Imfazwe iyasibeka (ingcaciso)

Nazi izixhobo ezinempumelelo kunemfazwe yokukhusela.

Ukucwangciswa kwemfazwe kukhokelela kwiimfazwe. Ukwenza imfazwe kubangela ingozi. Kwaye izixhobo zomkhosi zibeka emngciphekweni ngabom okanye ngengozi i-apocalypse.

Ukucwangciswa kweMfa kukhokelela kwimfazwe.

"Thetha ngokukhawuleza kwaye uthwale intonga enkulu," watsho uTheodore Roosevelt, owayenomdla wokwakha umkhosi omkhulu xa kunjalo, kodwa ngokuqinisekileyo akayi ukuyisebenzisa ngaphandle kokuba unyanzelekile. Oku kusebenze ngokugqithiseleyo, kunye nemibalwa emincinci ye-Roosevelt yokuvuselela i-Panama kwi-1901, eColombia eColombia kwi-1902, eHonduras kwi-1903, kwiRiphabliki yaseDominican e-1903, eSiriya kwi-1903, e-Abyssinia kwi-1903, ePanama kwi-1903, kwiRiphablikhi yaseDominican I-1904, iMorocco e-1904, ePanama e-1904, eKorea kwi-1904, eCuba e-1906, eHonduras kwi-1907, nakwiiPhilippines kwi-ofisi kaMongameli waseRoosevelt.

Abantu bokuqala esazi ngabo bazimisele ukulwa nemfazwe - iqhawe laseSumalia iGilgamesh kunye nomlingane wakhe u-Enkido, okanye amaGrike awalwela eTroy - abuye alungiselele ukuzingela izilwanyana zasendle. UBarbara Ehrenreich uchaza ukuba,

 ". . . kunye nokuhla kwezilwanyana zasendle kunye nomdlalo wezilwanyana, bekungekho ncinane ukuba ihlale yindoda eyazikhethela ekuzingeleni nasekukhuselweni kwezilwanyana, kwaye akukho ndlela ehambileyo kwiimo 'yeqhawe.' Yintoni eyasindisa umzingeli-mkhuseli wesilisa kwi-obsolescence okanye ubomi bokusebenza nzima kwezolimo kwakukho ukuba wayenezixhobo kunye nezakhono zokuzisebenzisa. [Lewis] Mumford ubonisa ukuba umzingeli-mkhuseli walondoloza isikhundla sakhe ngokuguqula uhlobo 'lokukhusela': ukuhlawula (ngokutya kunye nokuhlala kwezentlalontle) okanye ukuxhomekeka kwixesha elidlulileyo.

"Ekugqibeleni, ukuvela kwabazingeli abangaphelelwanga kwezinye iindawo zokuhlala kuqinisekisile ukuba kunobungozi olutsha kunye 'nolwamanye amazwe' ukukhusela. Abazingeli-abaxhasi beqela elinye okanye uhlalutyo banokuthi baqikelele ukugcinwa kwabo ngokubhekiselele kwisongelo esenziwa ngabalingani babo kwamanye amaqela, kwaye ingozi inokuthi ihlale ibonakala ngokucacileyo ngokubeka isantya ngexesha. Njengoko uGwynne Dyer ebona kwiphulo lakhe lemfazwe, 'imfazwe yangaphambili. . . yayininzi umdlalo wesilisa onobuzingeli abangasebenzi. '"

Ngamanye amazwi, imfazwe isenokuqala njengendlela yokufumana ubuqhawe, njengoko kuqhutyelwa ngokusekelwe kwintsomi efanayo. Kungenzeka ukuba iqalile kuba abantu babexhobile kwaye banesidingo seentshaba, kuba iintshaba zabo zemveli (iingonyama, iibhere, iingcuka) zazifa. Yiyiphi eya kuqala, iimfazwe okanye izixhobo? Lo mqatyana unokwenene unokuphendula. Impendulo ibonakala iyisixhobo. Kwaye abo bangayifunde kwi-prehistory banokuthi bahlaselwe ukuphinda baphinde.

