INGXELO AYIKHUTHI UKUVIKELEKA KUNYE KUNYE NOKUSEBENZA

Izigameko zesigebengu ziye zanda ngexesha kwaye ziphendule "kwiMfazwe ngoBugomeko." Oku akufanele kusisitye. Imfazwe inembali yokulwa nemfazwe, kungekhona uxolo. Kwimeko yethu yangoku, imfazwe ngoku iqhelekileyo, kwaye ukulungiswa ngonaphakade kweemfazwe akubonwa ngongqonge kakhulu.

Xa uluntu luqala ukuqalisa imfazwe emitsha, okanye xa sifumanisa ukuba imfazwe iqhubekile ngaphandle kokungahambi-ngokuya kwakho kuMgaqo-siseko okanye thina bantu, loo mqathango mfazwe awuyi ngokuhluke kakhulu kubomi bethu obuqhelekileyo. Asinako ukuphakamisa umkhosi ukususela ekuqaleni. Sinomkhosi wokuma. Enyanisweni, sinomkhosi omiyo kwiinkalo ezininzi zehlabathi, inyaniso ebonakalayo kunokuba ichaze imfuno yemfazwe entsha. Asinako ukuphakamisa imali yemfazwe. Sivame ukulahla ngaphezu kwesiqingatha senkcitho yethu yoluntu yokuqonda, kwaye nayiphi na i-trillions eyongezelelweyo iya kufumaneka okanye ibolekwe-akukho mibuzo eceliwe.

Silwa nemfazwe engqondweni zethu. Kusemadolobheni ethu, kwindawo yokuzonwabisa, kwindawo yethu yokusebenzela, nakuzo zonke ezikujikelezayo. Kukho iziseko kuyo yonke indawo, amajoni afanayo, iMicimbi yeSuku lweSikhumbuzo, iziganeko zeSigqeba soMkhosi weeNkundleni, iziganeko zentsuku ze-Patriots, izaphulelo zamajoni, ukuqhuma kweengxowa-mali zamagosa, ukumkelwa kweemajelo, ama-adverts, ii-office recruitment, iikhompi zamajoni ezixhaswa ngumkhosi. Imfa kuyenzi zamathoyizi zethu, iifilimu zethu, imibukiso yethu yethelevishini. Kwaye inxalenye enkulu yoqoqosho lwethu kunye namaziko ethu ephakamileyo. Ndafunda ibali lephephandaba malunga nosapho olusuka eVirginia Beach ngenxa yengxolo engapheliyo yeemoto zeempi. Bathenga ifama kwiphandle nje ukuba bafunde ukuba umkhosi wawuza kuvula i-airplane entsha kwindawo elandelayo. Ukuba ufuna ngokwenene ukuphuma emkhosini eMelika, uya kuphi na? Zama nje ukuhamba usuku ngaphandle kokuqhagamshelana nomkhosi. Akunakwenziwa. Kwaye phantse yonke into engeyiyo yempi ongayifumana nayo ibandakanyeka kakhulu kwimpi.

Njengoko iNick Turse ibhalwe phantsi, ngaphandle kokuba uthenge indawo yangaphandle kwaye engekho inkampani, akunakwenzeka ukuthenga okanye ukusebenzisa imveliso nayiphi na into e-United States engakhange yenziwe ngumthengisi we-Pentagon. Enyanisweni, ndiyibhala kule khomputha ye-Apple, kwaye i-Apple yintengiso enkulu yePentagon. Kodwa ke, kunjalo ne-IBM. Kwaye ke uninzi lweenkampani zabazali ezininzi zokutya okungenamsoco kunye neendawo zokugcina izitya kunye neefesi zekhofi ndiyabona. I-Starbucks ngumthengisi omkhulu wemkhosi, kunye nevenkile nakwiGuantanamo. I-Starbucks ivikela ubukho bayo kwiSiqhamo soThutho ngokufaka ukuba ukuba kungabi khona bekuza kubakho ukuthatha isikhundla sezopolitiko, kanti kuba kukho ukuziphatha okuqhelekileyo kwe-American. Kanjalo. Akunjalo kuphela iiofisi zezixhobo zendabuko ezifunyenwe kunye nabathengisi bemoto kunye namaqhekeza e-burger kwiindawo ezininzi ze-American suburban strip. malunga nale nto.

Imali yempi kwaye ihlolisise ama-movie e-Hollywood, ithumela i-Soups-soump-Hummers ngeendlela ezinobungcali zokuthengisa iintengiso, idibanisa i-$ 150,000 ibhonasi ibhalisa kunye, kwaye ilungele ukuhlonishwa ngaphambi nangemizuzu emikhulu yezemidlalo. Iinkampani zeAroni, ezithengwa ngabathengi kuphela kulo lizwe urhulumente ongazange alaphule thina bantu, simemezele ngokubanzi njengobhiya okanye iinkampani zomshuwalense wemoto. Ngalokhu kungena kwiinkalo zelizwe lethu, imfazwe eyenziwa ukuba ibonakale isisigxina, isondlo, ikhuselekile kwaye izinzileyo. Siyicinga ukuba imfazwe iyasikhusela, ukuba ikwazi ukuqhubeka ngonaphakade ngaphandle kokwenza umhlaba ube yindawo engenakuhlala kuyo, kwaye ukuba ngumniki onikezela ngemisebenzi kunye neenzuzo zezoqoqosho. Siyicinga ukuba imfazwe, kunye nobukumkani, kuyadingeka ukuze silondoloze ubomi bethu obuyingozi, okanye kwindlela esiphila ngayo. Oko akunjalo: imfazwe iyasibiza ngeendlela zonke, kwaye ngokubuyiselwayo ayinikezeli nzuzo. Ayikwazi ukuqhubeka ngonaphakade ngaphandle kwenhlekelele yenyukliya, ukuwa kwezendalo, okanye ukunyuswa kwezomnotho.

Icandelo: UNUCLEAR CATASTROPHE

U-Tad Daley uxela ku-Apocalypse Akunaku: Ukubeka iNdlela kwiSizwe samaKhosi-sikhulu seNyukliya esinokukhetha ukunciphisa nokuphelisa izixhobo zenuzi okanye ukubhubhisa bonke ubomi emhlabeni. Akukho ndlela yesithathu. Nasi isizathu.

Xa nje zikhona izixhobo zenukliya, ziyakwazi ukunyuka. Yaye kunye nje kuphela xa zikhula kakhulu isantya sobandezelo sinokunyuka. Oku kungenxa yokuba ixesha elide njengoko ezinye iindawo zinezixhobo zenuzi, ezinye iindawo ziya kuzifuna. Inani leenyukliya liye lanyuka ukusuka ezintandathu ukuya kweyisithoba ukusuka ekupheleni kweMfazwe yeCold. Lelo nani linokunyuka, kuba ngoku ubuncinane ubuncinane iindawo ezi-9 zikarhulumente ezingezizo zenyukliya ziyakwazi ukufikelela kwi-teknoloji nezinto eziphathekayo, kwaye iindawo ezininzi ngoku zineendawo ezakhelene nabamelwane. Ezinye iindawo ziya kukhetha ukuphuhlisa amandla enyukliya, nangona zininzi zithintelo, kuba ziya kubasondeza ekuphuhliseni izixhobo zenukliya xa zikhetha ukwenza njalo.

Logama zikhona izixhobo zenyukliya, inhlekelele yenyukliya inokwenzeka ukuba yenzeke kwakamsinya okanye kamva, kwaye okukhona izixhobo zisanda, intlekele kungekudala iza kuza. Kubekho uninzi lwalahleko olusondeleyo ukuba ayingangamakhulu, iimeko apho ingozi, ukudideka, ukungaqondani, kunye / okanye i-machismo engenangqondo iphantse yalitshabalalisa ihlabathi. Ngo-1980, uZbigniew Brzezinski wayesendleleni eya kuvusa uMongameli uJimmy Carter ukuba amxelele ukuba iSoviet Union yenze imijukujelwa engama-220 xa esiva ukuba umntu othile ufake umdlalo wemfazwe kwinkqubo yekhompyutha. Ngo-1983 uLieutenant Colonel waseSoviet wayebukele ikhompyuter yakhe imxelela ukuba i-United States iphumeze imijukujelwa. Wathandabuza ukuphendula ixesha elide ngokwaneleyo ukuba afumanise ukuba yimpazamo. Ngo-1995, uMongameli wase-Russia u-Boris Yeltsin wachitha imizuzu esibhozo eqinisekile ukuba i-United States ihlasele inyukliya. Kwimizuzu emithathu ngaphambi kokuba abuye kwaye atshabalalise umhlaba, wafunda ukuba ukumiliselwa bekusesatellite yemozulu. Iingozi zihlala zinokwenzeka ngakumbi kunesenzo sobutshaba. Kwiminyaka engamashumi amahlanu anesithandathu ngaphambi kokuba abanqolobi bajikeleze iinqwelomoya kwiZiko lezoRhwebo leHlabathi, umkhosi wase-US ngengozi wabhabha eyakhe inqwelomoya waya kwi-Empire State Building. Ngo-2007, imijukujelwa yenyukliya emithandathu eyayixhobile eMelika ngengozi okanye ngabom yabhengezwa njengalahlekileyo, yabeka inqwelomoya kwindawo yokuqalisa, kwaye yajikeleza ilizwe liphela. Ukusondela kokuphosa ukubonwa lihlabathi, kokukhona kunokwenzeka ukuba sikubone ukumiliselwa kwesixhobo senyukliya apho ezinye izizwe ziya kuphendula ngendlela efanayo. Kwaye bonke ubomi emhlabeni buya kube bungekho.

