane. Kodwa ukufa okuthe ngqo kwasasazeka kwiintlanga ezininzi. Inani eliphezulu lokufa ngohlanga lwaluyi-1,773,300 eJamani, ilandelwa yi-1,700,000 eRashiya, i-1,357,800 eFransi, i-1,200,000 e-Austria-Hungary, i-908,371 eBou-british (ngokwenene iintlanga ezininzi), kunye ne-650,000 e-Italy, kungekho nenye ihlwele ephumayo ngaphezulu 350,000. Izigidi ezili-1.7 ezabulawa eJamani zathathwa kwi-68 yezigidi. Izigidi ezingama-1.7 ezabulawa eRashiya zathathwa kwi-170 yezigidi. I-Iraq yabulala inani elifanayo labomi "kwintetho" yakutshanje, kodwa ukusuka kubemi be-27 yezigidi. Sekunjalo, ngandlela-thile sicinga ngeMfazwe Yehlabathi I njengento engabonakaliyo yeengxaki ezithandekayo, kunye nokukhululwa kwe-Iraq njengenguqu yombuso engazange ihambe kakuhle okanye nokuba yimpumelelo.

I-WWII yinto enye eyona nto ibhetele yenzeke kuyo ngokwayo nayiphi na ixesha elifutshane. Ukubeka bucala iziphumo ezimbi kunye neempembelelo esingaze siphinde sibuyele kuzo (ngaphandle kwanamabutho ase-US angashiya iJamani okanye iJapan), inani elipheleleyo labantu ababuleweyo-ezinye i-50 kwi-70 yezigidi-zikhwela kalula uluhlu. Ukulinganiselwa njengepesenti yabantu babulawa, iMfazwe yehlabathi II iyadlula kuphela kwiziganeko ezide kakhulu ezifana neyokuwa kweRoma. Iimpembelelo zeMfazwe Yehlabathi II kwiintlanga ezithile ziye zahluka ngokubanzi, ukusuka kwi-16 ekhulwini labantu basePoland babulawa, yonke indlela eya kwi-0.01 ekhulwini labantu base-Iraq babulawa. Mayelana neentlanga ze-12 zalahlekelwa ngaphezu kwe-5 ekhulwini labantu babo kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi II. IJapan yalahlekelwa ipesenti ze-3 kwi-4 ipesenti. IFransi neItali balahlekelwa ipesenti ze-1 nganye. I-UK ilahlekelwe ngaphantsi kwama-1 ekhulwini. I-United States ilahlekelwe ipesenti ze-0.3. Iintlanga ezithoba kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi II zalahleka izigidi zabantu okanye ngaphezulu. Phakathi kwabo abazange babe yiFransi, iItali, i-UK, kunye ne-US Ngoko ke, imfazwe yamuva nje e-Iraq yayimbi ngakumbi kwi-Iraq kunamava amaninzi kumazwe kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi II. Sinokugqiba ngaphandle kwesithunzi sokungabaza ukuba umonakalo owenziwe kwiintlanga zabantu awuyiyo into eyenza amafilimu aseHollywood ayenziwa ngemfazwe enye kunokuba enye.

NgeMfazwe Yehlabathi yesi-2 sangena kwixesha apho ukufa kwabantu basekuhlaleni kubaluleke ngaphezu kokufa kwezempi. Mayelana neepesenti ze-60 ukuya kwi-70 yepesenti yokufa kwabahlali, umzekelo obandakanya amaxhoba obhobhozo kunye nolunye ulwaphulo-mthetho kuquka ukuxhaswa kunye nokuhlanjululwa kweentlanga, kunye nezifo nendlala. (Unokufumana imithombo emininzi kwiphepha le-Wikipedia "kwiMfazwe yeMfazwe yesiBini II.") Kwakhona sifake ngexesha apho kubulawa khona okunokuthi kakubi kakhulu kwicala elinye. Yiyiphi iJamani eyenziwa kwiSoviet Union nasePoland, kwaye yintoni eyenziwa yiJapan kwiChina ingxelo malunga neninzi enkulu yokufa. Ngaloo ndlela ama-ally ally ahlukana nesabelo esikhulu. Siphinde sifike kwixesha apho abalimala bengaphezu kwebalabafileyo, kunye nexesha apho ukufa kwabakho ukuvela kubundlobongela kunokugula. Kwaye savula umnyango ukunyuka okukhulu kwezempi zase-US kunye nokusebenza emhlabeni wonke, ukunyuka okuqhubekayo.

Imfazwe yaseKorea, eyake yaphela ngokusemthethweni, kwiminyaka yayo yokuqala yomelele ibulale i-1.5 kwi-2 yezigidi zabantu, eMntla naseMzantsi, kunye neentyantyambo zempi ezifa ngasecaleni laseNyakatho ne-China, isigidi sesigidi okanye ngaphezulu bafile baseMzantsi, i-36,000 ifile esuka e-United States, kunye namanani amancinane amaninzi ukusuka kwezinye iintlanga. Imfazwe eyalimala kakhulu yayingaphezulu komkhosi wasemkhosini. Njengoko kwiMfazwe yehlabathi yesiBini, i-sibini yesithathu yokufa yayingabantu, kwaye ukufa kwa-US kwakubalwa xa kuthelekiswa nabanye. Ngokungafani neMfazwe Yehlabathi II, kwakungenakho ukunqoba; oko kwakungokuqala kwendlela eya kuhlala.