Sithanda ukukholelwa kuyo yonke into enhle. "Hlalani nilungele" yi-Motto Boy Scouts, emva kwayo yonke into. Kunengqiqo, inoxanduva, kwaye ikhuselekile ukuba ilungiselelwe. Ukungazilungiseleli bekuza kuba yinto engenakunceda, akunjalo?

Ingxaki ngale ngxabano kukuba ayiyiyo iphosa. Kwinqanaba elincinci alisoloko liphosa ukuba abantu bafune izibhamu emakhaya abo ukuze bazikhusele kwiibhegi. Kuloo meko, kukho ezinye iimeko zokuqwalasela, kubandakanywa nemilinganiselo ephakamileyo yezingozi zebhamu, ukusetyenziswa kwezibhamu ngokuhambelana nentukuthelo, ukukwazi ukuba izigebengu ziphendukele izibhamu zabanini, ukukhwabanisa kwezibhamu, ukuphazamiseka Isisombululo sesibhamu esibangelwa yimigudu yokunciphisa iimbangela zobugebengu, njl.

Kwinqanaba elikhulu lemfazwe kunye nokuhlambulula isizwe somfazwe, izinto ezifanayo kufuneka ziqwalaselwe. Izingozi ezihlobene nezixhobo, ukuvavanya kakubi kubantu, ukweba, ukuthengisa kwiintlangano eziba yiintshaba, kwaye ukuphazamiseka kwimigudu yokunciphisa iimbangela zobugubungela kunye nemfazwe kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo. Ngoko, kunjalo, kufuneka ukuba usebenzise izixhobo emva kokuba unako. Ngamanye amaxesha, izixhobo ezingaphezulu azikwazi ukuveliswa de kubekho i-stock ekhoyo kwaye i-innovative entsha ivavanywa "kwibala lemfazwe."

Kodwa kukho ezinye iimeko zokuqwalasela. Ukugcinwa kwezizwe ngezixhobo zokulwa kukubeka uxinzelelo kwezinye iintlanga ukwenza okufanayo. Nangona uhlanga oluhlose ukulwa kuphela ekukhuseleni, lunokuqonda "ukukhusela" ukuba lukwazi ukuphindisela kwezinye iintlanga. Oku kwenza ukuba kubalulekile ukudala izixhobo kunye nezicwangciso zemfazwe enobudlova, kwaye "nangemfazwe engaphambili," ukugcina iingqungquthela zomthetho zivule kwaye ziwandise, kwaye zikhuthaza ezinye iintlanga ukuba zenze okufanayo. Xa ubeka abantu abaninzi ukuba benze umsebenzi wokucwangcisa into ethile, xa loo projekthi ibaluleke kakhulu ekutshalweni koluntu olukhulu kunye nesibongo esikhulu, kunokuba nzima ukuba abo bantu bafumane amathuba okuphumeza izicwangciso zabo. Funda ngokugqithisileyo.

Ukuveliswa kweMfa kubangela ingozi.

Ukususela kwi-1947, xa iSebe laseMerika leMfazwe labizwa ngokuba yiSebe lezoKhuselo, imikhosi yase-US iye yahlaselwa ubuncinane kangangoko. Ukuhlaselwa kwabemi baseMerika, iiPhilippines, i-Latin America, njl, kwiSebe leMfa alizange likhusele; kwaye kwakungekho neenkcukacha zeSebe lezoKhuseleko eKorea, eVietnam, eIraq, njl njl. Nangona ukukhusela okusemandleni kwimidlalo emininzi kunokuba yinto ephosakeleyo, inkohlakalo kwimfazwe ayizikhuseli, kungekhona xa ivelisa inzondo, inzondo, iphinde ibuhlungu, kungekhona xa enye indlela ayikho imfazwe. Ngendlela ebizwa ngokuba yimfazwe yehlabathi yonkqenkquthela, ugqirha luye lwaphakama.

