Iimpembelelo zeemfazwe e-Iraq, e-Afghanistan nasePakistan ziyabonwa kuphela kwiimeko zentlalo, ezoqoqosho kunye nezopolitiko zale mimandla kodwa nakwiimeko apho le mfazwe iye yahlaselwa khona. Iminyaka emininzi yemfazwe ibangele ukutshabalalisa okukhulu kwehlathi kunye nokunyuka kwekhabhoni. Ukongezelela, ukunikezelwa kwamanzi kuye kwonakaliswa yioli kwiimoto zasemkhosini kunye ne-uranium esele ivela kwiibhamu. Ngokumalunga nokuhlaziywa kwemithombo yendalo kula mazwe, isilwanyana kunye neentaka ziye zachaphazeleka. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, oogqirha be-Iraq kunye nabaphandi bezempilo baye bacela uphando olungakumbi malunga nokungcola kokusingqongileyo kwemimandla njengokuba negalelo elinokubakho kwiimeko zezempilo ezihluphekileyo kunye namazinga aphezulu okusuleleka kunye nezifo.
Amanzi noNgcoliseko loMhlaba: Ngethuba le-1991 umkhankaso ophezulu we-Iraq, i-US isebenzisa malunga neetayiti ze-340 zeemfucu eziqulethe i-uranium (DU). Amanzi kunye nomhlaba unokungcoliswa yi-resisi yamakhemikhali kwezi zixhobo, kunye ne-benzene kunye ne-trichlorethylene ukusuka kwimisebenzi yamanzi. I-Perchlorate, isithako esinobuthi kwi-rocket propellant, ingenye yezinto ezingcolileyo ezifumaneka kumanzi angaphantsi kwamanxweme ezigcinwe kwiisayithi zokugcina umhlaba jikelele.
Impembelelo yezempilo yokuchasana nokusingqongileyo okunxulumene nemfazwe kuhlala kungumbango. Ukunqongophala kwezokhuseleko kunye nokuxela okungalunganga kwizibhedlele zaseIraq kulukhuni uphando. Nangona kunjalo, uphononongo lwakutsha nje lubonakalise imeko ezixhalabisayo. Uphando lwasekhaya eFallujah, eIraq ekuqaleni kuka-2010 lafumana iimpendulo kwiphepha lemibuzo lomhlaza, iziphene zokuzalwa, kunye nokufa kweentsana. Amanqanaba aphezulu kakhulu omhlaza kwi-2005-2009 xa kuthelekiswa namaxabiso ase-Egypt nase-Jordan afunyanwa. Inqanaba lokufa kweentsana eFallujah kwaba kukufa okungama-80 nge-1000 lokuzalwa okuzelweyo, ngaphezulu kakhulu kunamazinga ama-20 eYiphutha, i-17 eJordani kunye ne-10 e-Kuwait. Umlinganiselo wokuzalwa kwamadoda ukuya ekuzalweni kwabasetyhini kwi-0-4 yobudala beqela kwakuyi-860 ukuya kwi-1000 xa kuthelekiswa ne-1050 elindelekileyo nge-1000. [13]
Dutyxic DustIzithuthi zomkhosi ezinzima ziphazamise umhlaba, ngakumbi e-Iraq nase-Kuwait. Idityaniswe nembalela ngenxa yokugawulwa kwamahlathi kunye notshintsho lwemozulu yehlabathi, uthuli luyeyona ngxaki iphambili eyandiswe ziintshukumo ezinkulu zezithuthi zomkhosi kwilizwe liphela. Umkhosi wase-US ugxile kwimiphumo yezempilo yothuli lwabasebenzi emkhosini abasebenza e-Iraq, Kuwait nase-Afghanistan. Ukuvezwa kwamalungu enkonzo eIraq kwiityhefu ezixhonyiweyo kunxulumene nengxaki yokuphefumla edla ngokubathintela ekuqhubekeni bekhonza kunye nokwenza imisebenzi yemihla ngemihla enjengokuzilolonga. I-US Geologic Survey i-microbiologists ifumene isinyithi esinzima, kubandakanya i-arsenic, lead, cobalt, barium, kunye nealuminium, enokubangela uxinzelelo lokuphefumla, kunye nezinye iingxaki zempilo. [11] Ukusukela ngo-2001, kubekho ukunyuka kwama-251 eepesenti kwinqanaba lokuphazamiseka kwemithambo-luvo, ukonyuka kwama-47 eepesenti kwinqanaba leengxaki zokuphefumla, kunye nokunyuka kwama-34 eepesenti kwizinga lesifo se-cardio-vascular kumalungu enkonzo yasemkhosini inxulumene nale ngxaki. [12]