Oku akunjalo "Ukuba izibhamu zachithwa, izibhamu kuphela ziza kuba nezibhamu." Iintlanga ezininzi ezinama-nukes, kunye nukes ezingaphezulu, kunokwenzeka ukuba ugqirha uya kufumana umthengi. Inyaniso yokuba iintlanga zineenkcukacha zokuziphindezela azikho nto ekhuselayo kubangqina abanqwenela ukuyifumana nokuyisebenzisa. Enyanisweni, kuphela umntu ozimisele ukuzibulala nokuzisa lonke ihlabathi ngelo xesha angasebenzisa izixhobo zenuzi.

Umgaqo-nkqubo we-US wokuqalisa isiteyimu yokuzibulala, umgaqo-nkqubo okhuthaza ezinye iintlanga ukufumana i-nukes ekukhuseleni; Kukwaphulwa kweNyukliya engeyiyo yokuLawulwa kweziTyhulwa, ngokunjalo ukuhluleka kwethu ukusebenza ngokubanzi (kungekhona nje i-bi-lateral) ukungabikho kwemida kunye nokupheliswa (kungekhona nje ukunciphisa) izixhobo zenukliya.

Akukho zorhwebo ekufuneka zenziwe ekupheliseni izixhobo zenukliya, kuba azibandakanyi kwikhuseleko lethu. Abavumi ukuhlaselwa ngabamagorha ngabasemagqabini abangekho ngandlela-thile. Akunakongeza iota kwikhono lethu lempi lokukhusela iintlanga ukusichaphazela, sinike amandla okuMnited States ukutshabalalisa nayiphi na indawo nayiphi na izixhobo ezingekho zixhobo zenuzi. Ama-Nukes ayinqobe iimfazwe, njengoko kubonakala kwinto yokuba i-United States, i-Soviet Union, i-United Kingdom, iFransi ne-China yonke ilahlekelwe yimfazwe ngokungekho yamandla enyukliya xa ikhona i-nukes. Kananjalo, xa kwenzeka imfazwe yenyukliya yehlabathi, unako naziphi na izixhobo ezikhuselekileyo ezikhusela iUnited States nayiphi na indlela ukusuka ku-apocalypse.

Nangona kunjalo, ukubalwa kunokujonga ngendlela eyahlukileyo kwiintlanga ezincinci. I-North Korea ithe yafumana izixhobo zenyukliya kwaye yanciphisa kakhulu i-bellicosity kwindlela yayo evela eUnited States. I-Iran, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ayizange ifumane i-nukes, kwaye iphantsi kwesongelo oluzinzileyo. IiNukes zithetha ukukhuselwa kwisizwe esincinci. Kodwa isinqumo esibonakala ngathi sinengqiqo sokuba yikhulukliya sandisa kuphela amathuba okubambana, okanye imfazwe yombutho, okanye ukunyuka kwemfazwe, okanye ukuphulwa kwempi, okanye ukulungeleka komsindo kwindawo ethile ehlabathini ukuphelisa sonke.

Izixhobo zokuhlola ziphumelele kakhulu, kuquka ne-Iraq ngaphambi kokuhlasela kwe-2003. Ingxaki, kwimeko enjalo, yinto yokuba ukuhlolwa kungagcinwa. Ngaphandle kweCIA usebenzisa ukuhlolwa njengethuba lokuhlola kunye nokuzama ukukhuthaza ukukhwabanisa, kwaye urhulumente wase-Iraq waqinisekisa ukuba intsebenziswano ayifumananga nxamnye nesizwe esinqumle ukuyidiliza, ukuhlolwa kusekusebenze. Ukuhlolwa kwamazwe ngamazwe onke, kubandakanywa nokwethu, nako ukusebenza. Ewe, iUnited States isetyenziselwa ukuphindwa kabini. Kukulungele ukujonga kuwo onke amazwe, kungekhona wethu. Kodwa sisetyenziselwa ukuhlala. UDaley ubeka ukhetho esinalo:

"Ewe, ukuhlolwa kwamazwe ngamazwe apha kuya kufaka ulawulo lwethu. Kodwa izibongo zamabhomu apha ziza kubakho nolawulo lwethu. Umbuzo kuphela, yiyiphi na into emibini esiyifumeneyo esiyifumeneyo. "

Impendulo ayicacile, kodwa kufanelekile.

Ukuba sifuna ukukhuseleka ekuqhubheni kweempikliya, kufuneka sikhuphe izityalo zamandla enyukliya kunye nezixhobo zamandla enyukliya kunye namanqanawa. Ukususela ekubeni uMongameli u-Eisenhower uthetha nge "iathom zokuthula" esiye sava malunga neenzuzo zokuthi imisebe yenyukliya ifunyenwe. Akukho namnye kubo okhuphisana neentsilelo. Isityalo samandla enyukliya esingaqhathaniswa lula ngokugqithisileyo kwisenzo esasiza kwenza ukuba indiza ibonakale kwisakhiwo sibonakala sinqabile. Amandla enyukliya, ngokungafani nelanga okanye umoya okanye nayiphi na enye imvelaphi, idinga isicwangciso sokukhupha, senza iithagethi zobugorha kunye nenkunkuma engcolileyo ehlala ngonaphakade naphakade, ayikwazi ukufumana i-inshurensi yabucala okanye abatyali-mali abazimeleyo bazimisele ukubeka ingozi kuyo, kwaye kufuneka banikwe inkxaso mali karhulumente. I-Iran, i-Israel, kunye ne-United States yonke ibhokliya izakhiwo zase-Iraq. Nguwuphi umgaqo-nkqubo oza kudala izakhiwo kunye nezinye ezininzi iingxaki ezibhekiselele kwiibhola? Asiyidingi amandla enyukliya.

Asinakukwazi ukusinda kwiplanethi enegunya lamandla enyukliya apha naphi na kuyo. Ingxaki ngokuvumela amazwe ukuba athenge amandla enyukliya kodwa kungekhona izixhobo zenyukliya kukuba i-yangaphambili ibeka isizwe esiseduze naso. Uhlanga olutyikityiweyo lungakholelwa ukuba izixhobo zenyukliya zikhusela kuphela, kwaye luyakwazi ukufumana amandla enyukliya ukwenzela ukuba ube sisisombululo esondele ngakumbi kwibhomu. Kodwa ukuxhatshazwa kwehlabathi kuza kubona inkqubo yamandla enyukliya njengengozi, nangona isemthethweni, kwaye ibe yinto esongelayo. Lo ngumjikelo owenza ukuba kubekho ukwanda kwenyukliya. Kwaye siyazi apho okukhokelela khona.

Isixhobo esikhulu samandla enyukliya asikhuseli nxamnye nobugandlo, kodwa umbulali oyedwa ozibulala ngokubulala ibhomu enyukliya angaqalisa iArmagedon. Ngomhla we-Meyi 2010, indoda yazama ukumisa ibhomu e-Times Square, kwisixeko saseNew York. Kwakungekho ibhomu lenyukliya, kodwa kucingelwa ukuba kwakungenzeka ukuba ubaba waloo mntu wayekade ephethe izixhobo zenukliya ePakistan. NgoNovemba 2001, u-Osama bin Laden uthe

"Ukuba iUnited States iyazama ukusihlasela ngezixhobo zenukliya okanye iikhemikhali, sichaza ukuba siya kuziphindisela ngokusebenzisa uhlobo olufanayo lwezixhobo. EJapan nakwamanye amazwe apho iUnited States ibulala amakhulu amabini abantu, i-US ayiboni izenzo zabo njengoluphulo-mthetho. "

Ukuba amaqela angengawo aseburhulumenteni aqala ukujoyina uluhlu lwezinto ezigcina i-nukes, nokuba wonke umntu ngaphandle kwe-United States ufunga ukuba akazukuqhankqalaza kuqala, ukubakho kwengozi kunyuka ngokumangalisayo. Kwaye isitrayikhi okanye ingozi inokuqala ngokulula ukunyuka. Ngo-Okthobha u-17, 2007, emva kokuba uMongameli u-Vladimir Putin wase-Russia elikhabile ibango lase-US lokuba i-Iran yenza izixhobo zenyukliya, uMongameli uGeorge W. Bush waphakamisa ithemba "leMfazwe yesiBini yeHlabathi." Ngalo lonke ixesha kukho inkanyamba okanye ukuchitheka kweoyile, zininzi izinto endikuxelele zona. Xa kukho inyikima yenyukliya, akusayi kubakho mntu usalayo ukuba athi "Ndikulumkisile," okanye ayive.

