II. INKQUBO YO KUFUNEKA

Nangona abaninzi abantu bengakholelwa ukuba imfazwe inokuphela (kwaye ndiyathemba ukuba iCandelo I le ncwadi liqala ukuba litshintshe ezinye iingqondo), abaninzi abanakholelwa ukuba imfazwe kufuneka iphele. Ngokuqinisekileyo kulula ukuyichitha umbuzo wokuba imfazwe iya kupheliswa ukuba ugqibe ekubeni ayikwazi ukuphela, njengoko kulula ukuba ungakhathazeki malunga nokupheliswa kwayo ukuba ugqibe ekubeni kufuneka ugcinwe . Ngoko, iinkolelo ezimbini zixhasa ngokufanayo. Zombini ziphosakeleyo, kwaye ubuthathaka bunceda ukubuthathaka komnye, kodwa zombini zijonge kakhulu kwiinkcubeko zethu. Kukho abantu abakholelwa ukuba imfazwe ingakwazi kwaye kufuneka ipheliswe, kodwa ngubani ocebisa ukusebenzisa imfazwe njengesixhobo sokwenza umsebenzi. Ukudideka kubonisa ukuba kunzima kangakanani ukuba sifumane isikhundla sokuxoshwa.

"Ukhuselo" lusengozini

Ukususela kwi-1947, xa iSebe leMfa labizwa ngokuba yiSebe lezoKhuseleko, umkhosi wase-US uye wahlaselwa ubuncinane kangangoko. Ukuhlaselwa kwabemi baseMerika, iiPhilippines, i-Latin America, njl, ngeSebe leMfa alizange likhusele; kwaye kwakungekho neenkcukacha zeSebe lezoKhuseleko eKorea, eVietnam, eIraq, njl njl. Nangona ukukhusela okusemandleni kwimidlalo emininzi kunokuba yinto ephosakeleyo, inkohlakalo kwimfazwe ayizikhuseli, kungekhona xa ivelisa inzondo, inzondo, iphinde ibuhlungu, kungekhona xa enye indlela ayikho imfazwe. Ngendlela ebizwa ngokuba yimfazwe yehlabathi yonkqenkquthela, ugqirha luye lwaphakama.

Oku kwakuqikelelwe kwaye kuqikelelwe. Abantu abacaphukisayo ngokuhlaselwa kunye nemisebenzi nje babengayi kupheliswa okanye bawunqobe ngokuhlaselwa kunye nemisebenzi. Ukuzenza ngathi "bayayithiya inkululeko yethu," njengoMongameli uGeorge W. Bush bathi, okanye ukuba banokholo olungekhoyo okanye bangenangqiqo ayitshintshi le nto. Ukuphinda ulandelelwano lwezomthetho ngokutshutshisa abo bajongene nobugebengu bokubulala abantu nge-9 / 11 kungenzeka ukuba bancedisa ukukhusela ubundlobongela obungcono kunokuba baqalise iimfazwe. Kwakungenakukulimaza urhulumente wase-United States ukuba ayeke ukunyanzela iidemon (njengoko ndibhalela oku, umkhosi waseYiputa uhlasela abantu baseYiputa abaphethe izixhobo ezibonelelwa yi-United States, kwaye iNdlu ye-White iyenqaba ukunqumla "uncedo," okuthetha izixhobo), ukukhusela ubugebengu bePalestina (zama ukufunda iNyana kaGenerali nguMi Pele Pele), kwaye ubeka ama-US amabutho kumazwe abantu. Imfazwe e-Iraq nase-Afghanistan, kunye nokusetyenziswa kakubi kwamabanjwa ngethuba, zaba zixhobo ezinkulu zokuqasha ulwaphulo-mthetho olulwa no-US.

Ngo-2006, ii-arhente zobuntlola zase-US zavelisa uqikelelo lobuntlola lwesizwe olwafikelela kweso sigqibo. I-Associated Press inike ingxelo: "Imfazwe e-Iraq iye yaba ngunobangela we-célèbre yama-Islamic extremists, ezala inzondo enkulu e-US enokuba iya kuba mbi ngakumbi ngaphambi kokuba ibengcono, abahlalutyi bezobuntlola baseburhulumenteni bagqiba ngengxelo ngokuchasene nembambano kaMongameli Bush ikhula ngokukhuselekileyo emhlabeni. … [T] abona bahlalutyi bangamagqala esizwe bagqiba kwelokuba ngaphandle komonakalo omkhulu kubunkokheli be-al-Qaida, isoyikiso esivela kubanqolobi abangamaSilamsi sisasazeke ngokwamanani nakufikelela kwindawo. ”

Umlinganiselo apho urhulumente waseUnited States ulandelelanisa imigaqo-nkqubo yobundlobongela owaziyo iya kuvelisa ubundlobongela kuye kwabangela abaninzi ukuba kugqithise ukukhushulwa akuyona nto ephambili, kwaye abanye baphetha ngokuthi ukuvelisa ubugrogmo kubaluleke ngokwenene. ULeah Bolger, owayengumongameli we-Veterans For Peace, uthi, "urhulumente wase-US uyazi ukuba iimfazwe ziphikisana, oko kukuthi, ukuba injongo yakho kukunciphisa inani 'lamagorha.' Kodwa injongo yeimfazwe zaseMerika akuyi kuyenza uxolo, kukukwenza iintshaba ezininzi ukuze siqhubeke nomjikelezo ongapheliyo wemfazwe. "

Ngoku kuza inxalenye apho iyancipha ngakumbi ngaphambi kokuba ibe ngcono. Kukho ithuluzi elitsha lokubasa: izigulane zeerone kunye nokubulala okujoliswe kuyo. Amanqamzana ase-US abulala amaqela e-Iraq nase-Afghanistan axoxwa kwiincwadi zikaJeremy Scahill kunye nefilimu e-Arms Warts bathi xa bebesebenza ngendlela yabo ngokusebenzisa uluhlu lwabantu lokubulala, banikwe uluhlu olukhulu; uluhlu lukhula ngenxa yokusebenza ngendlela yawo. Jikelele uStanley McChrystal, owayengumlawuli we-US kunye ne-NATO yamandla e-Afghanistan watshela i-Rolling Stone ngoJuni 2010 ukuba "wonke umntu ongenacala onokumbulala, udala ii-10 ezintsha iintshaba." I-Bureau ye-Journalism kunye neyezinye ibhala ngokucacileyo amagama abantu abaninzi abangenacala wabulawa yintlonelo.

Kwi-2013, uMcChrystal wathi bekukho ingqumbo ngokuchasene nogwayimbo lwedrone ePakistan. Ngokwengxelo yephephandaba lasePakistan iDawn ngoFebruwari 10, 2013, uMcChrystal, “walumkisa ngelithi uninzi lweziganeko zokuhlaselwa kweedrone ePakistan ngaphandle kokuchonga abantu abarhanelwa ukuba bangamabutho ngamanye. UGeneral McChrystal uthe uyasiqonda isizathu sokuba abantu basePakistan, nkqu nakwimimandla engachaphazelekanga ziidrones, basabele kakubi ngokuchasene nogwayimbo. Ucele amaMelika ukuba angaphendula athini xa ilizwe elingummelwane elifana neMexico liqala ukudubula imijukujelwa yeedrone kwiithagethi eTexas. AbasePakistan, utshilo, babona iidrones njengomboniso wamandla aseMelika ngokuchasene nelizwe labo kwaye basabela ngokufanelekileyo. 'Into endoyikisayo malunga nokubetha kweedrone yindlela abonwa ngayo kwihlabathi liphela,' utshilo uGeneral McChrystal kudliwanondlebe lwangaphambili. 'Ingqumbo edalwe kukusetyenziswa kwamaMelika kugwayimbo olungagunyaziswanga ... kukhulu kakhulu kunombala oqhelekileyo waseMelika. Bazithiyiwe kwinqanaba le-visceral, nkqu nangabantu abangazange babone enye okanye babone iziphumo zomnye. '”

Ngethuba le2010, uBruce Riedel, oye wadibanisa ukuhlaziywa komgaqo-nkqubo we-Afghanistan kuMongameli Obama wathi, "Uxinzelelo esiwubeke [amabutho aseJahadist] kunyaka odluleyo uye wabalinganisa kunye, oku kuthetha ukuba intsebenziswano yamanyano iyanda "I-New York Times, ngo-Meyi 9, i-2010.) UMongameli wangaphambili we-National Intelligence uDennis Blair uthe ngelixa" ukuhlaselwa kwezilwanyana kuncede ukunciphisa ubukhokheli baseQaeda ePakistan, banda ukwanda kwenzondo yeMelika "kwaye bonakalisa" amandla ethu ukusebenzisana nePakistan [ekugqibeleni] ukususa iingcwele zeTaliban, ukukhuthaza intetho ye-Indian-Pakistani, kunye nokwenza i-arsenal ye-nyukliya inokukhuseleka ngakumbi. "(I-New York Times, Agasti 15, 2011.)

UMichael Boyle, oyinxalenye yeqela lika-Obama elalichasene nobunqolobi ngexesha lephulo lakhe lonyulo lowama-2008, uthi ukusetyenziswa kweedrones kunemiphumela “engalunganga enganikwanga ngokulinganayo neenzuzo ezinxulumene nokubulala abanqolobi. … Ukonyuka okukhulu kwenani labantu ababhubhileyo bakwimeko ezantsi kukonyuse ukunganyaniseki kwezopolitiko kwinkqubo yaseMelika ePakistan, Yemen nakwamanye amazwe. ” (I-Guardian, ngoJanuwari 7, 2013.) "Siyayibona loo nto. Ukuba uzama ukubulala indlela yakho kwisisombululo, nokuba ungachaneka kangakanani na, uza kubacaphukisa abantu nokuba abajoliswanga, ”watsho u-General James E. Cartwright, owayesakuba ngusekela sihlalo IiNtloko zaBasebenzi. (The New York Times, Matshi 22, 2013.)

Ezi mbono aziqhelekanga. Isikhululo sikhululo se-CIA e-Islamabad kwi-2005-2006 icinga ukuba i-drone ishaywa, kwaye isengaphaya koko, "yenze into encinane ngaphandle kwenzondo yamanzi e-United States ngaphakathi kwePakistan." (Jonga iNdlela Yomkhwa nguMark Mazzetti.) igosa elithile kwinxalenye yaseAfghanistan, uMatewu Hoh, washiya phantsi ukukhankanya waza wathi, "Ndicinga ukuba sisenza into eninzi. Sitshatyalalisa ezininzi izinto eziphathekayo ezihamba emva kwamadoda athile abangasongeli iUnited States okanye abanakho amandla okusongela iUnited States. "Kwiimbono ezininzi ezinjalo zibona iqoqo likaFred Branfman kwi-WarIsCrime.org/LessSafe.

Ukuva okungavamile
Nento Eyoyiva

Ngo-Ephreli 2013, ikomidi elithile leNkundla yeeNkundla zeeNkundla zase-United States lenze i-auditor kwi-drones eyayilibaziseka ngaphambili. Njengoko kwenzeka, ngexesha lokulibaziseka, idolophu yasekhaya enye yamangqina amiselweyo yatshitshiswa yi-drone. UFarea al-Muslimi, umfana waseYemen, uchaze "ukuhlaselwa okwethusa amawaka amafama alula, ahluphekileyo."

U-Al-Muslimi uthe, "Ndiye ndatyelela indawo apho i-US ekujoliswe kuyo ukubulala ukubetha iye yabetha iinjongo ezijoliswe kuzo. Kwaye ndiye ndwendwela iindawo apho ama-US ahlasele khona iithagethi zawo waza wabulala okanye wabulala abantu abangenacala. Ndathetha ngamalungu entsapho ababuhlungu kunye nabahlali beendawo ezinomsindo. Ndiyibonile i-Al Qaeda kwi-Peninsula yase-Arabia (i-AQAP) isebenzisa imivimbo yase-US ukukhuthaza i-ajenda yayo kwaye uzame ukufumana amaninzi. "

U-Al-Muslimi ucacise ezinye zezi ngxaki. Kwakhona wachaza ukubonga kwakhe eUnited States ngokufundiswa kunye namava njengomnye umlinganiso owamvumela ukuba abone ihlabathi elingaphaya kwidolophana elincinane laseYemeni laseWessab. "Kuba phantse bonke abantu baseWessab," u-al-Muslimi wathi, "Ndinguye kuphela umntu onxulumene no-United States. Bambiza bebathumelela ngobusuku ngaloo mibuzo andingayiphenduli: Kutheni iUnited States yayibaxhalabisa ngala ma-drones? Kutheni iUnited States izama ukubulala umntu onomkhosi xa wonke umntu uyazi apho ukhona kwaye wayenokubanjwa lula? "

Emva kogwayimbo, amafama aseWessab ayesoyika kwaye enomsindo. Babecaphuka kuba bayamazi u-Al-Radmi kodwa babengazi ukuba ujolisiwe kuye, ke ngebabekhona naye ngexesha logwayimbo lwemijukujelwa. …
Kwixesha elidlulileyo, uninzi lwabantu baseWessab babengazi nto malunga neUnited States. Amabali am ngamava am eMelika, abahlobo bam baseMelika, kunye neenqobo zaseMelika endizibonele zona zanceda abahlali bendithetha nabo ukuba baqonde iMelika endiyaziyo nendiyithandayo. Ngoku, nangona kunjalo, xa becinga ngeMelika bacinga ngoloyiko abaluva kwiidrones ezihamba phezu kweentloko zazo zilungele ukudubula imijukujelwa nangaliphi na ixesha. …
Akukho nto efunekayo kwidolophana yaseWessab ngaphandle kwesikolo sokufundisa abantwana bendawo okanye isibhedlele ukunceda ukunciphisa inani labasetyhini nabantwana abaswelekayo yonke imihla. Ukuba i-United States ibisakha isikolo okanye isibhedlele, ngesele ibutshintshile kwangoko ubomi babemi belali ukuze ibe ngcono kwaye ibe sesona sixhobo siphambili sobunqolobi. Kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo ndinokukuqinisekisa ukuba abantu belali ngebabeye kuyokubamba ithagethi ngokwabo. …
Yiyiphi i-radicals eyayingaphumelelanga ukuphumeza kwidolophana yam, isiteyimu esisodwa se-drone senziwa ngokukhawuleza: kukho umsindo omkhulu kunye nentando ekhulayo yeMelika.

