Ngaba ufuna ukujongana nentswela-ngqesho? Ukunciphisa ukuChitha kweMikhosi

NguNia Harris, uCassandra Stimpson kunye noBen Freeman, uAgasti 8, 2019

ukusuka Wesizwe

A U-Marilyn uphinde wanyhasha umongameli. Okwangoku, nangona, ayisi inkwenkwe yemuvi; NguMarillyn Hewson, intloko kaLokheed Martin, usonkontileka ophezulu wezokhuselo kunye nomvelisi wezixhobo ezikhulu ehlabathini. Kwinyanga ephelileyo, uDonald Trump no-Hewson babonakale njengabantu abangalinganiyo. Bona “wasindisaImisebenzi kwimveliso yehelikopta. Balithatha inqanaba kunye kwinkxaso mali eseLokheed e-Milwaukee. Umongameli vetoed Iibhili ezintathu ezinokuthi zithintele ukuthengiswa kweengalo zikaLokheed (kunye nezinye iinkampani) eziya eSaudi Arabia. Kutshanje, intombi kamongameli Ivanka nkqu kuthunyelwe indawo yokutshixa etshixiweyo kunye noHewson.

NgoJulayi 15, i-akhawunti ye-Twitter yaseWhite House tweeted Ividiyo ye-Lockheed CEO ikhwaza ubuhle benkqutyana yenkqubo yokuzikhusela ye-THAAD, ibanga ukuba “iyabaxhasa abasebenzi be-25,000 baseMelika.” Wayengenguye uHewson kuphela owayekhuthaza imveliso yenkampani yakhe, kodwa wayesenza umkhondo-ngesixhobo esingasemva— kwi-White House utshani. I-Twitter yagqabhuka ngoko nangoko ngumsindo ngaphezulu kwe-White House ukuthumela intengiso yenkampani yabucala, nge ezinye ukuyibiza ngokuba "ayikho semthethweni" kwaye "akukho semthethweni."

Akukho nanye kwezi, nangona kunjalo, yayiphume ngokuqhelekileyo kuba ulawulo lweTrump luye lwayeka kwanto ukushukumisa impikiswano yokuba ukudalwa kwamathuba emisebenzi kufanelekile ukuba kuxhaswe abavelisi bezixhobo. Nangaphambi kokuba uDonald Trump wafungiswa njengoMongameli, wayesele ekho ukugxininisa ukuba inkcitho emkhosini yayingumsetyenzana omkhulu wemisebenzi. Ubuye kabini phantsi kweli bango ngexesha lobumongameli. Kutshanje, ugqithisile kwizichaso zenkomfa wathi "imeko kaxakeka" yesizwe yokunyanzela ngenxalenye yentengiso yezandla eya e-Saudi Arabia eyayikhe yakhona zifunyenwe kungadala imisebenzi engaphezu kwesigidi. Ngelixa ibango eli sele likho ngokupheleleyo debunked, eyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu kwingxoxo yakhe-ukuba imali eninzi engena kwiikhontraktha zokhuselo iya kudala inani lemisebenzi emitsha-ithathwa njengenyaniso eyaziwa ngabantu abaninzi abakwishishini lezokhuselo, ngakumbi uMarillyn Hewson.

Izibakala zibalisa ibali elahlukileyo.

IZIBHENGO ZOKUGQIBELA ZASEKHAYA KWI-DOLLARS, XA ZISENZA IMISEBENZI EMERICA

Ukuvavanya ingxoxo kaTrump kunye no-Hewson, sibuze umbuzo olula: Xa iikhontrakthi zifumana imali eninzi yokuhlawula irhafu, ngaba ngokubanzi zidala imisebenzi engakumbi? Ukuyiphendula, sahlalutya iingxelo zabakhuseli abaphambili abagqitywa ukukhutshwa rhoqo ngonyaka kunye neKhomishini yoKhuseleko neMali yase-US (sec). Phakathi kwezinye izinto, ezi ziveza inani lilonke labantu abaqashwe yifemu kunye nomvuzo wegosa elilawulayo. Siwafanise la manani kunye needola zerhafu ezazifunyanwa yinkampani nganye, ngokutsho kwiNkqubo yeDatha yokuThengwa kweRhafu, ethi ilinganise “iidola ezibophelelweyo,” okanye imali, inkampani yamabhaso karhulumente yinkampani.