Oku kwakuqikelelwe kwaye kuqikelelwe. Abantu abacaphukisayo ngokuhlaselwa kunye nemisebenzi nje babengayi kupheliswa okanye bawunqobe ngokuhlaselwa kunye nemisebenzi. Ukuzenza ngathi "bayayithiya inkululeko yethu," njengoMongameli uGeorge W. Bush bathi, okanye ukuba banokholo olungekhoyo okanye bangenangqiqo ayitshintshi le nto. Ukuphinda ulandelelwano lwezomthetho ngokutshutshisa abo bajongene nobugebengu bokubulala abantu nge-9 / 11 kungenzeka ukuba bancedisa ukukhusela ubundlobongela obungcono kunokuba baqalise iimfazwe. Kwakungenakukulimaza ukuba urhulumente waseUnited States ayeke ukugwema abalawuli beentonga (umkhosi waseYiputa uhlasela abantu baseYiputa abaphethe izixhobo ezibonelelwa yi-United States, kwaye iNdlu ye-White iyenqabe ukunqumla "uncedo," oluchaza izixhobo), ukukhusela ubugebengu ngokumelene namaPalestina (zama ukufunda uNyana kaGenerali nguMi Pele Pele), kunye nokumisa amabutho ase-US kwamanye amazwe abantu. Imfazwe e-Iraq nase-Afghanistan, kunye nokusetyenziswa kakubi kwamabanjwa ngethuba, zaba zixhobo ezinkulu zokuqasha ulwaphulo-mthetho olulwa no-US.

Ngo-2006, ii-arhente zobuntlola zase-US zavelisa uqikelelo lobuntlola lwesizwe olwafikelela kweso sigqibo. I-Associated Press inike ingxelo: "Imfazwe e-Iraq iye yaba ngunobangela we-célèbre yama-Islamic extremists, ezala inzondo enkulu e-US enokuba iya kuba mbi ngakumbi ngaphambi kokuba ibengcono, abahlalutyi bezobuntlola baseburhulumenteni bagqiba ngengxelo ngokuchasene nembambano kaMongameli Bush ikhula ngokukhuselekileyo emhlabeni. … [T] abona bahlalutyi bangamagqala esizwe bagqiba kwelokuba ngaphandle komonakalo omkhulu kubunkokheli be-al-Qaida, isoyikiso esivela kubanqolobi abangamaSilamsi sisasazeke ngokwamanani nakufikelela kwindawo. ”

Umlinganiselo apho urhulumente waseUnited States ulandelelanisa imigaqo-nkqubo yobundlobongela owaziyo iya kuvelisa ubundlobongela kuye kwabangela abaninzi ukuba kugqithise ukukhushulwa akuyona nto ephambili, kwaye abanye baphetha ngokuthi ukuvelisa ubugrogmo kubaluleke ngokwenene. ULeah Bolger, owayengumongameli we-Veterans For Peace, uthi, "urhulumente wase-US uyazi ukuba iimfazwe ziphikisana, oko kukuthi, ukuba injongo yakho kukunciphisa inani 'lamagorha.' Kodwa injongo yeimfazwe zaseMerika akuyi kuyenza uxolo, kukukwenza iintshaba ezininzi ukuze siqhubeke nomjikelezo ongapheliyo wemfazwe. "

Iimfazwe zase-US zibulala amaqela e-Iraq nase-Afghanistan axoxwa kwincwadi yeJeremy Scahill kunye nefilimu Imikhosi Engcolileyo Wathi xa bebesebenza ngendlela yabo kuluhlu lwabantu ukubulala, banikezwa uluhlu olukhulu; uluhlu lwaba lukhula ngenxa yokusebenza ngendlela yabo. Jikelele uStanley McChrystal, umlawuli we-US kunye ne-NATO e-Afghanistan Stone Rolling ngoJuni 2010 ukuba "kuwo wonke umntu ongenacala onokumbulala, udala ii-10 ezintsha iintshaba." I-Bureau ye-Journalism kunye nokunye yabhala ngokugqithiseleyo amagama abo abaninzi abangenacala ababulawa yi-drone.

