NguDavid Swanson, World BEYOND War, UJanuwari 26, 2023
Ilungiselelwe i INkomfa yeSihlanu yaMazwe ngaMazwe yokuLingana kweHlabathi
Ukuzoba kwincwadi esanda kupapashwa, Imfundiso kaMonroe kwi-200 kunye nento onokuyitshintsha ngayo
yokuzonwabisa Apha.
I-Monroe Doctrine yayiye kwaye iyisizathu sezenzo, ezinye zilungile, ezinye azikhathali, kodwa ubuninzi obuninzi buyinto engafanelekanga. Imfundiso kaMonroe ihleli isendaweni, zombini ngokucacileyo kwaye inxibe ngolwimi lwenoveli. Iimfundiso ezongezelelweyo zakhelwe phezu kweziseko zayo. Nanga amazwi eMfundiso kaMonroe, njengoko ekhethwe ngononophelo kwiNtetho kaMongameli uJames Monroe engoBume beManyano kwiminyaka engama-200 eyadlulayo ngomhla wesi-2 kuDisemba, 1823:
"Isi sihlandlo siye sagwetywa ngokufanelekileyo ukuze kuqinisekiswe, njengomgaqo apho amalungelo kunye nomdla wase-United States abandakanyekayo, ukuba amazwekazi aseMelika, ngemeko ekhululekile kunye nezimeleyo abayicinga kwaye bayigcina, ukususela ngoku ayisayi kuqwalaselwa. njengezifundo zokwenziwa koloniyali kwixesha elizayo ngawo nawaphi na amagunya aseYurophu. . . .
"Ngoko ke, sinetyala lokuthetha ngokuphandle kunye nobudlelwane obunobudlelwane obukhoyo phakathi kwe-United States kunye naloo magunya ukuvakalisa ukuba kufuneka siqwalasele nayiphi na imizamo yabo yokwandisa inkqubo yabo kuyo nayiphi na inxalenye yalo mhlaba njengeyingozi kuxolo nokhuseleko lwethu. . Ngamakholoni akhoyo okanye ukuxhomekeka kwawo nawaphi na amandla aseYurophu, asizange siphazamise kwaye asiyi kuphazamisa. Kodwa ngoooRhulumente abaye bavakalisa inkululeko yabo baza bayigcina, yaye ukuzimela kwabo siye savuma, ngolwazelelelo olukhulu nangemigaqo yobulungisa, besingenako ukukubona nakuphi na ukungenelela ngenjongo yokubacinezela, okanye ukulawula nangayiphi na enye indlela ikamva labo. , ngalo naliphi na igunya laseYurophu nangayiphi na enye indlela ngaphandle kokuba yimbonakaliso yokungabi nabuhlobo kwiUnited States.”
La yayingamazwi kamva abizwa ngokuba yi “Monroe Doctrine.” Baye baphakanyiswa kwintetho eyayithetha kakhulu malunga nothethathethwano olunoxolo noorhulumente baseYurophu, ngelixa bebhiyozela ngokungathandabuzekiyo ukoyisa okunogonyamelo kunye nokuhlala kwindawo le ntetho yayibiza ngokuba yimihlaba "engamiweyo" yaseMntla Merika. Akukho namnye kuloo mxholo owawumtsha. Eyona nto yayintsha yayiyingcamango yokuchasa ukwenziwa kwamathanga okubhekele phaya kumazwe aseMerika ngabantu baseYurophu ngokwesiseko sokwahlula phakathi kolawulo olubi lwezizwe zaseYurophu nolawulo olulungileyo lwamazwekazi aseMerika. Le ntetho, nangona isebenzisa ngokuphindaphindiweyo ibinzana elithi "ihlabathi eliphucukileyo" ukubhekisela kwiYurophu kunye nezo zinto zidalwe yiYurophu, ikwahlula phakathi kohlobo loorhulumente baseMerika kunye nohlobo olungathandekiyo ubuncinane kwiintlanga ezithile zaseYurophu. Umntu unokufumana apha ukhokho wemfazwe esandul’ ukupapashwa yedemokhrasi echasene noozwilakhe.
IMfundiso yokuFumana - ingcamango yokuba ilizwe laseYurophu lingabanga nawuphi na umhlaba ongekabangwa zezinye izizwe zaseYurophu, kungakhathaliseki ukuba abantu bahlala phi na - ukususela kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesihlanu kunye necawa yamaKatolika. Kodwa yafakwa kumthetho wase-US ngo-1823, kwangaloo nyaka kanye njengentetho ebuhlungu kaMonroe. Yabekwa apho ngumhlobo kaMonroe wobomi bonke, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-US uJaji oyiNtloko uJohn Marshall. I-United States yayizicingela, mhlawumbi iyodwa ngaphandle kweYurophu, njengamalungelo afanayo okufunyanwa njengezizwe zaseYurophu. (Mhlawumbi ngokuzenzekelayo, ngoDisemba ka-2022 phantse zonke izizwe eziseMhlabeni zatyikitya isivumelwano sokubekela bucala ama-30% omhlaba nolwandle lwezilwanyana zasendle ngonyaka ka-2030. Ngaphandle: eUnited States kunye neVatican.)
Kwiintlanganiso zekhabhinethi ezikhokelela eMonroe's 1823 State of the Union, kwakukho ingxoxo eninzi yokongeza iCuba neTexas eUnited States. Ngokuqhelekileyo bekukholelwa ukuba ezi ndawo ziya kufuna ukujoyina. Oku kwakungqinelana nenkqubo eqhelekileyo yala malungu ekhabhinethi yokuxoxa ngolwandiso, kungekhona njengekoloniyalizim okanye i-impiriyalizim, kodwa njengokuchasa ukuzimela geqe. Ngokuchasa ubukoloniyali baseYurophu, nangokukholelwa ukuba nabani na okhululekileyo ukuba azikhethele ukuba abe yinxalenye yeUnited States, la madoda akwazi ukuqonda i-impiriyali njengento echasene ne-imperialism.
Sinentetho kaMonroe ukumiselwa kwengcamango yokuba "ukhuselo" lwaseUnited States lubandakanya ukukhusela izinto ezikude ne-United States ukuba urhulumente wase-US ubhengeze "inzala" ebalulekileyo. Lo mkhuba uyaqhubeka ngokucacileyo, ngokuqhelekileyo, kwaye ngokuhloniphekileyo kule usuku. I “2022 National Defence Strategy of the United States,” ukuthatha umzekelo omnye wamawaka, ibhekisa ngokungaguquguqukiyo ekukhuseleni “iminqweno” kunye “nemilinganiselo” yase-US echazwa njengekhoyo phesheya kunye nezizwe ezimanyeneyo, nanjengokwahlukileyo kwi-United States. Izizwe okanye "ilizwe lasekhaya." Le yayingeyonto intsha kraca ngeMonroe Doctrine. Ukuba bekunjalo, uMongameli uMonroe wayengenakuthetha kwintetho efanayo ukuba, "amandla aqhelekileyo agcinwe kuLwandle lweMeditera, uLwandle lwePasifiki, kunye nonxweme lweAtlantiki, kwaye lunikeze ukhuseleko oluyimfuneko kurhwebo lwethu kwezo lwandle. .” UMonroe, owayethenge i-Louisiana Purchase ku-Napoleon kaMongameli uThomas Jefferson, emva kwexesha wandisa amabango ase-US ngasentshona ukuya kwi-Pacific kwaye kwisivakalisi sokuqala se-Monroe Doctrine wayechasa ubukoloniyali baseRashiya kwinxalenye yoMntla Melika kude lee kumda osentshona eMissouri okanye e-Illinois. Umkhuba wokuphatha nantoni na ebekwe phantsi kwesihloko esingacacanga esithi "izinto ezinomdla" njengemfazwe ethethelelayo yomelezwa yi-Monroe Doctrine kwaye kamva ngeemfundiso kunye nezenzo ezakhiwe kwisiseko sayo.
