Ndilinde, kuthekani ukuba iMfazwe ayisiyiyo eyabantu?

NguDavid Swanson, World BEYOND War, NgoMeyi 26, 2020

Incwadi entsha kaDan Kovalik, Akusayi kubakho Mfazwe: Uwusebenzisa njani umthetho WaseNtshona wamanye amazwe ngokusebenzisa uPhazamiso “loLuntu” ukuqhubela phambili amaNqaku oqoqosho kunye neQhinga leQhinga -Endiyongezayo kuluhlu lwam lweencwadi omele ukuzifunda malunga nokuba kutheni imfazwe iphelisiwe (jonga ngezantsi) -enza ityala elinamandla lokuba imfazwe yobuntu ayisekho ngaphandle kokuphathwa gadalala kwabantwana okanye ukuphathwa gadalala. Andiqinisekanga ukuba ezona mvuselelo zeemfazwe zikhawulelwe kwimicimbi yezoqoqosho kunye neendlela ezinobuchule - ezibonakala zilibala intsingiselo yempambano, amandla-amandla, kunye nezizathu ezixhasayo-kodwa ndiqinisekile ukuba akukho mfazwe yabezomntu eyakhe yanceda abantu.

Incwadi kaKovalik ayithathi indlela ecetyiswa ngokubanzi yokunkcenkceshela iinyaniso ukuze umfundi afumane inqobo kwicala lasekunene ukusuka apho aqala khona. Akukho kufumana i-90% ngokuqinisekisayo ukuba iphosakele ukuze i-10% ibe mnandi apha. Le yincwadi enokubhekisa kubantu abanembono ethile eqhelekileyo malunga nokuba iyintoni na imfazwe okanye abantu abangathobanga ngenxa yokutsiba kwimeko yokungazi kwaye bacinge ngayo.

U-Kovalik ulandelela imbali yeendaba zokulwa "zoluntu" ebuyiselweni kukubulawa ngesihluku kukaKing Leopold nokubulawa kwabantu ngamakhoboka abantu baseCongo, abathengiswa kwihlabathi liphela njengenkonzo entle - ibango elingancediyo lafumana inkxaso enkulu e-United States. Ngapha koko, uKovalik uyala intetho ka-Adam Hochschild yokuba inkuthazo eyayichasene noLeopold ekugqibeleni yakhokelela kumaqela anamhlanje amalungelo abantu. Njengoko uKovalik ebhala ngokubanzi, imibutho efana neLungelo lamaLungelo oLuntu kunye neAmnesty International kumashumi eminyaka akutsha nje abaxhasi abomeleleyo bemfazwe yama imperiyare, hayi abaphikisi bayo.

U-Kovalik uchitha indawo enkulu ebhala ukuba iyimfazwe enkulu kangakanani kwaye isemthethweni ngokungekho mthethweni kangakanani, kwaye akunakwenzeka njani ukuba abhalise imfazwe ngokusemthethweni ngokuthi ayibize. U-Kovalik uphonononga uMgaqo-siseko weZizwe eziManyeneyo- oko ikuthethayo kunye noko bakuthethayo oorhulumente, kunye neSibhengezo seLungelo lamaLungelo oluNtu, isiBhengezo seTextan sika-1968, isiVumelwano saseVienna sika-1993, isiVumelwano seLizwe lonke ngamalungelo oLuntu kunye nezopolitiko, iSivumelwano seMfazwe yokuGquba. , kunye neminye imithetho emininzi ethintela imfazwe kwaye- ngaloo nto - izohlwayo zohlobo laseMelika ezisetyenziswa rhoqo nxamnye nezizwe ekujolise kuzo emfazweni. I-Kovalik ikwaveza izinto eziphambili eziphambili kwisigqibo seNkundla yezoBulungisa yeHlabathi kwityala le-1986 INicaragua vs IUnited States. Iiakhawunti ezinikezelwa yiKovalik malunga neemfazwe ezithile, ezinjengeRwanda, zixabiso elifanelekileyo ngexabiso lencwadi.

Incwadi iqukumbela ngokucebisa ukuba umntu okhathalele amalungelo oluntu enze eyona nto igalelo elinokubakho kulo msebenzi ngokuthintela imfazwe yase-US elandelayo. Andinakuvuma ngaphezulu.

Ngoku, makhe ndibambe amanqaku ngamanqaku ambalwa.