U-Al-Muslimi ufikile kwisigqibo esifanayo sokuthi umntu uva kubantu abaninzi, kuquka namagosa aseMelika, ePakistan naseYemen:

Ukubulawa kwabantu abamsulwa ngamacwecwe e-US eYemen kunceda ukuphazamisa ilizwe lam kwaye kudala indawo apho i-AQAP izuza khona. Njalo xa umntu ongenacala onobuhlanga ebulawe okanye egocekwa ngumdlalo we-drone wase-US okanye omnye ukubulawa okujoliswe kuwo, uvakalelwa yi-Yemenis kulo lonke ilizwe. Ezi zibetho zisoloko zibangele inzondo e-United States kunye nokudala ukukhawuleza okuphazamisa iinjongo zokhuseleko lwesizwe zase-United States.

Xa Ubulala Bungekho Ukubulala?

Ububungqina bukaFarea al-Muslim buyi-dose ephawulekayo ngokuqhelekileyo kwiiholo zeCongress. Amanye a mangqina kuloo ndlebe kwaye ezinye iindibano zokuvalelwa ngesihloko zazingumthetho-mthetho ootitshala abakhethiweyo ukuba bavunyelwe ngokungagunyazisiyo kwinkqubo yokubulala i-drone. Uprofesa kulindeleke ukuba avume i-drone ibulale e-Afghanistan kodwa ukuchasana nabo ngokungekho mthethweni ePakistan, e-Yemen, eSomalia nakwezinye iindawo "ngaphandle kwemimandla yemfazwe". Ngelixa iZizwe eziManyeneyo "ziphanda" ukungekho mthethweni kweentlonelo ze-drone, abasondeleyo abaveleli beza ukuva ukuba imbono kwintetho apho u-al-Muslimi wathetha beza kungqina ngoprofesa uRosa Brooks.

INdlu yeNdlu yeNdlu yeNdlu yeNdlu yeNdlu yeNdlu yeNdlu yeNdlu yeNdlu yeNdlu yoMgaqo-nkqubo yaseNtshonalanga yeNdlu yeNdlu yeNdlu yeNdlu yeNdlu yeNdlu yoMgaqo-nkqubo i-White House ibenqabele ukuthumela nawaphi na amangqina, njengoko yayenqatshelwe ezinye iintetho ezahlukeneyo kwimixholo efanayo Ngoko iCongress yenza ntoni ngabafundisi bezomthetho. Kodwa abaprofeti basemthethweni bafakazela ukuba, ngenxa yokufihla kweNdlu ye-White House, babengenakukwazi into nantoni na. URosa Brooks wabonisa ubungqina, ukuba, ukuba udlala umonakalo ngaphandle kwendawo yemfazwe eyamkelweyo kunokuthi "ukubulala" (igama lakhe) okanye bavumeleke ngokupheleleyo. Umbuzo wawunokuba beyingxenye yemfazwe. Ukuba beyingxenye yemfazwe ngoko babemkelekile ngokupheleleyo. Ukuba bekungengenxalenye yemfazwe ngoko babulala. Kodwa iNdlu yeNdlu yayifaka ukuba i-memos eyimfihlo "iyalungisa" i-drone, kwaye i-Brooks ayikwazanga ngaphandle kokubona i memos ukuba i-memos ithe iingqungquthela ze-drone ziyingxenye yemfazwe okanye ayikho.

Cinga ngalokhu ngomzuzu. Kulo gumbi elinye, kule tafile enye, nguFarea al-Muslimi, ukwesaba ukutyelela unina, intliziyo yakhe igxeka ngenxa yokwesabisa kwidolophana yakhe. Kwaye kuza umfundisi wezomthetho ukuba achaze ukuba konke kuhambelana ngokufanelekileyo kunye neempawu zase-US njengoko nje uMongameli ebeke amazwi afanelekileyo kumthetho oyimfihlo ukuba akayi kubonisa abantu base-US.
Kungaqondakali ukuba ukubulala kukuphela kolwaphulo olulwa nemfazwe. Amakholwa kwimfazwe ephucukileyo agcina ukuba, nangemfazwe, awukwazi ukubamba okanye ukudlwengula okanye ukutshutshisa okanye ukuba okanye ukulala phantsi okanye ukukhohlisa irhafu yakho. Kodwa ukuba ufuna ukubulala, oko kuya kuba kuhle. Amakholwa kwimfazwe engahlambulukanga afumanisa oku kunzima ukuyiqonda. Ukuba ungabulala, yintoni eyona nto eyona nto iyenzekayo, ngoko kutheni ehlabathini-bacela-akunakukukhathaza na?

Uluphi uhluko okhoyo phakathi kokulwa kwimfazwe kwaye kungabikho kwimfazwe, njengokuba okwesinye isenzo isenzo sihloniphekileyo kwaye kwenye siyabulala? Ngenkcazo, akukho nto ibeka kuyo. Ukuba imemori eyimfihlo ingawasemthethweni i-drone iyabulala ngokuchaza ukuba inxalenye yemfazwe, ngoko umahluko awuyiyo into okanye ibonakala. Asinakukubona apha entliziyweni yobukhosi, kwaye u-al-Muslimi akakwazi ukukubona kwidolophana yakhe e-drone eYemen. Ukwahlukana yinto enokufumaneka kwiimemo eziyimfihlo. Ukunyamezela imfazwe kwaye siphile kunye nathi, uninzi lwamalungu oluntu kufuneka libandakanye kule mpuphu yokuziphatha.

Iziphumo azifihli kangako. UMikha Zenko weBhunga lezoBudlelwane naMazwe ngaMazwe wabhala ngoJanuwari ka-2013, “Kubonakala ngathi kukho unxibelelwano olomeleleyo e-Yemen phakathi kokubulawa kwabantu ekujoliswe kubo ukususela ngo-Disemba ka-2009 kwaye kwandisa umsindo e-United States kwanovelwano okanye ukuthembeka kwi-AQAP. … Elinye igosa eliphambili emkhosini elalibandakanyeke kakhulu ekubulaweni kwabantu ekujoliswe kubo e-US bathi 'uqhankqalazo lwedrone luphawu nje lokuzikhukhumeza oluza kulwa neMelika. … Ilizwe elibonakaliswe kukwanda kweedrones ezixhobileyo… kungayijongela phantsi iminqweno engundoqo yase-US, njengokuthintela ungquzulwano, ukukhuthaza amalungelo oluntu, nokomeleza oorhulumente bamazwe. ' Ngenxa yezibonelelo zeedrones ezivela kwamanye amaqonga ezikhali, amazwe kunye nabadlali abangengabo abasemngciphekweni banokuba semngciphekweni wokusebenzisa amandla ukubulala iUnited States namahlakani ayo. ”

Urhulumente wethu unike eli gama liyintlekele igama kwaye ufuna ukusasaza kude nakude. UGregory Johnson wabhala kwiNew York Times ngo-Novemba 19, 2012: “Elona lifa lihlala lihleli kule minyaka mine idlulileyo isenokuba yindlela yokulwa ubugrogrisi abathi amagosa aseMelika abiza 'imodeli yaseYemen,' ingxubevange yoqhankqalazo lwedrone. kunye noQeqesho lweeMikhosi eziZodwa ezijolise kwiinkokheli zeAl Qaeda. … Ubungqina obuvela kumlo weQaeda kunye nodliwanondlebe mna kunye neentatheli zalapha ekhaya ziye zaqhuba kulo lonke elaseYemen zingqina ubundlobongela babantu ababuleweyo ekuchazeni ukukhula ngokukhawuleza kweAl Qaeda. I-United States ibulala abafazi, abantwana kunye namalungu ezizwe eziphambili. 'Ngalo lonke ixesha bebulala umntu wesizwe, badala i-Al Qaeda,' utshilo u-Yemeni kum ecacisa ngetayi e-Sana, ikomkhulu, kwinyanga ephelileyo. Omnye uxelele i-CNN, emva koqhankqalazo olungaphumelelanga, 'andinakothuka xa amadoda alikhulu ejoyina iAl Qaeda ngenxa yempazamo ye-drone.' ”

Ngubani oza kuPhatha
Iingxaki Ezimbi?

Impendulo ekhethekileyo kukuba: abantu abaphulaphula ngokukhawuleza, bathemba abaphathi babo ngokugqithiseleyo, baze bazive bexhala xa beyeka baze bacinge. NgoJuni 6, i-2013, i-NBC News yabuza omnye owayengumqhubi we-drone ogama linguBrandon Bryant owayexinezelekile kakhulu indima yakhe ekubulaleni abantu be-1,600:
UBrandon Bryant uthi wayehleli esihlalweni kwisikhululo se-Nevada Air Force esebenzisa ikhamera xa iqela lakhe lixoshe amabhomu amabini kwi-drone yabo emadodeni amathathu ehamba ngaphantsi kwendlela ejikeleze ilizwe lase-Afghanistan. Iimpazamo zithatha zonke iithagethi ezintathu, kwaye uBryant uthi uyazibona emva kwesikrini kwikhompyutheni yakhe-kuquka imifanekiso yomshushu yomkhuhlane okhulayo wegazi elitshisayo.

Uthi umfana owayeqhuba phambili, ulahleka umlenze wakhe onene, "ukhumbula. 'Ndiya kujonga lo mfana waphuma kwaye, ndithetha, igazi liyatshisa.' Njengoko umntu wafa umzimba wakhe ubanda, utshilo uBryant, nomfanekiso wakhe oshushu uguqukile de waba ngumbala ofanayo nomhlaba.

'Ndiyakubona yonke ipilisili encinane,' utsho uBryant, oye wafumanisa ukuba unesifo sengxaki esicindezelayo emva koko, 'ukuba ndivala nje amehlo.'

'Abantu bathi izigulane zentlonelo zifana nokuhlaselwa kwamanzi,' kusho uBryant. 'Ewe, izixhobo zengqungquthela aziboni oku. Iinqwelo zezixhobo aziboni iziphumo zezenzo zabo. Yisondelene kakhulu nathi, kuba sibona konke. ...

Akaqinisekanga ukuba ngaba amadoda amathathu e-Afghanistan ayengabo abavukeli beTaliban okanye abantu nje abanezibhamu kwilizwe apho abantu abaninzi bephethe izibhamu. Amadoda ayengamayela amahlanu ukusuka eMelika ukuba aphikisana omnye nomnye xa i-missile yokuqala ibetha. ...

Kwakhona ukhumbula ukuba wayekholelwe ukuba wayebone umntwana ekhwela kwisikrini sakhe ngexesha lomsebenzi omnye ngaphambi kokuba aqhume umkhosi, nangona aqinisekiswa kwabanye ukuba umfanekiso wayebonayo wayeyinja.

Emva kokuthatha inxaxheba kumakhulu emininzi kwiminyaka, uBryant uthe "ulahlekelwe intlonelo ngobomi" kwaye waqala ukuziva ngathi unentlalo. ...

Kwi-2011, njengoko umsebenzi weBryant njengomqhubi we-drone usondele ekupheleni kwayo, wathi umlawuli wakhe wamxelela ukuba yiyiphi imali eya ku-scorecard. Kubonise ukuba uye wathatha inxaxheba kwimisebenzi eyabangela ukufa kwabantu base 1,626.