Sikwanayo, kulwimi olujikeleze iMfundiso, inkcazo njengesoyikiso "kwiminqweno" yase-US yokuba kunokwenzeka ukuba "amagunya amanyeneyo kufuneka andise inkqubo yawo yezopolitiko kuyo nayiphi na indawo yelizwekazi [laseMelika]." Amagunya amanyeneyo, iManyano Engcwele, okanye uMdibaniso Omkhulu, yayiyimbumba yoorhulumente bobukhosi ePrussia, eOstriya, naseRashiya, eyayimela ilungelo elingokobuthixo lookumkani, nxamnye nedemokhrasi nehlabathi. Ukuthunyelwa kwezixhobo eziya eUkraine kunye nezohlwayo ezichasene neRussia ngo-2022, egameni lokukhusela idemokhrasi kwi-autocracy yaseRussia, yinxalenye yesithethe eside nesingophulwanga sibuyela emva kwiMfundiso kaMonroe. Ukuze iUkraine ingabi yidemokhrasi kakhulu, kwaye urhulumente wase-US axhobe, aqeqeshe, kwaye axhase imikhosi yabona rhulumente bacinezelayo emhlabeni bayahambelana nohanahaniso oludlulileyo lwentetho kunye nesenzo. I-United States eyayiphethwe ngamakhoboka ngomhla kaMonroe yayingaphantsi kwedemokhrasi kuneUnited States yanamhlanje. Oorhulumente bomthonyama baseMelika abangakhankanywanga kumazwi kaMonroe, kodwa abanokukhangela phambili ekutshatyalalisweni kukwandiswa kweNtshona (abanye babo oorhulumente babeyimpembelelo enkulu ekudalweni korhulumente wase-US njengoko babenayo nantoni na eYurophu), babedla ngokuba ngaphezulu. ngokwedemokhrasi kunezizwe zaseLatin America uMonroe wayebanga ukuba uyakhusela kodwa urhulumente wase-US wayedla ngokwenza ngokuchaseneyo nokukhusela.
Ezo zixhobo zithunyelwa eUkraine, izohlwayo ezichasene neRussia, kunye nemikhosi yase-US esekwe kulo lonke elaseYurophu, ngaxeshanye, inyhasha isithethe esixhaswe kwintetho kaMonroe yokungaphumi kwiimfazwe zaseYurophu nokuba, njengoko uMonroe watshoyo, iSpain “ayinakuze yoyise. ” imikhosi echasene nedemokhrasi yaloo mini. Esi sithethe sokuzimela bodwa, sinefuthe elide kwaye siphumelele, kwaye singekapheli, asizange sipheliswe ngokungena kwe-US kwiimfazwe ezimbini zehlabathi zokuqala, ukususela ngelo xesha iziseko zomkhosi wase-US, kunye nokuqonda kukarhulumente wase-US "ngezinto ezinomdla," azizange zihambe. IYurophu. Ukanti ngo-2000, uPatrick Buchanan wabalekela umongameli wase-US kwiqonga lokuxhasa iMonroe Doctrine yokufuna ukuba yedwa kunye nokuphepha iimfazwe zangaphandle.
Imfundiso kaMonroe nayo yaqhubela phambili le mbono, isaphila kakhulu namhlanje, ukuba umongameli wase-US, kunokuba iCongress yase-US, inokugqiba ukuba i-United States iya kuya phi na emfazweni-kwaye kungeyiyo imfazwe yangoko nangoko, kodwa naliphi na inani. yeemfazwe ezizayo. Imfundiso kaMonroe, enyanisweni, ngumzekelo wokuqala wenjongo yazo zonke "ugunyaziso lokusetyenziswa komkhosi" wangaphambili wavuma naliphi na inani leemfazwe, kunye nento ethandwa kakhulu ngamajelo eendaba ase-US namhlanje "yokuzoba umgca obomvu. .” Njengoko ungquzulwano lukhula phakathi kwe-United States kunye nalo naliphi na elinye ilizwe, bekuqhelekile iminyaka ukuba amajelo eendaba ase-US anyanzelise ukuba umongameli wase-US "uzoba umgca obomvu" ubophelele i-United States emfazweni, ngokuchaseneyo kuphela nezivumelwano ezivaliweyo. ukufudumala, kwaye kungekhona kuphela ingcamango echazwe kakuhle kwintetho efanayo equlethe iMfundiso kaMonroe ukuba abantu bafanele benze isigqibo ngekhondo likarhulumente, kodwa kunye nokunikezelwa koMgaqo-siseko wamagunya emfazwe kwiCongress. Imizekelo yeemfuno kunye nokunyanzeliswa kokulandela "kwimigca ebomvu" kwimidiya yase-US ibandakanya izimvo ezithi:
- UMongameli uBarack Obama uya kusungula imfazwe enkulu eSiriya ukuba iSiriya isebenzisa izixhobo zekhemikhali,
- Umongameli uDonald Trump uya kuhlasela i-Iran ukuba i-proxies yase-Iranian ihlasele i-US,
- Umongameli uBiden uya kuhlasela ngqo iRussia ngemikhosi yase-US ukuba iRussia ihlasele ilungu le-NATO.
Esinye isithethe esingagcinwanga kakuhle saqala ngeMonroe Doctrine yayikukuxhasa idemokhrasi yaseLatin America. Esi yayisisithethe esidumileyo esatshiza indawo yase-US ngezikhumbuzo zikaSimón Bolívar, indoda eyayikhe yaphathwa e-United States njengegorha lenguqu kumzekelo kaGeorge Washington nangona kukho ucalucalulo olwaluxhaphakile kubantu basemzini nakumaKatolika. Ukuba esi sithethe asigcinwanga kakuhle siyibeka ngobulali. Akuzange kubekho umchasi omkhulu wedemokhrasi yaseLatin America kunorhulumente wase-US, kunye neenkampani zase-US ezihambelanayo kunye nabanqobi abaziwa ngokuba ziifilibusterers. Akukho namnye umxhobi omkhulu okanye umxhasi woorhulumente abacinezelayo kwihlabathi liphela namhlanje kunorhulumente wase-US kunye nabathengisi bezixhobo base-US. Umba omkhulu ekuveliseni le meko ibe yiMfundiso kaMonroe. Ngelixa isiko lokuxhasa ngentlonipho kunye nokubhiyozela amanyathelo okusingise kwidemokhrasi eLatin America asizange sibhubhe ngokupheleleyo eMntla Melika, sihlala sibandakanyeka ekuchaseni ngokungqongqo izenzo zorhulumente wase-US. ILatin America, eyayikhe yalawulwa yiYurophu, yaphinda yalawulwa yiUnited States ngohlobo olwahlukileyo lobukhosi.