Intshayelelo kaBrian Willson kule ncwadi ichaza ukuba i-Kellogg-Briand Pact "ineziphene kakhulu kuba iinkokheli zopolitiko zihlala zikhupha izizathu zokuba kukhululwe umthetho." Eli ibango elibuhlungu ngenxa yezizathu ezininzi, okokuqala nokuphambili kuba amalungiselelo okuzikhusela kwi-Kellogg-Briand Pact awekho kwaye akaze abekho. Isivumelwano sibandakanya akukho zibonelelo konke konke, kuba into yento leyo inezi zivakalisi ezibini (zibalo). Okungaqondani kuyalusizi, kuba abantu ababelungiselela, bebhomboloza kwaye bebambisa ukudala iPact ngokungxama kwaye ngempumelelo yathatha inxaxheba ngokuchasene nantlukwano phakathi kwemfazwe enengcwangu nekhuselayo, ngenjongo yokunqanda yonke imfazwe, kwaye ngokungapheliyo ibonisa ukuba ukuvumela amabango okuzikhusela kuya kuvula imilambo kwiimfazwe ezingapheliyo. I-US Congress ayongelanga kuhlengahlengiso ngokusesikweni okanye ukubhuka kwisivumelwano, kwaye yadlula kanye njengoko unokufunda namhlanje. Izivakalisi zayo ezibini azinalo ukona kodwa ziyintsomi "amalungiselelo okuzikhusela." Ngenye imini sinokulawula ukusebenzisa le nyaniso.

Ngoku, iKomiti yobudlelwane bamazwe angaphandle yeSenate ngelo xesha, kwaye uninzi lwabantu ukusukela ngoko, bacinga nje ukuba akukho sivumelwano sinokuphelisa ilungelo "lokuzikhusela" ngokubulala abantu abaninzi. Kodwa kukho umahluko phakathi kwesivumelwano esifana ne-Kellogg-Briand Pact esenza into uninzi olungenakuyiqonda (ukuvinjwa kwayo yonke imfazwe) kunye nesivumelwano esifana ne-UN Charter esenza ukuba iingcinga eziqhelekileyo zicace. Itshatha ye-UN inezibonelelo zokuzikhusela. U-Kovalik ucacisa indlela i-United States iguquke ngayo i-Article 51 ye-UN Charter ukuba ibe sisixhobo, kanye njengoko iitshantliziyo ezathi zenza uKellogg-Briand Pact. Kodwa okubhaliweyo kucocekile ngaphandle kwembali kaKovalik apho imithetho yavela khona yindima ephambili edlalwa yiKellogg-Briand Pact ekudaleni izilingo zaseNuremberg naseTokyo, kunye neendlela eziphambili apho ezo zilingo zazigqwetha khona ukuyekiswa kwemfazwe ekubeni kuvinjelwe imfazwe enoburharha. , ulwaphulo-mthetho olwenzelwe ukutshutshiswa kwalo, nangona lungenjalo Isikhundla sangaphambili Ukuphathwa gadalala ngenxa yokuba olu lwaphulo-mthetho lutsha yayiyicandelwana lolwaphulo-mthetho ngenene ezincwadini.

U-Kovalik ugxile kwi-UN Charter, kwaye ukhankanya amalungiselelo ayo e-antiwar, kwaye uphawula ukuba ezo ziye zakhatywa kwaye zaphulwa zisekhona. Umntu unokuthetha okufanayo malunga nePact yaseParis, kwaye ongeze ukuba okukhoyo kuyo kuyasilela ubuthathaka be-UN Charter, kubandakanya iziphoso “zokuzikhusela” kugunyaziso lwe-UN, kubandakanya amandla e-veto anikezwe abathengisi bezona zixhobo zikhulu kwaye zihlobo.