Icandelo: I-COLLAPSE ENVIRONMENTAL

Ingqongileyo njengoko siyazi ukuba ayiyi kuphila imfazwe yenyukliya. Kwakhona kungenakuphila "imfazwe" yesizwe, kuqondwa ukuba ithetha iintlobo zeemfazwe esizihlawulelayo ngoku. Umonakalo omkhulu uye wenziwa ngeemfazwe kunye nophando, ukuvavanywa, kunye nemveliso eyenziwa ukulungiselela iimfazwe. Ubuncinane ukususela ekubeni amaRoma atyala ityuwa kwiindawo zaseCarthaginian ngexesha leThathu yeParic War, iimfazwe zonakalisile umhlaba, zombini ngenjongo kwaye-kaninzi-njengento engenakucala.

Jikelele uFilipu uSheridan, ekutshatyalazweni kwimihlaba yaseVirginia ngexesha leMfazwe yombango, wachitha ama-bison yezilwanyana zaseMelika njengendlela yokukhawulela amaMerika asekuhlaleni. IMfazwe Yehlabathi I yabona umhlaba waseYurophu ubhujiswe ngamatye kunye negesi yetyhefu. Ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi II, amaNorway aqala ukuhlaselwa kwemigodi kwiidlambo zawo, ngelixa amaDatshi aphuphuma isithathu kwisimilo sawo, amaJamani awonakalisa amahlathi aseCzech, kwaye amaBrithani atshisa amahlathi eJamani naseFransi.

Iimfazwe kule minyaka idlulileyo zenze ukuba iindawo ezinkulu zingabinakuhlala kwaye zavelisa amashumi ezigidi zeembacu. Imfazwe "ikhuphisana nezifo ezasulelayo njengonobangela wokufa kunye nokusweleka," ngokukaJennifer Leaning weHarvard Medical School. Ukoyama ukwahlula impembelelo yokusingqongileyo kwemfazwe kwiindawo ezine: “ukuveliswa nokuvavanywa kwezixhobo zenyukliya, ukuqhushumbiswa komoya ojikeleze umhlaba kunye nolwandle, ukusasazeka nokuzingisa kwemigodi yomhlaba kunye nokungcwatywa komngcwabo, kunye nokusetyenziswa okanye ukugcinwa kwezikhohlakali zomkhosi, iityhefu kunye nenkunkuma.”

Ukuvavanywa kwezixhobo zenyukliya yi-United States kunye neSoviet Union kubandakanye okungenani iimvavanyo zemozulu ezingama-423 phakathi kowe-1945 nowe-1957 nowe-1,400 kuvavanyo lwasemhlabeni phakathi kowe-1957 nowe-1989. Umonakalo wale radiation awukaziwa ngokupheleleyo, kodwa usasazeka, Ulwazi lwexesha elidlulileyo. Uphando olutsha ngo-2009 lwacebisa ukuba iimvavanyo zenyukliya zaseTshayina phakathi kowe-1964 nowe-1996 zabulala abantu abaninzi ngokuthe ngqo kunovavanyo lwenyukliya lwalo naliphi na ilizwe. UJun Takada, ugqirha wezobuchwephesha waseJapan, wabala ukuba ukuya kuthi ga kwi-1.48 yezigidi zabantu abachaphazeleka ekuweni kwaye i-190,000 yabo inokuba isweleke kwizifo ezinxulumene nemitha evela kuvavanyo lwaseTshayina. E-United States, ukuvavanywa kwii-1950s kukhokelele kumawakawaka abantu ababhubha ngumhlaza eNevada, eUtah, naseArizona, eyona ndawo iphantsi kovavanyo.

Ngo-1955, umboniso bhanyabhanya uJohn Wayne, owaphepha ukuthatha inxaxheba kwiMfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi ngokukhetha ukwenza imovie ezukisa imfazwe, wagqiba kwelokuba adlale uGenghis Khan. Umnqobi wafotwa e-Utah, kwaye umoyisi woyiswa. Kubantu abangama-220 ababesebenza kwifilimu, ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1980 abangama-91 kubo babenomhlaza kwaye abangama-46 babhubha ngawo, kuquka uJohn Wayne, uSusan Hayward, uAgnes Moorehead, kunye nomlawuli uDick Powell. Iinkcukacha-manani zibonisa ukuba ama-30 kuma-220 ayenokufumana umhlaza, hayi ama-91. Ngo-1953 umkhosi wavavanya iibhombu zeathom ezili-11 kufutshane naseNevada, kwaye ngoo-1980s isiqingatha sabemi baseSt. George, eUtah, apho ifilimu yadutyulwa khona, umhlaza. Ungabaleka ubaleka emfazweni, kodwa awunakufihla.

Umkhosi wazi ukuba izixhobo zamandla enyukliya ziza kubachaphazela abo behla, kwaye bahlolisise iziphumo, ngokuzibandakanya ngokufanelekileyo kwimvavanyo yoluntu. Kwezinye iindidi ezininzi kwixesha kunye nasemashumi eminyaka emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, ngokuphula umthetho we-Nuremberg we-1947, umkhosi kunye ne-CIA baye baxhomekeka kubalindi beemfazwe, amabanjwa, abahlwempuzekileyo, abakhubazekile ngengqondo kunye nabanye abantu ukuba bafune ukuzama injongo yokuvavanya izixhobo zenyukliya, iikhemikhali kunye ne-biological, kunye neziyobisi ezifana ne-LSD, apho i-United States ihambe ukuya ekufakeni umoya kunye nokutya kwidolophana yonke yaseFransi kwi-1951, kunye neziphumo ezinobungozi kwaye ezibulalayo.

Ingxelo elungiselelwe kwi-1994 kwiKomidi yeSenate yase-US yabasebenzi beeMantshi iqala:

Ngethuba leminyaka yokugqibela ye-50, amakhulu eminyaka abasebenzi bezempi baye babandakanyeka ekuhlolweni kwabantu kunye nezinye iziganeko ezizimeleyo ezenziwa yiSebe lezoKhuseleko (iDOD), kaninzi ngaphandle kolwazi lwe-servicemember okanye imvume. Kwezinye iimeko, amajoni avuma ukukhonza njengezifundo zabantu azifumanisa ngokwabo kwiimvavanyo ezichasene nezo zichazwe ngexesha abazinikele ngokuzithandela. Ngokomzekelo, amawaka eemfazwe zeMfazwe Yehlabathi II ezazinikela ngokuvakalayo ukuvavanya iingubo zasehlobo zatshintshana ixesha lokuphumayo, zifumene ngokwamagumbi egesi ukuvavanya umphumo wegesi lwesardard kunye ne-lewisite. Ukongezelela, maxa wambi amajoni amiselwe ngokuyalela amagosa ukuba 'amavolontiya' athathe inxaxheba ekuphandeni okanye abhekane nemiphumo emibi. Ngokomzekelo, amaninzi amabutho e-Persian Gulf aphengululwe ngabaqeshwa beKomiti babika ukuba babeyalelwe ukuba bathathe iigcino zokuhlola ngexesha le-Operation Desert Shield okanye ebanjweni. "

Ingxelo epheleleyo iqulethe izikhalazo ezininzi malunga nomfihlelo wemikhosi kwaye ibonisa ukuba iziphumo zayo zingaphawula kuphela into efihliweyo.

Kwi-1993, uNobhala we-Amandla waseMelika ukhulule iirekhodi ze-US zokuhlola i-plutonium ngokungaboniyo amaxhoba ase-US ngokukhawuleza emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II. I-Newsweek ivakalise ngokuqinisekileyo, ngoDisemba 27, 1993:

"Oososayensi abaye baqhuba loo mvavanyo kade kudala babenezizathu ezicacileyo: umzabalazo kunye neSoviet Union, ukwesaba imfazwe yenyukliya, imfuneko esiphuthumayo yokuvula zonke iimfihlelo ze-athomu, ngenjongo yokubambisa impi kunye neyeza."

Owu, kuhle ukuba kunjalo.

Izixhobo zokuvelisa izixhobo zenyukliya eWashington, eTennessee, Colorado, eGeorgia, nakwezinye iindawo zityhefuze imimandla engqongileyo kunye nabasebenzi babo, ngaphezu kwe-3,000 kubo abanikezelwa umvuzo kwi-2000. Xa i-2009-2010 yokuvakasha kwendwendwe yandithatha kwimizi engaphezu kwe-50 kwilizwe lonke, ndamangaliswa kukuba amaninzi amaqela oxolo edolophini emva kwedolophu ayejolise ekunqandeni umonakalo owenziwe ngeefriji zezixhobo zendawo kwimeko kunye nabasebenzi babo inkxaso evela koorhulumente bendawo, nangaphezulu kunokuba bajolise ekunqandeni iimfazwe e-Iraq nase-Afghanistan.

KwiSixeko saseKansas, abemi abakhuselekileyo bebambezelekile kwaye bafuna ukuvimba ukufuduswa nokunyuka kwefayili enkulu yezixhobo. Kubonakala ngathi uMongameli uHarry Truman, owayesenzile igama lakhe ngokuchasana nenkunkuma ngesikhali, wahlwanyela umkhiqizo ekhaya ehlambele umhlaba kunye namanzi ngaphezu kwe-60 iminyaka ngelixa izinto zokuvelisa izixhobo zokufa ezisetyenziswe kuphela nguTruman. Imveliso yabucala, kodwa i-fasta-break-subsidized factory iya kuqhubekeka ukuvelisa, kodwa kwinqanaba elikhulu, i-85 ipesenti yezixhobo zezixhobo zenukliya.

