I. INQONDO YOKUQALA

Ubukhoboka Kwasuswa

Inkulungwane yeshumi elinesibhozo ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yabantu abasaphila emhlabeni babanjwe ebukhoboka okanye kwi-serfdom (iikota ezintathu zelizwe, ngokwenene, ngokweNkcazo yeLungelo leLuntu ephuma e-Oxford University Press). Ingcamango yokuphelisa into ebanzi kangaka kwaye ihlala ixesha elide njengokuba bukhoboka kwakucingwa ngokugqithiseleyo. Ubukhoboka bekunoloko bekunye nathi kwaye buya kuba njalo. Omnye akanakunqwenela ukungabi nantoni okanye ukungawunaki izigunyaziso zesimo sethu somntu, kungathandeki nangona kunjalo. Inkolo kunye nenzululwazi kunye nembali kunye noqoqosho konke kuxelwe ukuba kubungqina bokuba isigxina, isigunyaziso, kunye nokufunwa. Ubukhoboka obukho kwiBhayibhile yeBhayibhile bufanelekile emehlweni abantu abaninzi. E-Efese 6: 5 St. Paul wayalela amakhoboka ukuba alalele abaphathi bawo basemhlabeni njengoko bamthobela uKristu.

Ubuninzi bobukhoboka babuye bavumela ingxabano yokuba ukuba elinye ilizwe alizange lenze elinye ilizwe liya kuthi: "Abanye abathobekileyo banokuthi bangafuni ukurhweba ngentengiso yezobukhoboka," kusho ilungu lePalamente yaseBritani ngoMeyi 23, 1777, "Kodwa makhe siqwalasele ukuba, ukuba iikoloni zethu zimele zihlwayelwe, ezinokuthi zenziwe kuphela ngamajelo aseAfrika, ngokuqinisekileyo kungcono ukuzenzekela ngalabo basebenzi kwiinqanawa zaseBrithani, kunokuzithenga kumaFrentshi, aseDutch okanye aseDanish." Ngo-Apreli 18, i-1791, i-Banastre i-Tarleton ivakaliswe ePalamente-kwaye, ngokungathandabuzekiyo, abanye babemkholelwa kuye-ukuba "abantu baseAfrika abanaso isichaso kworhwebo."

Ekupheleni kwekhulu leshumi elinesithoba, ubukhoboka babuye balukhutshwe phantse yonke indawo kwaye ngokukhawuleza ekunciphiseni. Ngokwengxenye, oku kubangelwa ukuba abantu abathintekayo baseNgilani kwi-1780 baqalisa inxaxheba ekukhuthazeni ukuqothulwa, ibali elitsho kakuhle kuAdam Hochschild's Bury iCandelo. Le yintlangano eyenza ukuphelisa urhwebo lwekhoboka kunye nobukhoboka njengesibongo sokuziphatha, isizathu sokubingelelwa egameni labantu abade, abangaziwa behluke kakhulu. Kwakuyimpembelelo yoxinzelelo loluntu. Akuzange isebenzise ubudlova kwaye ayizange isebenzise ukuvota. Uninzi lwabantu aluba nelungelo lokuvota. Esikhundleni salo kwakusetyenziso olubizwa ngokuba ngumntu ongenaluthando kunye nokunyanzeliswa kwezinto ezifunwa ukuba zikhona. Yatshintshe inkcubeko, okokuthi, yintoni ehlala ixhaphaza kwaye izama ukuzigcina ngokuzibiza ngokuthi "ubuntu buntu."

Ezinye izinto zanceda ekugqibeleni ubukhoboka, kubandakanywa ukuchaswa kwabantu abagqilaziwe. Kodwa ukuchasana okunjalo kwakungekho entsha kwihlabathi. Ukugwetywa kobukhoboka-kuquka nabakhoboka-kwangaphambili-nokuzibophelela kokungavumeli ukubuyela kwayo: kwakungumtsha kunye nokugqiba.

Lezo ngcamango zisasazwa ngeendlela zokunxibelelana esiziqwalasela ngoku. Kukho ubungqina bokuba kule minyaka yobuqhagamshelwano behlabathi jikelele sinokusasaza iingcamango ezifanelekileyo ngokukhawuleza.

Ngoko, ubukhoboka buye? Ewe kunye no. Nangona ukuhlala omnye umntu uvinjelwe kwaye ukungazidibanisi kwihlabathi, iintlobo zobukhoboka zikhoyo kwiindawo ezithile. Ayikho ifa lokufa kwabantu abagqila ubomi, bathuthwa baze bahlanjululwe ngokukhululekile ngabanikazi babo, oko kunokuthiwa "ubugqila bendabuko." Ngokudabukisayo, nangona kunjalo, ubukhoboka kunye nobugqila bobulili bufihla emazweni athile. Kukho iipokotshi zobukhoboka beentlobo ezahlukeneyo e-United States. Kukho umsebenzi weentolongo, kunye nabasebenzi ngokungabalulekanga ukuba babeyinzala yamakhoboka angaphambili. Kukho abantu baseAfrika-baseMelika abasemagqabini okanye ngaphantsi kwenkqubo yokubambiswa kwezobugebengu e-United States namhlanje kunokuba kwakukho abantu base-Afrika baseMelika abagqilaziwe e-United States kwi-1850.

Kodwa ezi zimbi zanamhlanje azikhokisi ukuba ubani ubugqila, nangaluphi na uhlobo, ukulungiswa ngonaphakade kwihlabathi lethu, kwaye akufanelekile. Uninzi lwabantu base-Afrika-baseMerika abavalelwe entolongweni. Uninzi lwabasebenzi ehlabathini alukho khoboka kulo naluphina uhlobo lobukhoboka. Kwi-1780, ukuba unqwenela ukwenza ubugqila ngaphandle kwelo mthetho, inkohlakalo emele yenziwe ngasese, ifihlakele kwaye iguqulwe apho ikhona khona nangayiphi na indlela, ubuya kuthathwa njengento engenangqondo kwaye ungayazi njengoko umntu ecetyiswa ngokupheleleyo ukupheliswa kobukhoboka. Ukuba ubuza kuphakamisa ukubuyisela ubugqwetha ngendlela enkulu namhlanje, abaninzi abantu bayayichasa le ngcamango njengemuva nangemva.

Zonke iintlobo zobukhoboka zingenakupheliswa ngokupheleleyo, kwaye akunakwenzeka. Kodwa ba no kubakho. Okanye, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ubukhoboka bendabuko buya kubuyiselwa ekuvunyelweni okudumile kwaye bubuyiselwe kwisikhundla kwisizukulwana okanye ezimbini. Khangela ukuvuselela ngokukhawuleza ekuvunyelweni kokuhlushwa ekuqaleni kwekhulu leminyaka elinamanci mabini anesibini, umzekelo wendlela umkhuba othile oye waqala ukushiya ngawo uye wavuselelwa kakhulu. Kulo mzuzwana, kunjalo, kucacile kubantu abaninzi ukuba ubukhoboka lukhethiweyo kwaye ukupheliswa kwayo kukukhethwa-okokuba, ekugqibeleni, ukupheliswa kwayo kwakunokukhetha, nangona kunzima.

Imfazwe Yomphakathi?

E-United States abanye banokuba nethuba lokungabaza ukupheliswa kobukhoboka njengomzekelo wokupheliswa kwemfazwe kuba imfazwe isetyenziselwa ukuqeda ubukhoboka. Kodwa ngaba bekufuneka kusetyenziswe? Ngaba kuya kufuneka kusetyenziswe namhlanje? Ubukhoboka buphelile ngaphandle kwemfazwe, ngenxa yokukhululwa komvuzo, kwii-coloni zaseBrithani, eDenmark, eFransi, e-Netherlands, nakwintoliso yeMzantsi Melika kunye neCaribbean. Loo mzekelo wasebenza naseWashington, DC I-Slave ephethe amazwe eUnited States ayayayinqabela, ininzi yawo ikhetha ukhetho. Yile ndlela eya kwenzeka ngayo imbali, kwaye abantu abaninzi babefanele bacinge ngokungafaniyo ukuba bahambe ngenye indlela. Kodwa iindleko zokukhulula amakhoboka ngokuzithenga zaziba ngaphantsi kweMntla ezazisetyenziselwa imfazwe, kungabi nokubala oko uMzantsi wasebenzisa, kungekhona ukubala ukufa nokulimala, ukuguqulwa, ukuxhatshazwa, ukutshabalalisa, kunye neminyaka emininzi yokubuhlungu, ngoxa ubude bubukhoboka buhlala buhlala buyinyani kuwo onke kodwa igama. (Jonga iindleko zeMfazwe emikhulu yase-US, yi-Congressional Research Service, uJuni 29, 2010.)

NgoJuni 20, i-2013, iAtlantic yashicilela into ebizwa ngokuba "Hayi, uLincoln Wayenakukwazi 'Ukuthenga Iingcaka.' Kutheni? Ewe, abanini bekhoboka abafuni ukuthengisa. Linyani ngokwenene. Abazange, kungekhona. Kodwa iAtlantiki igxininisa kwelinye ingxabano, oko kukuthi bekuya kuba kubi kakhulu, kubiza imali engama-$ 3 billion (kwi-1860s money). Nangona kunjalo, ukuba ufunda ngokukhawuleza-kulula ukuyiphosa-umbhali uyavuma ukuba imfazwe ixabisa ngokuphindwe kabini. Iindleko zokukhulula abantu zazingenakulungiseka. Nangona kunjalo iindleko eziphindwe kabini-zabantu ababulalayo, zihamba ngokungaqondakali. Njengokuba kunabantu abanondliwa ngokutya ngokutya, kubonakala ngathi kukho igumbi elihlukileyo ngokupheleleyo kwiinkcitho zemfazwe, igumbi ligcinwe kude nokugxeka okanye kwimibuzo.

Iphuzu alikho kakhulu kangangokuba ookhokho bethu babenokwenza okukhethiweyo (kwakungekho nantoni ekufuphi ukwenza njalo), kodwa ukuba ukhetho lwabo lubukeka lubuwula kwisimo sethu sengqondo. Ukuba kusasa siza kuvuka kwaye sifumane wonke umntu ocaphukile ngokugqithiseleyo ngenxa yokudityaniswa kwamatyala, ngaba kunokunceda ukufumana indawo eninzi ekubulaleni kuyo amaninzi amaninzi? Yintoni eya kuyenza ngokuphelisa amajele? Yaye yintoni na iMfazwe yoLuntu eyayinxulumene nokugqithwa kobukhoboka? Ukuba-ngokuphambene nxamnye nomlando-abakwa-US abanikazi bekhoboka baye bakhetha ukuphelisa ubukhoboka ngaphandle kwemfazwe, kunzima ukucinga ukuba njengesigqibo esibi.

Makhe ndizame ngokwenene, ndigxininise le ngongoma: into endiyichazayo AYIKHO kwenzeke kwaye ayizange ibe yenzeke, ayikho ndawo ekude isondele; kodwa oko kwenzekayo bekuya kuba yinto entle. Ukuba abanamakhoboka kunye nezopolitiki babeguqula kakhulu ukucinga kwabo kwaye bakhetha ukuphelisa ubukhoboka ngaphandle kwemfazwe, babeya kuwuphelisa ngokubandezeleka okungakumbi, kwaye mhlawumbi bawuphelile ngokupheleleyo. Kwimeko nayiphi na into, ukucinga ubugqila obuphela ngaphandle kwemfazwe, sifuna ukujonga kuphela imbali yembali yamazwe ahlukeneyo. Kwaye ukucinga ukuba utshintsho olukhulu luyenziwa kuluntu lwethu namhlanje (nokuba luvala iijele, ukudala i-solar arrays, ukuphinda kubhale kwakhona uMgaqo-siseko, ukuququzelela ulimo oluzinzileyo, ukhetho lwezimali zomphakathi, ukuphuhlisa izithuba zentengiso yesidemokhrasi, okanye nayiphi na into-ungayithandi na enye yale ngcamango , kodwa ndiqinisekile ukuba unokucinga ngenguqu enkulu enokuyithanda) asifuni ukubandakanya njengeNyathelo 1 "Fumana amasango amakhulu apho senza abantwana bethu baxane ngamanani amaninzi." Kunoko, siyaqhwala ngokufanelekileyo kwiCandelo le-2 "Yenza into efuna ukuyenza." Ngoko ke kufuneka.

UkuQala kwangaphambili

Kuye nawuphi na ufilosofi ebelana ngombono kaJean Paul Sartre kwihlabathi akukho mfuneko yokubonisa ukupheliswa kobukhoboka ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba ubukhoboka bukhethiweyo. Singabantu, kwaye uSartre kuthetha ukuba sikhululekile. Nangona xa sisigqila, sikhululekile. Sinokukhetha ukuthetha, ukungadli, ukungaphuzi, ukungabi ngesondo. Njengoko ndibhalela oku, amaninzi amabanjwa ayebandakanyeka isiteleka selambile eCalifornia naseGuantanamo Bay nasePalestine (kwaye bebanxibelelana). Yonke into ikhetho, ihlala ikhona, iya kuhlala ihlala. Ukuba sinokukhetha ukungadli, ngokuqinisekileyo sinokukhetha ukuba singabandakanyeki kumzamo omkhulu, odinga ukubambisana kwabantu abaninzi, ukuseka okanye ukugcina iziko lobugqila. Kulo mbono kucacile ukuba sinokukhetha ukuba singabakhoboka abantu. Sinokukhetha ukondla kwendalo yonke okanye i-cannibalism okanye nayiphi na into esiyibonayo. Abazali bathi kubantwana babo, "Nokuba nantoni na ukuba ukhetha ukuba yinto," kwaye okufanayo kufuneka kuyenye inyaniso kwiqoqo ehlanganisiweyo yabantwana bonke.

Ndicinga ukuba le ngongoma engentla, ingenangqondo njengoko ingavakalayo, yinto eyiyo. Akuthethi ukuba iziganeko zexesha elizayo azizimisele ngokwenyama. Kuthetha ukuba, ngokubhekiselele kumntu ongeyena mntu, ukhetho lukhoyo. Oku akuthethi ukuba unokhetha ukuba nekhono lomzimba okanye iitalente ezingenayo. Akuthethi ukuba unokukhetha indlela iphela ngayo ihlabathi. Awukwazi ukukhetha ukuba neerandi ezigidi zamadola okanye uzuze indondo yegolide okanye ufumane umongameli okhethiweyo. Kodwa unokukhetha ukuba ngumntu ongeke abe neyadola iiligidi zeebhiliyoni ngelixa abanye belambile, okanye uhlobo lomntu oya kwenza njalo kwaye agxininise kwii-dollar ezimbini zeebhiliyoni. Unokukhetha ukuziphatha kwakho. Unokunika umdaka wegolide okanye ucebile okanye ukhethwa umzamo wakho omhle okanye umgudu wentliziyo-ntliziyo okanye akukho nzame. Ungaba uhlobo lomntu othobela imiyalelo engekho mthethweni okanye yokuziphatha kakubi, okanye uhlobo lomntu owenzayo. Ungaba uhlobo lomntu okhuthazela okanye okhuthaza into efana nobukhoboka okanye uhlobo lomntu onzima ukuluqeda, nangona abanye bancedisa. Kwaye ngenxa yokuba sonke sinokukhetha ukusichitha, ndiya kuthetha, sinokuzikhethela ukuba sinqunyulwe.