'Ndiya kuvuyiswa ukuba ayikazange andibonise icwecwe lephepha,' watsho. 'Ndibone amajoni aseMerika afe, abantu abangenacala babulawa, kwaye abavukeli bafa. Kwaye akuntle. Akuyonto into endifuna ukuyifumana-le diploma. '

Ngoku ukuba uphume eMoyeni wamandla kwaye abuyele ekhaya eMontana, uBryant uthe akafuni ukucinga malunga nokuba bangaphi abantu kuloluhlu bangabamsulwa: 'Kuyabuhlungu kakhulu.' ...

Xa watshela umfazi wayebona ukuba ube ngumqhubi we-drone, kwaye waba negalelo ekufeni kwabantu abaninzi, wamnqumla. 'Wandijonga ngathi ndiyi-monster,' watsho. 'Akazange afune ukundiphatha kwakhona.'

Sithintela abanye Njalo,
Ukuzikhusela

Iimfazwe zifakwe kwiindawo zobuxoki kunye nokufana okunjalo (jonga incwadi ethi Imfazwe Ngamanga) ikakhulu ngenxa yokuba abagqugquzeli babo bafuna ukubhenela kwizizathu ezilungileyo kunye nezizathu ezintle. Bathi imfazwe iya kusikhusela ngokusisongelo esingakhoyo, njengezixhobo e-Iraq, kuba imfazwe evulekileyo ayiyi kuvunyelwa-kwaye ngenxa yokuba ukwesaba nobuzwe kwenza abantu abaninzi bazimisele ukukholelwa loo mfundiso. Akukho nto iphosakeleyo ngokukhusela, emva koko. Ngubani na onokumelana nokuzivikela?

Okanye bathi imfazwe iya kuvikela abantu abangenakuxhaswa e-Libya okanye eSiriya okanye kwelinye ilizwe kwiingozi ezijongene nazo. Simele sibhoxe ukuba sibavikele. Sine "Uxanduva lokukhusela." Ukuba umntu wenza uhlanga, ngokuqinisekileyo akufanele simele siphinde sijonge xa ​​singayimisa.

Kodwa, njengoko sibonile ngasentla, iimfazwe zethu zibeka ingozi kuye kunokusivikela. Babeka abanye ingozi. Benza iimeko ezimbi baze babenze ngakumbi. Ngaba kufuneka siyeke ukuhlaselwa kobuhlanga? Ewe, kufuneka, ukuba sinako. Kodwa asifanele sisebenzise iimfazwe ukwenzela ukuba abantu besizwe esinokubandezeleka basuke bebi kakhulu. NgoSeptemba 2013, uMongameli Obama wanxusa wonke umntu ukuba abukele amavidiyo abantwana abafa eSiriya, into yokuba ukuba uyabakhathalela ngabo bantwana kufuneka uxhase iSiriya.

Enyanisweni, abaninzi abachasene neemfazwe, ukuba bahlazeke, bathi iUnited States kufuneka ixhalabele ngabantwana bayo kwaye iyeke ukuxanduva lwehlabathi. Kodwa ukwenza izinto zibe zibi nakwilizwe lasemzini ngokubhoxisa akuyilo xanduva lomntu; kulwaphulo-mthetho. Kwaye kwakungeke kuphuculwe ngokufumana ezininzi iintlanga ukunceda ngazo.

Ngoko Sifanele Senzeni?

Eyokuqala, simele sidale umhlaba apho iziganeko ezinjalo ezingenakwenzeka khona (jonga iCandelo IV lele ncwadi). Izigameko ezinjenge-genocide azikho izizathu ezilungileyo, kodwa zinesizathu, kwaye ngokuqhelekileyo kukho izilumkiso ezininzi.

Okwesibini, iintlanga ezinjenge-United States zifanele zithathe umgaqo-nkqubo wokunikela kakubi ngamalungelo abantu. Ukuba iSiriya yenza amalungelo omntu kwaye iphikisana nolawulo lwaseMelika okanye lolawulo lwempi, kwaye ukuba iBairrain yenza amalungelo olwabantu kodwa ivumela i-US Navy ukukhupha iinqanawa zeenqanawa kwisikhululo sayo, impendulo ifanele ibe yinto efanayo. Enyanisweni, iinqanawa zeemikhumbi kufuneka zibuyele kwamanye amazwe kumachweba, nto leyo eya kwenza ukuba kube lula ukunikela. Abalawuli basemagunyeni abaphangiweyo kwiminyaka yamuva ngokungabi nabundlobongela eYiputa, eYemen naseTunisia, bekunjalo, kodwa akufanele babe ne-support yase-US. Okufanayo kuya kumlawuli ogqithisileyo ogqithiswe ngokugqithiseleyo e-Libya kunye nalowo usongela eSiriya, kunye nowaxoshwa e-Iraq. Laba bonke abantu abanooRhulumente waseUnited States babonwabile ukusebenza xa kubonakala ngathi ku-US. I-United States kufuneka imise ukulwa, ukuxhaswa okanye ukuxhasa nayiphi na indlela oorhulumente abenza ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwamalungelo abantu, kubandakanywa noorhulumente bakwaSirayeli kunye neYiputa. Kwaye, ewe, iUnited States ayifanele ibenzise amalungelo abo.
Okwesithathu, abantu ngabanye, amaqela kunye noorhulumente kufuneka baxhase ukungaxhatshazi kokungabikho kobuqili nokuxhaphazwa, ngaphandle kokuba ukudibanisa nabo kuya kubakhohlisa abo baxhaswa ukuba bangabikho. Ukunqoba okungekho mthethweni kuorhulumente wengcinezelo kudla ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwaye kunokuhlala ixesha elide kunezobudlova, kwaye ezo zimo zanda. (Ndincoma u-Erica Chenoweth kunye noMaria J. Stephan Iimfuno zokuShatyelwa koLuntu: I-Strategic Logic yeNgxabano engeyiyo.)

Okwesine, urhulumente olwa imfazwe nabantu bawo okanye kwelinye ilizwe kufuneka ahlaziswe, ahlanjululwe, athutshwe, avunyelwe (ngoxinzelelo oluxinzelelekileyo kurhulumente, engabandezeli kubantu balo), waqiqa kunye naye, wahamba ngendlela enokuthula . Ngokuchasene, oorhulumente abangenzi uhlanga okanye imfazwe kufuneka bavuzwe.

Okwesithandathu, iintlanga zehlabathi kufuneka zenze iipolisa zamazwe ngamazwe ezizimeleyo zenzelwe nayiphi na isizwe esenza ukunyuka kwemikhosi yempi okanye ukukhutshwa kwemikhosi kunye nezixhobo kwiintlanga zangaphandle kwihlabathi. Amapolisa anjalo kufuneka abe nenjongo yodwa yokukhusela amalungelo omntu kwaye aqondwe ukuba enenjongo kuphela. Kwakhona kufuneka ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zamapolisa, kungekhona izixhobo zemfazwe. Ukuqhubhisa ibhomu eRwanda kwakungeke kwenzeke nawuphi na olungileyo. Amapolisa ehlabathini angenakho. Ukuqhubhisa iBombing Kosovo kwaphumela ekunyuseni ukubulala emhlabathini, kungekhona ukuphela kwemfazwe.

Ngokuqinisekileyo kufuneka sithintele kwaye sichase uhlanga. Kodwa ukusebenzisa imfazwe ukuyeka uhlanga kufana nokulala ngesantombi. Imfazwe kunye nokubulala amawele ngamawele. Ukwahluke phakathi kwabo kudla ngokuba iimfazwe zenziwa lizwe lethu kunye nokuhlaselwa kwabantu ngabanye. Isazi-mlando uPeter Kuznick ubuza abantu bakhe ukuba bangaphi abantu baseUnited States babulawa eVietnam. Abafundi baqhele ukuba akukho 50,000. Emva koko ubaxelela ukuba owayengumNobhala "woKhuselo" uRobert McNamara wayekho eklasini yakhe kwaye wavuma ukuba yi-3.8 yezigidi. Yilokuphetha kwesifundo se-2008 yi-Harvard Medical School kunye neZiko leMpilo kunye noVavanyo kwiYunivesithi yaseWashington. I-Nick Turse iyabulala nayiphi na into ehambayo ibonisa ukuba inani lenene liphezulu.

UZuznick ubuza abafundi bakhe ukuba bangaphi abantu ababulawa nguHitler kwiinkampu zoxinzelelo, kwaye bonke bayazi impendulo yokuba yi-6 million yezigidi (kunye nezinye izigidi ezibandakanya onke amaxhoba). Ubuza into abaya kucinga ngayo ukuba amaJamani ahlulekile ukumazi inombolo kwaye azive ephulwa kwimeko yangaphambili kulo. Ukwahlukana kweJamani kwenzelwa ukuba abafundi base-US bacinge-ukuba bacinga-malunga nokubulawa kwabakwa-US ePhilippines, eVietnam, eCambodia, eLaos, e-Iraq, okanye ngokwenene-kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi II.

Imfazwe ngoKhuselo?

Nangona ukutshabalaliswa kwezigidi eziliqela eJamani kwakunobungozi njengento enokuyicingayo, imfazwe ithatha i-50 kwi-70 ubomi bemizi. Ezinye izigidi ezingama-3 zaseJapan zafa, kubandakanywa namakhulu amabini ekuhlaselweni komoya ngaphambi kweebhomu ezimbini zenyukliya ezabulala ezili-225,000. IJamani yabulala amaninzi amaSoviet ngaphezu kokubulala amabanjwa. Amahlakani abulala amaJamani ngaphezu kweJamani. Basenokuba benjenje ngenjongo ephakamileyo, kodwa kungekhona ngaphandle komntu othile wokubulala. Ngaphambi kokuba i-US ingene kwimfazwe, uHarry Truman wenyuka kwi-Senate waza wathi i-United States kufuneka incede amaJamani okanye amaRashiya, nabani na owalilahleka, ukuze abantu abaninzi bafe.

"Ukubulala nantoni na ehambayo" kwakukho umyalelo owaboniswayo, ngegama elithile, e-Iraq njengaseVietnam. Kodwa izixhobo ezahlukeneyo zokulwa nabasebenzi, njengeibhola zeqoqo, zasetyenziswe eVietnam ngokukhethekileyo zimele kwaye zilimale kunokuba zibulale, kwaye ezinye zezixhobo ezifanayo zisasetyenziswa yi-United States. (Jonga iTurse, iphe. 77.) Imfazwe ayikwazi ukulungisa into embi kunokuba yimfazwe kuba akukho nto iphosakeleyo kunemfazwe.

Impendulo "Yintoni ongayenza ukuba elinye ilizwe lihlasele omnye?" Kufuneka lifana neempendulo "ukuba uza kwenza ntoni ukuba ilizwe lenze uhlanga?" I-Pundits ibonisa ukukrakra okukhulu kunomntu onobundlobongela 'obulala abantu bakhe . "Enyanisweni, ukubulala abantu babantu bobubi. Kuyinto embi xa i-NATO yenza.

Ngaba sifanele siye kwimfazwe okanye sihlale? Lezo azinjalo kuphela. Yintoni endiyenzayo, ndicelwa ngaphezu kwesinye, kunokuba ndibulale abantu abaneedrones? Ndisoloko ndiphendule: Ndiya kuziyeka ukubulala abantu abaneedrones. Ndiya kubaphatha nokubethelwa ngabangqina besikrekrele njengobangqina bentyala kwaye basebenze ukuba babashushise ngenxa yobugebengu babo.

Icala laseLibya

Ndicinga ukuba inkcazo ethile kwiimeko ezithile, i-Libya neSiriya, ichaneke apha ngolu hlobo oluthusayo lwabaninzi abathi banxamnye nemfazwe ukwenza izinto ezingabikho kwimfazwe ethile, kuquka le-enye imfazwe yakutshanje, enye isongela imfazwe ngeli xesha lokubhala. Okokuqala, eLibya.

Ingxabano yomntu ye-2011 i-NATO ibhomu yaseLibya kukuba kukuthintela ukubulala okanye ukuphucula isizwe ngokuphanga ulawulo olubi. Zininzi zezixhobo zombini zombini yemfazwe yi-US. U-Hitler weso sihlandlo wayenandipha inkxaso yase-US ekuhambeni nasekuhambeni kwangaphambili. Kodwa kuthatha umzuzu oko bekuyiyo, kungakhathaliseki ukuba yintoni eyenziwe yinto engcono kwixesha elidlulileyo ukuyiphepha, loo nto ayiyiyo inamandla.

I-White House ithi uGaddafi wayesongela ukubulala abantu baseBanghazi "bengenalo inceba," kodwa i-New York Times yabika ukuba i-Gaddafi yayisongela abantu abavukeli, kungekhona abantu, kwaye uGaddafi uthembisa ukuxolela abo "abaphosa izixhobo zabo . "UGaddafi wanikezela ukuba afune ukuba ababalekeli bahlubuke babalekele eYiputa ukuba babengafuni ukulwa nokufa. Nangona kunjalo uMongameli uBrazil walumkisa ngokutshabalalisa okuzayo.