Ndajoyina iinzondo ezininzi zendawo kwindawo yokubhikisha ngaphandle kwamasango e-factory, afana nemibhikisho ndiyinxalenye yamaziko e-Nebraska naseTennessee, kwaye inkxaso evela kubantu abaqhubiweyo yayiyimpumelelo: ezininzi iimpendulo ezintle kunokuba zibi. Omnye umntu owayeka imoto yakhe ekukhanyeni wasitshela ukuba ugogo wakhe wasweleka ngumhlaza emva kokuba enze amabhomu apho kwi-1960s. UMaurice Copeland, owayeyinxalenye yethu yokubhikisha, wandixelela ukuba wayesebenze kwisityalo kwi-32 iminyaka. Xa imoto yaphuma ngaphandle kwamasango ane-intombazana encinci, uCopeland wathi izinto ezinobuthi zisesambatho sendoda kwaye mhlawumbi wayenxibe le ntombazana kwaye mhlawumbi yambulala. Andiyi kuqinisekisa ukuba, ukuba kukho nto, ukuba yintoni kwiingubo zendoda, kodwa uCopeland wathi iziganeko ezinjalo ziyinxalenye yesityalo seKansas iminyaka emashumi, kungabikho urhulumente, okanye umnini-bucala (u-Honeywell), okanye umanyano wabasebenzi (i-International Association of Machinists) ngokukwazisa ngokufanelekileyo abasebenzi okanye uluntu.

Ngokutshintshwa kukaMongameli Bush kunye noMongameli Obama kwi-2010, abachasene neentengo zokukhulisa izityalo babenethemba lokutshintsha, kodwa ulawulo luka-Obama lunike le projekthi inkxaso epheleleyo. Urhulumente wesixeko ukhuthaze umzamo njengomthombo wemisebenzi kunye nengeniso yerhafu. Njengoko siza kubona kwicandelo elilandelayo kweli sahluko, kwakungekho.

Ukuveliswa kwezixhobo yeyona nto incinci kuyo. Iibhombu ezingezizo ezenyukliya kwiMfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi zatshabalalisa iidolophu, iifama, kunye neenkqubo zokunkcenkceshela, zavelisa iimbacu ezingama-50 ezigidi nabantu abafudukayo. Ibhombu yaseMelika eVietnam, eLaos, naseCambodia ivelise iimbacu ezizizigidi ezili-17, kwaye ukuphela kuka-2008 bekukho i-13.5 yezigidi zeembacu kunye nabafuna indawo yokubalekela kwihlabathi liphela. Imfazwe yamakhaya ende eSudan yakhokelela kwindlala apho ngo-1988. Imfazwe yamakhaya yaseRwanda yatyhala abantu bangena kwiindawo ezinabantu abasengozini yokuphela, kuquka iigorila. Ukufuduswa kwabemi kwihlabathi liphela ukuya kwiindawo ezinokuhlalwa kancinci konakalise iinkqubo zendalo.

Iimfazwe zihamba ezininzi emva. Phakathi kwe-1944 kunye ne-1970 i-US yamasosha aseMelika ayichitha ezininzi izixhobo zamakhemikhali kwiindawo zase-Atlantic nasePacific. Kwi-1943 izibhamu zaseJamani zatshise umkhumbi wase-US e-Bari, eItali, eyayithwala ngasese izigidigidi zegesi zesardadi. Abanqwelisi abaninzi base-US bafa ngenxa yetyhefu, eyathi i-United States ingathembekanga ukuba iyisebenzisa "njengonqabileyo," nangona igcina imfihlo. Iinqanawa kulindeleke ukuba igcine igesi kwi yolwandle iminyaka. Okwangoku iUnited States neJapan zashiya iinqanawa ze-1,000 phantsi kwePacific, kuquka amatshini angamatshini. Kwi-2001, enye nqanawa, i-USS Mississinewa yafunyanwa ukuba ioli. Kwi-2003 umkhosi wasusa oko ioli ebenokuyenza.

Mhlawumbi izixhobo ezifa kakhulu ezishiywe emva kweemfazwe yimigodi yomhlaba kunye neibhola zeqoqo. Iingamashumi ezigidi zazo ziqikelelwa ukuba zilele emhlabeni, zingaboni naziphi na izivakalisi ukuba uxolo luye lwaziswa. Uninzi lwamaxhoba abo ngabantu, ipesenti enkulu yabantwana. Ingxelo yeSebe leSizwe le-1993 yase-US ibiza ngokuba yimibhobho yomhlaba "ungcoliseko olunobungozi kakhulu nolusasazekayo olujongene noluntu." Imigodi yomhlaba ibonakalisa indawo ngeendlela ezine, kubhala uJennifer Leaning:

"Ukwesaba kweemigodi kunqabela ukufikelela kwimithombo yobutyebi bemvelo kunye nomhlaba ohlazileyo; Abantu bakunyanzeliswa ukuba bahambe ngokukhethekileyo kwiindawo eziphantsi kunye nezibuthathaka ukuze kuphephe iindawo zamagquma; le nkqubela yokufudukela kwezinto eziphilayo; kunye nokuqhuma kwemigodi yomhlaba kuyaphazamisa inkqubo ebalulekileyo yomhlaba namanzi. "

Isixa somhlaba esichaphazelekayo asiyinto encinci. Izigidi zehektare eYurophu, eNyakatho Afrika, nase-Asia ziphantsi kokuvalwa. Ingxenye yesithathu yomhlaba eLibiya ifihla imigodi yomhlaba kunye nemiqulu yeMfazwe yehlabathi engachangekanga. Uninzi lweentlanga zehlabathi ziye zavuma ukuvinjelwa kweemigodi yomhlaba kunye neibhola zeqoqo. I-United States ayikho.

Ukususela ngo-1965 ukuya ku-1971, i-United States yavelisa iindlela ezintsha zokutshabalalisa izityalo nezilwanyana (kubandakanywa nobomi bomntu); yatshiza iipesenti ezili-14 zamahlathi aseMzantsi Vietnam ngamayeza okubulala ukhula, yatshisa umhlaba wefama, yaza yadubula imfuyo. Enye yezona zinto zimbi kakhulu zemichiza yokubulala ukhula, iAgent Orange, isasongela impilo yabantu baseVietnam kwaye ibangele isiqingatha sesigidi sokuzalwa. Ngexesha loMlo we-Gulf, i-Iraq yakhupha i-10 yezigidi zeelitha zeoyile kwiPersian Gulf yaza yabeka imithombo yeoyile engama-732 ngomlilo, ibangela umonakalo omkhulu kwizilwanyana zasendle kunye netyhefu yamanzi aphantsi komhlaba ngokuchithwa kweoyile. Kwiimfazwe zayo eYugoslavia nase-Iraq, i-United States ishiye ngasemva i-uranium ephelileyo. Uphando lwe-1994 lwe-US lweeMfazwe zooVeteran kwiMfazwe yase-Gulf War e-Mississippi yafumanisa iipesenti ezingama-67 zabantwana babo abakhulelwe ekubeni imfazwe yayinezifo ezinzima okanye iziphene zokuzalwa. Iimfazwe eAngola zaphelisa iipesenti ezingama-90 zezilwanyana zasendle phakathi kowe-1975 nowe-1991. Imfazwe yamakhaya eSri Lanka yawisa imithi emihlanu yezigidi.

ImiSebenzi yaseSoviet kunye ne-US yase-Afghanistan yonakalise okanye iwonakele eziliqela zeedolophu kunye nemithombo yamanzi. I-Taliban ithengise ngokungekho mthethweni imithi ePakistan, okubangelwa kukungqothulwa kwamahlathi. Iibhomu ze-US kunye nababaleki abadinga imithi baye bongeza umonakalo. Amahlathi ase-Afghani asondele. Ininzi yeentaka ezifudukelayo ezazisetyenziselwa ukudlula e-Afghanistan azikwenzi njalo. Umoya kunye namanzi aphethwe ngetyhefu kunye neziqhumane kunye nama-rocket propellants.

Kule mizekelo yeentlobo zomonakalo ongqongileyo owenziwe yimfazwe kufuneka zifakwe iinkcukacha ezibini malunga nendlela iimfazwe zethu zilwa ngayo kwaye kutheni. Njengoko sibonile kwisahluko sesithandathu, iimfazwe zivame ukulwa nezixhobo, ngakumbi ioli. I-oyile inokwenziwa okanye ifakwe, njengaseMfazweni yaseGulf, kodwa ngokuyinhloko isetyenziselwa ukuhlambela umoya ojikelezayo, ukubeka sonke esichengeni. I-oyile kunye nabathandi bemfazwe badibanisa ukusetyenziswa kweoli kunye nozuko lwemfazwe, ukuze amandla avuselelekayo angangobungozi bentlekele yehlabathi ayabonwa njengeendlela ezikhohlakeleyo kwaye zingenakuphilisa ukusetyenziswa kwamashishini ethu.