Kukho iindlela ezininzi apho umntu angavumelani nalo. Mhlawumbi, banokuthi bathethe, amandla athile asithintela sonke ekukhetheni ngokukhetha oko sinokukhetha ngamnye umntu ngomzuzwana wokucacisa ukuzola. Eli gunya lingaba luhlobo oluthile lokungalingani kwezentlalo okanye impembelelo engenakukupheka yamacophants onamandla. Okanye kungaba ngumxinzelelo wokhuphiswano loqoqosho okanye ubuninzi bemihlali okanye ukungabikho kwemithombo yolwazi. Okanye mhlawumbi inxalenye yabantu bethu iyagula okanye iwonakaliswe ngendlela eyanzela ukuba idale ubukhoboka. Aba bantu banokumisela iziko lobugqila kwilizwe lonke. Mhlawumbi inxalenye ebandakanyekileyo yobukhoboka kubemi iquka bonke abesilisa, kwaye abafazi abakwazi ukunqoba umkhondo wesilisa ebukhosini. Mhlawumbi inkohlakalo yamandla, idibene nokukhethwa kwamandla abo batyekele ukufuna amandla kwenza ukuba imigaqo-nkqubo yoluntu eyonakalisayo ikhuseleke. Mhlawumbi impembelelo yabaxhamli kunye nekhono labashumayeli basenza singenakukunceda. Okanye mhlawumbi inxalenye enkulu yehlabathi ingahle ihlelwe ukuphelisa ubukhoboka, kodwa ezinye iindawo zihlala zizisa ubugqila emva kwesi sifo, kwaye ukuphelisa ngokufanayo kuyo yonke indawo bekungeke kwenzeke. Mhlawumbi i-capitalism ivelise ubugqila ngokungenakuze, kwaye ubukhulu becala bungenakugwema. Mhlawumbi ukutshatyalaliswa kwabantu okujoliswe kuyo kwindalo yendalo kubandakanya ubukhoboka. Mhlawumbi ubundlobongela okanye ubuzwe okanye inkolo okanye ukubulawa kwabantu okanye ukuthanda izwe okanye ukungafani okanye ukwesaba okanye ukunyaniseka okanye ukungahloneli ngokubanzi kungenakuphepheka kwaye kuqinisekiswe ubukhoboka kungakhathaliseki ukuba sizama kangakanani ukucinga nokuthatha indlela yethu yokuphuma kuyo.

Ezi ntlobo zamabango zokungavumelekanga zivakala zingachukumisi xa zibhekiswe kwiziko eliye lapheliswa ngokubanzi, njengobungqina. Ndiya kubajongana nabo ngezantsi malunga neziko lemfazwe. Ezinye zezi ngcamango-ubuninzi benani, ubunqongophala bemithombo, njl njl.-Ziyaziwa kakhulu phakathi kwabafundi abajonge kwiintlanga ezingezizo njengesiqalo esiyinhloko sokwenza imfazwe. Ezinye iimbono, ezinjengempembelelo yombono kaMongameli uDwight Eisenhower obizwa ngokuba yi-industrial complex complex, eyaziwayo nakwezinye izithintelo zokuxhalabisa uxolo eMelika. Kodwa akunjalo, ukuva abaxhasi beemfazwe zase-US bakuchaza imfuneko yokulwa nezixhobo kunye "nendlela yokuphila" njengesizathu sokulwa neemfazwe eziye zaboniswa kumabonwakude njengezizathu ezihluke ngokupheleleyo. Ndiya kuba nethemba lokucacisa ukuba amabango okungaqiniseki kobukhoboka okanye imfazwe ayinaso isiseko eqinisweni, nokuba yeyiphi na iziko elisebenza kuyo. Ukuxhamla kwale ngxabano kuya kuncedwa ukuba siqale sicinge ngamanani amaninzi ahloniphekileyo esele ashiye.

Amagalelo eGazi kunye neeDuels

Akukho mntu waseUnited States uceba ukubuyisela ukukhwabanisa kwegazi, ukuphindezela ukubulawa kwamalungu entsapho enye kwintsapho eyahlukileyo. Abahlaseli babemvukelo bebeyinto eqhelekileyo neyamkelweyo eYurophu kwaye isalunge kakhulu kwiindawo ezithile zehlabathi. I-Hatfields enobugqibi kunye noMcCoys abazange bathathele igazi elinye ixesha elingaphezu kwekhulu leminyaka. Kwi-2003, ezi ntsapho ezimbini zase-United States zasayina i-truce. I-blood feuds e-United States yayisisigxina ngokukhawuleza kwaye iyanqatshelwa luluntu olukholelwa ukuba lungenza ngcono kwaye lwenze ngcono.

Ngokudabukisayo, omnye wabakwaMcCoys ababandakanyeka ekutyikityeni ingqungquthela eyenziwe ngamagqabaza athile, ngoxa i-United States yahlaselwa imfazwe e-Iraq. Ngokutsho kwe-Orlando Sentinel, "uRoo Hatfield waseWesnesboro, Va., Weza nalo mbono njengendlela yokuvakalisa uxolo. Wathi, xa umgca wokhuseleko lwesizwe usengozini, abantu baseMerika bahlukana baze bahlale bumbene. "Ngokutsho kwe-CBS News," uReo uthe emva kweSept 11 wayefuna ukwenza ingxelo uxolo phakathi kweentsapho ezimbini ukubonisa ukuba ukuba unomdaka olusisondlo-ntsapho luyakwazi ukulungiswa, ngoko uhlanga luyonokubumbana ukuze lukhusele inkululeko. "Uhlanga. Ayikho ihlabathi. "Khusela inkululeko" ngoJuni 2003 kwakukho ikhowudi "yokulwa imfazwe," kungakhathaliseki ukuba imfazwe, njengeemfazwe ezininzi, inciphise inkululeko yethu.
Ngaba siye savuselela iindlovu zegazi njengentsapho njengengqondo yegazi? Ngaba siyeke ukubulala abamelwane ngenxa yeengulube ezibiweyo okanye izikhalazo ezizuze ilifa ngenxa yokuba amandla angacacileyo asichukumisayo ukuba abulale abuye abulawe ekubulaleni abantu bezinye iintlanga ngemfazwe? Ngaba iKentucky yayiya kulwa ne-West Virginia, ne-Indiana kunye ne-Illinois, ukuba babengenakukwazi ukulwa ne-Afghanistan endaweni yoko? Ngaba iYurophu iphelile uxolo ngokwayo kuphela ngenxa yokuba ihlala isinceda ukuhlasela kwe-United States kufana ne-Afghanistan, Iraq neLibiya? Ngaba uMongameli uGeorge W. Bush akazange avumele imfazwe e-Iraq kwinqanaba elithile ngokumxelela ukuba umongameli wase-Iraq wayezama ukubulala uyise kaBush? Ngaba iUnited States ayiphatha iCuba nje ngokuba iMfazwe yamaFolanga ayizange iphele ngokubanzi ngenxa ye-inertia enkulu? Emva kokubulala ummi waseUnited States ogama lakhe linguAnwar al-Awlaki, ngaba uMongameli uBarack Obama akazange athumele omnye umkhosi emva kweeveki ezimbini emva koko wabulala unyana ka-Awlaki oneminyaka eyi-16, ongenamangalelwa kuye ukwenza izinto ezingalunganga? Ukuba kwenzeka-ingozi engathandabuzekiyo nakuba yayiza kuba-u-Awlaki omncinci wayejoliswe ngaphandle kokuba echongiwe, okanye ukuba yena kunye nabanye abantu abaselula kunye naye babulawa ngokungaboni kakuhle, akunjalo na?

Ngokuqinisekileyo, kodwa ukufana nje akufani. I-Blood feuds, njengokuba beyiyo, isuka kwinkcubeko yase-US nakwezinye iinkcubeko ezininzi emhlabeni jikelele. Iingcingo zegazi zazikwimeko ethile, zijongwa njengezinto eziqhelekileyo, ezendalo, ezithandekayo, nezisigxina. Baye bafunwa ngesithethe kunye nodumo, kwintsapho kunye nokuziphatha. Kodwa, eUnited States nakwezinye iindawo ezininzi, baye bahamba. Izambatho zabo zihlala. I-blood feuds ivela kwakhona kwifomu ephosakeleyo, ngaphandle kwegazi, ngamanye amaxesha kunye namagqwetha asetshenziselwa izibhamu. Imizila yeengxaki zegazi zidibanisa nezenzo zangoku, ezifana nemfazwe, okanye udlame lwegundane, okanye ukutshutshiswa kobugebengu kunye nokuthunyelwa. Kodwa i-feuds yegazi ayikho nto ephambili kwiimfazwe ezikhoyo, azibangeli iimfazwe, iimfazwe azilandeli imigaqo yazo. Iimbengezelo zegazi azizange zitshintshwe zibe yimfazwe okanye nayiphi na into. Baye banqanyulwa. Imfazwe yayikho ngaphambi nangemva kokupheliswa kweengxaki zegazi, kwaye yayinezinto ezifanayo kwiimfesane zegazi ngaphambi kokupheliswa kwazo kunemva koko. Oorhulumente abalwa nemfazwe baye bavala umyalelo wokuvinjelwa kobundlobongela, kodwa ukuvinjelwa kuphumelele kuphela apho abantu bamkele igunya lawo, apho abantu bavumile ukuba kufuneka kushiywe i-blood feud. Kukho iindawo zehlabathi apho abantu abangazange bamkele oko.

Dueling

Ukubuyiselwa kwe-dueling kubonakala kungenakwenzeka kunokuba kubuyiselwe ebukhosini okanye kwi-blood feuds. Izibhengezo zazihlala zihlala kwindawo eYurophu nakwi-United States. Amagosa, kuquka i-US Navy, eyayisetyenziselwa ukulahlekelwa ngamagosa amaninzi ukuba ahlukane phakathi kwabo kunokuba alwe notshaba lwangaphandle. I-Dueling yayivinjelwe, ihlambulukile, ihlekisiwe kwaye iyanqatshwa ngekhulu leshumi elinesibhozo njengendlela yokuziphatha. Abantu babecinga ukuba banokushiywa emva, kwaye kwakunjalo.

Akukho mntu ucetywayo wokuphelisa ukuxhatshazwa okanye ukungalungi xa ehlala ekhuselekileyo okanye ekhuselekileyo. Kuyafana okufanayo malunga neengcinga zegazi kunye nobukhoboka. Ezi zenzo zafunyanwa ngokupheleleyo, zingaguquki okanye ziphucukile. Asinayo iivumelwano ze-Geneva ukulawula ubukhoboka obufanelekileyo okanye i-blood feuds ephucukileyo. Ubukhoboka abugcinwanga njengendlela evumelekileyo kwabanye abantu. Iindlovu zegazi azizange zinyanzeliswe kwiintsapho ezithile ezikhethekileyo ukuba zilungele ukukhusela iintsapho ezingenangqiqo okanye ezimbi ezingenakucatshangelwa nazo. I-Dueling ayizange ihlale isemthethweni kwaye iyamkeleka kubantu abathile. IZizwe eziManyeneyo azigunyazisi iidrase ngendlela egunyazisa ngayo iimfazwe. Ukuguqulwa, kumazwe awakwenza oko ngaphambili, kuyaqondwa ukuba yindlela ebhubhisayo, ebuyela emuva, engafaniyo, nokungazi ukuba abantu bazama ukulungisa iingxabano zabo. Naluphi na ukuthuka umntu onokukujikijela kuwe ngokuqinisekileyo kuya kuba nzima-njengoko sibona izinto namhlanje-kunokuba uyityhofu ukuba uyisicwenge kwaye unobungozi ekuthatheni inxaxheba kwiimbophelelo. Ngenxa yoko ukukhwabanisa akusisona indlela yokukhusela igama lakhe ngokuhlambalaza.

Ngaba i-duel yesihlandlo isenzeka? Mhlawumbi, kodwa kunjalo nangona kwenzekayo (okanye kungekho njalo) ukubulala, ukudlwengula, nokusela. Akukho mntu ucebisa ukuba asemthethweni, kwaye akukho bani ucebisa ukubuyisela. Ngokubanzi sizama ukufundisa abantwana bethu ukuxazulula iingxabano zabo ngamazwi, kungekhona izibonda okanye izixhobo. Xa singenakukwazi ukusebenzela izinto, sicela abahlobo okanye isiphawuli okanye amapolisa okanye inkundla okanye elinye igunya lokugweba okanye ukubeka isigwebo. Asizange siphendule iingxabano phakathi kwabantu, kodwa sifunde ukuba sonke sikulungele ukuzinzisa ngokungaboni. Kwinqanaba elininzi lethu siqonde ukuba nokuba umntu oye wayinqoba kwi-duel kodwa olahlekelwa kwisigwebo senkundla usengcono. Loo mntu akadingeki ukuba aphile njengobundlobongela ihlabathi, akafanele ahlupheke "kukunqoba kwakhe," akafuneki ukubonela ukubandezeleka kwabathandekayo bakhe, akufuneki ukuba afune ukwaneliseka okanye "ukuvalwa" ngelize ukuvakalelwa kwintlawulo yokuphindiselela, akufanele ukwesaba ukufa okanye ukulimala komntu omthandayo kwi-duel, kwaye akudingeki ukuba uhlale ekulungele ukuza kwakhe.
IiDaels International:
ESpeyin, Afghanistan, Iraq

Kuthekani ukuba imfazwe ingalunganga indlela yokulungisa iingxabano zamazwe ngamazwe njengento yokubambisana ukulungisa iingxabano zabanye? Ukufana kufana nokuba kunzulu kunokuba sikhathalele ukucinga. Ama-Duels ayenomqhudelwano phakathi kweebini zamadoda abaye banquma ukuba ukungavumelani kwabo akukwazanga ukulungiswa ngokuthetha. Ewe, siyazi kakuhle. Baye bakwazi ukusombulula izinto ngokuthetha, kodwa bakhetha ukungazi. Akukho mntu unyanzelekile ukuba alwe ne-duel kuba umntu owayephikisana naye wayengenangqiqo. Nabani na owakhetha ukulwa ne-duel wayefuna ukulwa ne-duel, kwaye yena ngokwakhe-ngoko-akunakwenzeka ukuba omnye umntu akhulume naye.