Sijolise kwezona zontlanu zoncedo zikhulu zepentagon zokhuselo, eyona ndawo inomtsalane kwezomkhosi, eyiminyaka 2012 ukuya kwi2018. Njengoko kwenzeka, i-2012 ibingunyaka obalulekileyo kuba umthetho wolawulo lohlahlo-lwabiwo mali (i-BCA) waqala ukusebenza emva koko, efumanisa ukuba ingakanani imali enokuchithwa yiCongress kwaye eyalela ukuncipha kwinkcitho yezokuzikhusela ngokusebenzisa i2021. Ezo ntloko azizange zibambelele ngokupheleleyo. Ekugqibeleni, enyanisweni, iPentagon iya kufumana okukhulu Kaninzi imali kwi-BCA ishumi leminyaka kunangaphambili, ixesha laxa iimfazwe zaseMelika e-Afghanistan nase-Iraq zaziphezulu.

Kwi-2012, echaphazelekayo kukuba ezo ntlawulo zisetyenzisiweyo kwinkcitho yezokhuseleko ziya kuncipha kwimigca yazo esezantsi, iikhontrakthi ezihlanu eziphezulu zaqhubela phambili kwezopolitiko, zenza imisebenzi yexesha elizayo njengesixhobo sokuzikhethela. Emva kokuba Umthetho woLawulo loHlahlo-lwabiwo mali upasile, uMbutho wezoRhwebo ngeAerospace-iqela eliphambili labarhwebi kwezixhobo—lumkisa imisebenzi engaphaya kwesigidi enye iya kuba sengozini ukuba inkcitho yePentagon yanqunyulwa kakhulu. Ukugxininisa inqaku, i-Lockheed sent layoff izaziso kubasebenzi be-123,000 ngaphambi nje kokuba i-BCA iphunyezwe kwaye ziintsuku nje ngaphambi konyulo lwe-2012. Ezo zinto zibekiweyo azizange zenzeke, kodwa uloyiko lwemisebenzi elahlekileyo luya kungqina ngokwenyani kwaye luzokuhlala.

Yijonge njengefezekisiweyo, kuba inkcitho yePentagon yayiyinyani eliphezulu kwi-2018 kune-2012 kwaye i-Lockheed ifumene i-chunk enkulu yokufakwa kwemali. Ukusuka kwi-2012 ukuya kwi-2018, phakathi kweekhontrakthi zikarhulumente, loo nkampani iya kuthi, eyona nto iphambili ekufumaneni iirhafu zabarhafi rhoqo ngonyaka, ezo mali zifikelela kwinqanaba labo kwi-2017, njengoko yayikhupha ngaphezulu kwe $ 50.6 billion iidola ezimanyeneyo. Ngokwahlukileyo, kwi-2012, xa i-Lockheed yayisongela abasebenzi bayo ngobuninzi ukuchithwa, ifemu ifumene phantse $ 37 billion.

Ke le nto uLokheed wenze ngayo ngezo zongeziweyo zeerhafu zeerhafu ye- $ 13 billion? Kuya kuba sengqiqweni ukucinga ukuba isebenzise okunye komoya (njengaleyo yangaphambili) ukutyala imali ekukhuleni kwabasebenzi. Ukuba ufikelele kweso sigqibo, nangona kunjalo, ubuya kuba ngempazamo enkulu. Ukusuka kwi-2012 ukuya kwi-2018, ingqesho ngokubanzi e-Lockheed empeleni yawa ukusuka 120,000 ukuba 105,000, ngokokufota kwenkampani kunye ne-SEC kwaye nenkampani ngokwayo inike ingxelo encinci yokuncipha kwemisebenzi ye-16,350 e-United States. Ngamanye amagama, kule minyaka mithandathu idlulileyo i-Lockheed yanciphisa ngokubonakalayo abasebenzi bayo base-US, naphezu kokuba beqesha abasebenzi abaninzi phesheya kwaye bafumana ngaphezulu kweerhafu zerhafu.

Ke iyaphi yonke le mali yomrhafi ongezelelweyo ngokwenene, ukuba ayiyenzi imisebenzi? Ubuncinci inxalenye yempendulo yekontraki inzuzo kunye nokunyuka kwemivuzo ye-CEO. Kule minyaka mithandathu, ixabiso lentengiso likaLokheed wavuka isuka kwi- $ 82 ekuqaleni kwe-2012 ukuya kwi- $ 305 ekupheleni kwe-2018, iphantse iphindwe kane. In 2018Inkampani iphinde yanika ingxelo yokunyuka kwipesenti ezili-9 (590 yezigidi zeedola) kwinzuzo yayo, eyona ilungileyo kolu shishino. Kwaye kwakuloo minyaka inye, umvuzo we-CEO unyuke nge-1.4 yezigidi zeedola, kwakhona ngokokutsho kwayo sec Iifayile.