Ingxelo engenhla yento uGaddafi ayisongela ngayo ifanelana nokuziphatha kwakhe kwangaphambili. Kwakukho namanye amathuba okubulala abantu ayenqwenela ukubulala abantu, eZawiya, Misurata, okanye e-Ajdabiya. Akazange enze njalo. Emva kokulwa okukhulu eMisurata, ingxelo ka-Human Rights Watch yabonisa ngokucacileyo ukuba uGaddafi wayejolise kumaqhawe, kungekhona abantu. Ku-400,000 abantu baseMisurata, i-257 yafa ezinyangeni ezimbini zokulwa. Ku-949 kwalimala, ngaphantsi kwe-3 ipesenti yabafazi.

Kubonakala kunokuba ulwahlulo lwalo lwahlula abavukeli, abahlubuki abaye balumkisa amajelo aseNtshona asekuhlaleni, abavukeli abaye baxela i-New York Times ukuba "baziva benganyanisekanga inyaniso ekubunjeni iindlobongela zabo" kwaye "bebande kakhulu Iimangalo zendlela yokuziphatha okubi kweGaddafi. "Isiphumo se-NATO esijoyina imfazwe mhlawumbi sasibulala, kungekhona ngaphantsi. Ngokuqinisekileyo kwandisa imfazwe eyayibonakala iphela ngokukhawuleza ngokusinqoba kweGadidafi.

U-Alan Kuperman ubhekiselele kwiBoston Globe ukuba "u-Obama wamkela umgaqo ohloniphekileyo woxanduva lokukhusela-apho abathile bakhawuleza bathiwa yi-Doctrine-Obama yokungenelela xa kunokwenzeka ukukhusela uhlanga. I-Libya ibonisa indlela le ndlela, ephunyeziweyo ngayo, ingaphinde ivuselele ngokukhuthaza abavukeli ukuba baphukise kwaye baphule ngokunyaniseka, ukunyanzelisa ukungenelela ekugqibeleni kuqhube imfazwe yoluntu kunye nokuhlupheka kwabantu. "

Kodwa kuthekani ngokuchithwa kweGadidafi? Oku kwafezwa nokuba ngaba ukubulawa kwabantu kwasithintela. Enyanisweni. Kwaye kusasa kakhulu ukuthetha ukuba zeziphi iziphumo ezipheleleyo. Kodwa siyazi oku: amandla anikezelwe kwingcamango yokuba iyamkeleka ukuba iqela loorhulumente libulele omnye. Ubundlobongela buphithizela phantse kushiye emva kokungazinzi kunye nentukuthelo. Ubundlobongela obuchithwe eMali nakwezinye iintlanga kuloo mmandla. Iimbambano ezingenamdla kwidemokhrasi okanye amalungelo oluntu zixhobile kwaye zanikwa amandla, kunye neziphumo ezinokwenzeka eSiriya, kwi-ambassador yase-United States ebulawa eBanghazi, nakwixesha elizayo. Kwaye kwafundwa isifundo kwezinye iilawuli zeentlanga: ukuba ungazikhumbuza (njengeLibya, njenge-Iraq, uye wayeka iinkqubo zakhe zenyukliya kunye nezixhobo zamachiza) unokuhlaselwa.

Kweminye imbali ebingathandabuzekiyo, imfazwe yalwa ngokuchasene nentando ye-US Congress kunye neZizwe eziManyeneyo. Oorhulumente abagqithileyo banokuthandwa, kodwa akunjalo ngokomthetho. Ngoko ke, ezinye iimpendulo kwafuneka zenziwe. ISebe lezoBulungisa base-United States lifake kwiNgqungquthela yokuziphendulela ebhaliweyo ethi imfazwe inomdla wesizwe wase-US ekuzinzile kwendawo kunye nokugcina ukuthembeka kweZizwe eziManyeneyo. Kodwa ngaba iLibya kunye ne-United States kummandla omnye? Nguwuphi na ummandla, umhlaba? Kwaye akuyiyo inguqulelo eyahlukileyo yokuzinza?

Ukuthembeka kweZizwe eziManyeneyo kukukhathazeka okungavamile, okuvela kurhulumente owahlasela i-Iraq kwi-2003 nxamnye ne-UN kunye nenkcazo ecacileyo (phakathi kwabanye) yokubonisa i-UN engabalulekanga. Urhulumente ofanayo, kwiiveki zokwenza le ngqungquthela kwiCongress, wenqaba ukuvumela i-UN rapporteur okhethekileyo ukuba atyelele intolongo yase-US egama linguBradley Manning (obizwa ngokuba ngu-Chelsea Manning) ukuqinisekisa ukuba akahlanjululwa. Urhulumente ofanayo ugunyazisile i-CIA ukuba iphule i-UN embargo yamabutho eLibya, yaphula umthetho we-UN "kumsebenzi wasemzini waluphi na uhlobo" e-Libya, kwaye ngaphandle kokungabaza kwizenzo eBanghazi ezigunyazwe yi-UN kwizenzo ezikulo lonke ilizwe "kwiinguqu zolawulo."

Okudumile "umqhubi" womsakazo wase-US u-Ed Schultz uthi, inzondo enqabileyo kuyo yonke into ayichaza ngayo kwinqaku, ukuba ibhomu e-Libya lilungelelwe yimfuneko yokuphindisela kuSathana emhlabeni, elo lilo liphuma ngokukhawuleza elivela kwingcwaba lika-Adolph Hitler , loo monster ngaphezu kwayo yonke inkcazo: Muammar Gaddafi.
Umculi-mpendulo waseMelika owaziwayo uJan Cole uxhasayo imfazwe efanayo njengomsebenzi wokunceda abantu. Abantu abaninzi kumazwe aseNATO bashukunyiswa ngxhala lomntu; Yingakho iimfazwe zithengiswa njengezenzo zobubele. Kodwa urhulumente waseUnited States akangeneleli kwezinye iintlanga ukuze azuze uluntu. Kwaye ukuchaneka, iUnited States ayinako ukungenelela naphi na, kuba sele isenele kuyo yonke indawo; oko sikubiza ngokuba kungenelelo kungcono kuthiwa ngamacandelo okuguqula.

I-United States yayisomashishini wokubonelela izixhobo kuGadidafi kude kube ngumzuzwana wokungenisa izixhobo kubadlali bakhe. Kwi-2009, eBrithani, eFransi nakwezinye iYurophu zithengisa iLibya ngaphezu kwe-$ 470m-izixhobo ezifanelekileyo. I-United States ayikwazi ukungenelela eYemen okanye eBahareni okanye eSaudi Arabia kuneLibya. Urhulumente waseUnited States uyabambelela loo macala. Enyanisweni, ukuphumelela inkxaso ye-Saudi Arabia ngenxa "yokungenelela" kwayo e-Libya, i-US yamvumela ukuba i-Saudi Arabia ithumele amabutho eBahrain ukuba ahlasele abantu, umgaqo-nkqubo owawubhalisela obala uNobhala welizwe wase-United States uHillary Clinton.

"Ukungenelela ngoncedo" e-Libya, okwangoku, nokuba yintoni na iindawo zokuhlala eziye zaqala ngokukhusela, zabulala ngokukhawuleza ezinye iivela kunye nezibhamu zayo kwaye zatshintshwa ngokukhawuleza zivela ekukhuselweni kwayo ekuzihlaseleni ukuba zihlasele imikhosi kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba kwimfazwe yoluntu.

I-Washington yangenisa inkokeli yokuvukela kwabantu e-Libya eyayichithe iminyaka engama-20 eyayihlala ingenawo umthombo wenkcitho ngenani eliqhelekileyo ukusuka kwikomkhulu le-CIA eVirginia. Omnye umntu uhlala kufuphi nakwikomkhulu leCIA: owayengumongameli we-US uDick Cheney. Wabonisa ukukhathazeka okukhulu kwintetho kwi-1999 yokuba oorhulumente bamazwe angaphandle babelawula ioli. "I-oyile isoloko ishishini likarhulumente," watsho. "Nangona iindawo ezininzi zehlabathi zinika amathuba amakhulu eoli, uMbindi Mpuma, kunye neyesibini kwi-oli yehlabathi kunye neendleko eziphantsi kakhulu, kusekhona apho umvuzo ekugqibeleni ulala khona." Lowo owayengumongameli ophakamileyo we-Europe we-NATO, ukusuka kwi-1997 ukuya kwi-2000, UWesley Clark uthi ku-2001, umphathi wePentagon wambonisa iphepheni wathi:

Ndiyifumane le memo namhlanje okanye izolo e-ofisini yunobhala wezokukhusela phezulu. Yiyo, isicwangciso seminyaka emihlanu. Siza kuthatha amazwe asixhenxe kwiminyaka emihlanu. Siza kuqala ngeIraq, emva kweSiriya, eLebhanon, ngeLibya, eSomalia, eSudan, siya kubuya size sifumane i-Iran kwiminyaka emihlanu.

Leyo ajenda ihambelaniswe ngokucwangcisiweyo kunye nezicwangciso zaseWashington zangaphakathi, njengalezo ezidityanisiweyo zichaze iinjongo zabo kwiingxelo zetanki yokucinga ebizwa ngokuba yiProjekthi ye-New American Century. Ukuchasana kwama-Iraqi kunye ne-Afghan akuzange kufanelwe kwisicwangciso sonke. Kwakungenjalo ukuguqulwa okungaphephekanga kweTunisia naseYiputa. Kodwa ukuthatha iLibya kusenokwenza ingqiqo kwi-neoconservative worldview. Kwaye kunengqiqo ekuchazeni imidlalo yemfazwe esetyenziswa yiBrithani neFrance ukufanisa ukuhlasela kwelizwe elifanayo.

Urhulumente waseLibya ulawulo lwamafutha alo kunaluphi na olunye uhlanga emhlabeni, kwaye luhlobo lweoli eYurophu efumana elula ukuyicoca. ILibya nayo yayilawula imali yayo, eyabangela umlobi waseMelika u-Ellen Brown ukuba abonise into enomdla ngala mazwe asixhenxe abizwa ngokuba nguClark:

"Ziziphi ezi zizwe ezisixhenxe? Kwiimeko zebhanki, lowo okhuphayo kukuba akukho namnye kubo odweliswe phakathi kweebhanki zelungu le-56 zeBhanki yeZiko lokuHlala kwamaZwe ngamazwe (BIS). Oko kubonakala ukuba ubabeka ngaphandle kwengalo ende yokulawula yebhanki eyintloko yebhanki eSwitzerland. Iyona nkqubela enkulu yeqashiso yayiba yiLibya ne-Iraq, abo babini bahlaselwe. UKenneth Schortgen Jr., ukubhala kwi-Examiner.com, waphawula ukuba 'iinyanga ezi-ix ngaphambi kokuba i-US idlulisele eIraq ukuze ithathe phantsi uSaddam Hussein, isizwe seoli senze ukuba samukele i-euro endaweni yeedola kwioli, kwaye le nto yaba isongelo ekulawuleni umhlaba wonke kwidola njengemali yokugcinwa kwemali, kunye nokulawula kwayo njenge-petrodollar. Ngokomxholo waseRussia othiwa 'Ukuhlaselwa kweLibya - Ukusohlwaya kukaGadidafi ngenxa yokuzama kwakhe ukuphikisa iDola yaseMelika', uGaddafi wenza inzondelelo efanayo: waqalisa intshukumo yokwenqaba idoli neyuro, kwaye wabiza iintlanga zeArabhu neAfrika ukuba sebenzisa imali entsha, esikhundleni se-dinar yegolide.

"I-Gaddafi iphakamisa ukuseka ilizwekazi laseAfrika, kunye nabantu bayo abayi-200 basebenzisa le mali. Ngonyaka odlulileyo, le ngcamango yavunywa ngamazwe amaninzi ase-Arab kunye namazwe amaninzi aseAfrika. Abachasene kuphela beRiphabhlikhi yoMzantsi Afrika kunye nentloko ye-League of Arab States. Le nyathelo yabonwa kakubi yi-US kunye neYurophu yaseYurophu, kunye noMongameli waseFransi uNicolas Sarkozy ebiza iLibya ingozi kulondolozo lwezemali yoluntu; kodwa uGaddafi akazange agxothwe kwaye aqhubekele ukunyusa kwakhe ukudala i-Afrika ebumbene. "

Icala laseSiriya

ISiriya, njengeLibya, yayiluhlu olukhankanywe nguClark, kwaye kuluhlu olufanayo olubhekiswe kuDick Cheney owayengumongameli weBrithani u-Tony Blair kwiimemori zakhe. Amagosa ase-US, kuquka uSenethi uJohn McCain, eneminyaka evulekileyo evakalisa umnqweno wokutshatyalalisa urhulumente waseSiriya ngenxa yokuba uhlangene noburhulumente wase-Iran abakholelwa ukuba nawo kufuneka anqotshwe. Ukhetho lwe-2013 lwe-Iran alubonakali luguqula loo mfuneko.