Imfazwe imincintiswano phakathi kweentlanga (nangona xa kuchazwa njengalwe nxamnye nento efana "nokwesabisa") - iintlanga ezingakwazi ukulungisa iingxabano zabo ngokuthetha. Sifanele sazi kangcono. Iintlanga zinokusombulula iingxabano zabo ngokuthetha, kodwa ungakhethi. Akukho hlanga inyanzelekile ukulwa nemfazwe kuba olunye uhlanga alukholo. Nawuphi na uhlanga olukhetha ukulwa nemfazwe lufuna ukulwa nemfazwe, kwaye yedwa-ngoko-akunakwenzeka ukuba olunye uhlanga lukhulume nalo. Le yimizekelo esiyibona kwiimfazwe ezininzi zase-US.

Icala elihle (icala lethu, ngokuqinisekileyo) kwimfazwe, sifuna ukukholelwa, kuye kwaphoqelelwa kuyo kuba olunye uhlangothi luqonda kuphela ubundlobongela. Awukwazi ukuthetha nabase-Irani, umzekelo. Kuya kuba mnandi ukuba unako, kodwa eli lizwe langempela, kwaye kwihlabathi elinyani ilizwe elithile lilawulwa zizilo zengqungquthela ezingenakukwazi ukucinga!
Makhe sicinge ngenxa yeengxabano ukuba oorhulumente baxabana ngenxa yokuba olunye uhlangothi aluyi kuqiqa kwaye lithetha nabo. Uninzi lwethu alukholelwa ukuba oku kuyiyo. Siyabona ukulwa kwemfazwe njengoko kuqhutywa yiminqweno engacingiyo kunye nokukrakra, iimfazwe ezilungileyo njengemaphakheji amanga. Ngokuqinisekileyo ndabhala incwadi ethi Imfazwe Ngamanga Ukuhlola iindidi eziqhelekileyo zobuxoki malunga neemfazwe. Kodwa, ngenxa yokuthelekisa kunye ne-dueling, makhe sijonge kwimeko yokulwa njengento yokugqibela xa uthetha udibana, kwaye ubone indlela ehlala ngayo. Yaye makhe sijonge kwiimeko ezibandakanya iUnited States, njengoko ziqhelaniswe nakwinkoliso yethu kunye nabanye abantu abaninzi, kwaye njengokuba iUnited States (njengoko ndiza kuxubusha ngezantsi) ngumenzi wehlabathi wemfazwe.

Speyin

Inkolelo yokuba imfazwe iyisistim sokugqibela esetyenziswayo malunga nalabo abangenakuqiqa kunye nabo abahlali kakuhle. Impi yaseSpain-Amerika (i-1898), umzekelo, ayifanelekanga. ISpeyin yayikulungele ukungenisa isigwebo salo naluphi na umbambano ongathathi hlangothi, emva kokuba iUnited States ityhola iSpanish ngokukhupha iinqanawa ezibizwa ngokuba yi-USS Maine, kodwa iUnited States yayimisele ukulwa nangona ingenabo ubungqina obuxhasa inkxaso yayo , amagqwetha asebenza njengemvume yokulwa. Ukuqonda ngengcamango yethu yemfazwe kufuneka sibeke iSpeyin kwendima yomdlali wezobuchule kunye ne-United States ngendima yenyanga. Oko akunakulungile.

Ngokukrakra: akunakulungile. I-United States ayizange iqhutywe kwaye ayizange ihlalwe yi-lunatics. Ngamanye amaxesha kunokuba nzima ukubona indlela i-lunatics engakwenza ngayo ngakumbi kunokuba sikhethwe ngamagosa akhethiweyo, kodwa inyaniso ihlala iphela ukuba iSpeyin yayingayisebenzisanga nezilwanyana ezingezantsi, nje kuphela nabantu baseMerika. Kwaye iUnited States yayingayisebenzisanga nezilwanyana ezingezantsi, nje ngeSpanish. Lo mbandela unokuthi ulungiswe kwitafile, kwaye elinye icala lenze eso siphakamiso. Inyaniso kukuba iUnited States yayifuna imfazwe, kwaye kwakungekho nto iSpeyin engayithethayo ukukhusela. I-United States ikhethe imfazwe, njengokuba i-dueler ikhethile ukuphanga.

Afghanistani

Imizekelo entwasahlobo engqondweni kwimvelaphi yakutshanje kwakhona, kungekhona nje kuphela kwiinkulungwane ezidlulileyo. I-United States, iminyaka emithathu ngaphambi kweSeptemba 11, i-2001, yayiye icela i-Taliban ukuba iguqule u-Osama bin Laden. I-Taliban yayicelile ubungqina becala lakhe naluphi na ulwaphulo-mthetho kunye nokuzibophezela ukuzama kummandla wesithathu ongathathi hlangothi ngaphandle kwesihlwayo sokufa. Oku kwaqhubeka kwangena ngo-Oktobha, i-2001. (Khangela, umzekelo "uB Bush ulahla iSipho seTaliban ukunika uBin Laden ngaphezulu" kwi-Guardian, Oktobha 14, 2001.) Imfuno zikaTaliban azibonakali zingenangqiqo okanye ziphosa. Ziyabonakala ngathi iimfuno zomntu onokuqhutyelwa kuyo ingxoxo. AmaTaliban aphinde axelela iUnited States ukuba uBin Laden uceba ukuhlaselwa kumhlaba wase-US (oku ngo-BBC). UNobhala welizwe lasePakistan waseNkandla uNiaz Naik utshele i-BBC ukuba izikhulu zaseburhulumenteni zase-United States zamxelela kwiintlanganiso ezixhaswe yi-UN eBerlin ngoJulayi 2001 ukuba iUnited States iya kuthatha inxaxheba malunga neTaliban ngo-Oktobha. Uthe akuqinisekanga ukuba ukunikezela kweBin Laden kwakuza kutshintsha ezo zicwangciso. Xa iUnited States ihlasela i-Afghanistan ngo-Oktobha 7, i-2001, i-Taliban yacela kwakhona ukuba ixoxisane ngokuhambisa ngaphaya kweBin Laden kwilizwe lesithathu ukuba lizame. I-United States yalahla isipho kwaye yaqhubeka imfazwe e-Afghanistan iminyaka emininzi, ingayigqiba xa ibin Laden ikholelwa ukuba yashiye elo lizwe, kwaye ingayigqibi nhlobo emva kokuvakalisa ukufa kukaBin Laden. (Jonga i-Foreign Policy Journal, Septemba 20, 2010.) Mhlawumbi kwakukho ezinye izizathu zokugcina imfazwe idlulileyo iminyaka emininzi, kodwa ngokucacileyo isizathu sokuba siqale ukuba kwakungekho na enye indlela yokusombulula ingxabano. Ngokucacileyo i-United States yayifuna imfazwe.

Kutheni umntu efuna ukulwa? Njengoko ndiphikisana neMfazwe Ngamanga, iUnited States yayingafuni ukuphindiselela kwiSpain ekuthiwa itshabalalise iMaine njengokuthatha ithuba lokunqoba imimandla. Ukuhlasela i-Afghanistan kwakunanto encinane okanye akukho nto inokuyenza nabakwaBin Laden okanye urhulumente oye wanceda ibin Laden. Kunoko, iinjongo ze-US zazixhomekeke kwiipayipi zamanzi, ukubeka izixhobo, ukugxilwa kwezopolitiko, ukugxilwa kwezombusazwe, ukugxilwa kwezopolitiko, ukuqhubela phambili ekuhlaseleni i-Iraq (uTony Blair watshela uB Bush Afghanistan ukuba afike kuqala), isiqulatho selizwe sokubamba amandla kunye nemigaqo engathandekiyo ekhaya, kunye nokuxhamla kwimfazwe kunye nezinto ezilindelekileyo. I-United States yayifuna imfazwe.

I-United States inephantsi kweepesenti ze-5 kubemi behlabathi kodwa isebenzisa iphepha lesithathu kwikhasi lehlabathi, i-quarter yeoli yehlabathi, i-23 ekhulwini lelahle, i-27 ipesenti ye-aluminium kunye ne-19 yepesenti yobhedu. (Jonga iScientific American, Septemba 14, 2012.) Loo meko yezinto azikwazi ukuqhubeka ngokungapheliyo ngezopolitiko. Isandla esifihlakeleyo semarike asiyi kusebenza ngaphandle kwenqindi efihliweyo. UMcDonald akakwazi ukuchuma ngaphandle koMcDonnell Douglas, umyili we-US Air Force F-15. Yaye intsimbi efihlakeleyo eyenza ihlabathi likhuselekile ukuba ubuchwepheshe beSilicon Valley buphumelele bubizwa ngokuba yi-Army, i-Air Force, i-Navy kunye ne-Marine Corps, "kusho umgcini-mkhosi ofihlakeleyo kunye nomgcini wekhompiyutha waseNew York Times uThomas Friedman. Kodwa ukukrakra akusiyo imbambano yokuba omnye umntu angenakucatshulwa. Kungokunyanzela kuphela. Sonke sibone abantwana abancinci kunye nabantu abadala befunda ukuba bancani. Kukho neendlela ezijoliswe kumandla anokuzinzileyo kunye noqoqosho lwengingqi olukhokelela kwiimfazwe zokuhaha ngaphandle kokukhokelela ekuhluphekeni okanye ekuhluphekeni. Uninzi lwezibalo zokuguqulwa kwamandla amakhulu kuluhlaza aluyi kuthathelwa ingqalelo ukudluliselwa kwemithombo eninzi emkhosini. Siza kuxubusha ukuba yiyiphi impi ephelayo eyenzekayo ngezantsi. Ingongoma apha kukuba imfazwe ayifanele ukuba ithathwe njengento ehloniphekileyo kunokuba ihlonishwe.

Ngaba imfazwe yayinakuphepheka kwindlela abajonga ngayo ama-Afghans, ngubani owathoba i-United States engathandeki kwiintetho? Ngokuqinisekileyo akunjalo. Nangona ukuxhatshazwa kobundlobongela kuye kwahluleka ukuphelisa imfazwe kangangeminyaka engaphezu kwelishumi, kunokwenzeka ukuba ukunyanzeliswa okungazange kwenziwe ngokunyanisekileyo kuya kuphumelela. Singazuza, njengokuba kwadlulileyo kwiinkulungwane zedlule, ukususela kwimbali yokungabikho kokungazamiyo kwi-Spring Spring, e-Yurophu yaseMpuma, eMzantsi Afrika, e-Indiya, e-Central America, kwimigudu ephumelelayo ngamaPhilippines nasePuerto Ricans ukuvala umkhosi wase-US iziseko, njl

Mhlawumbi oku kungathi ngathi ndinika nje iingcebiso ezingafunekiyo kwi-Afghans ngelixa i-rhu lumente yam ibom bongoza, ndimele nditsho ukuba isifundo esifanayo sinokusebenza kweli lizwe lam. Abantu base-US bayamxhasa okanye bayinyamezela inkcitho (ngokusebenzisa iindidi zamasebe-qhagamshelana ne-War Resisters League okanye iProjekthi yeSizwe ePhambili) kwi-$ 1 trillion minyaka yonke kwimalungiselelo emfa ngokuchanekileyo ngenxa yokwesaba (kumnandi nokuba ingaba) ukuhlasela kwe-United States ngamandla angaphandle. Ngaba oko kwenzeka ukuba, amandla angaphandle angabandakanyeka ayeza kubhujiswa izixhobo zase-US. Kodwa, ngaba sasiqhaqhawula ezo zixhobo, asiyi kulwa-nxamnye neembono ezidumileyo-zimele zikhuseleke. Siyakwazi ukunqaba intsebenziswano kunye nomsebenzi. Singawafumana abahlaseli kunye nabo besizwe esihlaselayo kunye nezikhuselo zabantu ezivela kwihlabathi jikelele. Sinokuphishekela ubulungisa ngoluvo lwentlalo, iinkundla, kunye nezigwebo ezijoliswe kubantu abajongene nabo.

Enyanisweni, yi-United States ne-NATO ehlasela abanye. Imfazwe kunye nokuhlala kwe-Afghanistan, ukuba sibuya ngaphaya kwayo nje nje, kubonakala ngathi yintaba njengesibili. Ukugweba uhulumeni ngokuzithandela (ngeemeko ezithile ezifanelekileyo) ukuguqula isenzo sobugebengu, ngokuchitha ixesha elidlulileyo iminyaka elishumi ekuqhubheni ibhomu nokubulala abantu besizwe (ininzi labo abangazange balive ngokuhlaselwa kukaSeptemba 11, i-2001, incinci ibasixhasa, kwaye uninzi lwayo luthiyile i-Taliban) alubonakali luyinto ephucukileyo kakhulu kunokuba idudule ummelwane ngenxa yokuba umalume wakhe wayebiba ingulube yomkhulu wakho. Enyanisweni imfazwe iyabulala abantu abaninzi kunokuba i-blood feuds. Iminyaka elishumi elinesibini kamva, urhulumente waseUnited States, njengoko ndibhalela oku, uzama ukuxoxisana neTaliban-inkqubo ephosakeleyo ngokuba abantu base-Afghanistan abahambelani kakuhle nawuphi na umntu kwiingxoxo, kodwa inkqubo enokuthi ithathwe ngcono indawo ye-12 kwiminyaka ngaphambili. Ukuba unako ukuthetha nabo ngoku, kutheni ungenakuthetha kubo ngoko, phambi kokubamba i-mass-duel? Ukuba imfazwe yaseSiriya iyakunqandwa, kutheni imfazwe e-Afghanistan ayinakuyenza?
Irakh

Kwaye kukho imeko yase-Iraq ngo-Matshi 2003. IZizwe eziManyeneyo ziye zavuma ukugunyazisa ukuhlaselwa kwe-Iraq, njengoko yayingavumi iminyaka emibini ngaphambili ne-Afghanistan. I-Iraq yayingasongeli iUnited States. I-United States yayinayo kwaye yayilungiselela ukusebenzisa i-Iraq yonke iindidi zezixhobo ezigwetywe ngamazwe: i-white phosphorous, iindidi ezintsha ze-napalm, iibhola ze-cluster, i-uranium ephelile. Isicwangciso sase-US kwakuza kuhlasela izibonelelo kunye neendawo ezinabantu abanomsindo onjalo, ukuba, ngokuchasene namava onke adlulileyo, abantu "baya kutshitshiswa baze bathuswe" -nye igama liya kuthungelwa-kungeniswa. Kwaye i-justified justification for this was Iraq's possession of chemical, biological, and nuclear weapons.