Ukusebenzisana kwemfazwe ngeoli kuyaphaya koko, nangona kunjalo. Iimfazwe ngokwazo, nokuba zingalwanga okanye zilwa neoli, zichithe ubuninzi balo. Umthengi womhlaba ophezulu weoli, eqinisweni, ngumkhosi waseMelika. Asiyikulwa kuphela neemfazwe kwiindawo zehlabathi ezenzeka ukuba zityebile kwioli; Sitshisa ioli ngakumbi ukulwa nale mpi kunokuba senze nawuphi na umsebenzi. Umbhali kunye nomdwebi wemifanekiso uTed Rall ubhala:

ISebe leMerika leMfazwe lizwe elibi kunazo zonke emhlabeni, ukubethelwa, ukulahlwa, nokuchitha izidalwa ezinambuzane nezidlova, izifo, i-solvents, i-petroleum, i-lead, i-mercury kunye ne-uranium epholileyo. Ngokutsho kukaSteve Kretzmann, umlawuli we-Oil Change International, i-60 ekhulwini ye-carbon dioxide ephuma phakathi kwe-2003 ne-2007 evela kwi-Iraq e-US, ngenxa yexabiso elikhulu leoli kunye negesi efunekayo ukuze kugcinwe amakhulu eminyaka amabutho aseMerika kunye iikontraki zangasese, ingakhankanywa ngamatye akhishwe ngamagada e-fighter, iinqwelo ze-drone, kunye neemfucu kunye nezinye izidanga eziya e-Iraq. "

Sihlambela umoya kwinkqubo yetyhefu emhlabeni ngazo zonke iintlobo zezixhobo. Umkhosi wase-US utshisa malunga ne-340,000 yemiphanda yeoyile suku ngalunye. Ukuba iPentagon ibililizwe, ibizakuma-38 kwindawo yokusetyenziswa kweoyile. Ukuba uyisusile iPentagon kusetyenziso lweoyile lulonke eUnited States, emva koko iUnited States isazokuma kwindawo yokuqala kungabikho mntu naphi na kufutshane. Kodwa ubuya kuyisindisa imeko yokutsha kweoyile ngakumbi kunamazwe amaninzi, kwaye ngewawusindisile iplanethi yonke imikhosi yethu yasemkhosini ekwaziyo ukuyibasa nayo. Alikho elinye iziko eUnited States elisebenzisa phantse ioyile njengasemkhosini.

Ngo-Oktobha i-2010, i-Pentagon yamemezela izicwangciso zokuzama ukutshintshelwa kwindlela yokuvuselela amandla. Inkxalabo yempi yayingabonakali eqhubekayo kwiplanethi okanye iindleko zemali, kodwa kunoko abantu baqhubeka bevuthela ama-fuel tankers ePakistan nase-Afghanistan ngaphambi kokuba bafikelele kwiindawo zabo.

Ziyintoni na ukuba iingqongileyo azizange zibeke phambili iimfazwe zokugqibela? Ngaba bayakholelwa ukuba imfazwe ihleli, okanye ngaba bayakoyika ukujamelana nabo? Unyaka ngamnye, i-US Environmental Protection Agency ichitha i-622 yezigidi ezizama ukubonisa indlela esinokuyivelisa ngayo ngaphandle kweoli, ngelixa umkhosi uchitha amakhulu amabhiliyoni avutha ioli kwiimfazwe ezilwa ukulawula ioli. Izigidi zeedola ezisetyenziselwa ukugcina ijoni ngalinye kumsebenzi wasemzini unyaka zingenza imisebenzi ye-20 yamandla obumnyama kwi-$ 50,000 nganye. Ngaba lo lukhetho olunzima?

Icandelo: IMPLOSION YOMTHETHO

Ekupheleni kwe-1980, i-Soviet Union yafumanisa ukuba ibonakalise ubutyebi bayo ngokuchitha imali eninzi kwimpi. Ngethuba lokutyelela kwe-1987 e-United States kunye noMongameli Mikhail Gorbachev, uValentin Falin, intloko yeMososti ye-Press Agency, wathi into eveze le nkxwaleko yezoqoqosho ngelixa ikwazisa i-post-911 ngexesha eliza kubonakala kuzo zonke izixhobo ezingabizi unako ukungena entliziyweni yombuso olwa lixhoba kwi-trillion dollar ngonyaka. Uthe:

"Asiyi kuphinda siyikopishe [iUnited States], senze iiplani ukuba zibambe iiplani zakho, izibhamu zokubamba iimfono zakho. Siza kuthatha iindlela ezingaqhelekanga kunye nemigaqo entsha yesayensi ekhoyo kuthi. Ubunjineli be-Genetic bungaba ngumzekelo wokucinga. Izinto ezinokuthi zenzelwe ukuba nawuphi na umgca onokufumana ukukhuselwa okanye amanyathelo okunciphisa, kunye neziphumo ezinobungozi. Ukuba uhlakulela into kwindawo, siyakhula into ethile emhlabeni. La akukhona nje amagama. Ndiyazi into endiyithethayo. "

Kwaye kwakungasekho ixesha elide kwi-Soviet economy. Kwaye into engaqhelekanga kukuba wonke umntu waseWashington, DC, uyaziqonda kwaye aze azixubise, ahlawule nayiphi na enye into ekupheliseni kweSoviet Union. Sasibaphoqa ukuba bakhe izixhobo ezininzi, kwaye babatshabalalisa. Oku kuqondwa ngokuqhelekileyo kurhulumente ngoku oqhubekayo ukwakha izixhobo ezininzi ezininzi, ngelixa lixesha elifanayo litshitshisa zonke iimpawu zentshukumo ezayo.

Imfazwe, kunye nokulungelelwa kwemfazwe, yindleko yethu enkulu yeyona mali kunye neyona nto ilahlekileyo. Ukutya uqoqosho lwethu ngaphakathi ngaphakathi. Kodwa njengokuba uqoqosho olungabikho kwezobukhosi luyehla, uqoqosho olusalayo olusekelwe kumsebenzi wempi lukhulu. Siyicinga ukuba impi yindawo eqaqambileyo kwaye sifuna ukugxila ekulungiseni yonke into.

"Iidolophu ZaseMasta Zivuyela Iibhobho Ezinkulu," sifunda isihloko se-USA Today ngo-Agasti 17, 2010. "Ukuhlawula nokuNceda ukuKhula kweeNdawo zeDrive." Nangona uchitha imali kawonkewonke kunoma yintoni enye ngaphandle kokubulala abantu ngokuqhelekileyo iya kuhlanjululwa njengentlalo-ntlalo, kule nkcazo loo nkcazo ayinakusetyenziswa ngenxa yokuba imali yenziwa ngumkhosi. Ngoko oko kwakubonakala ngathi kufakwe isiliva yesiliva ngaphandle kokuthinta imvi:

"Ukunyuka ngokukhawuleza ukuhlawula kunye neenzuzo kwimikhosi exhobileyo kuye kwaphakamisa iidolophu ezininzi zemikhosi kwiindawo ezihlambulukileyo zelizwe, i-USA TODAY analysis analysis.

"Idolophu yaseMarines 'Camp Lejeune - Jacksonville, NC - yanyuka kwi-32nd ephezulu ngeniso ngomntu ngamnye kwi-2009 phakathi kweendawo zeedolophu ze-366 zase-US, ngokutsho kwedata ye-Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA). Kwi-2000, ibekwe kwi-287th.

Indawo yaseMacksonville, kunye nenani le-173,064, inomvuzo ophezulu kumntu ngamnye weyonke indawo yaseNorth Carolina kwi-2009. Kwi-2000, ibekwe kwi-13th yeendawo ze-14 kwimimandla kwilizwe.

Uhlalutyo lwe-USA namhlanje lufumanisa ukuba i-16 yeemitha ze-20 ziphakama ngokukhawuleza kwi-rankings engenayo kwi-quarter-income revenue since 2000 yayineziseko zemikhosi okanye esinye esiseduze. . . .

". . . Ukuhlawula kunye neenzuzo emkhosini zikhule ngokukhawuleza kunezo naziphi na ezinye iindawo zoqoqosho. Amasolwandle, oomkhombe kunye neeMarines bafumana umvuzo oqhelekileyo we-122,263 ngomntu ngamnye kwi-2009, ukusuka kwi-$ 58,545 kwi-2000. . . .

". . . Emva kokulungelelanisa ukunyuka kwamaxabiso, imbuyekezo yemikhosi yasuka i-84 yeepesenti ukusuka kwi-2000 nge-2009. Ukuhlawulelwa kwabangela ipesenti ze-37 kubasebenzi baseburhulumenteni abasemagunyeni kunye neepesenti ze-9 kubasebenzi bamacandelo abucala, iingxelo ze-BEA. . . . "

Kulungile, ngoko abanye bethu banokukhetha ukuba imali yokuhlawula kakuhle kunye neenzuzo eziya kwiindawo ezivelisayo, ezinokuthula, kodwa ubuncinci kuya kwindawo ethile, kunene? Kungcono kunanto, kunene?