IGesi yokuGcina iGesi kunye noNgcoliseko lomoya ukusuka kwiiNqwelo zoMkhosi: Nditsho nokubekela bucala ixesha elikhawulezayo lokusebenza kwexesha lemfazwe, iSebe lezoKhuselo lelona lizwe libe lelona likhulu labasebenzisi bepetroli, lisebenzisa malunga neebhiliyoni ezi-4.6 zeepetroli ngonyaka. [1] Izithuthi zomkhosi zisebenzisa ipetroli esekwe kwizinga eliphezulu kakhulu: itanki le-M-1 Abrams linokufumana ngaphezulu nje kwesiqingatha semayile kwitroli yepetroli ngemayile nganye okanye lisebenzise malunga ne-300 yeelitha ngeeyure ezisibhozo zokusebenza. [2] Izithuthi zokulwa zikaBradley zisebenzisa malunga ne-1 yeelitha ngemayile eqhutywa.
Imfazwe ikhawulezisa ukusetyenziswa kwepetroli. Ngokomqikelelo omnye umkhosi wase-US wasebenzisa i-1.2 yezigidi zemiphanda yeoyile e-Iraq kwinyanga nje enye yowama-2008. [3] Eli nqanaba liphezulu lokusetyenziswa kwepetroli ngaphezulu kweemeko ezingezizo ezemfazwe kufuneka zenze ngokuyinxenye nenyaniso yokuba amafutha kufuneka asiwe kwizithuthi ezisentsimini zezinye izithuthi, kusetyenziswa ipetroli. Uqikelelo lomkhosi ngo-2003 yayikukuba isibini kwisithathu sokusetyenziswa kwamafutha emkhosini kwenzeka kwizithuthi ezazisusa ipetroli emfazweni. [4] Izithuthi zomkhosi ezazisetyenziswa eIraq naseAfghanistan zavelisa amakhulu amawaka eetoni zecarbon monoxide, initrogen oxides, iihydrocarbons, kunye nesulphur dioxide ukongeza kwi-CO.2. Ukongezelela, umkhankaso wokuqhushulwa kwamabhomu olwahlukileyo lwee-toxics-ukukhupha iziza ezinjengezixhobo zamabutho, kunye nokubeka ngomlilo imililo yeoli nguSaddam Hussein ngexesha lokuhlasela kwe-Iraq kwi-2003 kukhokelela ekungcoliseni umoya, umhlaba kunye namanzi.
Ukutshabalaliswa kweMfazwe kunye nokuHlulwa kweeHlathi kunye neNxweme: Iimfazwe zonakalise namahlathi, imigxobhozo kunye nemigxobhozo e-Afghanistan, ePakistan nase-Iraq. Ukutshatyalaliswa kwamahlathi ngokuqatha kuhamba kunye neemfazwe zangaphambili eAfghanistan. Indawo yehlathi iyonke yehle ngeepesenti ezingama-38 e-Afghanistan ukusuka ngo-1990 ukuya ku-2007. [6] Esi sisiphumo sokugawulwa ngokungekho mthethweni, okunxulunyaniswa namandla anyukayo eenkosi zemfazwe, ezonwabele inkxaso yase-US. Ukongeza, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kwenzeke kwilizwe ngalinye kula njengoko ababaleki befuna ipetroli kunye nezinto zokwakha. Imbalela, intlango, kunye nelahleko yeentlobo ezihamba nelahleko yendawo yokuhlala zibe sisiphumo. Ngapha koko, njengoko iimfazwe zikhokelele ekutshatyalalisweni kwendalo, imeko-bume ewohlokileyo yona inegalelo kwimpikiswano. [7]