Ngelishwa kulezi zicwangciso, inkqubo yokuhlolwa kwamazwe ngamazwe yayisuse i-Iraq yezixhobo ezinjalo ngaphambili kwaye yaqinisekisa ukungabikho kwayo. Uhlolo lwaluqhubeka, luqinisekisa kwakhona ukungabikho ngokupheleleyo kwezixhobo ezinjalo, xa iUnited States yamemezela ukuba imfazwe iya kuqala kwaye abahloli mabahambe. Imfazwe yayimfuneko, urhulumente wase-United States wathi, ukuguqula urhulumente wase-Iraq-ukususa uSaddam Hussein kumandla. Nangona kunjalo, ngokubhaliweyo kwintlanganiso ngoFebruwari 2003 phakathi kukaMongameli uGeorge W. Bush kunye noNdunankulu waseSpain, uBush wathi uHussein wayezimisele ukushiya i-Iraq, kwaye aye ekuthinjweni, ukuba angayigcina i-$ 1 billion. (Bona i-El Pais, iSeptemba 26, i-2007, okanye iWashington Post yolu suku olulandelayo.) IWashington Post yathi: "Nangona indawo kaRhulumente yaseBush ngexesha le ntla nganiso yayingumnyango wokuhlala isisombululo sezopolitiko, amakhulu amabini Amagosa ase-US sele esetyenziselwe umda we-Iraq, kwaye iNdlu yeNdlu ye-White House yayisicacile. 'Ixesha lifutshane,' uBush uthe kwingqungquthela yeendaba kunye [noNdunankulu waseSpain uJoseph] uAnnar ngaloo mini. "

Mhlawumbi umtyholi ovumelekileyo ukuba abaleke nge $ 1 ibhiliyoni ayiyona ingxaki efanelekileyo. Kodwa isibonelelo asizange sibonakaliswe kuluntu lwase-US. Saxelelwa ukuba idiplomacy ayinakwenzeka. Ingxoxo yayingenakwenzeka, saxelelwa. (Ngaloo ndlela, kwakungekho nethuba lokwenza isibonelelo sokuphikisana nesiqingatha sezigidigidi zeedola, umzekelo.) Ukuhlolwa akuzange kusebenze, bathetha. Izixhobo zazikho kwaye zingasetyenziselwa nanini na umzuzu ngokumelene nathi, zathi. Imfazwe, ngokuzisola, ngokukrakra, intlungu yokugqibela, basitshela. UMongameli Bush kunye noNdunankulu waseBrithani uTony Blair bathetha kwi-White House ngoJanuwari 31, i-2003, besithi imfazwe iya kugwenywa xa kunokwenzeka, emva nje kwintlanganiso yabucala apho uBush wayecebise inqwelo-moya ye-U2 eyaziwayo ngokukhusela i-Iraq, zidwetshwe ngemibala ye-UN, kwaye inethemba lokuba iIraq yayiza kubasa umlilo kubo, njengoko bekuya kuthiwa yindawo yokuqalisa imfazwe. (Jonga i-Worldless Law by Phillipe Sands, kwaye ubone ugalelo olubanzi lweendaba oluqokelelwe kwiWarIsAccrime.org/WhiteHouseMemo.)

Esikhundleni sokulahlekelwa yi-dollar yezigidigidi, abantu base-Iraq balahlekelwa i-1.4 yezigidi zabantu, babone abantu abayizigidi ze-4.5 abababaleki, izibonelelo zabo zesizwe kunye nemfundo kunye neenkqubo zezempilo ezibhubhileyo, inkululeko yoluntu elahlekileyo eyayikho naxa phantsi kolawulo lukaSaddam Hussein olunobundlobongela, ukutshatyalaliswa kokusingqongileyo phantse ngaphaya kokucinga, izifo zesifo kunye neziphoso zokuzalwa njengento eyingozi njengoko ihlabathi liyazi. Uhlanga lwase-Iraq lwachithwa. Iindleko kwi-Iraq okanye eUnited States ngeedola zazingaphezulu kweegidigidi (iUnited States ihlawulwe ngaphezu kwe-$ 800 yezigidigidi, ingabala izigidigidi zeedola ekunyuseni iindleko zombane, ukuhlawulwa kwexesha elizayo, ukunakekelwa kwabadala, kunye nokulahlekelwa ngamathuba). (Jonga uDavidSwanson.org/Iraq.) Akukho nto yenzeke ngenxa yokuba i-Iraq ayikwazanga ukuqiqa.

Urhulumente waseUnited States, kwinqanaba eliphezulu, akazange axhaswe yizixhobo eziqingqiweyo. Kwaye akunjalo indawo kaRhulumente waseUnited States ukugqiba isigqibo sokuba i-Iraq ingaba umlawuli wakhe ubalekela. Urhulumente waseUnited States kufuneka ukuba wasebenze ekupheliseni inkxaso yayo kubalawuli bamaqhinga kwamanye amazwe amaninzi ngaphambi kokuphazamisa i-Iraq ngendlela entsha. Okukhethwa kukho kukho ukuphelisa izigwebo zezoqoqosho kunye neembhobho kunye nokuqala ukubuyisela. Kodwa ukuba i-United States 'ihombise iinjongo ziyenjalo, sinokugqiba ukuba ukuthetha kwakukhethwa ukuba kukhethwa. Ukuxoxisana kwe-Irak yokurhoxiswa kwe-Kuwait kwakukhethwa kukho ngexesha le-First Gulf War. Ukukhetha ukungaxhasi kunye nokunika amandla u-Hussein wayenokukhetha ngaphambili. Kukho nantoni na enye indlela yokuxhasa ugonyamelo. Oku kuyinyani nakwiqondo le-Iraq. Ukumelana nokucinezelwa kungabikho kobugwenxa okanye obundlobongela.

Hlola nayiphi na imfazwe oyithandayo, kwaye kuvela ukuba ukuba abaqhubi befuna ukuchaza iminqweno yabo ngokuvulekileyo, bebengenayo ingxoxo kunokuba bafike ekulweni. Kunoko, befuna imfazwe yemfazwe ngenxa yaso, okanye imfazwe ngenxa yezizathu ezingenakwenzeka ukuba akukho mnye uhlanga oyavuma ngokuzithandela.

Imfazwe inokuzikhethela

Ngexesha leMfazwe yeCold, i-Soviet Union idutshulwa kwaye, enyanisweni, yadubula indiza ye-U2, isenzo sikaMongameli Bush esithemba ukuba siza kulwa ne-Iraq, kodwa iUnited States kunye neSoviet Union yathetha le ngxaki esikhundleni eya empini. Loo khetho ihlala ikhona-nangona xa usongelo lokubhubhisa ngokungahlali lukhoyo. Kwakukhona ne-Bay yeeNgulube kunye neCuban Missile Crises. Xa ukufudumala kukaMongameli uJohn F. Kennedy bezama ukumbamba imfazwe, wakhetha ukutshisa amagosa aphakamileyo kwaye aqhubeke ekhuluma neSoviet Union, apho kuqhutyelwa imfazwe efanayo yokulwa kunye noSihlalo uNikita Khrushchev. (Funda uJames Douglass 'JFK kunye noNgenakwenzeka.) Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, iziphakamiso zokuhlasela i-Iran okanye iSiriya ziye zalahlwa ngokuphindaphindiweyo. Ezi zihlaselo zingafika, kodwa zikhethwa.

Ngo-Matshi i-2011, i-African Union ibe nesicwangciso soxolo eLibiya kodwa inqatshelwe yi-NATO, ngokudalwa "kwintlanzi" kunye nokuqaliswa kokuqhuma ibhomu, ukuya eLibya ukuyixoxa. Ngo-Ephreli, i-African Union yakwazi ukuxubusha isicwangciso sayo kunye noMongameli waseLibya u-Muammar al-Gaddafi, kwaye wabonisa isivumelwano sakhe. I-NATO, efunyenwe igunya le-UN ukukhusela amaLibya anesigxina kodwa engekho isigunyaziso sokuqhubela phambili ukuqhubhisa ilizwe okanye ukuguqula urhulumente, waqhubela phambili ukuqhubhisa i-bhomu elo lizwe aze adilize urhulumente. Omnye unokukholelwa ukuba yinto entle yokwenza. "Safika. Sabona. Ufe! "Utshilo uNobhala welizwe waseMelika uHillary Clinton, ehleka ngokuvuya emva kokufa kukaGaddafi. (Jonga ividiyo kwi-WarIsCrime.org / Hillary.) Ngokufanayo, i-duelists ikholelwa ukudubula omnye umntu into enhle yokwenza. Ingongoma apha kukuba akuyena kuphela ukhetho olukhoyo. Njengokuba kunesidingo, iimfazwe zingaphinde zithathelwe ingxoxo kunye ne-arbitration. Umnxeba angeke ahlale ephuma kwidiplomacy yintoni abahlala ngasemva kwemfazwe ngokufihlakeleyo kunye neentloni, kodwa ngaba loo nto yayiyinto enjalo?

Oku kuyinyaniso kwixesha elide elisongelayo le-US e-Iran. Imizamo karhulumente karhulumente yokuxoxisana iyanqatshwa yi-United States kule minyaka elishumi edlulileyo. Kwi-2003, i-Iran icebise iingxoxo kunye nayo yonke into etafileni, kwaye iUnited States yashiya isipho. I-Iran iye yavuma ukukhutshelwa ngakumbi kwiinkqubo zenyukliya kunokuba kufunwa ngumthetho. I-Iran iye yazama ukuvumelanisa neemfuno ze-US, ngokuphindaphindiweyo iyavuma ukuthumela i-nuclear fuel out of the country. Kwi-2010, eTurkey naseBrazil zaza kwiinkathazo enkulu ukuze i-Iran ivumelane noko uhulumeni wase-United States athi kuyadingeka, okwakubangelwa kuphela kurhulumente wase-US ukuvakalisa umsindo wakhe eTurkey naseBrazil.

Ukuba oko i-United States imfuna ngokwenene kukulawula i-Iran kwaye ixhaphaze izibonelelo zayo, i-Iran ayikulindelekanga ukuba idibanise ngokuvuma ukulawula okuyingxenye. Le njongo akufanele ilandelwe yi-diplomacy okanye imfazwe. Ukuba oko i-United States imfuna ngokwenene kukuba kwezinye iintlanga zilahla amandla enyukliya, kunokufumana kunzima ukubeka loo mgaqo kubo, okanye ngaphandle kokusetyenziswa kwemfazwe. Iyona ndlela yindlela eya empumelelweni ayiyi kuba yimfazwe okanye ingxoxo, kodwa umzekelo kunye nosizo. IUnited States ingaqalisa ukuqalisa izixhobo zenyukliya kunye nezityalo zamandla. Inokutshala imali kumandla aluhlaza. Izibonelelo zemali ezifumanekayo kumbane oluhlaza, okanye nantoni na enye, ukuba imishini yemfazwe yachithwa ingabonakali. I-United States inokunceda uncedo lwendalo eluhlaza kwihlabathi ngenxa yeqhekeza yento echitha ngayo ukunika ubukhosi bemikhosi-singathethi ukuphakamisa izigwebo ezithintela i-Iran ukuba ifumane izixhobo zomoya.

Ukulwa ngabanye

Ukuhlolisisa iimfazwe ezilwa nabantu kunye namacandelo amancinci ngamagqabhagqabi atyhola nokuba kukho ukuthetha, kodwa ukhethwa. Enyanisweni, kunzima ukufumana ityala apho kubonakala sengathi ukubulawa kwaba yinto yokugqibela. NgoMeyi uMongameli we-2013 u-Obama wanikela intetho apho wathi ngabo bonke abantu abaye babulala ngeentlonelo ezine kuphela zazingabantu base-US, kwaye enye yezo zihlandlo ezine wayedibene neenqobo ezithile ebezizenzele zona phambi kokugunyazisa ukubulawa. Ulwazi olufumanekayo esidlangalaleni luphikisana nelo bango, kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo urhulumente wase-US uzama ukubulala u-Anwar al-Awlaki ngaphambi kokuba kwenzeke iziganeko apho uMongameli uBabha wabuya wathi u-Awlaki wadlala indima efanelekileyo yokubulala kwakhe. Kodwa u-Awlaki akazange akhululwe ngolu lwaphulo-mthetho, akalokothi atyholwe, kwaye ukukhishwa kwakhe akuzange kufuneke. Ngo-Juni 7, i-2013, inkokeli yelizwe lase-Yemen uSaleh Bin Fareed uxele iNdemokhrasi Ngoku ukuba u-Awlaki wayenokuguqulwa aze athatywe, kodwa "abazange basicela." Kwezinye iimeko ezininzi kubonakala ukuba amaxhoba angama-drone angabanjwa ukuba loo nto yayiye yazama. (Umzekelo okhunjulwayo wabulawa ngoNovemba 2011 e-Pakistan nge-16 eneminyaka eyi-Tariq Aziz, iintsuku emva kokuba aye kwiintlanganiso ezichasayo kwi-capital, apho unokubanjelwa khona lula-ukuba wayetyala ulwaphulo-mthetho.) Mhlawumbi kukho izizathu zokukhetha ukubulala ngokubamba. Kodwa, kwakhona kwakhona, mhlawumbi kwakukho izizathu zokuba kutheni abantu bathandana nokulwa nama-duels ukufakela izithintelo zomthetho.

Ingcamango yokunyanzeliswa kwemithetho ngokuchasene nabantu ngokubethelwa kweemfucu kubo yadluliselwa kwiintlanga ngo-Agasti-Septemba 2013 ukunyusa ukuhlasela eSiriya-okuza kuhlaselwa njengesigwebo ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kwesigwebo esivinjelwe. Kodwa, ngokuqinisekileyo, nawuphi na umlawuli ongendawo oye wawabulala amawaka ekufeni, akanakuze afune ukuvalelwa xa kukho amakhulu eminyaka abulawe, njengoko engahlali engathandabuzekiyo kwaye engaqinisekanga.