Imfazwe yaseVietnam yayiyiKorea, kodwa yimbi. Kwakukho ukunqongophala okufanayo kokunqoba kunye nenani elifanayo leentlungu zase-US, kodwa inani elikhulu lokufa kubantu abahlala emfazweni. Abafileyo base-US baphendukela kwi-1.6 ekhulwini labantu abafa. Oku kufaniswa neepesenti ze-0.3 e-Iraq. Ucwaningo lwe-2008 yi-Harvard Medical School kunye neZiko leMpilo kunye nokuVavanya kwiYunivesithi yaseWashington liqikelele ukubulawa kwezilwanyana ezidlova nge-3.8, ukulwa kunye noluntu, ngasentla nakumazantsi, phakathi neminyaka yokubandakanyeka kwe-US eVietnam. Ukufa kwabantu ngokungaqhelekanga kubangelwa ukufa kwabantu, ngokuphindaphindiweyo malunga neyesibini kubathathu bonke abafa. Abalimala babekho manani aphezulu, kwaye bagweba iirekhodi zasebhedlele zaseMzantsi Vietnam, enye yesithathu yabafazi kunye nekota enye abantwana abangaphantsi kwe-13. Amaxhoba ase-US aquka i-58,000 yabulawa kunye ne-153,303 yalimala, kunye ne-2,489 ekhoyo. (Intuthuko yezokwelapha inceda ukucacisa umlinganiselo wabalwelwe ukubulawa; ukunyuka kwezonyango eziphambili kunye nezixhobo zomzimba kunokunceda ukucacisa ukuba kutheni ama-US efa e-Iraq awazange afane ne-US afana ne-Korea okanye iVietnam.) I-3.8 million I-40 yezigidi iphantse i-10 ilahleko yokulahlekelwa, okanye kabini oko i-OIL yenze e-Iraq. Imfazwe yachithwa kumazwe angomakhelwane. Iingxaki zokubalekela ababaleki. Umonakalo ongqongileyo kunye nokulibazisa ukufa, ngokuqhelekileyo ngenxa ye-Agent Orange, uqhubeke nanamhla.

Enye Inkulu

Imfazwe yamuva nje e-Iraq, elandelwa ngokusesikweni ngokufa, inokuqhathanisa ngokufanelekileyo kwimfazwe yaseVietnam, kodwa iinkcukacha zendlela ukubulawa kwabulawa ngayo zifana ngendlela ephawulekayo, njengoko kuboniswe kuNick Turse ukubulala yonke into ehambayo. Amaxwebhu eTurse ukuba izigqibo zomgaqo-nkqubo ezinikezelwa ukusuka phezulu zikhokelela ngokuqhubekayo, ngaphezu kwexesha leminyaka, ekuhlaleni okuqhubekayo kwezigidi zabantu baseVietnam. Ininzi yokubulala yayenziwe ngesandla okanye ngezibhamu okanye iinqwelo zokulwa, kodwa isabelo seengonyama sifike ngohlobo lwe-3.4 yezigidi zokulwa eziqhutywe yi-US kunye ne-South Vietnam ye-Aircraft phakathi kwe-1965 ne-1972.

Ukubulawa kwabantu baseMizil eyaziwayo eVietnam kwakungekho nto leyo. Iimpawu zeTurse umzekelo weentlondi ezinjalo kangangokuba umntu unyanzelekile ukuba aqale ukubukela imfazwe ngokwayo njengenye inkulu. Ngokufanayo, ubundlobongela obungapheliyo kunye nama-scandal e-Afghanistan kunye ne-Iraq ayilona ludumo nangona ama-militarali ase-US abachazela ukuba iziganeko ezingabonakaliyo azibandakani nxamnye nomphambili wemfazwe.

"Bulala nantoni na ehambayo," kwakukho umyalelo owanikezwa ama-US aseVietnam afundiswe ngentshutshiso yamazwe aseVietnam. "Umlilo wokujikeleza kwe-360" wawunomyalelo owenziwe ezitratweni zase-Iraq kumasebe ase-US afana nesimo sokuzonda, kunye nokugqithisa ngokomzimba.

Abantwana abafileyo eVietnam bafuna ukuphendula njenge-"Tough shit, bayakhula baba yi-VC." Omnye wababulali be-helicopter wase-Iraq e-Iraq evelele kwividiyo ethi "Ukubulala ababulala" uthi ngabafundi abafileyo, "Kulungile ukuba bathathe abantwana babo ukulwa. "Umcebisi omkhulu we-Obama u-Robert Gibbs umcebisi ophakamileyo wachaza ngomntu waseMelika oneminyaka eyi-16 owabulawa ngumdaka wase-US eYemen:" Ndiya kubonisa ukuba kufuneka ube nobaba oxanduva ngakumbi xa bexhalabele ngokwenene lwabantwana babo. "" Aba "bangathetha abantu basemzini okanye amaSulumane okanye nje le ndoda ethile. Ukubulawa kwendodana kulungelelaniswa ngokuthobela uyise. EVietnam nabani na abafayo babelutshaba, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha izixhobo eza kutyalwa kuwo. Kwiimfazwe ze-drone, nabani na abafayo ababulali, kwaye izixhobo zase-Iraq nase-Afghanistan ziye zatsalwa zixhoba (Jonga IVAW.org/WinterSoldier). Emva kokuba amabutho ase-US abulale abafazi abakhulelweyo ngobusuku obubusuku base-Afghanistan, babamba izibhamu ngeemimese kwaye bathi ukubulawa kwamalungu entsapho yabasetyhini. (Bona iMikhosi Engcolileyo nguJeremy Scahill.)

Impi yase-US ngexesha leMfazwe yaseVietnam laguqukela ekugcineni amabanjwa ekubhekiseleleni kubulala amabanjwa, njengokuba imfazwe yangoku iguqukile ekugqibeleni ekubulaweni kunye noshintsho kumongameli waseBush ukuya ku-Obama. (Jonga i-"Imfihlelo" yokubulala uluhlu "Ubonisa uvavanyo lweMigaqo ye-Obama kunye noThando," i-New York Times, ngoMeyi 29, i-2012.) EVietnam, njengase-Iraq, imithetho yokubandakanyeka yanda kwaze kwaba yilapho imithetho yavuma ukudubula nantoni na ehambileyo. EVietnam, njengase-Iraq, imikhosi yase-US yayifuna ukuphumelela abantu ngokubaxhaphaza. EVietnam, njengase-Afghanistan, iidolophana zonke zaphela.