Ngo-2019, uMongameli uDonald Trump wabhengeza iMfundiso kaMonroe iphila kwaye iphilile, esithi "Ibingumgaqo-nkqubo osemthethweni welizwe lethu ukusukela oko uMongameli uMonroe siyakwala ukuphazanyiswa kwezizwe zangaphandle kule hemisphere." Ngelixa uTrump wayengumongameli, oonobhala ababini belizwe, unobhala omnye wento ebizwa ngokuba yezokhuselo, kunye nomcebisi wezokhuseleko welizwe wathetha esidlangalaleni exhasa iMfundiso kaMonroe. Umcebisi weSizwe kwezoKhuseleko uJohn Bolton wathi iUnited States inokungenelela eVenezuela, eCuba naseNicaragua ngenxa yokuba bakwiNtshona yeHemisphere: “Kolu lawulo, asoyiki ukusebenzisa ibinzana elithi Monroe Doctrine.” Okumangalisayo kukuba, i-CNN yabuza uBolton malunga nohanahaniso lokuxhasa oozwilakhe kwihlabathi liphela emva koko bafune ukubhukuqa urhulumente kuba kutyholwa ngokuba buzwilakhe. NgoJulayi 14, 2021, iFox News yaxoxa ngokuvuselela iMfundiso kaMonroe ukuze "izise inkululeko kubantu baseCuba" ngokubhukuqa urhulumente waseCuba ngaphandle kweRussia okanye iChina ikwazi ukunika iCuba naluphi na uncedo.
Iimbekiselo zaseSpain kwiindaba zamva nje kwi "Doctrina Monroe" zingalunganga jikelele, zichasa ukunyanzeliswa kwe-US kwezivumelwano zorhwebo zenkampani, iinzame zase-US zokukhuphela ngaphandle izizwe ezithile kwiNgqungquthela yaseMelika, kunye nenkxaso yase-US kwiinzame zobhukuqo-mbuso, ngelixa ixhasa ukwehla okunokwenzeka e-US. i-hegemony phezu kweLatin America, kunye nokubhiyozela, ngokwahlukileyo kwi-Monroe Doctrine, "i-doctrina bolivariana."
Ibinzana lesiPhuthukezi elithi "Doutrina Monroe" lisetyenziswa rhoqo ngokunjalo, ukugweba ngamanqaku eendaba zeGoogle. Isihloko sommeli sithi: “‘Doutrina Monroe’, Basta!”
Kodwa imeko yokuba iMfundiso kaMonroe ayifanga idlulela ngaphaya kokusetyenziswa ngokucacileyo kwegama layo. Ngo-2020, uMongameli waseBolivia u-Evo Morales wabanga ukuba i-United States iququzelele umzamo wobhukuqa eBolivia ukuze i-oligarch yase-US u-Elon Musk afumane i-lithium. U-Musk wathumela ngokukhawuleza: "Siza kudibanisa nabani na esimfunayo! Jongane ne." Leyo yiMfundiso kaMonroe eguqulelwe kulwimi lwangoku, njengeBhayibhile Entsha Yamazwe Ngamazwe yomgaqo-nkqubo wase-US, ebhalwe ngoothixo bembali kodwa yaguqulelwa nguElon Musk kumfundi wale mihla.
I-US inemikhosi kunye neziseko kumazwe amaninzi aseLatin America kunye nehlabathi jikelele. Urhulumente wase-US usaqhuba ubhukuqo-mbuso eLatin America, kodwa ukwami ngelixa oorhulumente basekhohlo benyulwa. Nangona kunjalo, kuye kwaxoxwa ukuba i-US ayisafuni abaongameli kumazwe aseLatin America ukufezekisa "iminqweno" yayo xa ihlangene kwaye ixhobile kwaye iqeqeshe i-elites, inezivumelwano zorhwebo zenkampani ezifana ne-CAFTA (iSivumelwano soRhwebo esiKhululwa kuMbindi waseMelika) indawo, inike iinkampani zase-US amandla asemthethweni okudala imithetho yazo kwimimandla yazo ngaphakathi kwezizwe ezinjengeHonduras, inamatyala amakhulu atyalwa kumaziko ayo, ibonelela ngoncedo olufuneka ngamandla ngokhetho lwayo lweentambo ezincanyathiselweyo, kwaye ibe nemikhosi kwindawo enezizathu zokuthethelela. njengorhwebo lweziyobisi ixesha elide kangangokuba maxa wambi zamkelwa njengento engenakuphepheka. Yonke le nto yi-Monroe Doctrine, nokuba siyayeka ukuthetha loo mazwi mabini okanye hayi.
Sihlala sifundiswa ukuba iMfundiso kaMonroe ayizange iqhutywe de kwamashumi eminyaka emva kokuchazwa kwayo, okanye ukuba ayizange iqhutywe njengelayisenisi ye-impiriyalizim de yatshintshwa okanye yatolikwa kwakhona zizizukulwana ezilandelayo. Oku akuyonyani, kodwa kugqithisiwe. Esinye sezizathu zokuba igqitywe sisizathu sinye esikhe sifundiswe ngamanye amaxesha ukuba impiriyali yase-US ayizange iqale de kwangowe-1898, kwaye kwangeso sizathu sokuba imfazwe yaseVietnam, kwaye kamva imfazwe yase-Afghanistan, yabizwa ngokuba “ eyona mfazwe inde yaseMelika.” Isizathu kukuba amaMerika Omthonyama akakaphathwa njengabantu kwaye babengabantu bokwenyani, kunye nezizwe zokwenyani, kunye neemfazwe ezichasene nabo ziziimfazwe zokwenyani. Inxalenye yoMntla Melika eyaphela e-United States ithathwa njengezuzwe ngolwandiso olungelulo olwasebukhosini, okanye nokuba lungabandakanyi ukwanda konke konke, nangona uloyiso lwangempela lwalubulala kakhulu, kwaye nangona abanye babo babesemva. Olu lwando lukhulu lobukhosi lujolise ukuba luquke yonke iCanada, iMexico, iCaribbean, kunye noMbindi Merika. Ukoyiswa kwezinto ezininzi (kodwa hayi zonke) zaseMntla Melika yayiyeyona nto ibalaseleyo yokuphunyezwa kweMfundiso kaMonroe, nokuba kunqabile ukuba kucingelwe ukuba inxulumene nayo kwaphela. Isivakalisi sokuqala seMfundiso ngokwaso sasichasa ubukoloniyali baseRashiya kuMntla Merika. Uloyiso lwase-US (uninzi) lwaseMntla Melika, ngelixa lwalusenziwa, lwaluhlala luthetheleleka njengenkcaso yobukoloniyali baseYurophu.