Ngamafutshane, ukusukela ngo-2012 inani labarhafi eliya eLokheed landisiwe ngeebhiliyoni, ixabiso lesitokhwe salo liphantse laphindeka kane, kwaye umvuzo we-CEO wanyuka ngeepesenti ezingama-32, nanjengoko usike iipesenti ezili-14 zabasebenzi baseMelika. Ukanti u-Lockheed uyaqhubeka nokusebenzisa ukudala imisebenzi, kunye nemisebenzi yabasebenzi njengangoku, njengezopolitiko ukuze afumane imali engaphezulu yomrhafi. Umongameli ngokwakhe uthenge ubuqhetseba kugqatso lwakhe lokufaka imali engakumbi kwiPentagon kunye nokukhuthaza ukuthengiselana ngezixhobo kumazwe anjengeSaudi Arabia, nkqu phezu Izichaso eziphantse zamanyaniswa zeCongress eyahlulwe ngolunye uhlobo.

KUTSHANTSHIWE YIMFAZWE, ayisiwo umbono

Ngaphandle kokuba eli lizwe kunye zehlabathi Abenzi bezikhali eziphezulu, u-Lockheed ayisiyiyo imeko kodwa yinto eqhelekileyo. Ukusuka kwi-2012 ukuya kwi-2018, izinga lokungasebenzi eMelika behla isuka kwi-8 yepesenti ukuya kwiipesenti ze-4, ngaphezulu kwe-13 yezigidi zemisebenzi emitsha eyongezwe kuqoqosho. Nangona kunjalo, ngaloo minyaka, abathathu kwabahlanu baboneleli bezokhuselo baphulukene nemisebenzi. Kwi-2018, iPentagon izibophelele malunga ne- $ 118 yezigidigidi kwi imali yomanyano kula mafemu, kuquka ne-Lockheed-phantse isiqingatha sayo yonke imali awayeyisebenzisa kubakhi. Oku kuphantse kwaba yi- $ 12 yezigidigidi ngaphezulu kunokuba babeyifumene 2012. Nangona kunjalo, ngokuongezelelekileyo, ezi nkampani zaphulukana nemisebenzi kwaye ngoku ziqesha inani elipheleleyo labasebenzi abambalwa be-6,900 kunokuba benzile kwi2012, ngokwe-SEC yabo Iifayile.

Ukongeza ekunciphiseni e-Lockheed, i-Boeing yanciphisa imisebenzi ye-21,400 kunye neRaytheon yanciphisa abasebenzi be-800 kwinto eyabhatala kuyo. Kuphela ziDynamics kunye neNorthrop Grumman eyongeze imisebenzi-i-13,400 kunye nabasebenzi be-16,900, ngokulandelelana-okwenza ukuba inani elipheleleyo libonakale lingcono. Nangona kunjalo, ezo “zinzuzo” azinakulungeleka njengokwakha amathuba emisebenzi ngengqondo eqhelekileyo, kuba ziphume phantse zonke ekubeni nganye yezi nkampani ithenge enye ikhontraktha yePentagon kwaye yongeza abasebenzi bayo kwimirhumo yayo. I-CSRA, eyafunyanwa yi-General Dynamics kwi-2018 18,500abasebenzi ngaphambi kokudibana, ngelixa i-Orbital ATK, eyafunyanwa nguGeneral Dynamics kunyaka ophelileyo 13,900abasebenzi. Thabatha le misebenzi ye-32,400 kwiitotali ezihlanganisiweyo kunye nelahleko yemisebenzi kwiifemu ziba mandundu.

Ukongeza, la manani engqesho abandakanya bonke abasebenzi beenkampani, nkqu nabo ngoku basebenza ngaphandle kwaseMelika. I-Lockheed kuphela kweyeekhontrakthi ezintlanu eziphambili zePentagon ezibonelela ngepesenti yabasebenzi bayo eUnited States, ke ukuba ezinye iifemu zithutha imisebenzi phesheya, njengoko uLogheed wenzile nanjengoRaytheon cwangciso ukwenza, ngaphezulu kwe-6,900 imisebenzi yexesha elizeleyo yase-US ilahlekile kule minyaka mithandathu idlulileyo.