Enyanisweni, kubi ngakumbi kunanto. Ukungaphumeleli ukuchitha loo mali kwaye kunoko ukusika iirhafu kunokudala imisebenzi emininzi kunokutyhala imali emkhosini. Ukutshala imali kumashishini ancedo njengothutho oluninzi okanye imfundo iza kuba nempembelelo enamandla kwaye yenze imisebenzi emininzi. Kodwa akukho nto, nokuba ihlawule irhafu, ayiyi kuba yingozi nakakhulu kunokusetyenziswa kwezempi.

Ewe, yingozi. Umsebenzi wonke wemikhosi, wonke umsebenzi wezoshishino, yonke imisebenzi yokuvuselela imfazwe, yonke imisebenzi yokucebisana nokuxhatshazwa ngamagosa okanye intlupheko yinto efana nayo yonke imfazwe. Kubonakala ngathi ngumsebenzi, kodwa akuwona umsebenzi. Kukungabikho kwemisebenzi engaphezulu kunye engcono. Imali kawonke-wonke yatshatyalaliswa kwinto engakumbi ekudalweni kwemisebenzi kunanto nakweyimbi kakhulu kunezinye iindlela ezikhoyo.

URobert Pollin noHeidi Garrett-Peltier, we-Political Research Institute, baye baqokelela idatha. Imali nganye yeebhiliyoni zeerhafu zorhulumente ezityalwe kwimikhosi yempi zenza imisebenzi ye-12,000. Ukutshala imali endaweni yokuhlawula irhafu yokusetyenziswa komntu siqu kudala malunga nemisebenzi ye-15,000. Kodwa ukuyibeka ekunakekelweni kwezempilo kusinikeza imisebenzi ye-18,000, ekuhlaleni ekhaya kunye neziseko kunye nemisebenzi ye-18,000, kwimisebenzi ye-25,000 yemisebenzi, kunye nemisebenzi enkulu ye-27,700. Kwimfundo umvuzo omyinge kunye neenzuzo zeemisebenzi ze-25,000 ezidalwe ziphezulu kakhulu kunemisebenzi ye-12,000 yempi. Kweminye imimandla, umvuzo omyinge kunye neenzuzo ezidalwe ziphantsi kunezempi (ubuncinci ngokukhawuleza nje kuphela ukuba iingeniso zemali ziqwalaselwa), kodwa impembelelo enomthamo omkhulu kuqoqosho ngenxa yemisebenzi emininzi. Ikhetho lokunciphisa irhafu alinayo impembelelo enkulu enetha, kodwa idala imisebenzi engaphezulu kwe-3,000 ngeebhiliyoni ezigidi.

Kukho inkolelo evanayo yokuba ukusetyenziswa kweMfazwe yehlabathi II kwaphelisa ukuCaluleka okukhulu. Oko kubonakala kude kakhulu ukusuka kucacileyo, kwaye i-economists ayivumelani nayo. Oko ndicinga ukuba singathetha ngokuzithemba kukuba, okokuqala, ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwempi yeMfazwe yehlabathi II kuncinci kwakungazange kuthintele ukubuyisela kwi-Depression Great, kwaye okwesibini, ukuba amanqanaba afanayo okuchitha imali kwamanye amashishini aya kuphucula ukuba abuyele.

Siya kuba nemisebenzi emininzi kwaye babeza kuhlawula ngaphezulu, kwaye siza kuba neengqiqo kunye noxolo xa sithele imali kwimfundo kunokuba imfazwe. Kodwa ngaba loo nto ibonisa ukuba ukuchitha imali yempi kubhubhisa uqoqosho lwethu? Ewe, cinga le sifundo kwimbali yomva emva kwemfazwe. Ukuba unemisebenzi ephakamileyo yemfundo ehlawulwayo kunokuba ube ngumsebenzi wezempi ophantsi okanye awukho msebenzi kuwo onke, abantwana bakho banokufumana imfundo esemgangathweni yemfundo ukuba umsebenzi wakho kunye nemisebenzi yabasebenzi bakho inikezele. Ukuba asizange sichithe ngaphezu kwesahlulo sezimali zethu zokunikwa kwemali kwi-war, sinokufumana imfundo esemgangathweni ye-free from schooling to college. Singaba nezibonelelo ezininzi zokuguqula ubomi, kubandakanywa nokuthatha umhlala-phantsi, ikhefu, ixesha lokubazali, ukunakekelwa kwezempilo kunye nokuthutha. Singaqinisekisela umsebenzi. Uza kwenza imali eninzi, usebenze iiyure ezimbalwa, kunye neendleko ezinciphise kakhulu. Ndingaqiniseka njani ukuba oku kunokwenzeka? Ngenxa yokuba ndiyazi imfihlo esoloko igcinwa kuthi ngamaphephandaba aseMelika: kukho ezinye iintlanga kule planethi.

Incwadi kaSteven Hill ethi IYurophu Isithembiso: Kutheni iNdlela YaseYurophu Yona Ithemba Elimnandi Kwixesha Elikhuselekileyo linomyalezo esifanele siwukhuthaze kakhulu. IYurophu Yomanyano (i-EU) yinkcubeko enkulu kunye noqoqosho olukhuphiswano oluninzi, kwaye abaninzi balabo bahlala kuyo banempilo, banempilo kwaye banolonwabo kunabo abaninzi baseMerika. Abantu baseYurophu basebenze iiyure ezimfutshane, banokuthetha ngokubanzi ngendlela abaqashi babo abaziphatha ngayo, bafumana ixesha lokuhlala ixesha elide kunye nekhefu lomzali elihlawuliweyo, banokuxhomekeka kwiipenshini ezihlawulwayo ezihlawulelweyo, banakho ukufumana unyango olukhululekile okanye olubi kakhulu olunzulu olukhuselekileyo kunye nolondolozo lwezempilo, banandipha iifundo ezikhululekile okanye ezingabizi kakhulu ukusuka kwinqanaba lokufunda. iikholeji, imisele isiqingatha somonakalo wendalo wendalo waseMerika, ukhuthaze inxalenye yecudlo efumaneka eUnited States, uvalele inxalenye yeenqwelo ezigqitywe apha, kwaye uzuze kwiimpawu zentando yesininzi, ukubandakanyeka, kunye nenkululeko yoluntu engacatshangwanga umhlaba apho sikhatywayo ukuba ihlabathi liyasizondla "inkululeko" eninzi. IYurophu inikeze umgaqo-nkqubo welizwe langaphandle, ukuzisa iintlanga ezakhelene nentando yenkululeko ngokubambisa ithemba lokubambisana kwe-EU, ngelixa siqhuba ezinye iintlanga ekuhambeni kolawulo olufanelekileyo ngeendleko ezinkulu zegazi kunye nobutyebi.

Ngokuqinisekileyo, oku kuya kuba yiindaba ezilungileyo, ukuba kungengenxa yengozi eyingozi kunye neyingozi yerhafu ephezulu! Ukusebenza ngaphantsi kunye nokuhlala ixesha elide kunye nokugula okungaphantsi, indawo ehlambulukileyo, imfundo engcono, iinkoliso zenkcubeko ezongezelelweyo, iiholide ezihlawulelwayo kunye noorhulumente abaphendule bhetele kuluntu - ukuba zonke izandi zilungile, kodwa inyaniso ibandakanya ububi obuphezulu beentlawulo eziphezulu! Okanye ngaba?

Njengoko iNtaba igxininisa, iYurophu ihlawula irhafu ephezulu, kodwa ihlawula ngokubanzi urhulumente, ummandla wendawo, ipropati kunye nentlawulo yokhuseleko loluntu. Baphinde bahlawule loo ntlawulo ephezulu yokufumana irhafu ngaphandle kwenkokhelo enkulu. Kwaye abantu baseYurophu bahlala befumana imali engenayo ukuyisebenzisa kwiinkonzo zempilo okanye kwiikholeji okanye ukuqeqeshwa emsebenzini okanye ezinye iindleko ezingenakuzikhethela kodwa kubonakala ngathi sinomdla wokubhiyozela ilungelo lethu lokuhlawula ngabanye.

Ukuba sihlawula ngokubanzi njengabantu baseYurophu kwiirhafu, kutheni sifanele sihlawule yonke into esiyidingayo yona? Kutheni iirhafu zethu zihlawula iimfuno zethu? Isizathu esibalulekileyo kukuba imali yethu yentela iya kwiimfazwe nasemkhosini.

Siphinde siyifake kwizinto ezicebileyo phakathi kwethu ngokusebenzisa ikhefu lokuhlawula irhafu kunye nokuxhaswa kwemali. Kwaye zethu izisombululo kwiimfuno zabantu ezifana nokunakekelwa kwezempilo ziyingozi kakhulu. Kunyaka owenziwe, urhulumente wethu unikeza i-$ 300 yezigidigidi kwikhefu zentela kwiimashishini zabasebenzi bezempilo. Kwanele ukuhlawulela ngokwenene wonke umntu kweli lizwe ukuba abe nokunakekelwa kwempilo, kodwa yincinci yento esilahla ngayo kwinkqubo yokunakekelwa kwezempilo, njengokuba igama layo libonisa, likhona ngokuyinhloko ukuvelisa inzuzo. Uninzi lwento esiyichithayo kulobu buhlanya aluhambi urhulumente, into esiyiqhayiya ngayo.

