Ixabiso leMfazwe Yehlabathi I-9.46 Trillion kwi-2012

nguTalia Hagerty, Pacific Standard

Iingcali zezoqoqosho azikho ntsha kwisifundo semfazwe. Abaninzi e-US baye baxoxa ukuba imfazwe ilungile kuqoqosho, kwaye abo baseWashington baye babonakala bezimisele ukubakholelwa. Ngokwenene, imfazwe ngumxholo ofanelekileyo wezoqoqosho. Ibiza kakhulu, yaye amanani abandakanyekileyo—imali echithiweyo, izixhobo ezisetyenzisiweyo, amaxhoba—anokubalwa ngokulula aze acutheke.

Kukho, nangona kunjalo, umxholo ocelomngeni othe watsala amehlo eengcali zoqoqosho kutshanje: uxolo.

Kule minyaka ilishumi idlulileyo, abaphandi kunye nabezoqoqosho abavela kwihlabathi liphela baye benza iinzuzo ezinkulu kwinkalo yoqoqosho loxolo. Bafumanisa ukuba ubundlobongela kunye neemfazwe ziyingozi kuqoqosho, kodwa nokuba sinokusebenzisa uqoqosho ukubathintela.

Olona phando lwakutsha nje lupapashwe yi Isiko soQoqosho kunye noxolo (IEP) yafumanisa ukuba ubundlobongela budle ihlabathi i-9.46 yezigidi zezigidi zeedola ngo-2012 kuphela. Leyo yi-11 ekhulwini lemveliso yehlabathi. Xa kuthelekiswa, iindleko zentlekele yezemali yayiyi-0.5 ekhulwini kuphela kuqoqosho lwehlabathi luka-2009.

Uxolo lubonakala lucacile kwaye lulula xa siphila kulo, kwaye i-11 lepesenti yemithombo yethu yehlabathi inikezelwa ekudaleni nasekuqulatheni ubundlobongela.

UJURGEN BRAUER NOYOHANE UPaul Dunne, abahleli be Ijenali yezoQoqosho noKhuseleko kunye nabanye ababhali be Uxolo Lwezoqoqosho, ichaza “uqoqosho loxolo” “njengofundo lwezoqoqosho kunye noyilo lwamaziko ezopolitiko, ezoqoqosho, nenkcubeko, unxulumano lwawo, kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo yawo yokuthintela, ukunciphisa, okanye ukusombulula naluphi na uhlobo lobundlobongela obufihlakeleyo okanye lokwenene okanye olunye ungquzulwano olutshabalalisayo phakathi naphakathi koluntu. .” Ngamanye amazwi, uxolo luchaphazela njani uqoqosho, uqoqosho luluchaphazela njani uxolo, kwaye sinokuzisebenzisa njani iindlela zoqoqosho ukuze siziqonde kakuhle zombini? Ezi akuzona izihloko ezitsha zezoqoqosho, uBrauer uthi. Kodwa imibuzo yophando ihlala isebenzisa igama elithi "imfazwe" endaweni yelithi "uxolo."

Yintoni umahluko? Ukungabikho kobundlobongela kunye nemfazwe koko abaphandi bakubiza ngokuba "luxolo olubi." Yinxalenye kuphela yomfanekiso. "Uxolo olulungileyo" bubukho bezakhiwo, amaziko, kunye nezimo zengqondo eziqinisekisa inkqubo yentlalo ezinzileyo kunye nenkululeko kuzo zonke iintlobo zobundlobongela. Ukulinganisa ukungabikho kobundlobongela kulula ngokwaneleyo, xa kuthelekiswa nobukho babo, kodwa ukuvavanya zonke iinkalo zenkqubo yentlalo ezinzileyo kunzima kakhulu.

UBrauer wenza ityala elinyanzelisayo kuqoqosho loxolo. Ukuba, umzekelo, iipesenti ezimbini ze-GDP yehlabathi zichithwa kwizixhobo, ngokuqinisekileyo kukho abathile abaza kuzuza kubundlobongela kunye nemfazwe. Kodwa uninzi loqoqosho lwenze ngcono kwimeko yoxolo, kwaye ubundlobongela benza izinto zibe nzima ngakumbi kwamanye ama-98 ekhulwini. Iqhinga kukuqonda indlela uluntu oluphuhlisa ngayo uxolo oluhle.