Uninzi lwetyala okanye ityala lokuyila iMfundiso kaMonroe inikwa uNobhala weSizwe kaMongameli uJames Monroe uJohn Quincy Adams. Kodwa akukho nto ithile yobugcisa bomntu kwibinzana. Umbuzo weyiphi umgaqo-nkqubo wokuthetha wawuxutyushwa ngu-Adams, uMonroe, kunye nabanye, kunye nesigqibo esiphezulu, kunye nokukhethwa kuka-Adams ukuba abe ngunobhala welizwe, ewela kuMonroe. Yena kunye “nabasekiyo ootata” bakhe badale umongameli omnye ngokuchanekileyo ukuze akwazi ukubeka uxanduva komnye umntu.
UJames Monroe wayengumongameli wesihlanu wase-US, kunye nomongameli wokugqibela owasekayo, elandela indlela kaThomas Jefferson noJames Madison, abahlobo bakhe nabamelwane kwindawo ngoku ebizwa ngokuba yiCentral Virginia, kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo elandela omnye umntu okuphela kwakhe ukubaleka engachaswanga. okwesibini, umfo waseVirginia ovela kwindawo yaseVirginia apho uMonroe wakhulela khona, uGeorge Washington. UMonroe naye ngokubanzi uwela kwizithunzi zabanye. Apha eCharlottesville, eVirginia, apho ndihlala khona, nalapho uMonroe noJefferson babehlala khona, umfanekiso oqingqiweyo kaMonroe, owakha wafunyanwa embindini wamabala eYunivesithi yaseVirginia, wathatyathelwa indawo ngumfanekiso wembongi engumGrike uHomer. Eyona nto inomtsalane kubakhenkethi apha yindlu kaJefferson, nendlu kaMonroe ifumana iqhezu elincinci lokuqwalaselwa. Kumculo odumileyo weBroadway "Hamilton," uJames Monroe akaguqulwanga abe ngumchasi wase-Afrika-waseMelika kubukhoboka kunye nomthandi wenkululeko kunye nokubonisa iingoma kuba akaqukwanga kwaphela.
Kodwa uMonroe ungumntu obalulekileyo ekudalweni kwe-United States njengoko siyayazi namhlanje, okanye ubuncinci kufanele ukuba. UMonroe wayekholelwa kakhulu kwiimfazwe nasemkhosini, kwaye mhlawumbi engoyena mthetheleli mkhulu kumashumi eminyaka okuqala e-United States kwinkcitho yasemkhosini kunye nokusekwa komkhosi omi kude-into eyayichaswa ngabacebisi bakaMonroe uJefferson noMadison. Ayizukuba lula ukubiza uMonroe ubawo owaseka umzi-mveliso wezomkhosi (ukusebenzisa ibinzana elithi Eisenhower lihlelwe phantsi lisuka “kwisakhiwo somkhosi wezomkhosi” okanye, njengoko abaphembeleli boxolo sele beqalisile ukuyichaza ngokulandela ukwahluka-enye phakathi kwabaninzi - isetyenziswe ngumhlobo wam uRay McGovern, i-Military-Industrial-Congressional-Intelligence-Media-Academia-Think Tank complex, okanye i-MICIMATT).
Iinkulungwane ezimbini zokwanda komkhosi kunye nemfihlo sisihloko esikhulu. Nditsho nokunciphisa isihloko kwi-Western Hemisphere, ndibonelela kwincwadi yam yakutshanje kuphela iimbalasane, kunye neminye imixholo, eminye imizekelo, uluhlu oluthile kunye namanani, ukucebisa umfanekiso opheleleyo kangangoko ndikwazi ukuwenza. Yisaga yezenzo zomkhosi, kubandakanywa ubhukuqo-mbuso, kunye nezoyikiso, kodwa kunye nemilinganiselo yezoqoqosho.
Ngowe-1829 uSimón Bolívar wabhala ukuba iUnited States “ibonakala imiselwe ukuthwaxa iMerika ngosizi egameni lenkululeko.” Nayiphi na imbono eyayixhaphakile ngeUnited States njengomkhuseli onokubakho kuMbindi Merika yahlala ixesha elifutshane kakhulu. Ngokutsho kombhali ngebhayoloji yaseBolívar, “kwakukho imvakalelo yehlabathi lonke kuMzantsi Merika yokuba le riphabliki yamazibulo, ebifanele ukuba incede aba bancinane, kunoko, yayizama nje ukukhuthaza ukungavisisani nokubangela ubunzima ungenelela ngexesha elifanelekileyo.”
Into endibethayo xa ndijonga kumashumi eminyaka okuqala eMfundiso kaMonroe, kwaye nasemva koko, kukuba mangaphi amaxesha oorhulumente baseLatin America bacela iUnited States ukuba ixhase iMfundiso kaMonroe kwaye ingenelele, yaza iUnited States yala. Xa urhulumente wase-US wathatha isigqibo sokuthatha iMfundiso yeMonroe ngaphandle kweMntla Melika, yayingaphandle kweNtshona yeHemisphere. Ngowe-1842, uNobhala kaRhulumente uDaniel Webster walumkisa iBritani neFransi kude neHawaii. Ngamanye amazwi, iMfundiso kaMonroe ayizange ixhaswe ngokukhusela iintlanga zaseLatin America, kodwa yayiza kusetyenziswa rhoqo ukuyitshabalalisa.
Imfundiso kaMonroe yaxoxwa okokuqala phantsi kweli gama njengesizathu semfazwe yase-US eMexico eyasusa umda osentshona wase-US emazantsi, yaginya amazwe anamhlanje eCalifornia, Nevada, nase-Utah, uninzi lweNew Mexico, iArizona neColorado, iindawo zaseTexas, eOklahoma, eKansas, naseWyoming. Kwakungekokuba abanye babengathanda ukuwushenxisa umda.
Imfazwe eyintlekele kwiiPhilippines nayo yakhula kwimfazwe yeMonroe-Doctrine-justified against Spain (kunye neCuba nePuerto Rico) kwiCaribbean. Kwaye i-impiriyalizim yehlabathi yayikukwandiswa okugudileyo kweMfundiso kaMonroe.
Kodwa kubhekiswa kwiLatin America ukuba iMfundiso yeMonroe ihlala icatshulwa namhlanje, kwaye iMfundiso yeMonroe ibingundoqo kuhlaselo lwase-US kubamelwane bayo basemazantsi iminyaka engama-200. Ebudeni bezi nkulungwane, amaqela kunye nabantu ngabanye, kubandakanywa iinkcuba-buchopho zaseLatin America, bobabini bayichasile imfundiso kaMonroe yokuthetheleleka kwe-impiriyalizim kwaye bafuna ukuphikisa ukuba iMfundiso kaMonroe kufuneka itolikwe njengokukhuthaza ukuba yedwa kunye ne-multilateralism. Zombini ezi ndlela azikhange ziphumelele. Ungenelelo lwase-US luye lwehla kwaye lwahamba kodwa aluzange lume.