Kwi-2013, uMcChrystal uthe kwakukho ukucaphuka kwintlonelo ye-drone ePakistan. Ngokwephephandaba lasePakistanDawn NgoFebhuwari 10, 2013, uMcChrystal, "waxwayisa ukuba i-drone emininzi ephahlaka ePakistan ngaphandle kokuchazela ukuba imikhosi esicatshulwayo yodwa ingaba yinto embi. U-Gen. McChrystal uthe uyaqonda ukuba kutheni amaPakistan, nangakumbi kwiindawo ezingakhange zithinteke yi-drones, zenzanga kakubi nxamnye nemigqaliselo. Wabuza abaseMerika ukuba babeya kuthini xa ilizwe elingummelwane njengoMexico liqala ukudubula iibhola ezidakayo kwiiithagethi zaseTexas. I-Pakistani, yathi, yabona i-drones njengendlela yokubonakalisa amandla eMerika ngokumelene nesizwe sazo kwaye sabelana ngokufanelekileyo. 'Yintoni endikrakrayo malunga neentlonelo zentlonelo yindlela abaye baqonda ngayo emhlabeni jikelele,' u-Gen. McChrystal uthe kwintetho yangaphambili. 'Intukuthelo eyenziwe ngokusetyenziswa kweMelika kwemigqaliselo engalindelekanga ... inkulu kakhulu kunomlinganiselo waseMerika oxabiso. Bazondwa kwinqanaba le-visceral, nangabantu abangazange babone omnye okanye babone imiphumo yomnye. '"

Ngethuba le2010, uBruce Riedel, oye wadibanisa ukuhlaziywa komgaqo-nkqubo we-Afghanistan kuMongameli Obama wathi, "Uxinzelelo esiwubeke [amabutho aseJahadist] kunyaka odluleyo uye wabalinganisa kunye, oku kuthetha ukuba intsebenziswano yamanyano iyanda "I-New York Times, ngo-Meyi 9, i-2010.) UMongameli wangaphambili we-National Intelligence uDennis Blair uthe ngelixa" ukuhlaselwa kwezilwanyana kuncede ukunciphisa ubukhokheli baseQaeda ePakistan, banda ukwanda kwenzondo yeMelika "kwaye bonakalisa" amandla ethu ukusebenzisana nePakistan [ekugqibeleni] ukuphelisa ama-Taliban sanctuaries, ukukhuthaza intetho ye-Indian-Pakistani, kunye nokwenza i-arsenal ye-nyukliya ye-nuclear iphephile. "(The New York Times, UAgasti 15, 2011.)

UMichael Boyle, oyinxalenye yeqela lika-Obama elaliphikisana nobunqolobi ngexesha lephulo lakhe lonyulo lowama-2008, uthi ukusetyenziswa kweedrones kuneziphumo “ezingalunganga ezingalinganiswanga ngokufanelekileyo xa kuthelekiswa neenzuzo ezinxulumene nokubulala abanqolobi. … Ukonyuka okukhulu kwenani labantu ababhubhileyo bakwimeko ezantsi kukonyuse ukungavisisani kwezopolitiko kwinkqubo yaseMelika ePakistan, Yemen nakwamanye amazwe. ” (Guardian, UJanuwari 7, 2013.) "Siyabona ukuba loo nto ibuhlungu. Ukuba uzama ukubulala indlela yakho kwisisombululo, kungakhathaliseki ukuba uchanekile kangakanani, uya kubacaphukisa abantu nangona bengakhange bajoliswe kuyo, "wakhankanya u-Gen. James E. Cartwright, owayengumongameli wongameli IiNtloko zabasebenzi. (IThe New York Times, Matshi 22, 2013.)