The Inkcazo yoKhuseleko lweSizwe, ekhutshwa minyaka le yi-IEP ukususela ngowama-2007, ibeka amazwe ehlabathi ukuze kubekho uxolo kusetyenziswa iimpawu ezingama-22 zokungabikho kogonyamelo. Akumangalisi ukuba, i-IEP ifumanisa ukuba i-Iceland, i-Denmark, ne-New Zealand yayizezona zinoxolo kwi-2013, ngelixa i-Iraq, iSomalia, iSiriya, ne-Afghanistan yayincinci. I-US ibeka i-99 kwi-162.

Ngedatha ebanzi kwaye phantse yehlabathi malunga nokungabikho kobundlobongela, kuyenzeka ukuba kuvavanywe ukuhambelana kwezakhiwo zentlalo. Oku kusinika umfanekiso woxolo oluqinisekileyo. Emva kokuhlalutya ngokweenkcukacha ubudlelwane phakathi kwamanqaku e-GPI kunye malunga ne-4,700 yeeseti zedatha yelizwe lonke, i-IEP ichonge amaqela ezalathisi, njengobude bokuphila okanye imigca yomnxeba kubantu be-100, ukuba ithathela ingqalelo eyona nto iphambili kwezoqoqosho, ezopolitiko, kunye nenkcubeko yokumisela uxolo. I-IEP ibiza ezi zintlu zisibhozo ziziphumo zisithi “Iintsika zoXolo”: urhulumente osebenza kakuhle, ukusasazwa ngokulinganayo kwemithombo yobutyebi, ukuhamba kolwazi ngokukhululekileyo, imekobume yoshishino ephilileyo, inqanaba eliphezulu loluntu (umz., imfundo kunye nempilo), ukwamkelwa kobume. amalungelo abanye, umgangatho ophantsi worhwaphilizo, nolwalamano oluhle nabamelwane.

Uninzi lwezonxibelelwano zoxolo zibonakala zicacile. Iziseko ezingundoqo ezisemgangathweni zidla ngokuchithwa yimfazwe; amanzi yinto ekunokwenzeka ukuba silwe ngayo. Ukubaluleka kwezifundo ezinje ngeNtsika zoXolo kukutyhila ukuntsonkotha koluntu oluthi, ngokulula, lusebenze nje. Uluntu apho sonke sifumana oko sikufunayo ngaphandle kokuthatha umpu. Uxolo lubonakala lucacile kwaye lulula xa siphila kulo, kwaye i-11 lepesenti yemithombo yethu yehlabathi inikezelwa ekudaleni nasekuqulatheni ubundlobongela. Uqoqosho loxolo lubonisa ukuba ukuqinisekisa uqoqosho apho wonke umntu efumana oko akufunayo kokubini kudala amava oluntu anoxolo kwaye, emva koko, ubutyebi kunye nemisebenzi.

Kukho, ewe, uphuculo olushiyekileyo ekufuneka lwenziwe kwizikhokelo ze-IEP. Umzekelo, ukulingana ngokwesini lunxulumano olubalulekileyo lokungabikho kobundlobongela ngokubanzi. Kodwa ngenxa yokuba i-GPI kusafuneka iquke imilinganiselo ethile yobundlobongela obusekelwe kwisini, basekhaya, okanye ubundlobongela obuphathelele kwezesondo-bexoxa ukuba abanalo ulwazi olwaneleyo lwelizwe lonke-asikazi ncam ukuba ukulingana ngokwesini kunye noxolo kunxibelelana. Kukho olunye unxibelelwano olufanayo oluza kulungiswa kakuhle, kwaye, kwaye abaphandi baphuhlisa iindlela zezoqoqosho zokuzilungisa.

Uqoqosho loxolo lithuba lokuhambisa imilinganiselo yethu kunye nohlalutyo loxolo ngaphaya kwemfazwe kunye neengxabano ezicwangcisiweyo, ngokukaBauer, kunye neengcamango zobundlobongela okanye ukungabi nobundlobongela. UBrauer ubize isivakalisi esidala ukuba achaze intshiseko yakhe ngentsimi: Awukwazi ukulawula into ongayilinganisiyo. Sele silunge kakhulu ekulinganiseni nasekulawuleni imfazwe, kwaye ke ngoku lixesha lokulinganisa uxolo.