EVietnam, ababaleki baxhatshazwe kwiinkampu ezihlaselayo, ngelixa abantwana base-Afghanistan baqhwala bebulawa kwiinkampu zababaleki kufuphi neKabul. Ukuhlushwa kwakuqhelekile eVietnam, kubandakanywa nokukhwela kwamanzi. Kodwa ngelo xesha kwakungazange kuboniswe kwi-movie yaseHollywood okanye kwimiboniso ye-TV njengento ebonakalayo. I-Napalm, i-phosphorus emhlophe, iibhola zeqoqo kunye nezinye izixhobo ezidityanisiweyo kunye nezivaliweyo zazisetyenziswa eVietnam, njengoko zikhona kwimfazwe yehlabathi kwi-terra [sic]. Ukutshatyalaliswa kokusingqongileyo kwakuyingxenye yeemfazwe zombini. Ukudlwengulwa kwegundane kwakuyingxenye yezimfa zombini. Ukutyunjwa kwezidumbu kwakuqhelekileyo kwiimfazwe zombini. Amadolophu ahlala kwiidolophana zabantu baseVietnam, ngokungafani nento eyenziwa yi-US bulldozers manje kwiPalestina.

Ukubulala ngokubanzi abantu baseVietnam, njengase-Iraq nase-Afghanistan, kwakufuneka kuqhutywe ngumnqweno wokuphindezela. (Jonga ukubulala nantoni na ehamba ngeNick Turse.) Isixhobo esitsha savumela ama-US aseVietnam ukuba athabathe amabanga amade, okwenza umkhwa wokuphamba kuqala kwaye uphando emva koko, umkhwa ngoku uqhutyelwe kwi-drone. Amaqela aqokelele phantsi kunye neenqwelo-moya ahamba "ukuzingela" abantu belizwe ukubulala eVietnam njengase-Afghanistan. Kwaye ke, iinkokheli zase-Vietnamese zazijoliswe ekubulaweni.

Amaxhoba aseVietnam awabona abo bathandekayo bahlushwa, babulawa, kwaye baxutywa-kwezinye iimeko-basenomsindo emva kweminyaka emininzi. Akunzima ukubala ukuba ixesha elide liza kuqhubeka njani kwiintlanga ngoku "likhululiwe."

Iimfazwe Zangoku

Kuwo onke amaxesha eminyaka, ukulwa nemfazwe emikhulu endikuchazile, i-US iye yaqhuba ezininzi iimfazwe ezincinci. Ezi mpi zaqhubeka phakathi kokuphuma kwe-US esuka eVietnam kunye nokuhlasela kwe-Iraq. Umzekelo ukuhlasela kwe-1983 yeGrenada. I-Grenada yalahleka i-45 kunye neCuba 25, i-United States 19, kunye ne-119 US eyalimala. Omnye umzekelo ukuhlasela kwe-Panama kwi-1989. I-Panama yalahleka phakathi kwe-500 ne-3,000, ngelixa i-US ilahlekelwe yi-23 ubomi.

I-United States yanceda i-Iraq kwimfazwe yayo kwi-Iran ngexesha le-1980. Icala ngalinye lalahlekelwa ngamakhulu amawaka obomi, kunye ne-Iran ibandezeleka mhlawumbi kweyesithathu kwizinto zokufa.

I-Operation Desert Storm, i-17 uJanuwari 1991 - 28 ngoFebruwari 1991, yabulala amanye ama-Iraq ase-103,000, kuquka abahlali be-83,000. Yayibulala i-258 yaseMelika (eyenza i-0.25 ipesenti yabafi), nangona izifo kunye nokulimala kuboniswa kwiminyaka eyalandela. Ekupheleni kwemfazwe i-0.1 ekhulwini yemikhosi yase-US ithathwa njengababuleweyo okanye abalimelekileyo, kodwa ngo-2002, i-27.7 ekhulwini yabalindi babalwa njengabantu abafile okanye abalimele, abaninzi abafumene i-Gulf War Syndrome.

Ukususela ngoSeptemba 2013, imfazwe yase-US e-Afghanistan yaqhubeka, kunye ne-United States inokutshatyalaliswa. Njengoko i-Iraq, inomlando wokufa nokutshatyalaliswa okudlulileyo kwiminyaka emininzi-kulo mzekelo ubuncinane kwizinto ezenziwa nguZbigniew Brzezinski kwakuyimzamo yase-US yokukhusela i-Soviet kwi-1979. Ukufa kwe-US e-Afghanistan ukususela ngo-2001 malunga ne-2,000, kunye ne-10,000 eyalimala. Ukongezelela kukho ininzi maninzi yemikhosi enokulimala kwengqondo kunye neengxaki ezixinzelelekileyo zokuxinwa kwengxaki (PTSD). Ngexesha leminyaka ethile, ukuzibulala kuphelile ukufa kwezilwanyana. Kodwa, njengakwezinye iimfazwe zanamhlanje, isizwe esipheleleyo siye sabona ubunzima bokulimala kunye nokufa, kuquka ne-10,000 i-Afghan security forces, yabulawa, i-200 yeNorthern Alliance imikhosi yabulala, kwaye amashumi okanye amakhulu amabutho abantu abulalayo, kunye nabaninzi ngamakhulu lamawaka okanye izigidi ezifayo kwimiphumo engeyiyo iphosakeleyo yemfazwe kuquka ukuqhwala, indlala, nezifo. Inkathazo yeebaleki zaseAfghanistan iye yandiswa ngabantu abayizigidi ngexesha lo msebenzi, njengokuba i-missile yase-United States ishayisa enyakatho yePakistan iye yakha enye i-2.5 yezigidi.