Ukuthandwa kweMfundiso kaMonroe njengendawo eyisalathiso kwintetho yase-US, eye yaphakama yaya kutsho kwindawo ephakamileyo ngenkulungwane ye-19, yafikelela kwinqanaba leSibhengezo seNkululeko okanye uMgaqo-siseko, ngokuyinxenye inokuba ngumbulelo ngenxa yokungacaci kwayo kunye nokuphepha kwayo. yokubophelela urhulumente wase-US kuyo nayiphi na into ethile, ngelixa evakala ngathi uyindoda. Njengoko amaxesha ahlukeneyo esongeza "iingxelo" kunye neetoliko zabo, abahlalutyi banokukhusela inguqulelo yabo abayithandayo kwabanye. Kodwa umxholo obalaseleyo, ngaphambili nangaphezulu emva kukaTheodore Roosevelt, ubusoloko ubu impiriyali ebalaseleyo.
Uninzi lwefilibustering fiasco eCuba kudala yandulela iBay of Pigs SNAFU. Kodwa xa kufikwa ekubalekeni kweegringos ezinekratshi, akukho sampulu yamabali eya kugqitywa ngaphandle kwebali elikhethekileyo kodwa elityhilayo likaWilliam Walker, ifilibusterer eyazenza umongameli waseNicaragua, ethwele emazantsi ulwandiso olwalusenziwa ngabangaphambili abanjengoDaniel Boone entshona. . I-Walker ayikho imbali yeCIA eyimfihlo. I-CIA yayingekabikho. Ngexesha le-1850s i-Walker inokuba ifumene ingqalelo engakumbi kumaphephandaba ase-US kunaye nawuphi na umongameli wase-US. Kwiintsuku ezine ezahlukeneyo, i ENew York Times wanikela lonke iphepha layo eliphambili kwimidlalo yakhe. Into yokuba abantu abaninzi abakuMbindi Merika bayalazi igama lakhe yaye akukho mntu uyaziyo eUnited States lukhetho olwenziwa ziinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zemfundo.
Akukho mntu eUnited States onoluvo lokuba wayengubani uWilliam Walker akalingani namntu e-United States esazi ukuba kukho ubhukuqo-mbuso e-Ukraine ngo-2014. . Ndiya kulinganisa ngokusondeleyo kwiminyaka eyi-20 ukususela ngoku akukho mntu uyazi ukuba kukho imfazwe ye-20 e-Iraq ukuba uGeorge W. Bush waxelela naluphi na ubuxoki. I-Walker yayiziindaba ezinkulu ezacinywayo.
UWalker wafumana umyalelo womkhosi waseMntla waseMelika ekucingelwa ukuba uncedisa elinye lamaqela amabini alwayo eNicaragua, kodwa eneneni esenza oko kwakhethwa nguWalker, okubandakanya ukuthimba isixeko saseGranada, ngokulawula ilizwe, kwaye ekugqibeleni ebambe unyulo lwakhe lobuqhophololo. . UWalker wafumana umsebenzi wokutshintshela ubunini bomhlaba kwiigringos, esungula ubukhoboka, nokwenza isiNgesi sibe lulwimi olusemthethweni. Amaphephandaba asemazantsi e-US abhale ngeNicaragua njengelizwe lase-US elizayo. Kodwa u-Walker wakwazi ukwenza utshaba lukaCornelius Vanderbilt, kunye nokumanyanisa uMbindi Merika kunanini na ngaphambili, kwiyantlukwano yezopolitiko kunye nemida yelizwe, ngokuchasene naye. Ngurhulumente wase-US kuphela owathi “akakhethi cala.” Ukoyisiwe, u-Walker wamkelwa kwakhona e-United States njengeqhawe eloyisayo. Wazama kwakhona eHonduras ngo-1860 waza waphela wathinjwa yiBritane, wajikela eHonduras, waza wadutyulwa liqela lokudubula. Amajoni akhe abuyiselwa eUnited States apho ajoyina kakhulu uMkhosi woMkhosi.
UWalker wayeshumayele ivangeli yemfazwe. “Ngabaqhubi kuphela,” watsho, “abathetha ngokuseka ubudlelwane obuzinzileyo phakathi kohlanga lwaseMelika olumhlophe olusulungekileyo, njengoko lukho eUnited States, kunye nohlanga oluxubeneyo lwamaHispano-Indian, njengoko lukho eMexico nakuMbindi Merika, ngaphandle kokusetyenziswa kwamandla.” Umbono kaWalker wawunqulwa kwaye wawubhiyozelwa ngamajelo eendaba ase-US, singasathethi ke ngomboniso weBroadway.
Abafundi base-US abafane bafundiswe ukuba ingakanani impiriyali yase-US ukuya eMzantsi ukuya kutsho ngeminyaka yoo-1860 yayimalunga nokwandisa ubukhoboka, okanye yayithintelwe kangakanani lucalucalulo lwase-US olwalungafuni abantu abangaba “mhlophe,” abangathethi isiNgesi bajoyine iUnited. States.
UJosé Martí wabhala kwiphephandaba laseBuenos Aires egxeka iMonroe Doctrine njengohanahaniso yaye etyhola iUnited States ngokusebenzisa “inkululeko . . . ngeenjongo zokuhlutha ezinye iintlanga kuwo.”
Nangona kubalulekile ukuba ungakholelwa ukuba impiriyali yase-US yaqala ngo-1898, indlela abantu base-United States ababecinga ngayo nge-imperialism yase-US yatshintsha ngo-1898 kunye neminyaka elandelayo. Ngoku kwakukho amanzi amaninzi phakathi kwelizwe kunye namathanga kunye nezinto zalo. Bekukho inani elikhulu labantu abangabonwa "bamhlophe" abahlala ngaphantsi kweeflegi zase-US. Kwaye kubonakala ukuba kwakungasekho mfuneko yokuhlonela umhlaba wonke ngokuqonda igama elithi “America” ukuze lisetyenziswe kumazwe angaphezu kwesinye. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, iUnited States of America yayidla ngokubizwa ngokuba yiUnited States okanye iManyano. Ngoku yaba yiMelika. Ke, ukuba ucinga ukuba ilizwe lakho elincinci liseMelika, kungcono ulumke!
Ekuvulweni kwenkulungwane yama-20, iUnited States yalwa amadabi ambalwa kuMntla Merika, kodwa angakumbi kuMzantsi nakuMbindi Merika. Ingcamango eyintsomi yokuba umkhosi omkhulu unqanda iimfazwe, kunokuba uziphembelele, uhlala ujonga emva kuTheodore Roosevelt ebanga ukuba iUnited States iya kuthetha ngokuthambileyo kodwa iphathe intonga enkulu-into leyo uSekela Mongameli uRoosevelt wayichaza njengeqhalo laseAfrika kwintetho ngo-1901. , iintsuku ezine ngaphambi kokuba uMongameli uWilliam McKinley abulawe, okwenza uRoosevelt abe ngumongameli.