Njengoko ndibhalela oku, urhulumente wase-US wayekhuthaza ukulwa kwemfazwe yase-US eSiriya ngenxa yokuba urhulumente waseSiriya wayesebenzisa izixhobo zamakhemikhali. Akukho bubungqina obuqinileyo bale mabango okwenziwe. Ngezantsi zizathu ze-12 ukuba kutheni le nto ixhomekeke kwimfazwe ayikho into enyanisekileyo nangona iyinyaniso.

1. Imfazwe ayenziwanga ngokomthetho ngesizathu esinjalo. Ayinakufumaneka kwi-Kellogg-Briand Pact, i-Charter United Nations, okanye uMthetho-siseko wase-US. Kodwa, ingafumaneka kwi-propaganda yase-US ye-vintage 2002. (Ngubani othi urhulumente wethu akakhuthazi ukuvuselelwa kwakhona)?

2. I-United States ngokwayo inayo kwaye isebenzisa iikhemikhali nezinye izixhobo ezigwetywe ngamazwe, kubandakanya i-phosphorus emhlophe, i-napalm, iibhola zeqoqo kunye ne-uranium epholileyo. Ingaba uzukisa le ntshukumo, thintela ukucinga ngabo, okanye udibanise nam, ukuba awanamthetho, okanye akusiyo mthethweni okanye ukuziphatha okusemthethweni kwanoma yiphi na isizwe esingaphandle ukuba siqhubise ibhomu, okanye ukubetha olunye uhlanga apho umkhosi wase-US usebenza khona. Ukubulala abantu ukukhusela ukubulawa kwabo kunye nezixhobo eziphosakeleyo ngumgaqo-nkqubo omele uphume ngokugula. Yibize ngokuba yiNgxaki yokuPhathwa kwengcinezelo ebandezelekileyo.

3. Imfazwe eyandisiweyo eSyria inokuba yengingqi okanye yehlabathi eneziphumo ezingalawulekiyo. ISyria, iLebhanon, i-Iran, i-Russia, i-China, i-United States, i-Gulf ithi, i-NATO ithi… ingaba oku kuvakala ngathi luhlobo lwempixano esiyifunayo? Ngaba kuvakala ngathi kukho ukungavisisani? Kutheni le nto umngcipheko wehlabathi usenza into enjalo?

4. Ukudala nje "akukho ndawo yenyuka" kuya kubandakanya ukuqhuma ibhomu kwiidolophini kunye nokubulala ngokungenakukhupha inani elikhulu labantu. Oku kwenzeka e-Libya kwaye sajonga kude. Kodwa kuya kwenzeka kwinqanaba elikhulu eSiriya, linikezelwe indawo yezaziso ukuba ibhobhozwe. Ukudala "akukho ndawo yenyukayo" akuyona into yokwenza isimemezelo, kodwa ukuyeka amabhomu kwiinqwelo zokulwa neenqwelo zezixhobo.

5. Amacala omabini aseSiriya asebenzise izixhobo ezinobungozi kwaye enza izinto ezimbi. Ngokuqinisekileyo nakubantu abacinga ukuba abantu bafanele babulawe ukuze banqande ukubulawa kwabo ngezixhobo ezahlukeneyo banokubona ukungabikho kokuhlambuluka kwamacala omabili ukukhusela. Kutheni kungenjalo, njengokuba kungenangqondo ngengalo enye kwicala elineenkcaso ezibandakanya ukuxhaphazwa okufanayo?

6. I-United States ecaleni kwenkcaso eSiriya, iUnited States iya kuthi ityala lenkcaso. Uninzi lwabantu baseNtshona Koloni banzonda i-al Qaeda kunye namanye amaphekula. Baye bazonda iUnited States kunye needrones zayo, iibhola, iziseko, ubusuku bobusuku, ubuxoki nokuhanahanisa. Cinga ngamanqanaba enzondo aya kufinyelelwa ukuba i-al Qaeda kunye ne-United States iqela ukudiliza urhulumente wase-Syria kunye nokudala isihogo esiya e-Iraq kwindawo yaso.

7. Ukuvukela okungathandekiyo kufakwe amandla ngaphandle kwamagunya akuqhelekanga kubangele urhulumente ozinzile. Enyanisweni akukho nto ibhalwe phantsi kwimeko yemfazwe yoluntu yase-United States ngokucacileyo ekuzuzeni uluntu okanye ukwakhiwa kwesizwe ngokwenene ukwakha isizwe. Kutheni i-Syria, ekhangeleka kakhulu kunokuba ibe yinto eninzi kunezinto ezijoliswe kuyo, ingaba yinto emiselweyo kumgaqo?

8. Le nkcaso ayinomdla ekudaleni idemokhrasi, okanye-ngolu hlobo-ngokuthatha imiyalelo evela kurhulumente wase-US. Ngokuchasene noko, ukuxhamla kule mibutho kunokwenzeka. Kanye njengoko sifanele sifunde isifundo sobuxoki malunga nezixhobo ngoku, urhulumente wethu kufuneka afunde isifundo sokubamba intshaba yentshaba elide ngaphambi kwalo mzuzwana.

9. Umzekelo wesenzo esingenamthetho se-United States, nokuba iipolisi zengalo okanye ukubandakanyeka ngokuthe ngqo, ubeka umzekelo onobungozi kwilizwe kunye nakwaseWashington nakwaSirayeli apho i-Iran ilandelayo kuloluhlu.

10. Uninzi olunamandla lwabantu baseMerika, nangona zonke iinzame zeendaba zisondela ngoku, zichasa ukubamba iingxabano zabavukeli okanye ukuzibandakanya ngqo. Endaweni yoko, uncedo oluninzi lubonelela ngoncedo lwabantu. Kwabaninzi (kakhulu?) AmaSiriya, kungakhathaliseki ukuba namandla okugxeka uorhulumente wamanje, ukuchasana nokuphazamiseka kwamanye amazwe nogonyamelo. Uninzi lwabavukeli, eqinisweni, ngabaphambukeli bangaphandle. Sinokuphucula ngakumbi intando yeninzi ngomzekelo kunokuba ibhobho.

11. Kukho ukunyuswa kwentando yesininzi kwintando yeninzi eBhareni naseTurkey nakwezinye izindawo, nakwiSiriya ngokwayo, kwaye urhulumente wethu akaphakamisi umnwe.

12. Ukuseka ukuba urhulumente waseSiriya uye wenza izinto ezimbi okanye ukuba abantu baseSiriya bahlupheka, akenzi ityala lokuthatha amanyathelo okwenza izinto zibe zibi nakakhulu. Kukho inkxalabo enkulu yababaleki abasabela eSiriya ngamanani amaninzi, kodwa baninzi ababaleki bama-Iraq abangakwazi ukubuyela emakhaya abo. Ukufuduka kwenye indawo uHitler anganelisa isisombululo esithile, kodwa asiyi kunceda abantu baseSiriya. Abantu baseSiriya baxabiseke njengabantu baseUnited States. Akukho sizathu sokuba amaMerika angabikho mngcipheko wobomi bawo kumaSiriya. Kodwa amaMerika ahlasele amaSiriya okanye ahlasele i-Aram kwizenzo ezinokuthi zenze ingxaki enkulu ingabikho nantoni na. Sifanele sikhuthaze ukunyuka kweentlobo kunye nencoko, ukungaxhatshali kwamacala omabini, ukuhamba kwamagorha angaphandle, ukubuya kwababaleki, ukubonelela ngoncedo lwabantu, ukutshutshiswa kwezenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho, ukuxolelana phakathi kwamaqela kunye nokubanjwa kokhetho lwamahhala.

U-Nobel Peace Laureate Mairead Maguire utyelele iSyria waxoxa ngemeko yezopolitiko apho kwirediyo yam. Ubhale kwi Guardian ukuba, "ngelixa kukho umbutho osemthethweni kunye nexesha elide lokuthula kunye nohlaziyo olungenabundlobongela eSyria, ezona zenzo zobundlobongela zenziwa ngamaqela angaphandle. Amaqela anyanzelekileyo avela kwihlabathi liphela ahlanganisene eSyria, ezimisele ukujika lo mbambano ube yenye yenzondo. … Abagcini boxolo bamazwe aphesheya, kunye neengcali kunye nabahlali ngaphakathi eSyria, baphantse bavumelana ngakwicala labo lokuba ukubandakanyeka kwe-United States kungayenza mandundu le mpikiswano. ”

Awukwazi Ukusebenzisa Imfazwe Ukuphelisa Imfazwe

Kwi-1928, iintlanga ezinkulu zehlabathi zisayine i-Kellogg-Briand Pact, eyaziwa ngokuba yiContact Peace okanye iPact yaseParis, eyayilahla imfazwe kwaye yazinikela iintlanga ekuxazululeni iingxabano zamazwe ngamazwe ngoxolo kuphela. Abolitionists bafuna ukuphuhlisa inkqubo yomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe, ukuxabana kunye nokutshutshiswa, nokubona iimfazwe zithintela ngezodibaniselwano, izigwebo ezijoliswe kuzo kunye nezinye iingcinezelo ezingenangqondo. Abaninzi babekholelwa ukuba iziphakamiso zokunyanzelisa ukuvalwa kwemfazwe ngokusebenzisa ukulwa kwemfazwe ziza kuzinqoba. Kwi-1931, uSeninkulu uWilliam Borah wathi:

Kuninzi esele kuthethiwe, kwaye kuya kuqhubeka kuthethwa, kuba imfundiso yamandla isifa nzima, malunga nokuphumeza isivumelwano soxolo. Kuyatshiwo ukuba kufuneka sibeke amazinyo kuyo-igama elifanelekileyo elityhila kwakhona loo mfundiso yoxolo esekwe ekuqothulweni, ekukhubazekeni, ekutshabalaliseni, ekubulaleni. Uninzi libuze kum: Kuthetha ntoni ukuphumeza isivumelwano soxolo? Ndiza kufuna ukuyenza icace. Bathetha ntoni kukutshintsha isivumelwano soxolo sibe sisivumelwano somkhosi. Bayayiguqula ibe sesinye isikimu soxolo esekwe kunyanzelo, kwaye amandla lelinye igama lomlo. Ngokubeka amazinyo kuyo, bathetha isivumelwano sokuqesha imikhosi kunye neenqanawa naphina apho ingqondo echumileyo yomntu othanda amabhongo ingafumana umhlaseli ... andinalo ulwimi lokuchaza ukoyikiswa kwam kwesi sicelo sokwakha izivumelwano zoxolo, okanye izicwangciso zoxolo, imfundiso yamandla.

Ngenxa yokuba iMfazwe Yehlabathi II yavela, ububulumko obuqhelekileyo kukuba iBongh yayingalunganga, ukuba iqhinga lifuna amazinyo. Ngaloo Mqulu we-UN uquka amalungiselelo okusetyenziswa kwemfazwe ukulwa nemfazwe. Kodwa nge-Twenty and Thirties i-US kunye nabanye oorhulumente abazange basayine isivumelwano soxolo. Baye bathenga izixhobo ezininzi nangaphezulu, behluleka ukuphuhlisa inkqubo eyaneleyo yomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe, nokukhuthaza izimo ezinobungozi kwiindawo ezinjengeJamani, e-Italy naseJapan. Ukulandela imfazwe, ukusetyenziswa kwesivumelwano, abahluleli batyhutshisa abalahlekileyo ngenxa yokwaphulwa kwemfazwe. Le yileyokuqala kwimbali yehlabathi. Ekubanjwe ukungabikho kweMfazwe yehlabathi ye-III (mhlawumbi nayo ibangelwa kwezinye izizathu, kubandakanywa nokuba khona kwezixhobo zenukliya) ezo ntshutshiso zokuqala zaphumelela ngokuphawulekayo.

Ukugwetywa ngenkulungwane yokuqala yokuqala yeZizwe eziManyeneyo kunye ne-NATO, iiplani zokuphelisa imfazwe ngamandla zihlala ziphosakeleyo. I-UN Charter ivumela iimfazwe ezinokuzikhusela okanye i-UN igunya, ngoko-ke i-US ichaze ukuhlasela iintlanga ezihlwempuzekileyo ezingaphephile emhlabeni wonke njengoko zikhuselekileyo kwaye i-UN ivunyiwe ukuba ingaba kunjalo. Isivumelwano seentlanga ze-NATO sokuza kunceda omnye nomnye siye satshintshwa saba ngamaxhoba ahlangeneyo kumazwe akude. Isixhobo samandla, njengoBoreh siqonde, siya kusetyenziswa ngokubhekiselele kwiminqweno yomntu onamandla.
Enyanisweni, abaninzi abachaphazelekayo baya kuthetha ukuba bayakhuthazeka ngabalawuli bezolawulo, urhulumente wabo uwisa uxhaso lwawo kwaye uqala ukuchasana, kwaye njengoko befuna ukwazi ukuba ngaba kufuneka senze into okanye singabikho ebusweni bokuhlaselwa ngabangenacala-njengokungathi zikhethwa kuphela yimfazwe kwaye sihleli ezandleni zethu. Impendulo, ewe, kukuba kufuneka senze izinto ezininzi. Kodwa enye yazo ayiyiyo imfazwe.