Ke ivelaphi yonke imali yokudala imisebenzi? Njengase-Lockheed, ubuncinci beempendulo kukuba imali iya kumgca osezantsi kunye nabaphathi abaphezulu. Ngokwe a umbiko Ukusuka kwa-PricewaterhouseCoopers, inkampani ecebisayo ebonelela ngohlalutyo lonyaka kumzi-mveliso wokhuselo, "icandelo le-aerospace kunye nezokhuselo (i-A & D) lifumene ingeniso kunye neenzuzo kwi-2018" "ngenzuzo yokusebenza ye- $ 81 yezigidigidi, idlula irekhodi elidlulileyo ebelibekiwe ngo-2017." Ngokwengxelo, iikhontrakthi zePentagon zaziphambili kwezi nzuzo. Umzekelo, ukuphuculwa kwenzuzo kukaLokheed yayizizigidi ezingama-590 zeedola, kulandelwa ngokusondeleyo yiGeneral Dynamics kwi-562 yezigidi zeedola. Njengokuncipha kwengqesho, imivuzo ye-CEO kwezinye zezi femu ikhula kuphela. Ukongeza kwimbuyekezo ye-CEO ye-Lockheed yokutsiba ukusuka $ 4.2 yezigidi kwi2012 ukuya $ 5.6 yezigidi kwi-2018, imbuyekezo ye-CEO ye-General Dynamics inyuke ukusuka $ 6.9 yezigidi kwi-2012 iye kwi-whopping $ 20.7 yezigidi kwi 2018.

UKUTHENGA IBALI ELIMNANDI

Esi ayisosihlandlo sokuqala ukuba iinkampani zenze amandla okudala imisebenzi ngelixa bezisika. NjengoBen Freeman ngaphambili ziweyo Iprojekthi kulawulo lukaRhulumente, ezi femu zinqumle phantse iipesenti ezilishumi zabasebenzi babo kwiminyaka emithandathu phambi kokuba i-BCA iqale ukusebenza, nanjengoko abarhafi abahlawula irhafu besendleleni yabo ngonyaka betsibe phantse iipesenti ezingama-10 ukusuka kwi-25 yezigidigidi ukuya kwi-91 yezigidigidi.

Kanye njengangoku, iikhontraktha kunye nabameli bazo-kwaye uninzi lwazo, zinikezelwe ukuba iimpahla ezenza izixhobo zichitha ngaphezulu kwe- $ 100 yezigidi kwi ukunyanzela ngonyaka, nikela amashumi ezigidi zeedola kwimikhankaso yamalungu Congress lonke ixesha lonyulo, kwaye unike izigidi ukuba cinga iitanks Qho ngonyaka-uya kungxama ukukhusela ukuphulukana nomsebenzi. Baza kuthi, umzekelo, bayiqonde into yokuba inkcitho yezokhuseleko ikhokelela ekukhuleni komsebenzi phakathi kwabaxumi abasetyenziswa zizixhobo eziphambili zezixhobo. Nangona kunjalo uphando iphinda iboniswe ukuba, nangale nto kuthiwa "sisiphumo esiphindaphindayo," inkcitho yokhuselo ivelisa imisebenzi embalwa kunayo nayiphi na into urhulumente ayifaka kuyo. Ngapha koko, imalunga neepesenti ezingama-50 NgaphantsiIsebenza ngokufanelekileyo ekudaleni imisebenzi kunokuba abahlawuli berhafu bavunyelwe ukuba bagcine imali yabo kwaye bayisebenzise njengoko bethanda.