Nangona kunokuba mnandi ukucinga uRoosevelt ethintela iimfazwe ngokusongela ngentonga yakhe, inyaniso kukuba wasebenzisa umkhosi wase-US ngaphezu kokubonisa nje ePanama ngo-1901, eColombia ngo-1902, eHonduras ngo-1903, eDominican Republic ngo-1903, eSiriya. ngowe-1903, eAbyssinia ngowe-1903, ePanama ngowe-1903, eDominican Republic ngowe-1904, eMorocco ngowe-1904, ePanama ngowe-1904, eKorea ngowe-1904, eCuba ngowe-1906, eHonduras ngowe-1907, neePhilippines ebudeni bobumongameli bakhe.
Ii-1920 kunye nee-1930 zikhunjulwa kwimbali yase-US njengexesha loxolo, okanye njengexesha elikruqulayo ukuba lingakhunjulwa kwaphela. Kodwa urhulumente wase-US kunye neenkampani zase-US zazidla uMbindi Merika. I-United Fruit kunye nezinye iinkampani zase-US zazifumene umhlaba wazo, oololiwe bazo, iposi kunye netelegraph kunye neenkonzo zemfonomfono, kunye nezopolitiko zabo. UEduardo Galeano wathi: “EHonduras, imeyile ixabisa ngaphezu kwesekela lakhe, yaye kuwo wonke uMbindi Merika oonozakuzaku baseUnited States bayongamela ngaphezu koomongameli.” I-United Fruit Company idale awayo amazibuko, amasiko ayo, kunye namapolisa ayo. Idola yaba yimali yendawo. Xa uqhankqalazo lwaqhambuka eColombia, amapolisa abulala abasebenzi basebhanana, njengoko izigebenga zikarhulumente ziya kwenza kwiinkampani zase-US eColombia kwiminyaka emininzi ezayo.
Ngexesha uHoover wayengumongameli, ukuba akunjalo ngaphambili, urhulumente wase-US wayebambe ngokubanzi ukuba abantu baseLatin America baqonda amagama athi "Monroe Doctrine" athetha i-Yankee impiriyali. UHoover ubhengeze ukuba iMfundiso kaMonroe ayizange ithethelele ukungenelela komkhosi. Hoover kwaye emva koko uFranklin Roosevelt barhoxisa imikhosi yase-US kuMbindi Merika de bahlala kuphela kwiNdawo yeCanal. U-FDR uthe uya kuba nomgaqo-nkqubo "wommelwane olungileyo".
Ngeminyaka yee-1950 iUnited States yayingabangi ukuba ngummelwane olungileyo, njengokuba ngumphathi wenkonzo yokhuselo-nxamnye nobukomanisi. Emva kokudala ngempumelelo ubhukuqo-mbuso eIran ngo-1953, i-US yajika yaya kwiLatin America. KwiNkomfa yeshumi yePan-America eyayiseCaracas ngowe-1954, uSosiba weLizwe uJohn Foster Dulles wayixhasa iMfundiso kaMonroe waza exoka wathi ubukomanisi beSoviet babusisisongelo eGuatemala. Kwalandela ubhukuqo-mbuso. Kwaye kwalandela ubhukuqo-mbuso olungakumbi.
Enye imfundiso eyaphuhliswa kakhulu lulawulo lukaBill Clinton ngeminyaka yoo-1990 yayiyileyo “yorhwebo olukhululekileyo” - simahla kuphela ukuba awucingi ngomonakalo wokusingqongileyo, amalungelo abasebenzi, okanye ukuzimela geqe kumaqumrhu amakhulu ezizwe ngezizwe. I-United States yayifuna, kwaye mhlawumbi isafuna, isivumelwano esikhulu sorhwebo sasimahla kuzo zonke iintlanga zaseMelika ngaphandle kweCuba kwaye mhlawumbi nezinye ezichongiweyo ukuba zingabandakanywa. Into eyayifumanayo ngo-1994 yayiyi-NAFTA, isiVumelwano soRhwebelwano esiMantla eMelika, esibophelela i-United States, iKhanada, neMexico kwimiqathango yayo. Oku kuya kulandelwa kwi-2004 yi-CAFTA-DR, i-Central America - i-Dominican Republic Free Trade Agreement phakathi kwe-United States, i-Costa Rica, i-Dominican Republic, i-El Salvador, i-Guatemala, i-Honduras, ne-Nicaragua, eya kulandelwa ngezinye izivumelwano ezininzi. kunye nemizamo yezivumelwano, kubandakanywa i-TPP, iNtsebenziswano ye-Trans-Pacific yezizwe ezikufutshane ne-Pacific, kubandakanywa ne-Latin America; ukuza kuthi ga ngoku i-TPP yoyisiwe kukungathandwa kwayo eMelika. UGeorge W. Bush wenze isindululo soMmandla woRhwebo oluKhululekileyo lwaseMelika kwiNgqungquthela yaMazwe aseMelika ngo-2005, waza wayibona yoyiswa yiVenezuela, iArgentina, neBrazil.
I-NAFTA kunye nabantwana bayo baye bazisa iinzuzo ezinkulu kwiinkampani ezinkulu, kuquka iinkampani zase-US ezihambisa imveliso eMexico naseMbindi Melika ekuzingeleni imivuzo ephantsi, amalungelo ambalwa omsebenzi, kunye nemigangatho ebuthathaka yokusingqongileyo. Badale amaqhina orhwebo, kodwa hayi amaqhina ezentlalo okanye ezenkcubeko.
EHonduras namhlanje, "iindawo zengqesho kunye nophuhliso loqoqosho" ezingathandwa kakhulu zigcinwa luxinzelelo lwase-US kodwa nangamaqumrhu ase-US atyhola urhulumente waseHonduran phantsi kweCAFTA. Isiphumo luhlobo olutsha lwe-filibustering okanye i-banana republic, apho amandla okugqibela aphumle kubenzi benzuzo, urhulumente wase-US ubukhulu becala kodwa ngandlel 'ithile uyakuxhasa ukuphangwa, kwaye amaxhoba awabonwa kwaye awacingelwa - okanye xa ebonakala kumda wase-US. bayatyholwa. Njengabaphumezi bemfundiso eyothusayo, amaqumrhu alawula "imimandla" yaseHonduras, ngaphandle komthetho waseHonduras, ayakwazi ukumisela imithetho efanelekileyo kwingeniso yabo-inzuzo egqithileyo kangangokuba bayakwazi ukuhlawula iitanki zokucinga ezise-US ukuba bapapashe izizathu njengedemokhrasi. koko kuchasene nedemokhrasi.
Imbali ibonakala ibonisa inzuzo ethile kwiLatin America ngamaxesha apho i-United States yayiphazanyiswa ngenye indlela, njengeMfazwe yamakhaya kunye nezinye iimfazwe. Lo ngumzuzwana ngoku apho urhulumente wase-US ephazanyiswe ngandlel' ithile yi-Ukraine kwaye ezimisele ukuthenga ioyile yaseVenezuela ukuba ikholelwa ukuba inegalelo ekwenzakalisa iRussia. Kwaye ngumzuzu wokufezekiswa okukhulu kunye nolangazelelo kwiLatin America.