Imfazwe Eyona Ntle Elungileyo Kwixesha Elizayo

Ngokuqinisekileyo, ukunyathelisa iimfazwe ezinokuthi zatshintshwe ngeengxoxo okanye ngokutshintsha iinjongo zomgaqo-nkqubo akunakunceda wonke umntu ukuba imfazwe ayiyi kufuneka kwixesha elizayo. Inkolelo engundoqo kwiingqondo zezigidi zabantu kukuba: Omnye akakwazanga ukuthetha noHitler. Kwaye kunye nokuxhomekeka kwayo: Akakwazi ukuthetha noHitler olandelayo. Ukuba urhulumente waseUnited States uye wahlukumeza ama-Hitlers amatsha kwikota-yesithathu-ngexesha apho ezinye iintlanga ezininzi ziye zafumanisa iUnited States ukuba luhlanga ongenakukuthetha ngalo-alunakucinga ngoluvo lokuba uHitler unokubuya ngolunye usuku . Lo mngcipheko uyaphendulwa ngokutshala imali kunye namandla, ngelixa iingozi ezifana nokufudumala kwehlabathi kufuneka, ngokucacileyo, ziboniswe ukuba sele zifake umjikelezo ongenakulinganiswa nentlekele ngaphambi kokuba senze.

Ndiza kulungisa i-albatross enkulu yeMfazwe Yehlabathi II kwiCandelo II le ncwadi. Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukuba kuqaphele ngoku ukuba iine-quarters zekhulu leminyaka lide. Oku kuye kwatshintshile. Ayikho iMfazwe Yehlabathi III. Iintlanga ezixhobileyo zehlabathi azizange zenze imfazwe kunye kwakhona. Iimfazwe zilwa kwiintlanga ezihlwempuzekileyo, kunye neentlanga ezihlwempuzekileyo njengama-proxies, okanye ngeentlanga ezicebileyo malunga namahlwempu. Izikumkani zezinto ezidlulileyo ziye zaphuma ngefashoni, zatshintshwa ngokuhlukahluka kwe-US (imikhosi yemikhosi kumazwe e-175, kodwa akukho namakholoni asekwe). Abakhohlisi abancinci bexesha elincinci bangaba mnandi kakhulu, kodwa akukho namnye wabo oceba ukunqoba kwehlabathi. I-United States inexesha elinzima kakhulu ukuhlala e-Iraq nase-Afghanistan. Abalawuli base-United States base-Tunisia, iYiputa kunye neYemen baye babunzima ukuxhathisa ukungabikho komthetho ngabantu babo. Izikumkani kunye noobuqili bahluleka, kwaye bahluleka ngokukhawuleza kunanini ngaphambili. Abantu baseMpuma Yurophu abangazange baphule ngokungaqhelekanga i-Soviet Union kunye nabalawuli babo bama-communist abayi kuze bathengiswe ngaphandle kweHitler entsha, kwaye akukho nakwezinye iintlanga ziya kubakho. Amandla okumelana nokungaxhasi komzimba sele eyaziwa kakhulu. Ingcamango yekoloniyali kunye nobukhosi iye yahluleka kakhulu. I-Hitler entsha iya kuba yinto eninzi ye-anachronism eyingozi kunokuba yingozi.

Ulwaphulo lweNdawo elincinci

Elinye iziko elihloniphekileyo lihamba ngendlela ye-dodo. Inkulungwane yeshumi elinesibhozo ephakanyisiweyo yokucebisa isigwebo sokufa yayicinga ukuba yingozi kwaye isisidenge. Kodwa oorhulumente abaninzi behlabathi abasasebenzisa isigwebo sokufa. Phakathi kweentlanga ezicebile kukho enye ikhefu ekhoyo. I-United States isebenzisa isigwebo sokufa kwaye, ngokwenene, phakathi kwabahlaseli abahlanu abaphezulu kwihlabathi-engathethi kakhulu kwiimbali zembali, ukubulala kuye kwehla ngokukhawuleza. Kwakhona ezintlanu eziphezulu: i-Iraq "yakhululwa" yakutshanje. Kodwa ininzi ye-United States i-50 ithi ayisasebenzisa isigwebo sokufa. Kukho ii-18 eziye zazisusa, kubandakanywa i-6 kude kube ikhulu le-20 leminyaka. Amazwe angamashumi amathathu nanye awazange asetyenzise isigwebo sokufa kwixesha elidlulileyo le-5, i-26 kwiminyaka eyi-10 eyadlulayo, i-17 kwiminyaka eyi-40 edlulileyo okanye ngaphezulu. Amandla amaninzi aseMzantsi-kunye neTexas ekhokelela ekufeni. Yaye yonke into yokubulala idibene nenani elincinci lezinga apho isigwebo sokufa esasetyenziselwa e-United States, esilungelelanisiweyo kubemi, kwiinkulungwane zangexesha elidlulileyo. Iingxabano zesigwebo sokufa ziselula ukufumana, kodwa ziphantse zifune ukuba ayikwazi ukupheliswa, kuphela ukuba akufanele kube khona. Xa sele sithathwa njengento ebalulekileyo ekukhuselekeni kwethu, isihlwayo sokufa ngoku sithathwa njengento ekhethiweyo kwaye ixutyushwa ngokubanzi, i-counter-productive, nehlazo. Kuthekani ukuba loo nto yayiza kwenzeka kwimfazwe?

Ezinye iintlobo zobundlobongela

Kukho kwezinye iindawo zehlabathi, kunye nesigwebo sokufa, zonke iintlobo zesohlwayiso esidlangalaleni kunye neentlobo zentlongo kunye nenkohlakalo. Ukuphela okanye ukunciphisa ubuninzi bundlobongela obuyingxenye yobomi bemihla ngemihla kunye namashumi eminyaka. Amanani okubulala, ekugqibeleni, ehla kakhulu. Ngaloo ndlela ukulwa nokulwa, ubudlova kwabalingani, ubundlobongela kubantwana (ngootitshala nabazali), ubundlobongela kwizilwanyana kunye nokwamkelwa koluntu kuzo zonke izigonyamelo. Njengoko nabani na owaziyo ozama ukufunda kubantwana babo iincwadi zabo ezizithandayo ukususela ebuntwaneni, akukhona nje iindaba zamantombazana zasendulo ezinobundlobongela. Imfazwe yokulwa yinto efana nomoya kwiincwadi zobutsha bethu, singakhankathi ngeefilimu zakudala. Xa uMnumzane Smith eya eWashington, uJimmy Stewart uzama u-filibuster kuphela emva kokubetha bonke abantu behluleka ukuxazulula iingxaki zakhe. Izaziso zeMagazini kunye nama-TV-sit-coms kwi-1950s edlalwa ngobundlobongela basekhaya. Ubundlobongela obunjalo abuhambanga, kodwa ukwamukelwa kwayo kwaphela, kwaye ukunyaniseka kwayo kukuhla.

Oku kungaba njani? Ubundlobongela bethu obuncwane bufaneleke ukuba bubulungisa kumashishini afana nemfazwe. Ukuba ubundlobongela bethu (ubuncinci kwezinye iifom) zingasala emva kwethu, kunye nomvakalelo malunga nokuthi "ubuntu buntu," kutheni kufuneka iziko elisekelwe kwienkolelo zobundlobongela buhlale?

Yintoni, emva koko, "yendalo" ngobudlova beemfazwe? Uninzi lwabantu okanye i-primate okanye i-mammalian conflicts phakathi kwezilwanyana zibandakanya izinsongelo kunye ne-bluffs kunye nokuthintela. Imfazwe ibandakanya ukuhlaselwa kwabantu bonke ongabonanga ngaphambili. (Funda iincwadi zikaPaul Chappell ngengxoxo eqhubekayo ngakumbi.) Abo bavuyela imfazwe ukusuka kude banokuyithandabuzela ubunzima bayo. Kodwa uninzi lwabantu aluhlangani naso kwaye alufuni lutho nento. Ngaba azinjalo? Ingaba uninzi lwabantu abahlala ngaphandle "bendalo"? Ngaba wena "ungeyonto" ngenxa yokuba awulwa nemfazwe?

Akukho mntu oye wafumana ingxaki yokuxinzelela emva kokudandatheka okubangelwa kukulwa kwemfazwe. Ukuthatha inxaxheba kwimfazwe kufuna, kuba baninzi abantu, ukuqeqeshwa okukhulu kunye nesimo. Ukubulala abanye kunye nokujongana nabanye abazama ukubulala wena bobabili imisebenzi enzima kakhulu edla ngokushiya kakhulu. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, imikhosi yase-US ilahlekelwe amajoni amaninzi ukuba azibulale okanye emva kokubuya evela e-Afghanistan kunokuba nayiphi na enye imbangela kule mpi. Amanqaku angama-20,000 aseMelika asele ebudeni beminyaka yeshumi yokuqala "yemfazwe yehlabathi yongcangcazo" (oku ngoRobert Fantina, umbhali weDester and American soldier). Sixelela omnye umkhosi ukuba umkhosi "uyazithandela." Wenziwe "ngokuzithandela," kungekhona ngenxa yokuba abantu abaninzi bafuna ukujoyina, kodwa ngenxa yokuba abantu abaninzi banqabile ukuqulunqa kwaye bafuna ukuphepha ukujoyina, kwaye ngenxa yeentengiso kunye nezithembiso zokufumana imali inokubangela abantu ukuba "bavolontiya." Amavolontiya ayinabantu abangafaniyo nabanamanye amanyathelo atholakalayo. Kwaye akukho mvolontiya kumkhosi wase-US avunyelwe ukuyeka ukuzithandela.

Iingcamango Ixesha Likabani

Kwi-1977 umkhankaso obizwa ngokuba yiProjekti yeSondlo ifuna ukuphelisa indlala yehlabathi. Impumelelo ihlala ingenakwenzeka. Kodwa abaninzi abantu namhlanje banokuqiniseka ukuba indlala kunye nendlala ziyakususwa. Kwi-1977, iProjekished Hunger yaziva inyanzelekile ukuphikisana nenkolelo ephakamileyo yokuba indlala yayinakuphepheka. Le yayisiyibhalo leflaya elaliyisebenzisayo:

Ukulamba akunakwenzeka.
Wonke umntu uyazi ukuba abantu baya kuhlala belambile, indlela umntu owazi ngayo ukuba umntu akaze aphephe.
Ngesinye isikhathi kwimbali yabantu, wonke umntu wayesazi ukuba ...
Ihlabathi lalingenanto,
Ilanga lajikeleza emhlabeni,
Ubukhoboka kwakuyimfuneko yoqoqosho,
Imitha engama-4 yayingenakwenzeka,
I-polio kunye nengqungquthela iya kuhlala ihlala nathi,
Kwaye akukho namnye owayeza kuhamba enyangeni.
Kuze kubekho abantu abanesibindi abacelomngeni iinkolelo zakudala kunye nexesha elitsha lifikile.
Yonke imikhosi ehlabathini ayinamandla njengombono ofike ixesha.

Loo mgca wokugcina ubolekekile kuVictor Hugo. Wayecinga ngeYurophu ebumbene, kodwa ixesha alikafiki. Kamva kwafika. Wayecinga ukupheliswa kwemfazwe, kodwa ixesha alikafiki. Mhlawumbi ngoku sele. Abaninzi babengacingi ukuba imigodi yomhlaba ingaqedwa, kodwa oko kuyaqhubeka. Abaninzi bacinga ukuba imfazwe yenyukliya ayinakupheka kwaye ukupheliswa kwezinto zenukliya akunakwenzeka (ixesha elide unyanzeliso oluninzi lwaluyinto yokuqhwala ekudalweni kwezixhobo ezintsha, kungekhona ukupheliswa kwazo). Ngoku kupheliswa kwekhamyri kuhleli iinjongo ezikude, kodwa abaninzi abantu bayavuma ukuba kuya kwenziwa. Isinyathelo sokuqala ekupheliseni imfazwe kuya kubakho ukuqaphela ukuba nayo, inokwenzeka.

Imfazwe Engenakuhlonela Kakhulu Kunokuba Icinge

Imfazwe ityholwa "yendalo" (nokuba yintoni enye ithetha) kuba bekuye kwenzeka ukuba ihlala ijikeleze. Ingxaki kukuba ayikho. Kwiminyaka ye-200,000 yembali yabantu kunye nokuqala kwangaphambili akukho bungqina bemfazwe kwiminyaka eyi-13,000 ubudala, kwaye akukho nanye kwiminyaka eyi-10,000 ubudala. (Kwaba bakho bakholwa ngumhlaba kuphela iminyaka eyi-6,500 ubudala, makhe ndixelele nje oku: Ndithe ndathetha noThixo kwaye wasiyala sonke ukuba sisebenzele ukupheliswa kwemfazwe. ezinye zeencwadi kunye nokuthenga iikopi ezininzi.)
Imfazwe ayiqhelekanga phakathi kwabantu abaxhasi okanye abazingeli nabaqokeleli. (Bona i-"Lethal Aggression" kwi-Mobile Bands Bands kunye neMpembelelo yeMvelaphi yeMfazwe, kwiSayensi, ngoJulayi 19, 2013.) Iintlobo zethu azizange ziguquke ngeemfazwe. Imfazwe yinkcubeko ehlala yinkonzo-kodwa kuphela kwezinye zazo, kunye nexesha elithile kuphela. Iintlanga zeBelligerent zikhula zinoxolo kunye nantoni na. Ngaphaya kweMfazwe: Ubungakanani Bokubambisana Nokuthula, uDouglas Fry uluhlu lwamaqela angabikho imfazwe avela kwihlabathi lonke. E-Australia kwithuba elithile ngaphambi kokuba abantu baseYurophu beze, i-Arctic, i-Northeast Mexico, i-Great Basin yaseMntla-Amerika-kule ndawo abantu behlala ngaphandle kwemfazwe.