Njengoko Iindleko zeMfazwe yeYunivesithi yaseBrown ziye umbiko, "I- $ 1 yezigidigidi kwinkcitho yomkhosi idala imisebenzi eyi-11,200, xa kuthelekiswa ne-26,700 kwezemfundo, i-16,800 kumandla acocekileyo, kunye ne-17,200 kunyango lwezempilo." Ukuchitha imali yomkhosi kungqineke kungoyena mntu udala imisebenzi yakhe nawuphi na urhulumente waseburhulumenteni ohlawula inkcitho. . Ngokufanayo, ngokwe-a umbiko NguHeidi Garrett-Peltier weZiko loPhando lwezoQoqo kwezopolitiko kwiYunivesithi yaseMassachusetts, eAmherst, ngazo zonke ii-1 ezigidi zeerandi yenkcitho kwezokuzikhusela, imisebenzi ye-6.9 idalwe ngokuthe ngqo kumashishini okhuseleko nakwicandelo lokubonelela. Ukuchitha isixa esifanayo kwimimandla yomoya okanye yamandla elanga, uphawula, ekhokelela kwimisebenzi ye-8.4 okanye ye-9.5, ngokulandelanayo. Ngokuphathelele icandelo lezemfundo, inani elilinganayo lemali lavelisa imisebenzi ye-19.2 kwimfundo yamabanga aphantsi kunye nakumabanga aphakamileyo kunye nemisebenzi ye11.2 kwimfundo ephezulu. Ngamanye amagama, ayisiyiyo kuphela amandla aluhlaza kunye neendawo zemfundo ezibalulekileyo kwikamva leli lizwe, zikwangumatshini wokwakha amathuba emisebenzi. Ukanti, urhulumente unika ngaphezulu iidola zerhafu kumashishini okhuseleko kunayo yonke le misebenzi karhulumente zidibene.

Akunyanzelekanga ukuba uphendukele kubagxeki benkcitho. Iingxelo ezivela kwimizi-mveliso yorhwebo zibonisa ukuba iyalahlwa imisebenzi. Ngokuka Mbutho we Aerospace Viwanda uhlalutyo, ixhaswe malunga ne-300,000 imisebenzi embalwa kwi-2018 kunokuba yayinayo umbiko ixhasa nje iminyaka emithathu ngaphambili.

Ukuba ikhontrakthi ephezulu yokhuselo lwesizwe kunye nomzi mveliso ngokubanzi bezikhupha imisebenzi, bakwazile njani ukuqhubekisela phambili intsingiselo engagungqiyo yentsomi yokuba bayinjini yokudala imisebenzi? Ukucacisa oku, yongeza kwimikhosi yabo yeqela labaphembeleli, iphulo labo lobuncwane leminikelo, kunye nezo ngcinga zokuthathwa, umnyango odumileyo othumela amagosa asebusweni asebathatha umhlala-phantsi kwihlabathi labenzi bezixhobo kunye nalabo abasebenzela eWashington.

Ngelixa bekusoloko kukho ubudlelwane obudibanisayo phakathi kwePentagon kunye nomzi wezokhuselo, imigca phakathi kwabakhi naborhulumente iye yaqaqanjelwa kakhulu ngakumbi kule minyaka kaTrump. UMark Esper, unobhala wezomkhosi osandula ukwenziwa, umzekelo, ngaphambili wayasebenza njengo YeRaytheon indawo ephezulu yokuhlala eWashington. Ukugqobhoza enye indlela, intloko yangoku yoMbutho weentengiso zeAerospace, U-Eric Fanning, ebengunobhala womkhosi bobabini kunye nomphathiswa obambeleyo woMkhosi Womoya. Ngapha koko, ukusukela kwi2008, njengeProjekthi kuRhulumente kaMandy Smithberger kaRhulumente fu maneka, "Ubuncinci i-380 ye-ofisi ephezulu yoKhuselo namagosa omkhosi atshintshele kwicandelo labucala ukuze babe ngabathethi, amalungu ebhodi, abaphathi, okanye abacebisi ngeekhontrakthi zokhuselo."

Nokuba kwenzeka ntoni na, nokuba ngowokuvula umnyango okanye ngabezokuzikhusela, eyona nto iphambili ayinakucaca: Ukuba ukudalwa kwemisebenzi kuyimigangatho oyikhethayo, ababambisi bePentagon kutyalo-mali olubi. Nanini na xa uMarillyn Hewson okanye nayiphi na enye i-CEO kwezomkhosi-wezomdibaniso wamashishini ubanga ukuba ukuchitha ngaphezulu iirhafu zerhafu kubathengi bezokhuselo ziya kunika ikhefu lomsebenzi kubantu baseMelika, khumbula irekhodi labo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku: Ukuhlala uthengiswa ngeedola ngaphezulu kuthetha ukuba bambalwa abantu baseMelika abaqeshwayo.

NguNia Harris liLungu loPhando kwi Iziko lePolisi yeHlabathi.

UCassandra Stimpson liLungu loPhando kwi Iziko lePolisi yeHlabathi.

Ben Freeman ngumlawuli weLinge lokuPhembelela ukuPhumela ngaphandle kwiZiko loMgaqo-nkqubo weHlabathi (i-CIP)