Siyaziqhenkceza, nangona kunjalo, iifosholo ezinkulu zeengxowa-mali ngokusebenzisa urhulumente kunye nakwiinkampani zamashishini. Kwaye yinto ehlukileyo kakhulu phakathi kwethu neYurophu. Kodwa oku kubonisa ukubahluko omkhulu phakathi koorhulumente bethu kunabantu bethu. AmaMelika, kwiipota kunye nophando, angathanda ukuhambisa imali eninzi kwimikhosi ukuya kwiimfuno zabantu. Ingxaki ngokukodwa kukuba iimbono zethu azimeli kurhulumente wethu, njengoko le ngcebiso evela kwiYithembiso yaseYurophu ibonisa ukuba:

"Iminyaka embalwa edlulileyo, umhlobo waseMerika ohlala eSweden wandixelela ukuba yena nomfazi wakhe waseSweden baseNew York City kwaye, ngokukhawuleza, baphela ukwabelana nge-limousine kwisithili semidlalo kunye neSenator John Breaux waseLouisana nomkakhe. U-Breaux, u-Conservative, ongeyantlawulo yerhafu kuMdemokhrasi, wabuza ukuba ndiyamazi ngeSweden kwaye ndatsho ngokugqithiseleyo malunga 'nazo zonke iirhafu amaSweden ahlawula,' apho le Merika yaphendula yathi, 'Ingxaki ngabantu baseMerika kunye neerhafu zabo kukuba asifumani nto kubo. ' Emva koko waqhubeka wathi kuBreaux malunga nenqanaba elibanzi leenkonzo kunye neenzuzo ezenziwa ngabakwaSweden ngokubuyisela irhafu. 'Ukuba amaMerika ayazi ukuba yiSweden ayifumana njani irhafu yakhe, mhlawumbi siya kuphazamiseka,' watsho i-senator. Bonke abakukhwela kwidolophu yezobugcisa babengahlali ngokukhawuleza. "

Ngoku, ukuba ucinga ngetyala elingenanto kwaye ungakhathazeki ngokuboleka izigidigidi zeedola, ke ukusika imfundo kunye nokwandisa imfundo kunye nezinye iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo zihloko ezihlukeneyo. Unokwenzelwa enye kodwa kungengomnye. Nangona kunjalo, imbambano esetyenziswe eWashington, DC, ngokubhekiselele kwiindleko ezinkulu kwiimfuno zabantu ngokuqhelekileyo igxininise ekuthintweni kwemali kunye nemfuno yohlahlo lwabiwo-mali. Ngenxa yokuba le nkqubela yezopolitiko, ingaba ucinga ukuba uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali olufanelekileyo luyabanceda ngokwalo, iimfazwe kunye nemiba yasekhaya ayinakulinganiswa. Imali ivela kwindiza efanayo, kwaye kufuneka sikhethe ukuba siyichithe apha okanye apha.

Ngo-2010, i-Rethink Afghanistan yenza isixhobo kwiwebhusayithi yeFaceBook eyakuvumela ukuba uphinde usebenzise imali, njengoko ubonile kufanelekile, iidola ezizigidi zezigidi (trillion) kwimali yerhafu ebichithwe emfazweni e-Iraq nase-Afghanistan. Ndacofa ukongeza izinto ezahlukeneyo kwi "nqwelo yam yokuthenga" ndaza ndakhangela ukuba ndizuze ntoni. Ndikwazile ukuqesha wonke umntu osebenza e-Afghanistan unyaka kwi-12 yezigidigidi zeedola, ndakha i-3 yezigidi zezindlu ezifikelelekayo e-United States nge-387 yezigidigidi, ukubonelela ngononophelo lwempilo kwizigidi zabantu baseMelika nge-3.4 yezigidigidi nakwisigidi sabantwana nge-2.3 yezigidigidi.

Kusengaphakathi kwemali eyi-1 trillion, ndikwazi ukuqesha abafundisi bomculo / obugcisa bee-million ngonyaka ukwenzela i-$ 58.5 ibhiliyoni kunye nabafundisi besikolo esiphakathi kwezigidi ezigidi ze-$ 61.1 billion. Ndaphinda ndabeka abantwana abanezigidi kwiNtloko yeNtloko ngonyaka malunga ne-7.3 billion. Emva koko ndanikela abafundi be-10 ngeminyaka elilodwa-mali yokufunda i-yunivesithi ye-$ 79 billion. Ekugqibeleni, ndagqiba ekubeni ndinike ii-5 izigidi zokuhlala ngamandla angaphinda avuselelwe i $ 4.8 billion. Ndiqinisekile ukuba ndiza kudlula umda wam wokuchitha, ndaya kwinqwelo yokuthenga, kuphela ukucebisa:

"Usenayo i-$ 384.5 yezigidigidi ukuba ungenzi." Geez. Yintoni esiya kwenza ngayo?

Iidola eziyi-trillion ziqinisekile ukuba zihamba ixesha elide xa ungenakubulala umntu. Nangona kunjalo iidola eziyizigidi ezigidi zaphela nje ngeendleko ezizeleyo zezo mpi zimbini zize zifike kuloo ndawo. NgoSeptemba 5, i-2010, i-economics uJoseph Stiglitz kunye noLinda Bilmes banyathelisa ikholomu eWashington Post, isakhiwo kwincwadi yabo yangaphambili yesihloko esifanayo, "Iindleko Zinyaniso zeMfazwe yase-Iraq: i-$ 3 Trillion ne-Beyond." Ababhali bathi uqikelelo lwe-$ 3 trillion kuphela kwiMfazwe yase-Iraq, eyapapashwa kuqala kwi-2008, mhlawumbi iphantsi. Ukubala kwabo iindleko ezipheleleyo zelo mpi kuquka neendleko zokuxilongwa, ukuphathwa kunye nokuhlawula amaqhawe akhubazekileyo, okwenziwa yi-2010 ephezulu kunokuba ayekulindele. Yaye yile ncinane:

"Kwiminyaka emibini, kuye kwacaca ukuba ukuqikelelwa kwethu akuzange kuthathe iindleko ezibangelwa yimpikiswano enokukhathazeka kakhulu: abo bakwiqela 'banokuba nezinyosi,' okanye ziziphi iindleko zezoqoqosho ezibiza iindleko zithuba. Ngokomzekelo, abaninzi baye bazibuza ngokucacileyo ukuba, engekho e-Iraq ukuhlasela, sasiya kuhlala sibambelele e-Afghanistan. Kwaye oku akukuphela kwento 'kuthini ukuba' kufuneka uqikelele. Singazibuza kwakhona: Ukuba kungekhona kwimfazwe yase-Iraq, ngaba amaxabiso eoli aya kuvuka ngokukhawuleza? Ingaba ityala le-federal liza kuba liphakamileyo? Ingaba ubunzima bezoqoqosho bebuya kuba nzima kangaka?

"Impendulo kuyo yonke emine yale mibuzo mhlawumbi ayikho. Isifundo esisisiseko sogcino-mali kukuba izibonelelo-kuquka imali kunye neengqalelo-ziyanqongophala. "

Esi sifundo asizange sifinyelele eKapitol Hill, apho iCongress ikhetha ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukuxhaswa ngeemfazwe ngelixa lizenza ngathi akukho nto.

NgoJuni 22, i-2010, iNdlumbuso yeNdlu enkulu iNtloko uHoyer yayithetha kwigumbi elikhulu labucala kwi-Union Station eWashington, DC kwaye ithatha imibuzo. Wayengenayo impendulo malunga nemibuzo endimbeka kuyo.

Isihloko sikaHoyer sinoxanduva lwezemali, kwaye wathi iziphakamiso zakhe - ezizo zonke izinto ezingcolileyo - ziyafaneleka ukuba zenze "ngokukhawuleza ukuba uqoqosho lubuyiselwe ngokupheleleyo." Andiqinisekanga ukuba bekulindelwe ntoni.

I-Hoyer, njengesiko, ziqhayisa malunga nokusika nokuzama ukusika iinkqubo ezithile zezixhobo. Ngoko ndambuza ukuba wayenokungayekanga njani ukukhankanya amabini amabini ahlobene. Okokuqala, yena kunye nabalingane bakhe bebekhulile isabelo-mali somkhosi ngamnye ngonyaka. Okwesibini, wayesebenza ukuxhasa ukunyuka kweemfazwe e-Afghanistan kunye ne-bill "eyongezelelweyo" eyayigcina iindleko kwiincwadi, ngaphandle kohlahlo lwabiwo-mali.

U-Hoyer waphendula ukuba yonke into enjalo kufanele ibe "etafileni." Kodwa akazange achaze ukungaphumeleli kwakhe ukubeka apho okanye ukubonisa indlela awayeza kuyenza ngayo. Akukho nanye kwidumbu le-Washington elitsha elihlangeneyo.

Abanye abantu ababini babuza imibuzo emihle malunga nokuba kutheni kwiHoyer yehlabathi befuna ukulandela i-Social Security okanye i-Medicare. Omnye umntu wabuza isizathu sokuba asikwazi ukuhamba emva kweWall Street. I-Hoyer imbled malunga nokuguqulwa kokulawula, kwaye yathi iBush.

