NguDavid Swanson, World BEYOND War, NgoMeyi 18, 2022
Ndihlala ndipapasha uphononongo lwencwadi yamva nje kwaye ndihlomele a uluhlu yeencwadi zakutshanje ezikhuthaza ukupheliswa kwemfazwe. Ndibambe incwadi enye ukusuka koo-1990 kolu luhlu, ngenye indlela yonke inkulungwane yama-21. Isizathu sokuba ndingazibandakanyi iincwadi zeminyaka yoo-1920 kunye noo-1930 ngubungakanani bomsebenzi ebiya kuba ngawo.
Enye yeencwadi ezaziza kuba kolu ludwe ngowe-1935 Kutheni Iimfazwe Kufuneka Zipheliswe nguCarrie Chapman Catt, uNksk. Franklin D. Roosevelt (Ndiqikelela ukuba ukwenza kucace ukuba wayetshate noMongameli ukodlula ukukhankanya igama lakhe), uJane Addams, kunye namanye amatsha ntliziyo amabhinqa asixhenxe aphambili ngezizathu ezahlukeneyo.
Engazi ukuba umfundi omsulwa, uCatt wayexoxile ngokucokisekileyo ngoxolo ngaphambi kweWWI kwaye emva koko wayixhasa iWWI, kanti uEleanor Roosevelt wayengenzanga nto ingako ukuchasa iWWI. Akukho namnye kubabhali be-10, ngaphandle kweFlorence Allen, nangona ekhuthaza amanyathelo kule ncwadi ukuthintela iWWII, nangona ixelwe kwangaphambili kwaye iphikisana nayo ngokuchaneka okukhulu kunye nokukhawuleza kwi-1935, yayiza kuyichasa xa ifika. Omnye wabo, u-Emily Newell Blair, wayeya kusebenza kwi-propaganda yeSebe leMfazwe ngexesha le-WWII emva kokwenza ityala elinamandla kule ncwadi malunga nenkolelo yobuxoki yokuba nayiphi na imfazwe inokuzikhusela okanye ilungile.
Ke, sibathatha nzulu njani ababhali abanjalo? Yile ndlela kanye iintaba zobulumko ezaphuma kwiminyaka enoxolo yenkcubeko yase-US ziye zangcwatywa. Esi sesinye isizathu sokuba kufuneka sifunde shiya iWWII ngasemva. Impendulo ephambili kukuba ezi ngxoxo sizithatha nzulu, kungekhona ngokubeka abantu abazenzileyo kwiziseko kodwa ngokufunda iincwadi kwaye siziqwalasele ngokokufaneleka kwazo.
Abaxhasi boxolo beminyaka yoo-1930 bahlala beboniswa njengabangenangqondo bengazi nto ngehlabathi lokwenyani elikhohlakeleyo, abantu ababecinga ukuba i-Kellogg-Briand Pact iyakuphelisa yonke imfazwe. Nangona kunjalo aba bantu, ababebeke iiyure ezingapheliyo ukwenza i-Kellogg-Briand Pact abazange bacinge ngomzuzwana ukuba bayenzile. Baxoxa kule ncwadi ngesidingo sokumisa ugqatso lwezixhobo kunye nokudilizwa kweNkqubo yeMfazwe. Babekholelwa ukuba kuphela ukupheliswa komkhosi kwakuya kuthintela iimfazwe.
Aba nabo abantu abakhokelayo kunye nasekunene kwi-WWII bacinezela oorhulumente base-US nabaseBrithani, ngaphandle kwempumelelo, ukuba bamkele inani elikhulu lababaleki abangamaYuda kunokuba bavumele ukuba baxhelwe. Unobangela wokuba abanye baba bavukeli babezabalazela ngexesha lemfazwe ngokwenene waba, kwiminyaka ethile emva kokuphela kwemfazwe, unobangela wokuba ubuxoki basemva kwemfazwe bube ngathi imfazwe yayimalunga nayo.
Naba ngabantu abahamba kwaye babonisa iminyaka ngokuchasene nogqatso lweengalo kunye nokwakhiwa ngokuthe ngcembe ukuya emfazweni kunye neJapan, into yonke umfundi olungileyo wase-US uya kukuxelela ukuba ayizange yenzeke, kuba i-United States ehlwempuzekileyo engenatyala yamangaliswa luhlaselo oluphuma ngaphandle. isibhakabhaka esicwengileyo. Ke, ndithatha imibhalo yabalwela uxolo ngo-1930s. Benza ukuba imfazwe ihlazeke kwaye ibe noxolo. IWWII yaphela yonke loo nto, kodwa yintoni engazange iphele?
Kule ncwadi sifunda ngamasikizi amatsha eWWI: iinkwili, iitanki, iinqwelomoya, kunye neetyhefu. Sibona ukuqonda ukuba ukuthetha ngeemfazwe ezidlulileyo kunye nale mfazwe yamva nje njengemizekelo yohlobo olufanayo yayilahlekisa. Ngoku sinokujonga ukoyikeka okutsha kweWWII kunye namakhulu eemfazwe ezithe zayilandela: ii-nukes, imijukujelwa, iidrones, kunye nefuthe elikhulu ngoku kubemi nakwindalo esingqongileyo, kwaye sibuze ukuba ngaba ezi mfazwe zimbini zehlabathi zimbini. imizekelo yento efanayo konke konke, nokuba ngaba kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo kudidi olufanayo njengemfazwe namhlanje, nokuba umkhwa wokucinga ngemfazwe kwimigaqo yangaphambi kweWWI unyamezele ngenxa yokungazi okanye ukukhohlisa ngamabomu.
Aba babhali benza ityala ngokuchasene neziko lemfazwe kwinto eliyenzayo ukudala inzondo kunye nepropaganda, ngenxa yempembelelo yayo yokuziphatha. Babeka ityala lokuba iimfazwe zizala iimfazwe ezininzi, kubandakanya imfazwe yaseFranco-Prussian ye-1870 izala iSivumelwano esiyintlekele saseVersailles emva kweWWI. Baphinde benze ityala lokuba iWWI ikhokelele kuCando oluKhulu-ingcamango eyothusayo kubafundi abaninzi base-US, ngamnye kubo uya kukuxelela ukuba iWWII yaphela ukuDodobala okukhulu.
Kwicala lakhe, u-Eleanor Roosevelt, kule ncwadi, wenza ityala lokuba imfazwe kufuneka iphele njengoko ukukholelwa kumagqwirha kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-duling kuphelile. Ngaba unokucinga nje ngoqhawulo-mtshato olumdaka nolukhawulezileyo olunokuthi lulandele iqabane lalo naliphi na ipolitiki yase-US eyenza intetho enjalo namhlanje? Ekugqibeleni, esi sisizathu sokuqala sokufunda imibhalo evela kwixesha elahlukileyo: ukufunda oko kwakuvunyelwe ngokothusayo ukuthetha.