Ukuqothulwa kwezilwanyana zasemakhayaUkuqhushumisa ibhombu eAfghanistan kunye nokugawulwa kwamahlathi kusongele indlela ebalulekileyo yokufuduka kweentaka ezihamba kule ndawo. Inani leentaka ezibhabhayo kule ndlela lehle ngama-85 eepesenti. [8] Iziseko zase-US zaba yimarike enenzuzo kwizikhumba ze-Snow Leopard, kwaye ama-Afghans ahlwempuzekileyo kunye nababaleki bazimisele ngakumbi ukwaphula isibhengezo sokubazingela, endaweni ukusukela ngo-2002. [9] Abasebenzi bamazwe angaphandle abancedisayo abafike esixekweni esikhulu amanani alandelayo ukuwa kolawulo lweTaliban bazithengile izikhumba. Amanani aseleyo e-Afghanistan aqikelelwa phakathi kwe-100 kunye ne-200 ngo-2008. [10] (Iphepha lihlaziyiwe ukusukela ngoMatshi 2013)
[1] Col. Gregory J. Lengyel, USAF, iSebe lezoKhuseleko kwiQhinga lezaMandla: Ukufundisa inja yakudala amaqhinga amatsha. Inyathelo lama-21 loKhuselo lweNkulungwane. IWashington, DC: Iziko leBrookings, Agasti, 2007, iphe. 10.
[2] Ukhuseleko Lwehlabathi Lonke, M-1 Abrams Main Battle Tank. http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/ground/m1-specs.htm
[3] I-Associated Press, "Iinkcukacha malunga nokuSetyenziswa kweFutha yamaFutha," USA namhlanje, 2 April 2008, http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2008-04-02-2602932101_x.htm.
[4] Icatshulwe kuJoseph Conover, uHarry Husted, uJohn MacBain, uHeather McKee. UkuLungiswa kunye nokuPhembelela kokuSebenza kweNqwelo yokulwa iBradley eneYunithi yaMandla aNcedisayo yeFuel Cell. Uthotho lwamaPhepha oBugcisa eSAE, 2004-01-1586. Ngo-2004 i-SAE Congress, eDetroit, eMichigan, ngoMatshi 8-11, 2004. http://delphi.com/pdf/techpapers/2004-01-1586.pdf
[5] ICandelo leeNkcukacha-manani leZizwe eziManyeneyo. "ICandelo leeNkcukacha-manani leZizwe eziManyeneyo- Izibalo zezeNdalo." ICandelo leeNkcukacha-manani leZizwe eziManyeneyo. http://unstats.un.org/unsd/envelo/Questionnaires/country_snapshots.htm.
[6] ICarlotta Gall, iMfazwe-eSabekayo eAfghanistan kwiNgxaki yezeNdalo, I-New York Times, NgoJanuwari 30, 2003.
[7] I-Enzler, SM "Iziphumo zendalo esingqongileyo zemfazwe." Unyango lwaManzi kunye noCociso-uLenntech. http://www.lenntech.com/enveloal-effects-war.htm.
[8] uSmith, uGar. "Lixesha lokubuyisa iAfghanistan: iimfuno zokukhala zaseAfghanistan." Ijenali yeSiqithi seMhlaba. http://www.earthisland.org/journal/index.php/eij/article/its_time_to_res… INoras, iSibylle. "Afghanistani." Ukugcina iiNgwe zeSiqhwa. snowleopardblog.com/projects/afghanistan/.
[9] Reuters, "Abaphambukeli bayoyikisa iAfghan Snow Leopards," nge-27 kaJuni ngo-2008. http://www.enn.com/wildlife/article/37501
[10] uKennedy, uKelly. "Umphandi womkhosi wamanzi unxibelelanisa ityhefu nothuli lomhlaba kunye nezifo." USA namhlanje, NgoMeyi 14, 2011. http://www.usatoday.com/news/military/2011-05-11-Iraq-Afghanistan-dust-soldiers-illnesses_n.htm.
[11] Ibid.
[12] I-Busby C, uHamdan M kunye no-Ariabi E. Umhlaza, Ukufa kweentsana kunye nokuzalwa ngokwesini-Ratio eFallujah, Iraq 2005-2009. Int.J Environ.Res. LezeMpilo 2010, 7, 2828-2837.
[13] Ibid.