Amaphepha kuwo onke amanqaku angentla angatholakala kwi-WarIsCrime.org/Iraq kunye nohlalutyo lwezifundo zokuhlaselwa e-Iraq ezenza ukuba kubekho ukuphela kokufa kwi-1,455,590. Lawa abulawa ngaphezu kwezinga eliphezulu lokufa elalikhona kwi-2003, emva kwesigwebo esona sikhulu kunazo zonke kunye nephulo elide kunabo bonke kwimbali.

Izigonyamelo ze-drone zase-US ePakistan, e-Yemen naseSomalia zivelisa inani elininzi lokufa, phantse bonke babo kwicala. Ezi manani zivela kwiTheBureauInvestigates.com:

PHAKISTAN
I-CIA iDrone Strikes ePakistan 2004-2013
Amanqaku onke e-US: 372
Ingxelo epheleleyo yabulawa: 2,566-3,570
Abantu abahlali baxelele babulawa: 411-890
Izingane zibikwe zibulewe: 167-197
Inani elibi libiwe: 1,182-1,485

YEMEN
I-Action Covert ye-US e-Yemen 2002-2013
I-drone yase-US iqinisekisiweyo: 46-56
Ingxelo epheleleyo yabulawa: 240-349
Abantu abahlali baxelele babulawa: 14-49
Izingane zibikwe zibulewe: 2
Ixelwe kakubi: 62-144
Iziganeko ezingaphezulu ze-drone zase-US: 80-99
Ingxelo epheleleyo yabulawa: 283-456
Abantu abahlali baxelele babulawa: 23-48
Izingane zibikwe zibulewe: 6-9
Ixelwe kakubi: 81-106
Zonke ezinye iinkonzo ze-US: I-12-77
Ingxelo epheleleyo yabulawa: 148-377
Abantu abahlali baxelele babulawa: 60-88
Izingane zibikwe zibulewe: 25-26
Ixelwe kakubi: 22-111

SOMALIYA
Isenzo sokuguqulwa sase-US eSomalia 2007-2013
I-drone yase-US ibetha: 3-9
Ingxelo epheleleyo yabulawa: 7-27
Abantu abahlali baxelele babulawa: 0-15
Izingane zibikwe zibulewe: 0
Ixelwe kakubi: 2-24
Zonke ezinye iinkonzo ze-US: I-7-14
Ingxelo epheleleyo yabulawa: 47-143
Abantu abahlali baxelele babulawa: 7-42
Izingane zibikwe zibulewe: 1-3
Ixelwe kakubi: 12-20

Ukuphela okuphezulu kwezi zinto kubalwa i-4,922, esondele ngokukhawuleza kumfanekiso we-4,700 ukuba uSenator Lindsey Graham uye wenza uluntu-ngaphandle kwenjenje, uchaza apho wayifumane khona. Ezi manani ziqhathanisa kakuhle kakhulu kwi-Operation Iraqi Liberation (intsingiselo yokuba incinci), kodwa ukwenza loo mzekelo ingaba yingozi. Urhulumente waseUnited States akazange atshintshe imfazwe yomhlaba okanye umkhankaso wembhobho wamasiko kunye nemfazwe ye-drone kumazwe angentla. Yakha imfazwe ye-drone apho bekungeke kube nzima ukudala nayiphi na imfazwe kuyo yonke indawo, ngokungabikho kweedrones. Yadala iimfazwe ze-drone ngelixa iphakamisa umsebenzi omkhulu e-Afghanistan apho i-drone ibulala yayiyinto enye kuphela.

Ukujonga kwiimfazwe zesizwe esenza isizwe, ekulinganiswa nokufa, iimfazwe azibonakali zihamba ngendlela yokuphela. Ukuba kuphela ukulwa neemfazwe kulwayo kwixesha elizayo, oko kunokuthetha ukunciphisa ukufa kwabantu. Kodwa akuthethi ukuphela kweemfazwe, kwaye ngoko kuya kuba nzima ukuqinisekisa ukuba iimfazwe ziya kuncitshiswa nangaluphi na uhlobo-iimfazwe zinzima kwizilwanyana zokulawula xa sele ziqalisiwe.

Ishati engezantsi ibonisa inani eliqikelelwayo labantu ababulewe kwiimfazwe ezinkulu zase-US kwiminyaka, ukusuka kwidala ukuya ngasekhohlo ukuya kutshanje kunene. Ndibandakanya iimfazwe ezinkulu kwaye ndishiya abaninzi bancinci, kokuqala kwangoko kunye nakutshanje. Andizange ndibandakanye iimfazwe ngokumelene namaMerika aseMerika, ngokuyinhloko kuba ayasazeka kwixesha elide elinjalo. Andizange ndibandakanye izigwebo ezafika phakathi kweMfazwe yaseGulf kunye neMfazwe yase-Iraq, nangona babulala abantu abangaphezu kweMfazwe yaseGulf. Ndibandakanya kuphela ukugqithwa okufutshane nje kokubulala esiya kuthiwa yimfazwe. Kwaye ndibandakanya ukufa kuzo zonke iinkalo, kuquka abo babulewe zizifo ngexesha lemfazwe, kodwa kungekhona imingcipheko emva kwemfazwe, kungekhona ukulimala. Abalimalayo ababesinda babembalwa kwiimfazwe ngakwesobunxele. Abalimele babengaphezu kwabafileyo kwiimfazwe ezisekunene.