U-Hoyer wachazwa ngokuphindaphindiweyo kuMongameli Obama. Enyanisweni, wathi xa umkhomishina wekhomishini malunga nokulahleka (ikhomishini ebonakalayo yenzelwe ukuphakamisa ukutyunjwa koKhuseleko loLuntu, ikhomishoni ebizwa ngokuba yi-"khomishoni yokutya" yinto enokunciphisa abantu bethu abadala ukuba badle isidlo sakusihlwa) naziphi na iziphakamiso, kwaye ukuba iNkundla yeSatifikethi iwadlulisile, ngoko-ke uNdunankulu weNdlu uNancy Pelosi uya kubabeka phantsi ukuze avotelwe-kungakhathaliseki ukuba yintoni abayiyo.

Enyanisweni, kungekudala emva kwesi siganeko, iNdlu yadlulisela umgaqo obeka imfuneko yokuvota kunoma yiyiphi imilinganiselo yekhomishana yokutya ye-catfish eyadluliselwa yi-Senate.

Kamva uHoyer wasitshela ukuba kuphela umongameli unokuyeka ukuchitha. Ndathetha ndambuza wathi: "Ukuba awuyidlulanga, uMongameli uyayisayina njani?" Inkokheli enkulu yabujonga emva kwam njengendukukazi kwizibane zentloko. Akathethi nto.

Icandelo: NYE INDLELA

Indlela yokungaxhatshazi, amandla ahlanzekileyo kunye notyalo-mali kwi-intuthuko yoxolo luvulelekile phambi kwethu. Kwi-1920, uHenry Ford noTomas Edison bacebisa ukuba senze uqoqosho olusekelwe kwi-carbohydrates kunokuba i-hydrocarbons. Siyihoxise elo thuba ukuya kweli nqanaba. Kwi-1952, iKhomishoni yeProducti yeProducti yeTransti yeTransmette yathande ukutshintshela amandla okukhanya kwelanga, iqikelele ukuba iigumbi ezintathu zemizi ziza kuba lilanga elixhaswe yi-1975. Eli thuba lihlezi apho lilindele kude kube ngoku.

Kwi-1963, uSenethi uGeorge McGovern (D., SD) wazisa i-bill, i-postosponsored by a senator 31, ukuseka iKhomishoni yoTshintsho lwezoQoqosho, njengoko kwenza amaCongress F. F. Bradford Morse (R., Mass) kunye noWilliam Fitts Ryan (D. , NY) kwiNdlu. Umthetho osayilwayo, ophuhliswe nguSeymour Melman, umbhali weencwadi eziliqela ngokuguqulwa kwi-economic economy kuya kuqoqosho loxolo, bekuya kwenza ikhomishini ukuba iqalise loo nkqubo. Engaziwayo kweli lizwe, imikhosi yethu yelo xesha yayiqhuba ukuhlaselwa ngokufihlakeleyo kunye nokuphambana neNyakatho yeVietnam, kunye nokuqulunqa indlela yokwenza iCongress idlule isisombululo esinokuphathwa njengagunyaziso lwemfazwe. Kwinyanga kamva uMongameli uKennedy wayefile. Iimvumi zenziwa kwi-bill, kodwa yayingazange idlule. Kulele apho silinde kulolu suku. Iincwadi zikaMelman, nazo, ziyafumaneka kwaye ziyacetyiswa kakhulu.

UBenito Mussolini uthe "Imfazwe kuphela ibangela ukuxhatshazwa okukhulu kwamandla omntu kwaye ibonisa uphawu lobukhosi kulabo abanamandla okubhekana nalo." Wandula ke wawachitha ilizwe lakhe waza wabulawa waza waxhonywa kwinqanaba leedolophu. Njengoko sibonile kwisahluko sesihlanu, imfazwe ayiyena kuphela umthombo wobukhulu okanye amaqhawe. Imfazwe yenziwe ingcwele, kodwa ayifuni ukuba. Ukuthula akufuneki kube nzima. Ingqiqo yoluntu ingadalwa ngeeprojekthi ngaphandle kobulali obukhulu.

UWilliam James ku-1906 wapapasha i-Moral Equivalent of War, ekucebisa ukuba sifumane izinto ezintle, ezinesibindi, kwaye ezinomdla kwimfazwe into engonakalisayo. Akukho mntu uhleliyo, wabhala, unokukhetha ukuba iMfazwe Yombutho wase-United States isisombulule ngokuthula. Le imfazwe yayingcwele. Nangona kunjalo, akukho mntu uya kuvula ngokutsha imfazwe entsha. Sasineengcinga ezimbini, kwaye kuphela enye yazo efanelwe ukulandelwa.

Imfazwe yanamhlanje iyabiza kangangokuba sivalelwa ukuba urhwebo luyindlela engcono yokuphanga; kodwa umntu wanamhlanje uzuza ilifa lonke ugugu olungenangqondo kunye nayo yonke inceba yozuko looyise. Ukubonisa ukungahambi kakuhle kwemfazwe kunye nokuphazamiseka akuthinteli kuye. Iimbandezelo zenza umdla. Imfazwe ubomi obomeleleyo; ubomi bubanzi; Imirhumo yemfazwe yilapho kuphela amadoda ayikaze anqikaze ukuhlawula, njengoko uhlahlo lwabiwo lweentlanga lubonisa. "

UYakobi wasikisela ukuba sifune ukucinga kunye nokuzimisela "kuqala, ukuba sicinge ngekamva apho ubomi bomkhosi, kunye nezinto ezininzi zokukhawuleza, kuya kuba nako konke okusemandleni akho, kwaye apho izigqibo zabantu aziyi kuphinda zenziwe isigqibo ngokukhawuleza, ngokugqithiseleyo ngamandla, kodwa ngokuthe ngcembe kwaye ngokungazenzisiyo ngokuziphendukela kwemvelo, "kwaye ngaphezu koko" ukubona i-theater ephakamileyo yokuxhatshazwa kwabantu ivalwe, kwaye iziganeko zobukhosi zamadoda ezibhubhileyo ziyohlala zihlala zihlala kwindawo ye-latency kwaye zingabonakali isenzo. "Asikwazanga ukulwa nezifiso ezinjalo, uYakobi wacebisa,

". . . ngokumelana nokumelana nokunyaniseka kwemfazwe kunye nokuxhalaba. Ikoyiko yenza umdla; kwaye xa umbuzo ufumana ukugqithisa nokugqithiseleyo kwindalo yabantu, ukuthetha ngeendleko zeendleko ezingcolileyo. Ubuthathaka obuninzi nje ukugxekwa okungafanelekiyo kubonakala - i-pacifism ayinakuguqula kwiqela lempi. Iqela lezempi aliphiki nantlontle okanye i-horror, okanye ixabiso; Ithi kuphela ezi zinto zixelela kodwa isiqingatha sebali. Kuthetha nje ukuba imfazwe iyabaluleka; ukuba, ukuthatha imvelo yoluntu ngokupheleleyo, iimfazwe zalo zikhusela ngakumbi kunobuthathaka obunobuthathaka, kwaye ukuba uluntu alukwazi ukufumana uqoqosho loxolo. "

UJames wayekholelwa ukuba sinokuthi senze uqoqosho loxolo kodwa singenakukwazi ukwenza oko ngaphandle kokugcina "ezinye zezinto ezindala zokuqeqeshwa komkhosi." Asikwazanga ukwakha "uqoqosho olumnandi." Kufuneka 'senze entsha amandla kunye nobunzima baqhubeka nokuthobeka kwinto engqondweni yomkhosi. Iimpawu zokulwa kufuneka zibe yi-samente ehlalayo; ubuqili, ukungcikiva kobuthakathaka, ukunikezela umdla wabucala. . . . "

UYakobi ucetywa ukuba kubonakale ukubhaliswa kwamadoda amancinci - kwaye namhlanje siza kubandakanya abesetyhini abasetyhini - kungekhona kwimfazwe, kodwa kwi-enterprise enokuthula, ekwakheni ihlabathi elingcono ngokufanelekileyo. UJames wabhala iiprojekthi ezifana ne "amalahle kunye nemigodi yensimbi," "izitimela zorhwebo," "iiflanzi zokuloba," "ukuhlambela, ukuhlamba impahla, kunye nokwakheka kweefestile," "ukwakha imigwaqo kunye nokwenza iitoni," "ama-foundries nama-stoke-holes" "Amaqonga abakhethiweyo." Wacetyisa "imfazwe ngokumelene nemvelo."

Namhlanje siza kuphakamisa ukwakhiwa kwezitimela kunye nemimoya yomoya, iiplanga kunye neeprojekthi zokubambisa amandla wamagxobhozo kunye nokushisa komhlaba, ukubuyiswa kwezolimo zendawo kunye noqoqosho, "imfazwe" ukuba unyanzela ukunyanzela kunye nokutshabalalisa, incedo "Imfazwe" ukuba uyathanda egameni lendalo.

UYakobi wacinga ukuba abantu abaselula ababuya ebukhosini benkonzo bezoxolo "bayawunqanda umhlaba ngokuzikhukhumeza" kwaye benze abazali abangcono nabafundisi besizukulwana esilandelayo. Ndicinga njalo nam.