Xa kuziwa kwilog yeemfazwe ezigunyaziswe liBhunga lezoKhuseleko le-UN, uKovalik ubhala ngokufanelekileyo uluhlu lwezinto ezinokuthi zifezekiswe ngaphambi kokuba kugunyazwe imfazwe. Okokuqala, kufuneka kubekho isoyikiso esinzulu. Kodwa loo nto ikhangeleka kum njengokuxolelwa, nto leyo engaphaya kocango oluvulekileyo lobundlongondlongo. Okwesibini, injongo yemfazwe kufuneka ilungile. Kodwa ayaziwa. Okwesithathu, imfazwe kufuneka ibe yinto yokugqibela. Kodwa, njengoko uKovalik uphonononge kwimizekelo eyahlukeneyo kule ncwadi, ayisoze yenzeke loo nto; Ngapha koko ayisiyonto inokwenzeka okanye umbono ohambisanayo- kuhlala ikhona enye into ngaphandle kokubulawa ngabantu abaninzi enokuzanywa. Okwesine, imfazwe kufuneka ilingane. Kodwa ayinakuthelekiswa nanto. Okwesihlanu, kufuneka kubekho ithuba elifanelekileyo lokuphumelela. Kodwa Siyazi ukuba iimfazwe zincinci kakhulu kunokwenzeka ukuba zifezekise iziphumo eziqinisekileyo kunokuba zizenzo ezingezozolo. Ezi nqobo, ezi ntlobo zamandulo "Imfazwe nje" ithiyori, baseNtshona kakhulu kwaye bangama impiriyali kakhulu.

UKovalik ucaphula uJean Bricmont esithi "lonke" ubukoloniyali obabusemhlabeni buwelwe kule nkulungwane yama-20 "ngeemfazwe kunye nemvukelo." Ukuba oku akubanga bubuxoki obucacileyo- ngaba besingazi ukuba imithetho kunye nezenzo ezingezizo ezadlala indima enkulu (iinxalenye zazo zibaliswa kule ncwadi) eli bango liya kuzisa umbuzo omkhulu. (Kutheni le nto kungafuneki ukuba “singasenemfazwe kwakhona” ukuba kuphela imfazwe iphelisa ubukoloniyali?) Kungenxa yoko le nto imeko yokupheliswa kwemfazwe isizuzayo ukongeza okuthile malunga nayo ukutshintshwa.

Ityala lokupheliswa kwemfazwe buthathaka ngokusetyenziswa rhoqo kule ncwadi yegama "phantse." Umzekelo: "Phantse zonke iimfazwe ezilwelwa e-US yimfazwe yokuzikhethela, oko kuthetha ukuba i-US iyalwa kuba ifuna, hayi kuba kufuneka yenze njalo ukuze ikhusele ilizwe labo." Elo kota lokugqibela lisandibetha njengencasa, kodwa ligama lokuqala lesivakalisi endisifumana ndiliphazamisa. “Ukufuphi”? Kutheni “phantse”? U-Kovalik ubhala ukuba ukuphela kwexesha kule minyaka ingama-75 idlulileyo apho i-US yayinokwenza ibango lemfazwe yokuzikhusela yayisandula emva kwe-11 kaSeptemba, ngo-2001. Kodwa uKovalik usicacisa kwangoko ukuba kutheni kungenjalo kunjalo konke konke, kuthetha ukuba akukho meko konke konke kungenzeka urhulumente wase-US enze ibango elinjalo kwenye yeemfazwe zalo. Ke kutheni usongeza "phantse"?

Ndiyoyika nokuba ukuvula le ncwadi ngocoselelo kwindlela athetha ngayo lo kaDonald Trump, kwaye hayi ngezenzo zakhe, ukuze abonise ukuba sisoyikiso sokumiselwa kwemfazwe kungacima abanye abantu ekufanele ukuba bayifunde le ncwadi, nokuba Ukuphela kwamabango malunga namandla kaTlsi Gabbard njengomgqatswa we-antiwar bekuya kuba sele luphelelwe ngumhla ukuba bangaze yenzekile.

UKUBHALA KWEMPAHLA YOKUBHALA:

Akukho Mfazwe nguDan Kovalik, 2020.
UKhuseleko loLuntu nguJørgen Johansen kunye noBrian Martin, 2019.
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Abenzi beendlela zoxolo: Abasindileyo bakaHiroshima nabakwaNagasaki bathetha ngu Melinda Clarke, 2018.
Ukuthintela iMfazwe nokukhuthaza uxolo: Isikhokelo sabasebenzi bezeMpilo luhlelwe nguWilliam Wiist noShelley White, i-2017.
Isicwangciso soShishino soxolo: Ukwakha ihlabathi ngaphandle kwemfazwe nguScilla Elworthy, 2017.
Imfazwe ayisoze yaphela nguDavid Swanson, 2016.
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Imfazwe: Ulwaphulo-mthetho loLuntu nguRoberto Vivo, 2014.
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Shift: Ukuqala kweMfazwe, ukuphela kweMfazwe nguJudith Hand, 2013.
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