Ishati engezantsi iyafana neyetshathi elapha ngasentla, kuphela ngeemfazwe zehlabathi ezimbini ezisuswe. Lezo mpi zimbini zenzeke kwiintlanga ezahlukeneyo kwaye zabulawa kwizinga elinjalo, ukuba kulula ukuthelekisa ezinye iimfazwe ukuba zikhe ziyeke. Iimpawu eziqhelekileyo kwiMfazwe Yombango njengoko imfazwe eyingozi kunazo zonke yase-US ibonakala ingekho xa ikhangele kule tshathi; okokuba le tashati-engafani neendaba ezininzi zeendaba zase-US-kuquka ukufa kumacala amabini angaphandle. Andizange ndizame ukuphula iikholomu nganye kubahlali kunye nabahlali, umsebenzi obenzima nobunzima wokuziphatha, kodwa okungeke kubonakale kubonakaliswe ukufa kwabantu ngokubanzi kuphela kwiphondo lesandla. Andikwazanga ukuhlukanisa ama-US nakwamanye amazwe. Ukwenza oko kuya kubangela iimfazwe ezintlanu ukuya ngakwesobunxele bemibala yonke okanye ngokugqithiseleyo umbala obamele ukufa kwe-US, kwaye iimfazwe ezihlanu zisekunene zibala kunye nombala obonisa ukufa kwabantu bangaphandle, kunye ne-sliver encane ebonisa ukufa kwe-US njengenxalenye lilonke.

Ishadi lesithathu, kwiphepha elilandelayo, libonisa, kungekhona inani lokufa, kodwa ipesenti yabantu babulawe. Omnye usenokuba wayecinga ukuba iimfazwe zangaphambili babona ukufa kwabambalwa kuba abantu belizwe ababandakanyekayo babebancinci. Nangona kunjalo, xa silungelelanisa kubemi, ishati ayitshintshi kakhulu. Iimfazwe zangaphambili zibonakala zingenakufa ngaphezu kweemfazwe zangaphambili. Abantu abasetyenzisiweyo kule kubalo ngabantu belizwe apho iimfazwe zalwa khona: iUnited States ngokuguqulwa kwempi kunye nemfazwe yombutho, iUnited States neKhanada kwimfazwe ye-1812, i-United States neMexico ye-Mexican-American. Imfazwe, eCuba nasePuerto Rico naseGuam ngenxa yemfazwe yaseSpain-Amerika, iPhilippines okanye iKorea okanye iVietnam ngenxa yeemfazwe eziphethe ezo zintlanga amagama, ne-Iraq kwiimfazwe ezimbini zokugqibela.

Ukubala iDola

Xa abantu baseMerika beva "iindleko zemfazwe" bahlala becinga ngezinto ezimbini: iidola kunye namajoni ase-US. Ngethuba le-GWOT (imfazwe yehlabathi kwintlonelo / i-terra) baseMelika abazange bacelelwe ukuba bahlawulele, banciphise, bahlawule irhafu, okanye bafaka isandla kwigalelo. Enyanisweni, baye bahlawula irhafu yabo, ngakumbi ukuba banemivuzo emikhulu okanye baphakathi kwabantu "benkampani." (Inkxalabo yemfuyo yinto eqhelekileyo yeemfazwe, kwaye ezi mpi azikho nto.) Abantu base-US abazange ibhalwa umkhosi okanye omnye umsebenzi, ngaphandle koqulunqo lwentlupheko kunye nobuqhetseba bamagosa abasemagunyeni. Kodwa ukungabikho komhlatshelo akuzange kuthathele iindleko zemali. Ngezantsi imenyu yeemfazwe ezedlulileyo kunye namathegi exabiso kwi-2011 dollar. Ubonakala bubonakala buhamba ngokuthe ngqo kwindlela ephosakeleyo.

Imfazwe ye-1812- $ 1.6 yezigidigidi
Imfazwe yoQinisekiso- $ 2.4 billion
Imfazwe yaseMexico- $ 2.4 billion
Imfazwe yaseSpain-Amerika- $ 9 yezigidigidi
Imfazwe yamakhaya- $ 79.7 yezigidigidi
I-Persian Gulf - i-102 yezigidigidi zeedola
Imfazwe Yehlabathi I- $ 334 yezigidigidi
Korea - $ 341 yezigidigidi
I-Afghanistan- $ 600 yezigidigidi
IVietnam- $ 738 yezigidigidi
I-Iraq- $ 810 yezigidigidi
Iyonke iposti-9 / 11- $ 1.4 trillion
Imfazwe yesibini yeHlabathi- $ 4.1 trillion

UJoseph Stiglitz kunye noLinda Bilmes kwi-2008 babalwa iindleko ezipheleleyo ze-OIL (iMfazwe yase-Iraq) njengezigidi ezintathu ukuya ezintlanu (ngaphezulu ngoku ukuba imfazwe yaqhubeka iminyaka emide kunokuba yayilindele). Loo manani uquka impembelelo kumaxabiso eoli, ukunyamekela kwangaphambili kwezilwanyana zamatye, kunye-kwaye ngokucacileyo-amathuba alahlekileyo.

Iprojekthi yeYunivesithi yaseBrown "Iindleko zeMfazwe" yaqwalasela ingqalelo kwi-2013 ngokubiza ukuba indleko ye-US yemfazwe yase-Iraq yayiza kuba yi-$ 2.2 trillion. Ukuqakraza ezimbalwa kwiwebhsayithi yabo ufumanisa oku: "Imali epheleleyo yaseMelika yokusetyenziswa kwemali ehambelana nemfazwe yase-Iraq ibe yi-$ 1.7 trillion ngeFY2013. Ukongezelela, ukuhlawulwa kwexesha elizayo lempilo kunye nokukhubazeka kwabadala beemali eziza ku-$ 590 billion kwaye inzala eyongeziweyo ukuhlawula imfazwe iya kwandisa i-$ 3.9 trillion. "I $ 1.7 trillion kunye ne $ 0.59 trillion ilingana ne-$ 2.2 trillion ezibekwe kwisihloko yengxelo. I-$ 3.9 trillion eyongezelelweyo ifunyenwe. Kwaye, nangona iBrown ithatha idatha yayo kumaphepha nguLinda Bilmes, iphuma kwiinkalo ezininzi ezifakwe kwiBilmes 'neStiglitz' Incwadi ethi Three Trillion Dollar War, kubandakanywa ikakhulu impembelelo yemfazwe ngamanani amafutha kunye nefuthe la mathuba. Ukongeza abo kwi $ 6.19 trillion ezibhalwe apha ziza kwenza u-$ 3 u-$ 5 trillion kwiBhilimes 'neStiglitz' ibhendi 'njengokuba "baqaphele" njengoko besithi.