Kwi-1614 yaseJapan yinqumle ukusuka eNtshona, kunye noxolo olunolwazi, ukuchuma, kunye nokukhula kwezobugcisa kunye neenkcubeko zaseJapan. Kwi-1853 i-US Navy yaphoqa iJapan ukuba ivulele abathengisi base-US, abavangeli basemazweni, kunye nempi. IJapan iye yenza kakuhle kuMgaqo-siseko oManyeneyo ukususela ekupheleni kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II (nangona iUnited States iphosa nzima ukutshitshiswa kwayo), njengoko iJamani ingenakukuncedisa i-NATO ngeemfazwe zayo. I-Iceland neSweden neSwitzerland azizange zilwe nazo iimfazwe zodwa, nangona ziye zancedisa i-NATO ekuhlaleni i-Afghanistan. Kwaye i-NATO ixakeke ngoku ihlasela inyakatho yeNorway, iSweden neFinland. ICosta Rica isusa umkhosi wayo kwi-1948 kwaye iyifake kwimyuziyam. I-Costa Rica ihleli ngaphandle kwemfazwe okanye ukukhwabanisa impi, ngokungafani nakubamelwane bayo, ukususela ekubeni-nangona ikuncede umkhosi waseMelika, nangona i-militarism nezixhobo zaseNicaragua ziye zachitha. ICosta Rica, ekude ingaphelelekanga, idlalwa njengendawo evuyayo okanye enye yezona ndawo zivuya kakhulu emhlabeni. Kwii-2003 iintlanga ezahlukahlukeneyo kwafuneka zifakwe okanye zatshitshise ukuba zijoyine "kwimibutho" yemfazwe e-Iraq, yaye ezininzi iinzame zazingaphumeleli.
Ekupheleni kweMfazwe, uJohn Horgan uchaza imizamo yokuphelisa imfazwe eyenziwe ngamalungu e-Amazonian isizwe kwi-1950s. Abantu base-Waorani bebemelene iminyaka. Iqela labesifazane abangama-Waorani kunye nabavangeli basemazweni ababini banquma ukuhamba ngeenqwelo ezincinci kwiinkampu ezinobungqina kwaye banikeze imiyalezo yokudibanisa isithethi esikhulu. Kwaye kukho iintlanganiso ebusweni. Emva koko iimfazwe zaphela, ukuwaneliseka kwabo bonke abachaphazelekayo. Abahlali abazange babuyele ekulweni.

Ngubani olwa kakhulu

Njengoko ndiyazi, akukho mntu uhlala kwiintlanga ngokusekelwe kwinqanaba lokuqalisa okanye ukuthatha inxaxheba kwimfazwe. Uluhlu lwe-Fry ye-70 okanye i-80 iintlanga ezinokuthula ziquka iintlanga ezithatha inxaxheba kwiimfazwe ze-NATO. I-Index Yoxolo Yomhlaba Wonke (jonga i-VisionOfHumanity.org) yenza amazwe asekelwe kwizinto ze-22 ezibandakanya ubugebengu obundlobongela phakathi kwesizwe, ukungazinzi kwezopolitiko, njl. I-United States iphela iphethwe phakathi, kwaye amazwe aseYurophu angena phezulu-oko kukuthi, phakathi baninzi "ngoxolo."

Kodwa i-website ye-Global Peace Index ikuvumela ukuba utshintshe i-rankings ngokuchofoza kuphela kwinto enye "yeengxabano ezilwa." Xa ukwenza oku, i-United States iphetha ngokusondela phezulu-oko kukuthi, phakathi kweentlanga ezibandakanyekayo kwiinkqubuzana ezininzi. Kutheni kungekho phezulu, "umxhasi omkhulu wobugonyamelo emhlabeni," njengoDkt. Martin Luther King Jr. Ngenxa yokuba iUnited States ikwahlula ngokusekelwe kwingcamango yokuba iqhubekile kwimibhikano emithathu kuphela kwixesha elidlulileyo le-5-le nto nangona iimfazwe zeemfazwe kwiintlanga eziliqela, imisebenzi yezempi kwiininzi, kunye nemikhosi esekelwe kwi-175 kunye nokunyuka. Ngaloo ndlela iUnited States igxininiswe ngeentlanga ezintathu ezineenkqubela ezine: Indiya, iMyanmar, neDemocratic Republic of Congo. Noko ke, nangalolu hlobo olungenangqiqo, oko ke, oko kukunyukayo kuni kukuba ininzi yeentlanga-phantse kuzo zonke iintlanga emhlabeni-ezingabandakanyekanga ekwenzeni imfazwe ngaphandle kwe-United States, kunye neentlanga ezininzi azizi imfazwe kwiminyaka emihlanu edlulileyo , ngelixa iintlanano ezininzi zeentlanga ziye zaba yimfazwe yentsebenziswano ekhokelwa yi-United States kwaye kwezinye iintlanga zidlala okanye zidlala amacandelo amancinci.

Landela Imali

I-Index Yoxolo Yomhlaba (i-GPI) ibandakanya iUnited States kufuphi nokuphela koxolo kwinqanaba elithile kwimali yokusetyenziswa kwempi. Ufezekisa oku ngeendlela ezimbini. Okokuqala, i-GPI igxininisa ininzi yeentlanga zehlabathi yonke indlela ekupheleni kokuphela kokuxhamla kombono kunokuba ubasabalalise ngokufanayo.

Okwesibini, i-GPI ithatha imali yokusetyenziswa kwempi njengepesenti yomkhiqizo owenziwe ekhaya (GDP) okanye ubukhulu boqoqosho. Oku kuphakamisa ukuba ilizwe elityebi elinomkhosi omkhulu linokuthula ngakumbi kunelizwe elihlwempu elinomkhosi omncinci. Mhlawumbi kunjalo ngoko kwenjongo, kodwa akunjalo ngokwemiqathango. Ngaba kunjalo kunjalo nangokweenjongo? Elinye ilizwe linqwenela iqela elithile lokumatshini kwaye likulungele ukufumana ngaphezulu. Elinye ilizwe linqwenela inqanaba elifanayo lempi kunye nokunye okuninzi, nangona idini elithile lingaphantsi. Ukuba ilizwe elilucebile liba lucebile kodwa liyeke ukukhawuleza impi ngenxa yokuba liyakwazi ukuyenza, ingabe iyancipha okanye ihlala ingalingani? Lo akusiyo nje umbuzo wezemfundo, njengoko amatye okucinga eWashington akhuthaza ukusebenzisa ipesenteji ephezulu ye-GDP kwimpi, njengokuba umntu kufuneka atyala imali emfazweni xa kunokwenzeka, ngaphandle kokulindela isidingo sokuzivikela.

Ngokungafani ne-GPI, i-Stockholm International International Research Institute (i-SIPRI) ibhala i-United States njengowona mkhosi ophezulu wezempi kwihlabathi, elilinganiselwa kwiidola ezichithwe. Enyanisweni, ngokweSIPRI, iUnited States ichitha kakhulu kwimfazwe nokulungiswa kwemfazwe njengoko ininzi yehlabathi lidibene. Inyaniso inokuba yinto emangalisayo ngakumbi. I-SIPRI ithi ukusetyenziswa kwezempi zase-US kwi-2011 kwakuyi-$ 711 yezigidigidi. UChris Hellman weProjekthi ePhambili yeSizwe uthi i-$ 1,200 billion okanye i-1.2 trillion. Ukwahluka kuvela ekubandakanyekeni kwemali efunyenwe kuwo onke amasebe karhulumente, kungekhona nje "uKhuseleko," kodwa kunye noKhuselo lwaseKhaya, uRhulumente, uMandla, iMandla yaseMelika yoPhuhliso lweZwelonke, i-Agent Intelligence Agency, i-Arhente yeSizwe yoKhuseleko, uLawulo lwezeNtloko. , inzala kwiimali zemfazwe, njl. Ayikho indlela yokwenza i-apula-apples ukuthelekisa nezinye iintlanga ngaphandle kolwazi oluchanekileyo oluchanekileyo kwilizwe elipheleleyo lemali yokusetyenziswa kwempi, kodwa likhuselekile kakhulu ukucinga ukuba akukho nanye isizwe esisemhlabeni esichitha imali I-500 ibhiliyoni ngaphezu kokubhaliweyo kuyo kwi-SIPRI rankings. Ukongezelela, ezinye zeentlobo ezinkulu zemikhosi emva kokuba iUnited States i-US kunye namanye amalungu e-NATO. Kwaye abaninzi baninzi abathengi banokukhuthazwa ukuba basebenzise, ​​kwaye bachithe kwii-US zixhobo, kunye neSebe lase-US kunye ne-US Military.

Nangona i-North Korea ngokuqinisekileyo ichitha iphesenti ephezulu kakhulu yemveliso yayo yasekhaya kwimalungiselelo emfazwe kunokuba iUnited States yenza, ngokuqinisekileyo ichitha ngaphantsi kwama-1 ekhulwini oko i-United States ichitha. Ngubani ke onobundlobongela umbuzo omnye, mhlawumbi unganakulungiswa. Ngubani ongasongela ukuba ngubani na umbuzo nhlobo. Ngaphandle kwesizwe esongela iUnited States, abalawuli beNational Intelligence kwiminyaka yakutshanje babenzima ukuxelela iCongress otshabayo kwaye bafumene intshaba kwiingxelo ezahlukahlukeneyo nje "njengezingcipheko."

Iphuzu lokuthelekisa amanqanaba emali yokusebenzisa impi akukhona ukuba kufuneka sibe neentloni malunga nobubi be-United States, okanye ukuziqhenya ngendlela ekhethekileyo. Kunoko, le ngongoma kukuba ukunciphisa impi ayikho nje into eyenziwa ngabantu; kuqhutywa ngoku ngoku zonke ezinye izizwe emhlabeni, oko kukuthi: iintlanga ezineepesenti ze-96 zobuntu. I-United States isebenzisa kakhulu kwimikhosi yayo, igcina imininzi imimandla esekelwe kumazwe amaninzi, ibandakanyeka kwiintlankaso ezininzi, ithengisa ezinye izixhobo kwabanye, kunye nezithupha zaso impumlo ngokugqithiseleyo ekusebenziseni iinkundla ukukhusela ukulwa kwayo kwemfazwe. okanye, nokuba kunjalo, ukubeka abantu kwisilingo abanokwazi ukutshatyalaliswa ngokukhawuleza ngokutsha komlilo. Ukunciphisa impi yase-US ayiyi kuphula umthetho othile "wobuntu," kodwa ukuzisa iUnited States ngokubhekiselele ekuhambeni kunye noluntu oluninzi.

Umbono kaRhulumente v. Imfazwe

I-Militarism ayifumani ngokugqithiseleyo e-United States njengoko ukuziphatha koburhulumente base-US kuya kubonisa umntu okholelwa ukuba urhulumente ulandele ukuthanda kwabantu. Kwi-2011, abeendaba benza ingxolo eninzi malunga neengxaki zebhajethi kwaye benza uninzi lokuvota malunga nendlela yokuyicombulula. Phantse akukho mntu (iipesenti zeepesenti enye kwezinye iipolythi) wayenomdla kwizisombululo urhulumente azinomdla kuzo: ukusika ukhuseleko lwezeNtlalo kunye ne-Medicare. Kodwa isisombululo sesibini esona sithandwa kakhulu, emva kokugxotha isityebi, sasisoloko sisika umkhosi. Ngokutsho kwe-Gallup ukuvota, uninzi lukholelwe ukuba urhulumente wase-US uchitha kakhulu umkhosi kusukela kwi-2003. Kwaye, ngokhetho, kubandakanywa noRasmussen, kunye nokuhambelana namava am, malunga nomntu wonke ungaphantsi kobuninzi be-United States. Iqela elincinci kuphela eUnited States likholelwa ukuba urhulumente waseUnited States kufuneka achithe ngokuphindwe kathathu naliphi na olunye uluntu kwimpi yakhe. Sekunjalo iUnited States ichithe kakuhle ngaphezu kwelo nqanaba iminyaka, njengoko ilinganiswe yi-SIPRI. Inkqubo yoBonisana noLuntu (PPC), inxulumene neSikolo soMgaqo-nkqubo weSizwe kwiYunivesithi yaseMaldan, uye wazama ukulungisa ukungazi. I-PPC yokuqala ibonisa abantu ukuba kubonakala njani uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lukarhulumente. Emva koko kubuza ukuba baya kutshintsha. Uninzi luyakuthanda ukutyunjwa okukhulu kumkhosi.

Nangona kufike kwiimfazwe ezithile, uluntu lwase-US alusekeli njengokuba ngamanye amaxesha becinga ngabantu base-US ngokwabo okanye ngabemi bakwamanye amazwe, ngokukodwa amazwe ahlaselwa yi-United States. IVietnam Syndrome yaxhala kakhulu eWashington ngamashumi eminyaka yayingeyona sigulo esabangelwa nguAgent Orange kodwa indawo egxekayo imfazwe-njengokuba le nkcaso yayisifo. Ku-2012, uMongameli uBabhengile wamemezela i-13-year, i-$ 65-million yeprojekthi yokukhumbula (kunye nokuvuselela idumela) kwimfazwe yaseVietnam. Uluntu lwase-US luchasene neemfazwe zase-US kwiSiriya okanye kwi-Iran iminyaka. Eyona nto ingayitshintsha ingcaciso emfutshane imfazwe enjalo. Kwakukho inkxaso ebalulekileyo yoluntu ekuqaleni kokuhlasela kwe-Afghanistan ne-Iraq. Kodwa ngokukhawuleza loo mbono yajika. Kwiminyaka, isininzi esinamandla sasikuphelisa ukuphelisa loo mfazwe kwaye sasikholelwa ukuba kwakuyimpazamo ukuqala-ngeli xesha iimfazwe "zenzeke ngempumelelo" kunye nezizathu ezibalulekileyo zokuthi "ukusasaza intando yeninzi." Imfazwe ye-2011 eLibya yayichaswa yiZizwe eziManyeneyo (isisombululo sakhe asizange sigunyaze imfazwe ukuba iguqe urhulumente), yi-Congress ye-US (kodwa kutheni ukhathazeke ngenxa yobugcisa!), kunye noluntu lwase-US (bona i-PollingReport.com/libya.htm). NgoSeptemba 2013, uluntu kunye neCongress banqabana nenkqubela enkulu ngumongameli ngokuhlasela eSiriya.

Ukuzingela Abantu

Xa sithi imfazwe ibuyela emva kwe-10,000 iminyaka akucaci ukuba sithetha ngento enye, ngokuchasene nezinto ezimbini okanye ezahlukeneyo ezihamba ngegama elifanayo. Umfanekiso wesapho eYemen okanye ePakistan ehlala phantsi kwe-buzz eqhutywe yi-drone. Ngelinye ilanga ikhaya labo kunye nabo bonke abahlala kuyo bachithwa ngumkhosi. Ngaba babemfazwe? Yayiphi imfazwe? Ziziphi izixhobo zabo? Ngubani owamemezela imfazwe? Yintoni ephikisiwe kwimfazwe? Kuphela njani?

Makhe sithathe ityala lomntu owenene ekubandakanyekeni kobutshaba obumelene no-US. Utshitshiswa ngumqhubi ovela kwinqwelo engabonakaliyo engabonakaliyo aze abulawe. Ngaba wayekulwa ngendlela yokuba umkhosi wamaGrike okanye wamaRoma aya kuqonda? Kutheni malunga nomlwazwe kwimfazwe yamandulo? Ingaba umntu ocinga ngemfazwe efuna imfazwe kunye nokulwa phakathi kwemikhosi emibini uyazibona umdlali onqabileyo ehleli edeskini yakhe ephethe iikhompyutheni yakhe njengemfazwe?