Uhlobo olungalunganga lweMfazwe

Kukho iindlela zokuchasana nemfazwe engaphantsi kwezinto ezifanelekileyo, ngenxa yokuba zixhomekeke kumangqina, zithintela ngokwemvelo yazo ekuchaseni iimfazwe ezithile kuphela, kwaye azivelisi inqanaba elaneleyo lomdla kunye nokusebenza. Oku kuyinyaniso kanye kanye xa sifumana ngaphaya kwezinto ezichasayo iimfazwe kuphela ngaphandle kweNtshona. Kukho iindlela zokuchasana neemfazwe ezithile zase-US ezingabalulekanga ukuba kubangelwe ukupheliswa.

Uninzi lwaseMelika, kwii-polls ezimbalwa, likholelwa ukuba imfazwe ye-2003-2011 e-Iraq yenzakalisa i-United States kodwa yazuza i-Iraq. Abantu abaninzi baseMelika bakholelwa, kungekhona nje ukuba iAraq iyakubongela, kodwa iAraq iyakubonga. Abaninzi baseMelika bafuna ukuphelisa imfazwe ngeminyaka ngelixa beqhubeka, banqwenela ukuphelisa isenzo sobubele. Emva kokuva malunga nemikhosi yase-US kunye nama-budget ase-US avela kumaphephandaba ase-US, kwaye nakubantu base-US bokuthula, aba bantu babengazi ukuba urhulumente wabo wahlasela i-Iraq enye yezona zihlaselo ezinobungozi kakhulu eziye zaphazamiseka nayiphi na isizwe.

Ngoku, andinqweneli ukukhanyela ukuchaswa komntu, kwaye andizange ndifune ukuyithatha. Kodwa akumele ndiyenze loo nto ukuze ndizame ukuyandisa. Imfazwe yase-Iraq yenzakalisa iMelika. Yayihlawula i-United States. Kodwa yaphazamisa iIraq ngezinga elikhulu. Oku akubalulekanga kuba kufuneka sive neyona nto ifanelekileyo yecala okanye ukungaphantsi, kodwa ngenxa yokuba iimfazwe ezichasene nezizathu ezicwangcisiweyo ziphumela ekuchaseni imfazwe. Ukuba imfazwe yase-Iraq ixabisa kakhulu, mhlawumbi impi yaseLibya yayingeniso. Ukuba amajoni amaninzi ase-US afela e-Iraq, mhlawumbi badlale iimbambano zokusombulula loo ngxaki. Ukuchaswa kwiindleko zemfazwe yongcinezelo inokuqinela, kodwa ngaba kunokwenzeka ukwakha njengentshukumo echasene nezo ndleko ezidibaniswe nokuchasene nobulungisa ekubulaweni komzimba?

Umongameli we-Congress uWalter Jones wayenomdla wokuhlasela kwe-2003 yase-Iraq, kwaye xa iFransi yayichasene nayo, yafuna ukubiza amafritsi aseFransi, inkululeko yokufuma. Kodwa ukubandezeleka kwamasosha ase-US kwatshintsha ingqondo yakhe. Abaninzi babevela kwisithili sakhe. Wayebona into ababehamba ngayo, yintoni abahlala ngayo kwiintsapho zabo. Kwa neleyo. Kodwa akazange azi i-Iraqis. Akazange azenzele egameni labo.

Xa uMongameli uBarbara waqala ukuthetha ngemfazwe eSiriya, iCongressman Jones yazisa isisombululo esisisiseko sokubuyisela uMgaqo-siseko kunye noMthetho woMkhosi weMfazwe, ngokufuna ukuba iCongress inike imvume ngaphambi kokuba kuqalwe nayiphi na imfazwe. Isisombululo sinamaphupha amaninzi ngokufanelekileyo (okanye kufuphi nayo):

Nangona abenzi bomGaqo-siseko bephethe izigqibo zokuqalisa imfazwe ekhuselekanga kungekhona ngokuzikhusela kuphela kwiCongress kwinqaku I, icandelo 8, icandelo 11;
Nangona abenzi bomGaqo-siseko babesazi ukuba iSebe eliLawulayo liya kulungele ukwenza ingozi nokukhohlisa iCongress kunye nabantu baseUnited States ukuba baxhomekeke kwiimfazwe ezingenakunzima ukuze kube namandla okulawula amandla;

Nangona iimfazwe ezingapheliyo zihambelana nokukhululeka, ukwahlukana kwamagunya, kunye nomthetho wolawulo;

Nangona ukungena kwama-Armed Forces e-Armed Forces eSiriya ukuwachitha uMongameli uBashar al-Assad wayeza kwenza iUnited States ingakhuselekanga ngokuvusa iintshaba ezintsha;

Nangona iimfazwe zentlalo ziphikisana ngokwemiqathango kwaye zikhokelela ekuhambeni kwe-alarchy and chaos, njengaseSomalia naseLibya;

Nangona ukuba unqobile, ukutshutshiswa kwe-Syrian e-hydra-intloko kunokunyanzelisa abantu abangamaKristu okanye amanye amancinci njengoko kuye kwafunyanwa ngokufanayo e-Iraq kunye nolawulo lwalooShiite; kwaye

Nangona u-United States uncedo lwezempi kumabutho aseSiriya abanobugebengu obunobungozi obungabonakaliyo kumncedisi wempi owanikezelwe kwi-mujahideen yase-Afghanistan e-Afghanistan echasene ne-Soviet Union kwaye yagqitywa kwi-9 / 11.

Kodwa olu lulandelayo luhlu lwe-bigotry luhlukumeza isisombululo kwaye ludlala ngqo kwizandla zabadlali "basebenzi":

Nangona isiphelo saseSiriya asixhomekanga kukhuseleko kunye nenhlalakahle ye-United States kunye nabemi bayo kwaye akufanelekile ukufaka ingozi ebomini kwelinye ilungu lamaQumrhu aseArmed States.

Ingxaki yesizwe esipheleleyo se-20 abantu abayizigidi ayifanele umntu omnye, ukuba i-20 yezigidi i-Aram ne-1 ivela e-United States? Kutheni le nto ingaba? Ngokuqinisekileyo, i-Aram yeyona nto ibalulekileyo kwihlabathi lonke-bonani umhlathi apha ngasentla malunga ne-blowback. Uhlanga lukaJones olungenasidingo luya kukholisa abaninzi abantu. Udlala ngqo kwingcamango yokuba imfazwe eSiriya iya kunceda amaSiriya kodwa ihlawule i-United States. Ukhuthaza imbono yokuba akukho mntu unokubeka umngcipheko ngobomi bakhe kwabanye, ngaphandle kokuba abanye bevela kwisizwe esincinane. Ihlabathi lethu aliyi kusinda kwiimeko ezizayo zendalo kunye neengcinga. UJonas uyazi ukuba iSiriya iya kubandezeleka-jonga imihlathi engentla. Kufuneka athi njalo. Inyaniso yokuba iimfazwe zethu azikho nto, ukuba zibuhlungu thina kunye nabaxhamli bazo, ukuba zisenza sikhuseleke ngakumbi xa sixhela abantu, yimeko enamandla. Kwaye ityala malunga nayo yonke inxaxheba kwimfazwe, kungekhona nje into ethile.

Iindleko zeMfazwe

Iindleko zemfazwe zihlala ngaphesheya. Ukufa kwe-USA e-Iraq kwenzelwe ipesenti ze-0.3 zokufa kuloo mfazwe (Jonga iMfazweI-ICrime.org/Iraq). Kodwa iindleko zokubuyela ekhaya nazo zininzi kakhulu kunokuba ziyaziwayo. Siva malunga nokufa ngaphezu kwemazi amaninzi amaninzi. Siva malunga nokulimala okubonakalayo kunokuba kuninzi ukulimala okungabonakaliyo: ukulimala kwengqondo kunye nentlungu yengqondo nokukhathazeka. Asiyiva ngokwaneleyo malunga nokuzibulala, okanye impembelelo kwiintsapho kunye nabahlobo.

Iindleko zezemali zeemfazwe ziboniswa zikhulu, kwaye kunjalo. Kodwa incitshisiwe yinkcitho yesiqhelo engeyiyo eyomlo kumalungiselelo emfazwe-inkcitho leyo, ngokweProjekthi ePhambili kuZwelonke, idityaniswa nenkcitho yemfazwe, iakhawunti yeepesenti ezingama-57 zenkcitho yemali ebumbeneyo kuhlahlo-lwabiwo mali lukaMongameli luka-2014. yaziswa ngobuqhetseba kuthi ubuncinci bokuba nelayini yesilivere yokuxhamla kwezoqoqosho. Ngapha koko, ngokwezifundo eziphindaphindwayo zeDyunivesithi yaseMassachusetts-Amherst, inkcitho kwezomkhosi ivelisa imisebenzi embalwa kunye nehlawula kakubi kunayo nayiphi na enye inkcitho, kubandakanya imfundo, iziseko zophuhliso, amandla aluhlaza, njl. imbi kakhulu kuqoqosho kunokusikwa kwerhafu kubantu abasebenzayo — okanye, ngamanye amagama, kubi ngaphezu kwento. Kukudutyulwa kwezoqoqosho okuboniswe njengo "Mdali woMsebenzi," njengabantu abalungileyo abenza iForbes 400 (Jonga PERI.UMass.edu).

Okumangalisa kukuba, ngelixa "inkululeko" idlalwa njengesizathu sokulwa nemfazwe, iimfazwe zethu sele zisetyenzisiwe njengezizathu zokubambisa ngokukhululekile inkululeko yethu yangempela. Thelekisa isine, sesihlanu, kunye nesihlomelo sokuqala kuMgaqo-siseko wase-United States ngokuqhelekileyo ngokuqhelekileyo kwi-US kunye ne-15 kwiminyaka edlulileyo ukuba ucinga ukuba ndiyindoda. Ngethuba le "imfazwe yomhlaba wonke," urhulumente waseUnited States uye wasungula imingcipheko enzulu kwimiboniso karhulumente, iinkqubo ezinkulu zokulumka ngokuphulwa ngokucacileyo kweNqunquthela yesine, ukuvulwa kwejele elingenammiselo ngaphandle kwenkokhelo okanye ityala, inkqubo eqhubekayo yokubulawa ngumongameli we-secret imiyalelo, kunye nokukhuseleka kwabo bawenza ubundlobongela egameni likaRhulumente wase-US. Ezinye iinkampani ezinkulu ezingekho phantsi koorhulumente zenza umsebenzi onzima wokujongana nale mpawu kodwa ngenjongo yokuphepha ukujongana nesifo sokwenza imfazwe kunye nokulungiswa kwemfazwe.

Inkcubeko yemfazwe, izixhobo zemfazwe, kunye nemisebenzi yokwenza imfazwe idluliselwa kwi-polisi yamapolisa yasekhaya, nangaphezulu ukulawula ukufudukela kwamanye amazwe. Kodwa amapolisa abukela uluntu njengotshaba kunokuba umqeshi asenze siphephe. Ibeka ukhuseleko lwethu ngokukhawuleza kunye nethemba lethu kurhulumente omele engozini.

Imfihlo yexesha leMfazwe ithatha uhulumeni kude nabantu kwaye ubala abantu ababethelwa ngabalimi abazama ukusixelela malunga noko kwenziwayo, ngamagama ethu, ngemali yethu, njengeentshaba zesizwe. Sifundiswa ukuzonda abo bahloniphayo kwaye baxhomekeke kwabo basibambelela. Njengoko ndibhalile oku, umculi osemtsha ogama lakhe linguBradley Manning (obizwa ngokuba ngu-Chelsea Manning) wagwetshwa ulwaphulo-mthetho. Wahlawuliswa "ngokunceda utshaba" kunye nokuphula umthetho we-World War I-Espionage Act. Akukho bungqina bokuba wayekuncedisa nayiphi na intshaba okanye uzama ukuncedisa nayiphi na intshaba, kwaye wahlulwa kwimeko "yokunceda intshaba." Kodwa wafunyaniswa enetyala "lobuqili," ukufezekisa uxanduva lwakhe lomthetho kunye nokuziphatha ukubonisa ukungahambi kakuhle koorhulumente. Ngelo xesha, omnye umlusi omncinci, u-Edward Snowden, wabaleka ilizwe ngenxa yokoyika ubomi bakhe. Kwaye abaninzi abaphengululi bathi imithombo ngaphakathi kurhulumente ayenqaba ukuthetha nabo. Urhulumente wesigqeba usungule i-"Insider Threat Programme," ukukhuthaza abasebenzi baseburhulumenteni ukuba bathabathe nabani na abasebenzi abaye bakrokre ukuba babe ngababetheli beentlola okanye iintlola.