Ukulingwa kwiidola, njengokuba kufa, iimfazwe zizwe ezithatywe kakhulu kwiimfazwe ngoku asibonisi nayiphi na inkqubela yexesha elide lokulahleka. Kunoko, iimfazwe zibonakala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala njalo.

Ngubani Othi Imfazwe Iyabhubha?

Eyona nto inamandla, impikiswano yokuba imfazwe ishiywe yenziwe nguSteven Pinker encwadini yakhe ethi Angels Angels of Nature Yethu: Kutheni Ubundlobongela Bwenqabe. Kodwa ingxabano enokufumaneka kwiifom ezahlukileyo emsebenzini wezemfundo ezininzi zeNtshona.
Imfazwe, njengoko sibonile ngasentla, ayiyi kuhamba. Enye indlela yokucebisa ukuba ibandakanya ukungqubana nemfazwe nezinye iintlobo zobundlobongela. Isigwebo sokufa sibonakala sihamba. Ukubetha nokubetha abantwana kubonakala sengathi kuhamba kwezinye iindawo. Kwaye nangokunjalo. Le yimizila efunekayo incede ekuqinisekiseni abantu kwimeko endiyenzile kwiNgxenye I ngasentla: Imfazwe inokuphela. Kodwa ezi ntlobo zithetha nto malunga nemfazwe ekugqibeleni.

Iingxelo eziqingqiweyo zemfazwe ehambayo zenza uphuhliso lweNtshona kunye ne-capitalism njengamandla okuthula. Oku kwenziwa, inxalenye enkulu, ngokunyanga iimfazwe zeNtshona kwiintlanga ezihlwempuzekileyo njengeyiphutha leentlanga ezihluphekileyo. Imfazwe yase-US eVietnam yayiyimpazamo yaseVietnam abangakhange bakhanyiswe ngokwaneleyo ukuba banikezele njengoko babefanele babe nayo. Imfazwe yase-USA e-Iraq iphelile ngo-Bush's statement of "mission completed!" Emva koko imfazwe "yimfazwe yembambano" kunye nephutha le-Iraqy backs kunye nokungabikho kwe-capitalism yaseNtshona. Kwaye nangokunjalo.

Ukungaphumeleli kule akhawunti kukunyanzeliswa okungafunekiyo kwiimfazwe ezininzi kwi-US, i-Israel kunye nabanye oorhulumente. Amajelo eendaba ase-United States axoxwa rhoqo "kwimfazwe elandelayo" ngokungathi kukho umele ube yinye. Ukungaphumeleli kukuphuhliswa kwe-NATO ibe ngumkhosi onamandla. Ukungaphumeleli yingozi eyadalwa ngokusasazeka kwekhnoloji yenyukliya. Ukungaphumeleli yindlela yokukhwabanisa ukhetho olukhulu kunye nolawulo, kunye nokukhula-kungekhona ukungaphumeleli-inzuzo yenkampani yezobugcisa. Ukungaphumeleli kukunyuka kwamaziko ase-US kunye nemikhosi kwiintlanga ezininzi; kunye nokunyusa kwe-US e-China, North Korea, eRashiya, nase-Iran; ukwanda kwenkcitho yempi yiChina kunye nezinye iintlanga; kunye neengcamango ezingalunganga malunga neemfazwe ezedlulayo kuquka imfazwe yamuva e-Libya kunye neziphakamiso zokulwa kwemfazwe eSiriya.

Iimfazwe, ngokujonga i-Pinker kunye namanye amakholwa ekubhubhisweni kwemfazwe, ivela kwiintlanga ezihluphekileyo kunye namaSilamsi. I-Pinker ibonisa ukuba akukho nto iyaziwa kukuba iintlanga ezicebileyo zixhasayo kunye neengalo zecala kumazwe ahluphekileyo, okanye ukuba ngamanye amaxesha "bangenelela" ngokuyeka ukuxhaswa kunye nokuyeka ibhomu kunye nalo. Kwakhona kungenzeka ukuba amazwe akwenza imfazwe yilabo abaneengcamango, i-Pinker isitshela. (Njengokuba wonke umntu uyazi, iUnited States ayinayo ingcamango.) "Iintlankqalazo ezintathu zokufa emva kwemfazwe," u-Pinker ubhala, "yaxhaswa yimikhomishini yamaKhoyina, yaseKorea, neyaseVietnam eyazinikezela ngokugqithiseleyo." U-Pinker uyaqhubeka ukusola izinga eliphezulu lokufa eVietnam ngokuvuma kwabo baseVietnam ukuba bafe ngamanani amaninzi kunokuba banikezele, njengoko acinga ukuba kufuneka babe nayo.

Imfazwe yase-US e-Iraq iphelile, kwimbono ka-Pinker, xa uMongameli uGeorge W. Bush wathi "ukufezekiswa kwempumelelo," ekubeni yiyiphi imfazwe yimbambano yembambano, kwaye ngoko ke iimbangela zelo mfazwe yombutho ziza kuhlaziywa ngokwempazamo ye-Iraq kuluntu.
"Ndiyinkimbinkimbi," i-Pinker ikhononda, "ukunyusa intando yeninzi kumazwe asehlabathini elikhulayo abangazange bavelele iinkolelo zabo, amaqhawe emfazwe kunye nezizwe ezikhohlisayo." Eneneni mhlawumbi, kodwa luphi ubungqina bokuba Urhulumente waseUnited States ulinge? Okanye bubungqina bokuba i-United States inomdemokhrasi onjalo ngokwawo? Okanye ukuba i-United States inelungelo lokumisela iminqweno yayo kwelinye isizwe?