Njengokuphindiweyo, imfazwe sele icingwa njengoluphiko oluvunyelweneyo phakathi kwabadlali ababini beengqiqo. Amaqela amabini avumile, okanye ubuncinane abalawuli bawo bavumelana, ukuya empini. Ngoku imfazwe ihlala ithengiswa njengento yokugqibela. Iimfazwe zisoloko zilwa "uxolo," ngelixa kungekho bani owenza uxolo ngenxa yemfazwe. IMfazwe ichazwa njengendlela engathandekiyo ekupheleni komsebenzi othile, umthwalo oswelekileyo ofunwa ngukungahambi kolunye uhlangothi. Ngoku ukuba elinye icala lingalwi kumfazwe oqobo; kunoko icala lixhotywe ngeteknoloji ye-sathethi lizingela abacelwa ukuba balwe.

Ukuqhutyelwa kwelo tshintsho akuzange kube yi-teknoloji ngokwayo okanye icebo lempi, kodwa inkcaso yoluntu ukubeka amabutho ase-US kwindawo yokulwa. Ngokufanayo ukunyamekela ukulahlekelwa "abafana bethu" ngokuyininzi kwikhokelela kwiVietnam Syndrome. Ukugxeka okunjalo kwakubangela ukuchasana neemfazwe e-Iraq nase-Afghanistan. Abaninzi baseMelika babekade bengenalo ingcamango malunga nokufa nokuhlupheka okubangelwa ngabantu kwezinye iindawo zemfazwe. (Urhulumente unqatshelwe ukwazisa abantu, abaye baziwayo ukuba baphendule ngokufanelekileyo.) Kuyinyani ukuba abantu base-US abazange bagxininise ukuba urhulumente wabo ubanike ngolwazi malunga nokubandezeleka okubangelwa yimfazwe yase-US. Abaninzi, kwinqanaba abayaziyo, baye babekezela ngakumbi intlungu yabangaphandle. Kodwa ukufa kunye nokulimala kumabutho ase-US baye baxhomekeka kakhulu. Oku kulandelelanisa ukuba i-US yakutshanje iya kwiimfazwe zomoya kunye neemfazwe ze-drone.
Umbuzo wukuthi imfazwe yembambano imfazwe. Ukuba lilwa namarobhothi apho elinye icala lingenakukwazi ukuphendula, lithandana kangakanani na into esiyibeka kuyo kwimbali yabantu njengokwenza imfazwe? Ngaba akunjalo mhlawumbi ukuba sele siphelile kwimfazwe kwaye ngoku kufuneka sigqibe enye into efanelekileyo (igama layo lingabakho: ukuzingela abantu, okanye ukuba ukhetha ukubulawa, nangona oko kudla ukubonisa ukubulawa kwabantu )? Kwaye ke, akuyi kuyenza umsebenzi wokuphelisa ukuba enye into ibonisa ukuba sisiko lokuhlonipha?

Amaziko amabini, imfazwe kunye nokuzingela abantu, kuquka ukubulawa kwabangaphandle. Omtsha uquka ukubulala ngabommi base-US ngokunjalo, kodwa umdala wayebandakanya ukubulawa kwabaculi base-US okanye abaduni. Sekunjalo, ukuba sinokutshintsha indlela yethu yokubulala abantu basemzini ukuba banikezele ngokungaqondakaliyo, ngubani ongatsho ukuba asikwazi ukuwuphelisa ngokupheleleyo?

Ngaba Asinakuzikhethela?

Nangona ngamnye unokuzikhethela ukuba akhethe ukuphelisa imfazwe (umbuzo ohlukeneyo nokuba ngaba ukhetha okwangoku okhethiweyo) ngaba kunokungavumeleki okuthintela ukwenza ukhetho oluhlangeneyo? Akuzange kubekho xa kuthengiswa ubugqila, ukukhwabanisa kwegazi, ukubethelwa, ukuhlawulwa komntwana, ukusetyenziswa kwezingane, ithala kunye nokuqhawula, izitokisi kunye nepillory, abafazi njenge-chattel, isohlwayo sobungqingili, okanye amanye amaziko angaphaya okanye adlula ngokukhawuleza-nakuba Kwiminyaka emininzi kwimeko nganye kwakubonakala kungenakwenzeka ukuphazamisa lo msebenzi. Ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba abantu badla ngokubambisana ngendlela echasene nendlela uninzi lwawo ngabanye abathi bangathanda ukwenza. (Ndade ndabona i-poll apho ininzi ye-CEO ithi ifuna ukuhlawulwa irhafu ngaphezulu). Kodwa akukho bungqina bokuba ukuhluleka okuhlangeneyo akuphepheki. Isiphakamiso sokuba imfazwe eyahlukileyo nakwamanye amaziko apheliswe yinkcazelo engenanto ngaphandle kokuba kuthathwe ibango elithile lendlela ekuthintela ngayo ukupheliswa kwayo.

Uhlobo lukaJohn Horgan Ukuphela kweMfazwe kukufanelekile ukufunda. Umbhali weScientific American, uHorgan uyasondela umbuzo wokuba imfazwe ingapheliswa njengososayensi. Emva kophando olubanzi, ugqiba ukuba imfazwe iya kugqitywa kwihlabathi kwaye ibe ngamaxesha athile kunye neendawo eziphelile. Ngaphambi kokufikelela esi sigqibo, uHorgan uhlola amabango aphikisanayo.

Ngelixa iimfazwe zethu zipapashwa njengezithuthi zoovimba okanye izikhuselo ezinobungozi obubi, kungekhona njengokhuphiswano lwezinto eziphathekayo, njengamafutha asefosilini, ezinye izazinzulu ezichasene nokulwa nokulwa kwempi zicinga ukuba imfazwe yinto encintisana namafutha asefosil. Abemi abaninzi bayavumelana nokuhlalutya kunye nenkxaso okanye ukuchasana neemfazwe ngaloo ndlela. Ingcaciso enjalo yeemfazwe zethu ngokucacileyo ayigqibekanga, njengoko ihlala ihamba nezizathu ezininzi. Kodwa ukuba siyamkela ibango ngenxa yeengxabano zokuba iimfazwe ezikhoyo zikhoyo kwioli kunye negesi, sinokuyintoni na ingxabano yokuba ayinakupheka?

Ingxabano inokuthi abantu baye bahlala bekhuphisana, kwaye ukuba xa izixhobo ezinqongophalayo ziphumelela imfazwe. Kodwa nabaxhasi beli qhinga bayavuma ukuba abayikuthi bangenakuvakala. Ukuba sasilawula ukukhula koluntu kunye / okanye ukutshintshwa kumandla aluhlaza kunye / okanye ukutshintsha indlela yokusetyenziswa ngayo, izinto eziyimfuneko ezifunekayo zeoli kunye negesi kunye namalahle awayi kusasaza, kwaye ukukhuphisana kwethu kobundlobongela kuya kusayi kuba ku thintela.

Ukujonga ngembali sibona imizekelo yeemfazwe ezibonakala zingqinelana nomxhesho woxinzelelo lwemithombo kunye nabanye abangenayo. Sibona uluntu luxinzelelwe yintlupheko yobutyebi obuya kwimfazwe nabanye abangenayo. Siphinde sibone iziganeko zemfazwe njengesizathu sokunqongophala, kunokuba sitshintshwe. UHorgan uthetha izibonelo zabantu abaye balwa kakhulu xa izixhobo zininzi kakhulu. UHorgan ukhankanya nomsebenzi we-anthropologists uCarol no-Melvin Ember ohlolisiso lwabantu abangaphezu kwe-360 kwiminyaka emibini edlulileyo aluzange lulungelelanise phakathi kokunqongophala kwamandla okanye ubuninzi belizwe kunye nemfazwe. UFry Fry Richardson ufundela ngokufanayo kwaye akazange afumane ukulungiswa okunjalo.

Ngamanye amagama, ibali ukuba ukukhula kwabantu okanye ubunqongophala bemithombo kubangela imfazwe ibali elilinganayo. Yenza ingqiqo ethile. Izinto zebali ziye zayingxenye yenkcazelo yeemfazwe ezininzi. Kodwa ubungqina bubonisa ukuba akukho nto ikhona kwindlela efunekayo okanye eyaneleyo. Ezi zinto aziyi kulwa nempi. Ukuba uluntu oluthile lunquma ukuba luya kulwa nolwazi olunqongophalayo, ngoko ukuchithwa kwezi zixhobo kwenza ukuba uluntu lukwazi ukuya ekulweni. Eyona ngokwenene ingozi yethu. Kodwa akukho nto ingenakukupheka malunga noluntu ukwenza isigqibo sokuba olunye uhlobo lwesiganeko luya kulwa nemfazwe kwindawo yokuqala, okanye kuthathe isenzo eso sigqibo xa ixesha lifika.
IiPopu ze-Sociopath?

Kuthiwani ngembono yokuba abantu abathile abazinikezele kwimfazwe baya kuhoxisa sonke thina? Ndiye ndaphikisana ngasentla ukuba urhulumente wethu ufuna ukulwa nemfazwe kunabantu bethu. Ngaba abo bafuna imfazwe baphazamisa kakhulu abo banamathuba okuba namandla? Ngaba oko kusigweba sonke ukwenza ukulwa kwemfazwe nokuba siyayifuna okanye ayifuni?

Makube kucacile, okokuqala, ukuba akukho nto ingenakukuphepheka malunga nelo bango. Abo bantu abaxhatshazwe yimfazwe banokuthi bachongwe kwaye batshintshwe okanye balawulwe. Inkqubo yethu yorhulumente, kubandakanywa ukhetho lwethu lwezimali kunye neenkqubo zethu zonxibelelwano, lunokutshintshwa. Inkqubo yethu karhulumente, eqinisweni, yayilungelelanise imikhosi yokuma kungekho nto kwaye yanikela amandla emfazwe kwiCongress ngenxa yokwesaba ukuba nayiphi na umongameli wayeya kubaphatha kakubi. Kwi-1930s Congress yaphantse iwanike amandla emfazwe kuluntu ngokufuna i-referendum ngaphambi kwemfazwe. I-Congress manje inike amandla emfazwe kubaphathi, kodwa loo mfuneko ayiyi kuhlala ingunaphakade. Enyanisweni, ngoSeptemba 2013, iCongress yamisa kumongameli waseSiriya.

Ukongezelela, masihlale sikhumbula ukuba imfazwe ayikho into efana neyona nto u rhu lumente wethu ahlukana ngayo kwiinkalo ezininzi. Kweminye iminye imiba ukuhlukana okungenani njengoko kuthethwa, ukuba kungenjalo: ukukhwela kweebhanki, ukujonga uluntu, inkxaso-mali yezigidigidi kunye neenkampani, izivumelwano zorhwebo, imigaqo eyimfihlo, ukungaphumeleli ukukhusela ngileyo. Ayikho ininzi yezibongozo ezingaphezu kwamandla oluntu ngokubamba amandla-intlalo. Kunoko, kukho iindawo zentlalo kunye nokungabikho kwezentlalo ezingena phantsi kwefuthe lobuqhetseba obudala.

Ipesenti ye-2 yabemi, iingcamango ezibonisa ukuba, ukuzonwabisa ngokuphandle kwimfazwe kwaye ungabi naso, musa ukufuduka ekudleni ukuze uhlaziye (jonga uDave Grossman's Kill), mhlawumbi akahlali ebenzileyo kunye nalabo abakwenza izigqibo ngamandla. ukulwa neemfazwe. Iinkokeli zethu zezopolitiko azibandakanyeli kwiimfazwe kwakhona kwaye kwiimeko ezininzi zikhusele iimfazwe ebusheni babo. Ukugxilwa kwabo ngamandla kunokubakhokelela ekubeni bazame ukulawula ngamandla kwimfazwe elwa noonogada, kodwa akuyi kwenza njalo kwinkcubeko apho ukwenza uxolo kunokwandisa amandla kunokuba kwenziwe ukulwa kwemfazwe.

Kwincwadi yam, xa iMfazwe yeHlabathi iMarhamente, ndixelele ibali lokudalwa kwe-Kellogg-Briand Pact, eyayivinjelwe imfazwe kwi-1928 (kusekho kwiincwadi!). UFrank Kellogg, uNobhala weeNkokheli kaRhulumente wase-United States, wayexhasa inkxaso yemfazwe njengawo nawuphi na umntu kude kube yinto ecacileyo kuye ukuba uxolo lukhokelo lwentuthuko yomsebenzi. Waqala ukuxelela umfazi ukuba angaphumelela kwiNobel Peace Prize, okwenzayo. Waqala ukucinga ukuba abe ngumgwebi kwiNkundla yamaZwe eManyeneyo, okwenzayo. Waqala ukuphendula kwiimfuno zamalungelo omlambo awayewatsho ngaphambili. Isizukulwana kwangaphambili okanye kamva, uKellogg mhlawumbi wayeyilandela ukwenza ukulwa kwemfazwe njengendlela yokufumana amandla. Kwimozulu yemfazwe yosuku lwakhe wabona indlela eyahlukileyo.

Onamandla onke
KwiNkampani yezoLimo

Xa imfazwe ibonwa njengento eyenziwa ngabangewona baseMerika okanye abangewona amaNtshonalanga, iimbangela zokulwa zemfazwe ziquka iingcamango malunga nokuveliswa kwemvelo, ubuninzi bentengo, ubunqongophala bemithombo, njl. UJohn Horgan unelungelo lokubonisa ukuba ezi zizathu zityholo azenzi imfazwe engenakuphepheka kwaye ayikho into ehambelanayo neyokuba imfazwe.

Xa imfazwe iyaqondwa njengaye, ukuba kungengakumbi, into eyenziwa yiintlanga "eziphuhlisiwe", ke ezinye izizathu zivela ukuba uHorgan akazange akhangele. Oku kubangela ukuba kungabi nako ukunakwenzeka. Kodwa banokwenza imfazwe ngakumbi kwimveli eyenziwe ngokukhetha okuthile. Kubalulekile ukuba siqaphele kwaye siyiqonde le miba, kuba inxaxheba ekupheliseni imfazwe kuya kufuneka ibhekise ekuvelweni kwemfazwe yi-United States kunye nabadibaniselwano bayo ngendlela ebonakalayo ifanelekileyo ukuba imfazwe yayiyimveliso yeentlanga ezihlwempu e-Afrika apho iNkundla yezoPhulo lwaMazwe ngamazwe ilawula ukufumana onke amacala ayo.