Inkcubeko yethu, ukuziphatha kwethu, ukuqonda kwethu: ezi zinto zingabangela ukulwa nemfazwe nangona imfazwe ibingamawaka eekhilomitha.

Indalo yethu yendalo ixhoba eliphambili ngokunjalo, le nto ilwa neentlobo zezinto ezinokuthi zikhokelela ekuthengiseni abathengi beemfuyo, kunye neetyhefu zomhlaba, umoya kunye namanzi ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Ukwamkeleka kwemfazwe kwinkcubeko yethu kungakunikwa yiqela elikhulu lokusingqongileyo ukungafuni ukuthatha enye yezona zinto ziwonakalisa kakhulu: umkhosi wemfazwe. Ndacela uJames Marriott, umbhali-mbhali we-Oil Road, nokuba wayecinga ukuba ukusebenzisa i-fuel fossil kwanegalelo elongezelelweyo kwi-militarism okanye kwi-militarism ngakumbi kwi-fuel fuel use. Waphendula wathi, "Awusayi kulahla enye ngaphandle komnye" (ukunyaniseka okucokisekileyo, ndicinga).

Njengoko sifaka iimithombo zethu namandla ukuze sibhekane nemfazwe silahlekelwa kwezinye iindawo: imfundo, iipaki, iholide, ukuthatha umhlalaphantsi. Sinobukhosi obuhle kakhulu kunye neentolongo ezilungileyo, kodwa sihamba emva kwezinto zonke ukusuka ezikolweni ukuya kwiinkonzo zempilo kwi-intanethi nakwiinkqubo zefowuni.

Kwi-2011, ndandinceda ukuququzelela inkomfa ebizwa ngokuthi "I-Complex Army Complex kwi-50" eyayijonga ezininzi iintlobo zomonakalo kwimishini yenkampani yemikhosi (Jonga uDavidSwanson.org/mic50). Esi sihlandlo kwakuyimpawu yekhulu leminyaka ukususela ekubeni uMongameli u-Eisenhower ufumene imbilini kwintetho yakhe yokuxoxela ukuba achaze enye yezona zinto zivelele, ezinokuba zixabisekileyo kwaye zibuhlungu njengamaxwayiso engabonakaliyo kwimbali yabantu:

Kwimabhunga karhulumente, kufuneka silinde ukufumana impembelelo engafanelekanga, enoba ifunwa okanye ayiyikungafihli, yinkampani yezobugcisa. Kukhona amandla okwanda kwamandla angalunganga kwaye uya kuqhubeka. Akufanele simele sivumele ubunzima beli nxu lumngciphe inkululeko yethu okanye iinkqubo zedemokhrasi. Akufanele sithathe nantoni na. Kuphela isilumko kunye nolwazi olumalunga nolwazi olunokumanyanzela unokunyanzelisa ukulungelelaniswa okufanelekileyo kwemishini yezoshishino kunye nemikhosi ekukhuseleni ngeendlela zethu zoxolo kunye neenjongo zethu, ukwenzela ukuba ukhuseleko kunye nenkululeko ziphumelele kunye.

Elinye Ihlabathi Linokwenzeka

Ihlabathi elingenayo imfazwe linokuba yihlabathi elininzi izinto esizifunayo kunye nezinto ezininzi esingalindelanga ukuziphupha. Esi sikhokelo sencwadi siyabhiyozela kuba ukupheliswa kwemfazwe kuya kuthetha ukuphela kwesiganeko esiyingozi, kodwa nangenxa yento enokuyilandela. Uxolo kunye nenkululeko yesoyika kunokukhululeka kunokuba ibhobho. Ukuba inkululeko inokuthetha ukuzalwa kwenkcubeko, ubugcisa, inzululwazi, ukuphumelela. Singaqala ngokuphatha imfundo esemgangathweni kwimfundo yangaphambili kwisikolo sekholejini njengelungelo lomntu, ingakhankanyi indawo yokuhlala, ukunakekelwa kwezempilo, iholide kunye nomhlalaphantsi. Singavelisa ubomi, ulonwabo, ingqiqo, ukuthatha inxaxheba kwezopolitiko kunye nethuba elizayo.

Asiyidingi imfazwe ukuze silondoloze indlela yethu yokuphila. Sifanele sitshintshele kwi-solar, umoya, kunye nezinye izinto ezivuselelekayo ukuba siya kuphila. Ukwenza njalo kunamathuba amaninzi. Kwelinye into, ilizwe elinikwe liza kuba nzima ukuba libeke ngaphezu kwesabelo sayo esilungileyo selanga. Kukho ininzi yokuhamba, kwaye isetyenziswe kakuhle kufuphi nalapho ihlanganisiwe khona. Singafuna ukuphucula indlela yethu yokuphila ngeendlela ezithile, ukukhula kokutya okuninzi kwendawo, ukuphuhlisa uqoqosho lwengingqi, ukuguqula ingcinezelo yobutyebi endiyithambileyo kude kube yinto inzululwazi ibonise ukuba uqoqosho lwamaxesha athile lulinganayo kunolwethu. Abantu baseMerika abafanele bahlupheke ukuze baphathe izixhobo ngokulinganayo kunye nolawulo olufanelekileyo.

Inkxaso yoluntu yemfazwe, kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba kwimikhosi yempi, zibandakanya inxalenye kwimpawu edlalwa yinto emnandi malunga neemfazwe kunye namaqhawe: ulonwabo, ukuzincama, ukunyaniseka, ubuqili, kunye nokuxhamla. Ezi ngokwenene ziyafumaneka kwiimfazwe, kodwa kungekhona kuphela kwimfazwe. Imizekelo yazo zonke ezi mpawu, kunye ne mfesane, uvelwano, kunye nentlonipho ayifumanekanga kuphela kwimfazwe, kodwa nangomsebenzi wabantu abasebenzisa abantu, abagqugquzeli, kunye nabaphili. Ihlabathi elingenayo imfazwe akufuneki lilahlekelwe ngumxhwele okanye ubunzima. I-activism engekho mthethweni iya kuzalisa i-gap, njengoko iza kuphendula iimpendulo ezifanelekileyo kwihlathi kunye nezikhukhula ezinokuthi ikusasa lethu litshintsho. Sifuna le mihluko kwizuko kunye ne-adventure ukuba siya kuphila. Njengenzuzo yecala abanikezela ngenye ingxabano malunga nemiba emihle yokwenza imfazwe. Sekude ixesha elide uWilliam James efuna enye into efanelekileyo yemfazwe, isibindi, ubumbano, umbingelelo, njl. Kwakhona ixesha elide ukususela ekubeni uMohandas Gandhi ufumene enye.

Kakade, i-apocalypse yendalo engesiyo yodwa yentlekele eyingozi. Njengoko izixhobo zenyukliya zanda, njengokuba iteknoloji ye-drone ikhula, kwaye ukuzingela abantu kuba yinto eqhelekileyo, sinokubeka ingozi kwi-khamliya nezinye iindibano ezinxulumene nemfazwe. Ukuphela kwemfazwe akuyona nje indlela eya phezulu; Kwakhona yindlela yokusinda. Kodwa, njengoko u-Eisenhower walumkisa, asikwazi ukuphelisa imfazwe ngaphandle kokuphelisa amalungiselelo emfazwe. Kwaye asikwazi ukuphelisa amalungiselelo emfazwe ngaphandle kokuphelisa ingcamango yokuba imfazwe emihle ifike ngosuku oluthile. Ukwenza oko, kuya kunceda ukuba siphelise, okanye sinciphise ubuncinane, imbono yokuba siye sabona iimfazwe ezilungileyo kwixesha elidlulileyo.

"Akuzange kubekho
Imfazwe Enhle okanye uxolo olubi "okanye
Indlela Yokulwa Nxamnye noHitler neMfazwe

UBenjamin Franklin, owathi le ngaphakathi ngaphakathi kwamanqaku okucaphuna, waphila ngaphambi kukaHitler kwaye ke akanako ukufaneleka-kwiingcinga ezininzi-ukuba athethe ngolu hlobo. Kodwa iMfazwe Yehlabathi II yenzeke kwihlabathi elihluke kakhulu ukususela namhlanje, akuzange kudingeke ukuba kwenzeke, kwaye yayingenakucatshulwa ngokuhlukileyo xa kwenzeka. Kwakhona kwenzeka ngokuhlukileyo kwindlela esiqhele ngayo ukufundiswa. Enye into, urhulumente waseUnited States wayezimisele ukungena kwimfazwe, kwaye ngokubanzi wangena kwimfazwe, e-Atlantic nasePacific, phambi kwePearl Harbor.

I-Pre-WWII iJamani iyakubonakala ihluke kakhulu ngaphandle kweendawo zokuhlala ezinzima ezilandele iMfazwe Yehlabathi I ezijezisa abantu bonke kunokuba bavelise imfazwe, kwaye ngaphandle koxhaswa lwemali oluxhomekeke kwiminyaka eminci edlulileyo kunye nokuqhubekayo kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi II ngamanyeneyo aseMelika njengeGM , I-Ford, i-IBM, kunye ne-ITT (bona i-Wall Street kunye nokuphakama kukaHitler ngu-Anthony Sutton).
(Makhe ndifake ingxelo engumzali apha ukuba ndiyathemba ukuba abaninzi baya kufumana ubuqhetseba, kodwa ukuba ndiyazi ukuba abanye baya kufuna ukuva. Sithetha ngeMfazwe Yehlabathi II, kwaye ndigxeka omnye umntu ngaphandle kukaHitler-okuyiinkampani zase-US- Ngoko ke ndikhawuleze ukuba ndixelele ukuba uHitler usenokuba noxanduva lolwaphulo-mthetho olufihlakeleyo olwenzayo. I-blame ifana nokushisa kwelanga kunokuba ifakwe i-fuel fuels; sinokunika uHenry ukuxhasa kwakhe uHitler ngaphandle kokuthabatha nje UAdolph Hitler ngokwakhe kwaye ngaphandle kokuthelekisa okanye ukulinganisa ezimbini.)

Ukuchaswa koNazi kuDenmark, eHolland naseNorway, kunye nemibhikisho ephumelelayo eBerlin ngabafazi abangengowamaYuda abathinjwa amaYuda angamajele bacebisa ukuba kungenakuze kugqitywe ngokupheleleyo-kungekudala. Ingcamango yokuba iJamani ingahlala ihlala njalo kwiYurophu kunye neSoviet Union, kwaye yahlaselwa kumaMerika, ayinakwenzeka kakhulu, ibe yanikwa ulwazi lwe-1940 olunolwazi oluninzi lwezobuqhetseba. Ngokomkhosi, iJamani yayinokutshatyalaliswa yiSoviet Union, ezinye izitha zidlala amancinci.

Iphulo elibalulekileyo akuthi ukuba ubukhulu obungabonakaliyo, obubucwangcisiweyo obufanele bube busetyenziswe malunga namaNazi kwi-1940s. Kwakungenjalo, kwaye abantu abaninzi babeza kufuneka babone ihlabathi ngendlela eyahlukileyo ukuze kwenzeke oko. Kunoko le ngongoma kukuba izixhobo zokungabi nabundlobongela ziqondwa ngokubanzi namhlanje kwaye zinokuthi, kwaye ziya kubakho, zisetyenziselwa ukuchasana nabatshaba. Asifanele sicinge ukubuyela kwiminyaka apho kwakungenjalo, nokuba ukwenza njalo kunceda ukulinganisa amazinga angenasiphelo kwimali yomkhosi! Ngako-ke, simele siwomeleze imizamo yethu yokunyanzela ukukhula kwegunya lamanyango phambi kokuba bafikelele kwinqanaba elibuhlungu, kwaye baxhathise imizamo yokubeka umsebenzi womhlaba kwiimfazwe ezizayo.

Ngaphambi kokuhlaselwa kwePearl Harbour, eyayingazange ibe yinxalenye yaseUnited States, uMongameli uFranlin Roosevelt wazama ukuxoka ngamadoda aseMerika malunga neenqwelo zase-US kuquka iGrer neKearny, eyayikunceda iinqwelo zaseBrithani zilandele i-German submarines, kodwa URovelvelt wazenza ngathi uhlaselwe kakubi. URovelvelt naye wazama ukudala inkxaso yokungena kwimfazwe ngokuqamba amanga ukuba wayenomsebenzi ocacileyo wemephu kaNazi onokuwunqoba uMzantsi Melika, kunye nesicwangciso seNazi esifihlakeleyo sokutshintsha zonke iinkonzo ngeNazism. Nangona kunjalo, abantu baseUnited States banqabileyo imbono yokuya kwenye imfazwe kude kuhlaselwe iJapan kwiPearl Harbour, ngaluphi uhlangothi uRoosvelt wayeseqalile ukuqulunqa umgaqo-nkqubo, waqalisa u-National Guard, wadala waza waqala ukusebenzisa iMlambo enkulu kwizilwandle ezimbini, abatshabalalisa abadala baseNgilani ngokutshintshiselana nokuqeshiswa kweziseko zawo eCaribbean naseBermuda, kwaye wabiza ngasese ukudalwa kwoluhlu lwabantu baseJapan nabaseJapan naseMerika eUnited States.