Ekuqaleni kwincwadi, i-Pinker inikezela iitshati zeentlobo ezijoliswe ekuboniseni ukuba, ngokulinganiselwe kubemi, iimfazwe ziye zabulala abantu abangaphambi kombhishobhi kunye nabazingeli-baqokeleli kunabantu abasemazweni anamhlanje. Akukho nanye kwezizwe zakudala ezibalwe ngaphaya kwe-14,000 BCE, nto leyo ithetha ukuba ubuninzi bobukho bomntu bushiywe. Kwaye la macatshulwa ahlula izizwe ngezizwe kwaye athi, awanamabini okanye amaqela abo alwa imfazwe. Ukungabikho kwemfazwe ngokubanzi kwimbali yabantu kushiywe kwi-equation, izibalo ezingenakucatshulwa zichazwe kwiimfazwe zangaphambili, ezo manani zifaniswa kunye nomhlaba jikelele kunabantu abemi ababandakanyekayo, kwaye-ngokubaluleka-ukufa kwabalwa Iimfazwe zase-US kuphela ukufa kwe-US. Kwaye zilinganiswa ngokubhekiselele kubemi baseUnited States, kungekhona isizwe esihlaselayo. Ngamanye amaxesha, i-Pinker imelana nemfazwe yokufa ngokubhekiselele kubemi behlabathi, umlinganiselo ongasitshelanga nantoni na ngezinga lokubhujiswa kwiindawo apho iimfazwe zilwa. Ukwashiya ngaphandle okanye ukulibaziseka ukufa. Ngoko amajoni aseUnited States abulawe eVietnam ayabalwa, kodwa abo babulawa kancinci ngeAgent Orange okanye i-PTSD ababalwanga. Ngokuqinisekileyo iimpu kunye neentolo ezisebenzisiweyo kwiimfazwe zangaphambili azizange zibe nefuthe elifanayo ukulibaziseka njengeAgent Orange. Amajoni ase-US abulawe e-Afghanistan afunyanwa yi-Pinker, kodwa inani elikhulu elifa emva kwentlema okanye ukuzibulala alinalo.

I-Pinker iyayivuma ingozi yenyuka-nyukliya kuphela kwindlela epheleleyo yeglasi:

Ukuba umntu wayenokubala inani lokutshatyalaliswa kweentlanga ezenzelwe ukuba zininzi zingaphi, ziza kubakho amandla okubhubhisa abo, emva kwemfazwe [intsingiselo emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II] amashumi eminyaka yayiza kuba nemiyalelo emininzi kakhulu uxolo kunanoma nayiphi na imbali kwimbali.

Ngoko, sinokuthula ngenxa yokuba sakhe izixhobo ezininzi ezibulalayo!

Kwaye inkqubela phambili impumelelo kuba iyaqhubeka.

Nangona kunjalo, emva kwayo yonke inyawo ehamba phambili ebalala indlela yethu yokuthula, sijonga phezulu kwaye sibona iimfazwe ze-bloodier kunanini ngaphambili, kunye noomatshini obuya kwindawo yokuhlawulela ngaphezulu kwazo-imishini eyamkelwe ngokungenakucatshulwa okanye ingabonakali.

Iimfazwe Zethu Azibi Njengezixhobo Zakho

Pinker akayedwa. I-Jared Diamond yakutshanje incwadi, Ihlabathi Kuze Izolo: Oko Singafunda Kwiinkcubeko Zemveli, kubonisa ukuba abantu bezizwe bahlala kunye nemfazwe eqhelekileyo. Izibalo zakhe zifana ne-Pinker. I-Diamond ibala ukufa kwindoda e-Okinawa e-1945, kungekhona njengepesenti ye-Okinawa, kodwa njengepesenti yazo zonke iintlanga ezilwa nezizwe, kuquka nabemi baseMerika, apho imfazwe yayingalwe nhlobo. Ngaloo manani, iDamond ithi ibonisa ukuba iMfazwe Yehlabathi II yayibhubhane kakhulu kunobundlobongela kwisizwe "esingaphilile".

UDaniel Jonah Goldhagen Unqabile Kunokulwa: Ulwaphulo-mthetho, Ukuqothula, kunye nokuHlulwa koLuntu oluqhubekayo lubonisa ukuba uhlanga luhluke kwiimfazwe kwaye lubi ngaphezu kwemfazwe. Ngaloo ndlela, uhlaziya iindawo ezithile zeemfazwe, ezifana ne-Japan firebombing yaseJapan okanye ukubulawa kweNazi, njengokuba kungayi kubakho imfazwe. Iingxenye zeemfazwe ezishiywe kwinqanaba lemfazwe zichanekile. I-Goldhagen, imfazwe yase-Iraq yayingeyona nto-yokubulala ngenxa yokuba kwakulungile. Ukuhlaselwa kwe-9 / 11 kwakuyi-genocide, nangona i-small scale, ngenxa yokungalungi. Xa uSaddam Hussein wabulala iAraj kubulala, kodwa xa iUnited States yabulala iArajis yayilungile. (I-Goldhagen ayifuni ukunika inkxaso kwi-US inkxaso ku-Hussein ekubulaleni i-Iraq.)

I-Goldhagen igxeka ukuba ukuphelisa imfazwe kufuneka kube yinto ephambili kunokuba kuphele ukubulawa kwabantu abaninzi. Kodwa ngaphandle kweempembelelo zakhe zaseNtshona, imfazwe ibonakala njengoluhlobo lokubulala kwabantu. Imfazwe, eneneni, iyona ndlela eyamkelekileyo, ehloniphekileyo neyona ndlela isasazekayo yokubulala abantu abaninzi. Ukwenza imfazwe engavumelekanga kuya kuba yinyathelo elikhulu ekukholeni konke okungekho mthethweni. Ukugcina imfazwe endaweni "njengesiqhelo" somgaqo-nkqubo welizwe langaphandle uqinisekisa ukuba ukubulawa kwabantu abaninzi kuya kuqhubeka. Ukuhlaziya kwakhona imfazwe emininzi imfazwe yinto engeyiyo imfazwe ehlulekayo ukuyenza imeko yokuba imfazwe iyaphuma.