Unyulo lwaseLatin America luye lwanda ngokuchasene nokuthobela amandla e-US. Emva kwe "Revolution yeBolivarian" kaHugo Chavez, uNéstor Carlos Kirchner wonyulwa eArgentina ngo-2003, kunye noLuiz Inácio Lula da Silva eBrazil ngo-2003. UMongameli waseBolivia u-Evo Morales wathatha ulawulo ngoJanuwari 2006. Umongameli othanda ukuzimela wase-Ecuador uRafael ICorrea yaqalisa ukulawula ngoJanuwari 2007. ICorrea yenza isaziso sokuba ukuba iUnited States inqwenela ukugcina indawo yomkhosi e-Ecuador, i-Ecuador kuya kufuneka ivunyelwe ukuba igcine indawo yayo eMiami, eFlorida. E-Nicaragua, inkokeli ye-Sandinista uDaniel Ortega, ekhutshwe kwi-1990, ibuyele kulawulo ukusuka kwi-2007 ukuya namhlanje, nangona ngokucacileyo imigaqo-nkqubo yakhe ishintshile kwaye ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwamandla akuzona zonke izinto ezenziwe ngamajelo ase-US. U-Andrés Manuel López Obrador (AMLO) wonyulwa eMexico ngo-2018. Emva kokubeka umva, kubandakanywa ukubhukuqa eBolivia ngo-2019 (ngenkxaso yase-US kunye ne-UK) kunye nomtshutshisi we-trumped-up eBrazil, i-2022 yabona uluhlu lwe "pink tide". ” oorhulumente abandisiweyo baquka iVenezuela, iBolivia, iEcuador, iNicaragua, iBrazil, iArgentina, iMexico, iPeru, iChile, iKholombiya, neHonduras—kambe ke, eCuba. EColombia, ngo-2022 yabona unyulo lwayo lokuqala lomongameli oshiyekileyo. EHonduras, ngo-2021 wabona unyulo njengomongameli wenenekazi lokuqala lokuqala u-Xiomara Castro de Zelaya owayegxothwe kubhukuqo-mbuso luka-2009 ngokuchasene nomyeni wakhe kwaye ngoku wayeyindoda yokuqala uManuel Zelaya.
Kakade ke, la mazwe azaliswe ziiyantlukwano, njengoorhulumente noomongameli bawo. Ewe abo rhulumente kunye noongameli baneziphene ezinzulu, njengabo bonke oorhulumente baseMhlabeni nokuba amajelo eendaba ase-US ayabaxa okanye axoke ngeziphene zawo. Nangona kunjalo, unyulo lwaseLatin America (kunye nokuchasa iinzame zobhukuqo-mbuso) lucebisa umkhwa kwicala leLatin America ephelisa iMfundiso kaMonroe, nokuba iUnited States iyayithanda okanye ayiyithandi.
Ngo-2013 uGallup wenza uvoto eArgentina, eMexico, eBrazil nasePeru, kwaye kwimeko nganye wafumana iUnited States impendulo ephezulu yokuba "Leliphi ilizwe esona sisongelo esikhulu soxolo emhlabeni?" Kwi-2017, i-Pew iqhube iivoti eMexico, eChile, eArgentina, eBrazil, eVenezuela, eColombia nasePeru, kwaye yafumanisa phakathi kwe-56% kunye ne-85% ekholelwa ukuba i-United States ibe yingozi kwilizwe labo. Ukuba iMfundiso kaMonroe ihambile okanye inobubele, kutheni khange kubekho nabaphi na abantu abachatshazelwe yiyo beva ngalonto?
Ngo-2022, kwiNgqungquthela yamazwe aseMerika eyayiqhutywa yiUnited States, ngamazwe angama-23 kuphela kwayi-35 athumela abameli. IUnited States yayizikhuphele ngaphandle izizwe ezintathu, ngoxa ezinye ezininzi ziye zakwaya, kuquka iMexico, iBolivia, iHonduras, iGuatemala, iEl Salvador, iAntigua neBarbuda.
Ewe kunjalo, urhulumente wase-US uhlala ebanga ukuba akabandakanyi okanye awohlwaya okanye ufuna ukubhukuqa izizwe kuba zingoozwilakhe, hayi kuba zidelela iimfuno zase-US. Kodwa, njengoko ndibhale kwincwadi yam ka-2020 Ngama-20 oozwilakhe ngoku abaxhaswa yi-United States, Kumazwe angama-50 oorhulumente behlabathi abacinezelayo ngelo xesha, ngokuqonda kukarhulumente wase-US, iUnited States ixhasa umkhosi i-48 kubo, ivumela (okanye nokuba yinkxaso-mali) ukuthengiswa kwezixhobo kwi-41 kubo, inikezela uqeqesho lomkhosi kwi-44 kubo, kwaye ukubonelela ngenkxaso-mali kumkhosi wama-33 kubo.
ILatin America ayizange ifune iziseko zomkhosi wase-US, kwaye zonke kufuneka zivaliwe ngoku. ILatin America ibiya kuhlala ingcono ngaphandle komkhosi wase-US (okanye umkhosi womnye umntu) kwaye kufuneka ikhululwe kwesi sifo kwangoko. Akusekho kuthengiswa kwezixhobo. Azisekho izipho zezixhobo. Akusekho qeqesho lwasemkhosini okanye inkxaso-mali. Akusekho qeqesho lomkhosi wase-US lwamapolisa aseLatin America okanye oonogada basejele. Akusayi kuphinda kuthunyelwe kumazwe angaphandle iprojekthi eyintlekele yokuvalelwa kwabantu abaninzi. (Umthetho oyilwayo kwiCongress ofana noMthetho weBerta Caceres oya kucima inkxaso-mali yase-US yomkhosi kunye namapolisa eHonduras ukuba nje aba mva bebandakanyeka kukuxhatshazwa kwamalungelo oluntu kufuneka kwandiswe kulo lonke elaseLatin America nakwihlabathi liphela, kwaye isigxina ngaphandle kwemiqathango;uncedo kufuneka luthathe uhlobo loncedo lwemali, hayi imikhosi exhobileyo.) Akusayi kubakho mfazwe kwiziyobisi, phesheya okanye ekhaya. Akusayi kuphinda kusetyenziswe imfazwe kwiziyobisi egameni lomkhosi. Akusekho kukungahoyi umgangatho wobomi ophantsi okanye umgangatho ophantsi wokhathalelo lwempilo oludala kunye nokugcina ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi gwenxa. Azisekho izivumelwano zorhwebo ezitshabalalisa indalo esingqongileyo kunye noluntu. Akusayi kuphinda kubhiyozelwe “ukukhula” koqoqosho ngenxa yalo. Akusekho ukhuphiswano kunye neTshayina okanye nabani na ongomnye, urhwebo okanye umkhosi. Akusekho tyala. (Yirhoxise!) Akukho ncedo luneentambo ezincanyathiselweyo. Akusayi kuphinda kubekho isohlwayo esihlanganyelweyo ngezohlwayo. Akusayi kuphinda kubekho imida okanye imiqobo engekho ngqiqweni yokuhamba ngokukhululekileyo. Akusekho ubumi bodidi lwesibini. Akusekho luphambuko lwemithombo kude neentlekele zokusingqongileyo kunye nabantu kwiinguqulelo ezihlaziyiweyo zoqheliselo lwamandulo lokoyisa. ILatin America ayizange ifune ubukoloniyali base-US. IPuerto Rico, kunye nayo yonke imimandla yase-US, kufuneka ivunyelwe ukuba ikhethe ukuzimela okanye ubuzwe, kunye nokhetho, imbuyekezo.