Ezi mbono aziqhelekanga. Isikhululo sikhululo se-CIA e-Islamabad kwi-2005-2006 becinga ukuba i-drone ishaywa, kwaye isengaphaya, "yenze into encinci ngaphandle kwenzondo yamafutha eMelika ngaphakathi ePakistan." (Funda Indlela Yomzi nguMark Mazzetti.) Igosa eliphezulu lase-US elisemthethweni elithile kwinxalenye yaseAfghanistan, uMatewu Hoh, wasula phantsi ngokubhikisha waza wathi, "Ndicinga ukuba senza ubundlobongela. Sitshatyalalisa ezininzi izinto ezintle ezihamba emva kwamadoda athile angasongela iUnited States okanye abanakho amandla okusongela iUnited States. " Funda Okuninzi.

Izixhobo zemfazwe zibeka ingozi kwi-apocalypse ngamabomu okanye ngokukhawuleza.

Sinokuphelisa zonke izixhobo zenyukliya okanye sinokuzibukela zigqithise. Akukho ndlela ephakathi. Asinakho izixhobo zenyukliya, okanye sinokufumana ezininzi. Oku akusiyo imilinganiselo yokuziphatha okanye inengqiqo, kodwa ukubonelelwa okubonakalayo okuxhaswa ngophando kwiincwadi ezinje Apocalypse Never: Ukubeka iNdlela kwiLizwe leNkululeko yeNyukliya nguTad Daley. Ngethuba nje ezinye zibonisa izixhobo zenyukliya abanye baya kubafisa, kwaye ngakumbi ukuba banako ngakumbi ukusabalala kwabanye.

Ukuba izixhobo zenyukliya ziyaqhubeka ukubakho, kuyakubakho intlekele yenyukliya, kwaye okukhona izixhobo zisanda, ngokukhawuleza kuya kuza. Amakhulu eziganeko aphantse alitshabalalisa ilizwe lethu ngengozi, ukudideka, ukungaqondani, kunye nobuchwephesha obungenangqondo. Xa usongeza kubunqolobi bokwenyani nobusebusebenzayo bokufumana kunye nokusebenzisa izixhobo zenyukliya, ingozi ikhula ngokumangalisayo- kwaye inyuswa kuphela yimigaqo-nkqubo yamazwe enyukliya asabela kubunqolobi ngeendlela ezibonakala ngathi ziyilelwe ukufumana abanqolobi abangakumbi.

Ukusukela kwisivumelwano esilinganiselweyo sokuvavanywa komnqophiso ngo-1963, i-United States yazibophelela "ekuphumezeni ngokukhawuleza okukhulu kwisivumelwano malunga nokupheliswa kwezixhobo ngokubanzi." ISivumelwano seNyukliya esingasasazisiyo sika-1970 sifuna izixhobo.

Kwelinye icala lomlinganiso, ukuba nezixhobo zenyukliya akukho kwanto ukusigcina sikhuselekile, ukuze kungabikho urhwebo luchaphazelekayo. Azikuthinteli uhlaselo lwabanqolobi ngabadlali abangabasebenzi bakarhulumente nangayiphi na indlela. Kwaye abayongezi iota kumkhosi wezempi wokuthintela amazwe ukuba ahlasele, enikwe amandla e-United States okutshabalalisa nantoni na naphi na nangaliphi na ixesha ngezixhobo ezingezizo zenyukliya. IiNukes nazo aziziphumeleli iimfazwe, kwaye i-United States, iSoviet Union, i-United Kingdom, i-France kunye ne-China bonke baphulukene neemfazwe ngokuchasene namagunya angengawo enyukliya ngelixa bephethe i-nukes. Kwaye, kwimeko yemfazwe yenyukliya yehlabathi, ngaba kungakho nasiphi na isixhobo esothusayo sokukhusela ilizwe nangayiphi na indlela kwi-apocalypse.

Isishwankathelo sentla ngasentla.

Izibonelelo ngolwazi olongezelelweyo.
Ezinye izizathu zokuphelisa imfazwe.