"Kukho Ububi Ehlabathini"

Impendulo evamile kwiingxabano zokuphelisa imfazwe. "Hayi. Hayi. Umele uqonde ukuba kukho ububi ehlabathini. Ihlabathi yindawo eyingozi. Kukho abantu ababi ehlabathini. "Njalo njalo. Isenzo sokubonisa le ngcaciso ecacileyo yesikhombiso sikhombisa ukuwamkela kakhulu imfazwe njengendlela kuphela yokuphendula kwihlabathi elixhalabileyo, kunye nokukholelwa ngokupheleleyo ukuba imfazwe ayiyinto engendawo. Abaphikisayo bemfazwe, akunjalo, bakholelwa ukuba akukho nto embi ehlabathini. Baya kubeka imfazwe kuloo ndawo, ukuba kungekho phezulu kwayo.

Ukwamukelwa okungenakucinga kwemfazwe okuqhubekayo imfazwe. Ukuvakalisa umongameli, u-Hillary Clinton uthe ukuba i-Iran iya kuqalisa ukuhlaselwa kwe-nyukliya kumaSirayeli, "yayiza kutshabalalisa" i-Iran. Wayethetha lo mngcipheko njengento yokuphazamisa, wathi. (Jonga ividiyo kwi-WarIsCrime.org / Hillary.) Ngelo xesha, urhulumente wase-Iranian uthe, kwaye ii-arhente ze-Intelligence zase-US zithi, i-Iran ayinaso izixhobo zenukliya kunye neprogram yezixhobo zenukliya. I-Iran yayinamandla enyukliya, iqhutywe kwiminyaka eminyaka ngaphambili yi-United States. Ngokuqinisekileyo, ukubhujiswa kwama-Iran okwakubonakala kunobungendawo njengento yokubhujiswa kwe-Iran. Kodwa iUnited States inenako ukuvelisa izixhobo zenukliya e-Irani kwaye iphinde isongela ukwenza njalo, kunye nezindlu zakwa-Bush kunye neBlack White ezibonisa uthando olukhulu kwintetho ethi "Zonke izinto ezikhethwa kwitheyibhile." Akufanele kuba. Iisongelo ezinjalo akufanele zenziwe. Ukuthetha ngeentlanga ezitshabalalayo kufuneka kushiywe emva kwethu. Olu hlobo lwenkulumo lenza kube nzima ngakumbi ukwenza uxolo, ukubandakanyeka kunye nolunye uhlanga, ukuhambisa ubudlelwane phambili ukuya kwindawo apho kungekho luhlanga olucinga ukuba omnye uya kuhlakulela isikhali esiyingozi kwaye ayisebenzise.

I-MIC

Ababhali abajonga imfazwe njengokuphela, kwaye njengento yesithathu yehlabathi, bathe balahleke ezinye zezinto ezibangela ukulwa, kubandakanywa neengqungquthela "inzululwazi yezopolitiko." Ezi zinto zibandakanya ubuchule beentengiso, i-brigade evulekile kunye nokukhohlakala kwezopolitiko, kunye nokunyanzeliswa kwezemfundo kunye nokuzonwabisa kunye neenkqubo zokubandakanyeka kwabantu ezikhokelela abantu abaninzi eUnited States ukuxhasa kwaye abanye abaninzi banokunyamezela ukuxhomekeka kwimeko yemfazwe ekukhangela iintshaba kunye neenzuzo nangona kunjalo -ukubonakaliswa kwexesha lokuba umkhosi wemfazwe usenza siphephe ngaphantsi, ucocele uqoqosho lwethu, luhlubule amalungelo ethu, luhlaziye indawo yethu, lusasaze imali engenayo, luye lwahlaziya ukuziphatha kwethu, luze lube luhlanga oluthile kakhulu emhlabeni jikelele kwiindawo eziphantsi kwexesha lokuphila. , inkululeko, kunye nokukwazi ukuphishekela ulonwabo.

Akukho nanye yale miba ayinakunqotshwa, kodwa asiyi kubayisa xa sicinga indlela yokuthula kukubeka intando yethu ephakamileyo kubantu bezinye iintlanga nge-cluster ibhomu kunye ne-napalm okukuthintela inzondo yamandulo.

Inkqubo yenkampani yemikhosi yintsimbi edala imfazwe. Inokutshatyalaliswa okanye iguqulwe, kodwa ayiyi kuyeka ukuvelisa iimfazwe ngokwazo ngaphandle kwenkcaso enkulu. Kwaye akuyi kuyeka nje ngokuba sifika ekuqinisekiseni ukuba ngokwenene siya kuyithandayo. Umsebenzi uya kufuneka.

Kwiminyaka emibini edlulileyo, iRadiyo yeSizwe yoLuntu iRadio yabuza iinqununu zezixhobo. Bambuzwa ukuba uza kwenza ntoni ukuba umsebenzi wokuxhaphaza wase-Afghanistan uza kupheliswa, waphendula wathi wayenethemba lokuba kunokuba ngumsebenzi waseLibya. Wayedlala ngokukrakra. Kwaye akazange afumane umnqweno-kodwa. Kodwa amahlaya akaveli ndawo. Ukuba wayedlala ngokuphathelele ukuxhaphaza abantwana okanye ukubandlulula ngokobuhlanga izinto azizange ziphendule. Ukukrazwa ngemfazwe entsha kwamukelwa kwenkcubeko yethu njengento efanelekileyo. Ngokwahlukileyo, ukugculela imfazwe njengemuva kwaye engathandekiyo akukwenziwanga, kwaye kunokubonakala kungenakuqondakala, kungabonakali ukungabonakali. Sinendlela ende yokuhamba.