Inyathelo elikhulu kweli cala linokuthathwa ngurhulumente wase-US ngokupheliswa okulula kwendlela enye encinci yokuthetha: uhanahaniso. Ngaba ufuna ukuba yinxalenye "yomyalelo osekelwe kwimithetho"? Uze ujoyine enye! Kukho enye ekulindeleyo, kwaye iLatin America iyayikhokela.
Kwizivumelwano ezili-18 zamalungelo oluntu ezinkulu zeZizwe eziManyeneyo, iUnited States iyinxalenye yesi-5. IUnited States inkqenkqeza phambili ekuchasweni kwedemokhrasi yeZizwe eziManyeneyo kwaye ngokulula ibambe irekhodi lokusetyenziswa kwe-veto kwiBhunga lezoKhuseleko ebudeni beminyaka engama-50 edluleyo.
I-United States ayifuni "ukubuyisela umva ikhosi kwaye ikhokele ihlabathi" njengoko imfuno eqhelekileyo iya kuba nayo kwizihloko ezininzi apho i-United States iziphatha ngokutshabalalisayo. I-United States idinga, ngokuchaseneyo, ukujoyina ihlabathi kwaye izame ukufumana iLatin America ekhokele ekudaleni ihlabathi elingcono. Amazwekazi amabini alawula ubulungu beNkundla yoLwaphulo-mthetho yaMazwe ngaMazwe kwaye azama kakhulu ukugcina umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe: iYurophu kunye neMelika kumazantsi eTexas. I-Latin America inkqenkqeza phambili kubulungu kwiSivumelwano sokuThintwa kwezixhobo zeNyukliya. Phantse yonke iLatin America iyinxalenye yendawo yezixhobo zenyukliya, ngaphandle kwalo naliphi na elinye ilizwekazi, ngaphandle kweOstreliya.
Izizwe zaseLatin America zijoyina kwaye zixhase izivumelwano kunye okanye ngcono kunayo nayiphi na enye indawo eMhlabeni. Abanazo izixhobo zenyukliya, zekhemikhali, okanye zebhayoloji - nangona zineziseko zomkhosi zase-US. Kuphela yiBrazil ethumela ngaphandle izixhobo kwaye isixa sincinci. Ukusukela ngo-2014 eHavana, ngaphezulu kwe-30 yamazwe angamalungu oLuntu lweLatin America kunye neCaribbean States abotshwe sisibhengezo soMmandla woXolo.
Ngo-2019, i-AMLO yasala isindululo esasivela kuMongameli wase-US owayesakuba nguMongameli uTrump ngemfazwe edibeneyo ngokuchasene nabathengisi beziyobisi, ecebisa ukuba kupheliswe imfazwe:
“Eyona nto imbi kakhulu, eyona nto imbi kakhulu esinokuyibona, yimfazwe. Abo baye bafunda ngemfazwe, okanye abo bathwaxwa yimfazwe, bayazi ukuba imfazwe ithetha ukuthini. Imfazwe sisichasi sezopolitiko. Bendisoloko ndisithi ezopolitiko zayilwa ngenjongo yokuphepha imfazwe. Imfazwe iyafana nokungabi nangqiqo. Imfazwe ayinangqiqo. Thina soxolo. Uxolo ngumgaqo walo rhulumente mtsha.
Abasemagunyeni abanandawo kulo rhulumente ndimmeleyo. Kufuneka ibhalwe izihlandlo ezili-100 njengesohlwayo: sibhengeze imfazwe kwaye ayizange isebenze. Ayingokhetho olo. Elo qhinga lasilela. Asiyi kuba yinxalenye yaloo nto. . . . Ukubulala asibobulumko, obufuna okungaphaya kwamandla akhohlakeleyo.”
Yinto enye ukuthi uyayichasa imfazwe. Yenye ngokupheleleyo ukuba ibekwe kwimeko apho abaninzi banokukuxelela ukuba imfazwe kuphela kwendlela kwaye usebenzise ukhetho oluphezulu endaweni yoko. Ehamba phambili ekuboniseni eli khondo lobulumko yiLatin America. Kwesi silayidi kukho uluhlu lwemizekelo.
ILatin America ibonelela ngeemodeli ezininzi ezintsha zokufunda nokuphuhlisa, kubandakanya uninzi lwabantu bomthonyama abahlala ngokuzinzileyo nangoxolo, kubandakanya iiZapatistas zisebenzisa ubukhulu becala ubutshantliziyo obungenabundlobongela ukuqhubela phambili iziphelo zedemokhrasi nezobusoshiyali, kwaye kubandakanya nomzekelo waseCosta Rica ukubhangisa umkhosi wayo, ibeka loo nto. zomkhosi kwimyuziyam apho ungowakho, kwaye ukuba ngcono kuyo.
ILatin America ikwabonelela ngeemodeli zento efuneka kakhulu kwiMfundiso kaMonroe: ikhomishini yenyaniso kunye noxolelwaniso.
Izizwe zaseLatin America, ngaphandle kwentsebenziswano yeColombia ne-NATO (engatshintshwanga ngokucacileyo ngurhulumente wayo omtsha), azikhange zifune ukujoyina imfazwe exhaswa yi-US- kunye ne-NATO phakathi kwe-Ukraine neRussia, okanye ukugxeka okanye ukohlwaya ngokwemali icala elinye kuphela layo.
Umsebenzi ophambi kwe-United States kukuphelisa iMfundiso yeMonroe, kwaye ukuphelisa kungekuphela kwiLatin America kodwa kwihlabathi jikelele, kwaye ungapheli kuphela kodwa ukubuyisela ngezenzo ezilungileyo zokujoyina ihlabathi njengelungu elithobela umthetho, ukuxhasa umthetho wezizwe ngezizwe, nokusebenzisana ekuthotyweni kwezixhobo zenyukliya, ukukhuselwa kwendalo, izifo eziqhambukayo, ukungabi namakhaya, kunye nobuhlwempu. Imfundiso kaMonroe ayizange ibe ngumthetho, kwaye imithetho ekhoyo ngoku iyakwalela. Akukho nto inokurhoxiswa okanye imiselwe. Into efunekayo luhlobo lokuziphatha olundilisekileyo abathi abezopolitiko base-US benza ngathi sele bebandakanyekile.