Ukongezelela ekubhaptizweni kwimbono yobuxoki yokungaqiniseki kwemfazwe, abantu baseUnited States banxamnye nolonyulo olonakele, iindaba eziphathekayo, imicimbi emide, i-propaganda ekhohlakeleyo, ukuzonwabisa ngokukhohlakeleyo, kunye nomshini wokulwa ngonaphakade unxweme njengenkqubo yoqoqosho eyimfuneko. ezingenakuqothulwa. Kodwa akukho nanye yale nto ayinakuguqulwa. Sisebenzisana apha nemimandla eyenza imfazwe ininzi nakwixesha lethu nendawo, kungekhona imingcipheko engaphephekiyo eqinisekisa ukulwa ngonaphakade. Akukho mntu ukholelwa ukuba isicatshulwa semikhosi yezobugcisa siye sahlala nathi. Kwaye akukho ncamnye umntu ocinga ukuba, njengokufudumala kwehlabathi, kunokudala i-loop yangaphandle ngaphandle kolawulo lomntu. Ngokuphambene noko, i-MIC ikhona ngokuchaphazela abantu. Akuzange ihlale ikhona. Iyakwandisa kunye nezivumelwano. Kuhlala ixesha elide nje sivumela. Inkqubo yemikhosi yemikhosi yinkqutyana, ngokufutshane, ikhetho, njengokuba ubukhoboka be-chattel bunzima.

Kwinqanaba elizayo le ncwadi siza kuxubusha into enokuyenza malunga nokwamkelwa kweemfazwe ezithatha incinci ekukhuleni koluntu okanye ubunqongophala bemithombo kunokuba kuthanda ukuthanda uhlanga, ukuxhatshazwa kwabantu, imeko yokudabuka kweendaba, kunye neempembelelo zezopolitiko zeenkampani ezifana neCloheed Martin . Ukuqonda oku kuya kusenza sikwazi ukulolonga ukunyanzelwa kwemfazwe kunokwenzeka ukuba kuphumelele. Impumelelo yayo ayiqinisekanga, kodwa akukho nto inokuthi inokwenzeka.

"Asikwazi ukuphelisa iMfazwe
Ukuba Abapheli Imfazwe "

Kukho umahluko obalulekileyo phakathi kobukhoboka (kunye namanye amaziko) ngakwesinye icala, kunye nemfazwe kwenye. Ukuba elinye iqela labantu lenza imfazwe kwelinye, ke bobabini bayabakho imfazwe. Ukuba iKhanada iyenze iindawo zokutyala, iUnited States ayifanele ukuba yenze njalo. Ukuba iKhanada inxamnye ne-United States, ezo ntlanga ziza kulwa. Oku kubonakala kubonisa ukuba imfazwe imele ipheliswe yonke indawo. Ngaphandle koko, imfuneko yokukhusela abanye kufuneka iqhubeke ilwa ngonaphakade.

Le ngxabano ekugqibeleni ihluleka kwiindawo ezininzi. Into enye, ukungafani phakathi kwemfazwe nobukhoboka akulula nje njengoko kucetyiswayo. Ukuba iKhanada yayisebenzisa ubukhoboka, qagela apho iWal-Mart yayiza kuqala ukuthumela izinto zethu! Ukuba iKhanada yayisebenzisa ubukhoboka, cinga ukuba iCongress yayiza kubeka iikomishoni ukuba zifunde izibonelelo zokubuyiselwa kwakhona! Nawaphi na amaziko angasasazeka, nokuba mhlawumbi ngaphantsi kwemfazwe.

Kwakhona, ingxabano engentla ayiyiyo imfazwe ngokunjalo nokukhusela imfazwe. Ukuba iKhanada ihlasela iUnited States, ihlabathi liyakwazi ukugweba urhulumente waseCanada, ukubeka iinkokeli zalo kwilingo, nokuhlazisa lonke uhlanga. AmaKhanadi anganqabile ukuthatha inxaxheba ekwenzeni imfazwe karhulumente. Abantu baseMerika banokungafuni ukuqonda igunya lomsebenzi wangaphandle. Abanye babenokuya eUnited States ukuze bancede ukungaxhatshazi. NjengamaDan phantsi kwamaNazi, sinokungafuni ukusebenzisana. Ngoko, kukho izixhobo zokukhusela ngaphandle komkhosi.

(Ndiyaxolisa kwiCanada malunga nomzekelo wokucinga. Enyanisweni, ndiyazi ukuba yeyiphi na yamanye amazwe ethu anomlando wokuhlasela omnye [Bona DavidSwanson.org/node/4125].)

Kodwa masicinge ukuba ezinye izikhuselo zempi zazikholelwa ukuba ziyimfuneko. Ngaba bekufuneka ibe yi-1 trillion ngonyaka? Ngaba iimfuno zezokhuselo zase-US aziyi kufana nezidingo zokukhusela ezinye iintlanga? Makhe sithi intshaba ayikho iCanada, kodwa iqela lamaphekula angamazwe ngamazwe. Ingaba oku kuya kutshintsha iimfuno zokukhusela umkhosi? Mhlawumbi, kodwa kungekho ngendlela yokulinganisa i-$ 1 trillion ngonyaka. Inqaba yenyukliya yaseUnited States ayenzanga nto yokukhusela i-9 / 11. Isikhululo esisigxina sejoni kwizigidi kwiintlanga ze-175 asincedi ukukhusela ubundlobongela. Kunoko, njengoko kuthethwa ngentla apha, kubangele. Kungasinceda sizibuze lo mbuzo: Kutheni iCanada engekho iinjongo zobugandlo ukuba iUnited States?

Ukuphelisa impi akufuneki kuthatha iminyaka emininzi, kodwa akufuneki ukuba kube ngokukhawuleza okanye kulungelelanise umhlaba jikelele. IUnited States yiyona ihamba phambili yokuthumela izixhobo kwamanye amazwe. Oku akunakwenzeka ngokulula ngokubhekiselele ekukhuselweni kazwelonke. (Isizathu esicacileyo sokwenza imali.) Ukuphela kokuthunyelwa kweempahla ze-US kungafezwa ngaphandle kokuchaphazela ukukhusela kwe-United States. Ukuqhubela phambili kumthetho wamazwe ngamazwe, ubulungisa, kunye nokuxabana kungadibanisa nentuthuko yokungabikho kwemida kunye nokuncediswa kwamanye amazwe, kunye nokunyuka kwehlabathi kwindalo. Ulwaphulo-mthetho lunokuphathwa njengoluphulo-mthetho, ukukhutshiswa kwalo kuyancitshiswa, kwaye ikhomishishini yalo ityhutshiswa enkundleni kunye nentsebenziswano enkulu yamazwe ngamazwe. Ukunciphisa ubundlobongela nakwiimfazwe (uburhulumente obumanyeneyo) kunokukhokelela ekungabikho kokutshabalalisa, kunye nokukhawulelana nokupheliswa kokususa inzuzo kwimfazwe. Ukuphumelelana kwemibambano engeyiyo i-arbitration yeengxabano kunokukhokelela ekuthembekeni okukhulu kunye nokuthotyelwa komthetho. Njengoko siza kubona kwiCandelo IV lele ncwadi, inokuqaliswa inkqubo eya kususa ihlabathi kude nemfazwe, iintlanga zehlabathi zingabikho kwimpi, kunye nabantu abafuthekileyo behlabathi besuka ebubini. Akunjalo nje ukuba kufuneka silungiselele imfazwe ngenxa yokwesaba ukuba umntu angasihlasela. Akunjalo kufuneka sichithe zonke izixhobo zemfazwe ngoLwesine olulandelayo ukuze sizibophezele ukuba singalokothi silwe imfazwe.

ZiseNtloko Zethu

Lapha eUnited States, imfazwe isentloko zethu, kunye neencwadi zethu, iifilimu zethu, amathoyizi ethu, imidlalo yethu, iimpawu zethu zembali, izikhumbuzo zethu, imicimbi yethu yezemidlalo, izambatho zethu, iintengiso zethu zethelevishini. Xa efuna ukulungelelaniswa phakathi kwemfazwe kunye nezinye izinto, uHorgan wafumana enye into. Iimfazwe zenziwa ngamasiko axhaphazelayo okanye azinyamezele imfazwe. Imfazwe yinto eyaziwayo. Enyanisweni igalelo. Yaye isebenza iinjongo zayo, kungekhona leyo yemikhosi yayo (ngaphandle kwabathengi abathile).

Umbhali wezinto eziphilayo uMargaret Mead wabiza imfazwe inkcubeko. Luhlobo lwesifo sengxaki. Iimfazwe zenzeka ngenxa yokwamkelwa kwenkcubeko, kwaye ziyakunqandwa ngokukhishwa kwenkcubeko. Umntu ongu-mbumbulu uDouglas Fry, kwincwadi yakhe yokuqala kule ndaba, i-Human Potential for Peace, ichaza intlalo ephikisayo imfazwe. Iimfazwe azidalwanga ngamajeni okanye ziphethwe yi-eugenics okanye i-oxytocin. Iimfazwe aziqhutyelwa yincinci ye-sociopaths okanye ikhutshwe ngokulawula. Imfazwe ayinakukhunjulwa yintlupheko yobutyebi okanye ukungalingani okanye inqandwa yimpumelelo kunye nobutyebi belana. Iimfazwe aziqulunqwa zizixhobo ezikhoyo okanye impembelelo yabaxhamli. Zonke izinto ezinjalo zidlala indima kwiimfazwe, kodwa akukho namnye ongenza iimfazwe zingenakupheka. Isigqibo esisisigxina sisithethe senkcubeko, inkcubeko ezukisa imfazwe okanye iyakwamkela (kwaye unokwamkela into ethile nangona uxelele i-pollster uyayichasa; Imfazwe isasazeka njengoko ezinye iimbalo zisasazeka, ngokwemveli. Ukupheliswa kwemfazwe kunokukwenza okufanayo.

Umculi weSartrean ufika ngokugqithisileyo kwisigqibo esifanayo (kungekhona ukuba imfazwe kufuneka isuswe kodwa ukuba ingaba) ngaphandle koFry okanye uphando lukaHorgan. Ndicinga ukuba uphando luncedo kulabo abayidingayo. Kodwa kukho ubuthathaka. Ngethuba nje sithembele kuloluphando, kufuneka sihlale sixhalabele ukuba ezinye izifundo zesayensi okanye i-anthropological ziza kuhamba ukubonisa ukuba imfazwe ekhoyo kwiijisi zethu. Akufanele sifumane umkhwa wokucinga ukuba kufuneka silinde igunya lokuba sibonise ukuba kukho into eyenziwe ngaphambili ngaphambili kokuba sizame ukwenza. Amanye amagunya angaza kunye nokuphikisa.

Esikhundleni saloo nto, kufuneka sifumane ukuqonda ngokucacileyo ukuba nangona akukho mntu ubekho ngaphandle kwemfazwe, yethu ingabokuqala. Abantu batyale inzame enkulu ekudaleni iimfazwe. Bangakhetha ukungafuni ukwenza njalo. Ukuguqulwa kokubona okubonakalayo ngokucacileyo kwisifundo senzululwazi ukuba ngaba abantu abaneleyo baye balalisa imfazwe kwixesha elidlulileyo ukuligatya kwixesha elizayo, luncedo kwaye lunobungozi kwesizathu. Inceda abo bafuna ukubona ukuba oko bafuna ukukwenza kuye kwenziwa ngaphambili. Kubuhlungu ukuphuhliswa okuhlangeneyo kokucinga okutsha.

Iingcamango eziphosakeleyo malunga nezimbangela zemfazwe zidala ukulindela okuzifezekisa ukuba imfazwe iza kuhlala ihlala nathi. Ukuqikelela ukuba utshintsho lwemozulu luya kuvelisa imfazwe yehlabathi inokwenene ukuphefumlela abantu ukuba bafune umgaqo-nkqubo wombutho karhulumente, kubakhuthaza esikhundleni sokuba baxhase iimali zempi kunye nesitokethi kwiimfutha kunye nezinto eziphuthumayo. Ukude imfazwe iqaliswe, akunakukhunjulwa, kodwa ukulungiselela iimfazwe ngokwenene kubenza ukuba baninzi. (Jonga iTropic of Chaos: Uguquko lwemozulu kunye ne-Geography entsha ye-Violence yi-Christian Parenti.)

Izifundo ziye zafumanisa ukuba xa abantu bebonakaliswe ngcamango yokuba abanakho "inkululeko yokuzikhethela" baziphathe kakubi. (Jonga "Ukuxabiseka Kokukholelwa Kwiintando Zamahala: Ukukhuthaza ukukholelwa kwiDermermism kukhulisa ukukhohlisa," ngoKathleen D. Vohs noJonathan W. Schooler kwiScience Psychological, Volume 19, Inani le1.) Ngubani na onokubagxeka? "Abazange babe nenkululeko yokuzikhethela." Kodwa ukuba yonke imilinganiselo yokuziphatha engasetyenziswanga ayitshintshi into yokuba kwimeko yam ndiya kuhlala ndikhululekile, kwaye ukukhetha ukuziphatha kakubi kuya kuhlala kungenakuxhomekeka kwimeko yokuba ifilosofi okanye inzululwazi ndidibanisa ukuba ndicinga. Ukuba silahlekiswa ekubeni sikholwe ukuba imfazwe ayinakugwemeka, siya kucinga ukuba asinakugwetywa ngokusungula iimfazwe. Kodwa siya kulahlwa. Ukukhetha ukuziphatha kakubi kusoloko kufanelwe ukusola.

Kodwa Kutheni Kukho kwiNtloko Zethu?

Ukuba imbangela yemfazwe yukwamkelwa kwemfazwe, yiziphi izizathu zokuvuma? Kukho izizathu ezinengqiqo, ezifana nokungazi kakuhle kunye nokungazi okuveliswa zizikolo kunye neendaba zokuzonwabisa kunye nokuzonwabisa, kuquka ukungabi nolwazi lwemfazwe eyingozi kunye nokungazi malunga nokungabi nonyango njengenye indlela yokungqubuzana. Kukho izizathu ezingenangqiqo, ezinjengokunyamekelwa kakubi kweintsana kunye nabantwana abancinci, ukungaqiniseki, ukuxhalaba, ukucwasa ubundlobongela, ukunyamezela, iingcamango malunga nobuqhetseba, ukuhaha, ukungabikho koluntu, ukunganakwa, njl. eziyimfuneko okanye ezifanelekileyo) zokulwa. Kukho okungakumbi kunokukwenza ukuphikisana okunengqiqo ngokulwa nemfazwe. Oko akuthethi ukuba kunjalo nawaphi na abanikelayo abanokuphepheka, okanye ukuba yinto efanelekileyo yokwenza imfazwe.