Xa uMongameli uRoosevelt watyelela iPearl Harbor iminyaka eyisixhenxe ngaphambi kokuhlaselwa kweJapan, umkhosi waseJapan (owathi, njengoHitler okanye omnye umntu ehlabathini, uzalisekisa ngokutsha zonke iinkqubo zawo zolwaphulo-mthetho). Ngo-Matshi 1935, uRoosevelt wanika i-Wake Island kwi-US Navy wamnika iPam Am Airways imvume yokukwakha i-Wake Island, eMidway Island naseGuam. Abalawuli bezempi baseJapan babhengeza ukuba baphazamiseka kwaye bajonge le mijelo njengengozi. Kwakhona nabalandeli bezoxolo eMelika.

NgoNovemba 1940, uRoosevelt wayebolekisa i-China $ 100m yemfazwe yaseJapan, kwaye emva kokubonisana noMbhali wase-British, wase-US we-Nondyebo uHenry Morgenthau wenza izicwangciso zokuthumela amabhomu aseShayina kunye nabasebenzi base-US ukuba basebenzise ngokubetha iBomok kunye nezinye izixeko zaseJapan.

Kwiminyaka phambi kokuhlaselwa kwePearl Harbor, i-US Navy yasetyenziswa kwizicwangciso zemfazwe neJapane, ngo-Matshi 8, i-1939, ingcaciso yaloo nto ichaza "imfazwe ehlaselayo yesikhathi eside" eya kutshabalalisa impi kwaye iphazamise ubomi boqoqosho. Japhan. NgoJanuwari 1941, umkhangisi waseJapane wabonisa ukuthukuthela kwakhe phezu kwePearl Harbour kwi-editorial, kwaye ummeli wase-USA waseJapan wabhala kwincwadi yakhe yedayari: "Kukho intetho eninzi malunga needolophu ukuya kwefuthe leJapan, xa kwenzeka eUnited States, uceba ukuphuma konke ukuhlaselwa kwamangalisa kwiPearl Harbour. Kakade ndixelele urhulumente wam. "

NgoMeyi 24, i-1941, i-New York Times yabika ngoqeqesho lwase-United States lolawulo lwama-Chinese, kunye nokubonelelwa "kweemfazwe ezininzi kunye neebhomu zamabhomu" e-China e-United States. "Ukubethelwa kwamabhomu aseJapan kulindelwe" funda intloko.

NgoJulayi 24, i-1941, uMongameli Roosevelt wathi, "Ukuba sasiyinqumbile ioli, [aseJapane] mhlawumbi yayiya kwiiNtshonalanga zaseDutch East ngonyaka odlulileyo, kwaye ubuya kuba nemfazwe. Kwakubaluleke kakhulu kwiinjongo zethu zobugovu malunga nokukhusela ukukhusela imfazwe ukususela kwiSouth Pacific. Ngoko umgaqo-nkqubo wethu wasemzini wawuzama ukumisa imfazwe ekuphumeni apho. "Amaphephandaba aphawula ukuba uRoosvelt uthe" wayekho "kunokuba" u. "Ngomso olandelayo, uRovelvelt wakhipha umyalelo olawulayo okhungayo impahla yaseJapan. IUnited States neBrithani zinqumle ioli kunye netsimbi e-Japan. URadhabinod Pal, ummeli waseNdiya owakhonza kwi-tribunal crime in Tokyo emva kwemfazwe, ebizwa ngokuba yimibhogo "esichengeni esicacileyo neyona nto ebangela ukuba iJapan ibe khona," waza wagqiba ekubeni iUnited States yayichukumise iJapan.

Urhulumente wase-United States unyanisa into ekuzibiza ngokuthi "izigwebo ezikhubaza" e-Iran njengoko ndibhalela.

NgoNovemba i-15, i-1941, uMphathiswa oyiNtloko weeNkonzo uGeorge Marshall uxelele abezindaba malunga nento esingayikhumbuliyo ngokuthi "iSicwangciso seMarshall." Enyanisweni asiyikhumbuli nhlobo. UMarshall wathi, "Silungiselela imfazwe ecaphukisayo neJapan," kucela ukuba intatheli zihlale ziyimfihlo.

Kwiintsuku ezilishumi kamva uNobhala weMfazwe uHenry Stimson wabhala kwincwadi yakhe yokudibanisa ukuba wayedibene kwi-Oval Office kunye noMarshall, uMongameli uRoosevelt, uNobhala weNavy Frank Knox, u-Admiral Harold Stark kunye noNobhala welizwe uCordell Hull. URovelvelt wayebaxelele ukuba amaJapane aya kuhlasela kungekudala, mhlawumbi ngoMvulo ozayo. Kuye kwacaciswa kakuhle ukuba iUnited States yaphule iikhowudi zaseJapane kwaye uRovelvelt wayenokufikelela kuzo.

Yintoni engazange ibuyise iUnited States kwimfazwe okanye iqhubeke nayo yayiyiminqweno yokugcina amaYuda kwintshutshiso. Kwiminyaka uRoosevelt wayevalele umthetho oye wavumela ababaleki bamaYuda bevela eJamani baya eMelika. Ingcamango yemfazwe yokusindisa amaYuda ayifumanekanga nakweyiphi na yemfazwe yamaposenti kwaye ivele emva kokuba imfazwe iphelile, njengokuba imbono "yemfazwe emihle" yabanjwa emashumi eminyaka kamva nje xa kuthelekiswa neMfazwe yaseVietnam.

U-Lawrence S. Wittner wabhala wathi: "Waphazamiseka ngo-1942, ngamarhe okutshabalalisa amaNazi, uJessie Wallace Hughan, utitshala, ezopolitiko, kunye nomseki we-War Resisters League, enexhala lokuba umthetho onje, ' ngokwembono yabo yezifo, 'inokwenziwa xa iMfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi iqhubeka. Wabhala, 'Kubonakala ngathi ekuphela kwendlela yokusindisa amawaka kwaye mhlawumbi izigidi zamaJuda aseYurophu kwintshabalalo,' kukuba urhulumente wethu asasaze isithembiso '' somkhosi phantsi kwemeko yokuba iincinci zaseYurophu zingahlukunyezwa. … Kungangcungcutheka kakhulu ukuba kwiinyanga ezintandathu ukusukela ngoku singafumanisa ukuba esi sisongelo senzekile ngaphandle kokuba senze isenzo sokuthintela oko. ' Xa iingqikelelo zakhe zazaliseka kakuhle kuphela ngo-1943, wabhalela iSebe likaRhulumente kunye neNew York Times, echaza into yokuba 'izigidi ezimbini [zamaJuda] sele zife' kwaye 'ezizigidi ezibini ezingaphezulu ziya kubulawa ukuphela emfazweni. ' Waphinda wacela ukuba ipheliswe intiyo, esithi amajoni awoyiswa ngamajoni aza kuziphindezela ngqo kwimbuzi yamaJuda. Uloyiso alunakubasindisa, 'wanyanzelisa,' kuba abantu abafileyo abanakukhululwa.

Ekugqibeleni abanye amabanjwa bahlangulwa, kodwa abaninzi bebulewe. Imfazwe ayikuthinteli nje ukulwa nemfazwe, kodwa imfazwe ngokwayo yayibi kakhulu. Imfazwe yaqulunqa ukuba abantu abahlali babenomdlalo olungeleyo wokuxhelwa kwindlala kwaye babulawa ngamashumi amabini ezigidi. Imizamo yokothuswa kunye nezoyiko ngokuxhelwa kwinqanaba lihlulekile. Izixeko zokubhubhisa umlilo azizange zenze injongo ephezulu. Ukulahla enye, kwaye emva koko ibhokliya yesibini, ayifanelekanga njengendlela yokuphelisa imfazwe esele iphela. Iimpiriyali zaseJamani kunye neJapan zazinqanyulwa, kodwa ubukhosi behlabathi base-US beziseko kunye neemfazwe beendaba ezimbi ezizalelwe eMiddle East, eLatin America, Korea, Vietnam, eCambodia, eLosos nakwezinye iindawo. Iingcamango zamaNazi azizange zitshatywe ngogonyamelo. Inzululwazi ezininzi zamaNazi zaziswa ukuba zisebenzele i-Pentagon, iziphumo zempembelelo yazo ezibonakalayo.

Kodwa izinto ezininzi esizicingayo njengezinto ezimbi zakwaNazi (i-eugenics, ukuzama kwabantu, njl njl) zifumaneka kwiUnited States, ngaphambili, ngexesha, nangemva kwemfazwe. Incwadi yakutshanje ebizwa ngokuchasene nentando yabo: Imbali eyimfihlo yovavanyo lwezonyango kwi-Children in Cold War America iqokelela into eyaziwayo. I-Eugenics yafundiswa kumakhulu amakhulu kwizikolo zonyango e-United States yi-1920 kunye nokuqikelelwa enye kwiikota ze-US zase-US phakathi kwe-1930s. Ukuzama ukungaxhamli kwamanye amazwe kubantwana nabasemagunyeni baqhelekile e-United States ngaphambili, ngeli xesha, nangakumbi emva kokuba ama-US kunye nabadibaniselwano bayo batyhulwa amaNazi okwenza umsebenzi kwi-1947, bagweba abaninzi kwiintolongo kunye neesixhenxe ukuba baxhomeke. Inkundla yakha i-Nuremberg Code, imigangatho yonyango olwenziwe ngokukhawuleza ekhaya. Oogqirha baseMerika babecinga ukuba "ikhowudi efanelekileyo yabanqabileyo." Ngoko ke, sasinesifundo se-Tuskegee syphilis, kunye nokuhlola kwi-Hospital Chronic Disease Hospital eBrooklyn, kwiSikolo seSikolo saseWillowbrook kwiStenen Island, ejele laseHolmesburg ePhiladelphia, nabanye abaninzi , kubandakanywa nokuhlola kwe-US kumaGuatemal ngexesha leNyuvesi yaseNuremberg. Kwaye kwimeko yesigwebo saseNuremberg, abantwana esikolweni sasePennhurhurs kwimpuma-mpuma yePennsylvania bafumana imfesane ye-hepatitis-laced yokutya. Uvavanyo lwabantu lukhulile kwiminyaka eminyaka eyalandela. Njengoko ibali ngalinye liye laphazamiseka siye sabona njengento yokuhlutha. Ngokuchasene nokuthanda kwabo kuchaza ngenye indlela. Njengoko ndibhalela, kukho imibhikisho yokunyanzeliswa kwamanje kwabesetyhini kwiijele zaseCalifornia.

I ngongoma akuthethi ukuthelekisa amanqanaba afanelekileyo obubi bobuqu okanye abantu. Iinkampu zoxinzelelo zamaNazi zinobunzima kakhulu ukudibanisa kulo mbandela. Ingongoma kukuba akukho nxalenye kwimfazwe ilungileyo, kwaye ukuziphatha kakubi akukho isizathu sokulwa. UMelika Curtis LeMay, owayengumngcwabo womlilo kwiidolophu zaseJapan, wabulala amakhulu amabini abantu, wathi xa elinye iqela liphumelele wayebe tshutshiswa njengecala lolwaphulo-mthetho. Loo nto yayingayi kuba yenze iilwaphulo ezidakisayo zeJapan okanye amaJamani ayamkeleka okanye adunyiswe. Kodwa bekuya kubakhokelela kwihlabathi elibanika ingcamango engaphantsi, okanye ubuncinane ingcamango eyodwa. Kunoko, ulwaphulo-mthetho lwabadibeneyo luya kugxininisa, okanye ubuncinci bodwa, ingqumbo.

Akufuneki ucinge ukuba ukungena kwe-US kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi II kwakuyiyo ngcamango embi ukwenzela ukuchasa zonke iimfazwe ezizayo. Unokuqonda imigaqo-nkqubo engafanelekanga yeeminyaka eminyaka eyakhokelela kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi II. Kwaye unako ukuqonda impiriyali yamacandelo omabini njengemveliso yexesha labo. Kukho abo, ngenxa yoko, bathethelela ubugqila bukaTs. Thomas Jefferson. Ukuba sinokwenza oko, mhlawumbi sinokuxolisa imfazwe kaFranklin Roosevelt. Kodwa oko akuthethi ukuba sifanele senze izicwangciso zokuphinda enye yezo zinto.