Incwadi entsha kaNan Levinson ibizwa ngokuba Imfazwe ayisiwo umdlalo: Amajoni amatsha ama-Antiwar kunye ne-Movement abayakhayo, kodwa indishiyile ndinqwenela ukuba kubekho isahluko esithi "Baphi ngoku", kuba iphela malunga no-2008. Le ncwadi igxile kumaQela oMkhosi wase-Iraq, kodwa ibandakanya amaGqala oXolo, iiNtsapho zoMkhosi zithetha, uCindy Sheehan, nabanye . Libali ebelibaliselwe amaxesha ngamaxesha kule minyaka idlulileyo, kodwa olu hlobo lubonakala lwenziwe kakuhle; mhlawumbi umgama uyanceda.
Ewe ndidibene nabalinganiswa abaninzi emntwini kwaye ndikwiminyhadala, ukongeza kufunda uninzi lweeakhawunti. Nangona kunjalo, ndafunda izinto ezintsha endingazange ndizazi kwaye ndazibona zishwankathelwa ngeendlela ezintsha. Kwaye ndiyaqhubeka nokuqiniseka ukuba wonke umntu, kubandakanya no-Levinson, unezinto ezithile ezingalunganga.
Ubhala esithi amagqala "azisa umbutho wezomkhosi igunya lokuziphatha alikho elinye iqela elinokulingana," kwaye i-IVAW kunye nayo yonke imibutho yoxolo ayiphumelelanga ukumisa naziphi na iimfazwe, into athi imibutho yoxolo kunqabile ukuba iphumelele kuyo. Ukwabonakala ngathi uyayicacisa into i-IVAW eyizisileyo ekuhambeni nasekubaxeni ukuphela kwayo.
Masiqale ngombuzo wegunya lokuziphatha. Kutshanje ndibhale inqaku ngokuthelekisa intshukumo yokulwa iimfazwe zase-US kunye nokuhamba e-US ngokuchasene nemfazwe yama-Israyeli ePalestine. Eyokugqibela, ndiye ndaqonda, bajamelana nenkcaso ekrakra kunye nezityholo zokuchasana nobuJuda kodwa hayi izityholo zokungcatsha umbuso. Ukusekwa kwayo e-United States nakumgama wayo kuluntu lwase-Israeli mhlawumbi kudityaniswa ukuvelisa umbutho endingazange ndive ukufunga ngokunyaniseka kwawo "ukuxhasa" imikhosi yase-Israeli. Ndikuvile ukugcwala kwee-refuseniks, kodwa hayi ezamagqala akwa-Israeli. Unyana kawonke-wonke othetha ngokuchasene nomsebenzi uhlala kumnombo wakhe, kodwa akaze athethe intetho yakhe ngokuzinikela "ekuxhaseni" imikhosi yase-Israeli.
Intshukumo yokulwa iimfazwe zase-US e-US ngokuqinisekileyo yahluke kakhulu kule meko, ihlala ibhengeza izivakalisi ezinje nge "Xhasa amaGosa, Zisa ekhaya." Ke naliphi na iqela, kunye nalo naliphi na iqela langaphambili, kubandakanya nabo bachasa imfazwe, banikwa igunya elithile kwinto yokuba sonke simele ukuba "sibaxhase". Kwaye naliphi na igqala ebelisemfazweni linegunya lokwenene lamava lokuxelela abanye ngento ayibonileyo apho. Elo gunya ligalelo elibalulekileyo kumbutho woxolo. Unjalo ke ulutsha IVAW luye lwangenisa intshukumo engalinganiyo indala. Unjalo ke nomnqweno oza nolutsha okanye ubugorha okanye indibaniselwano yezinto. Kodwa livuselele igunya?
U-Levinson ubalisa ibali lomntu owayesakuba sisithethi sam endimaziyo ngoku ukuba ngumlweli woxolo oncomekayo nozinikeleyo, kwaye abanye bathi "ligorha lokwenyani" ngokuchasene ne-sadist eboniswe kwifilimu American Sniper, kodwa ekubaliseni ibali lakhe lokuchasa ngokuphandle emfazweni, okubandakanya ukubhloga ngokuchasene nayo ngelixa besemsebenzini, uLevinson umcaphula esithi “Andizange ndityhafe nakanye emsebenzini wam. Naxa kubangele ukubulawa kwabantu abamsulwa, bendiphuma ngesango yonke imihla kwaye ndenza umsebenzi wam kangangoko ndinako. ” Oku kushiya isimilo sokuziphatha kancinci, ukutsho nje okuncinci. Kwaye inokushiya ubutshantliziyo bukwimeko efanayo. Ngaba ukufuna isikrweqe esingcono semikhosi emfazweni sisicwangciso esilungileyo njengokufuna ukuba baziswe ekhaya, nokuba oko kukhokelela kwinkxaso mali yomkhosi ephezulu? Akukho sizathu sokucinga ukuba umntu obesoloko eyichasa imfazwe unegunya lokuziphatha ngaphezu komntu oguqukileyo. Kodwa ngexesha lenkqubo yokujika ngokuchaseneyo nayo, imilinganiselo yokuziphatha kukhuphiswano ibonakala ngathi iyathandabuza kwaye ubuncinci kufanelekile ukuba ingcaciso enganikwanga nguLevinson.
Ezona mfuno ziphambili ze-IVAW zilungile ngqo: zisa imikhosi ekhaya, banike izibonelelo ababezithenjisiwe, kwaye ubone ukuba i-Iraq iyakhiwa kwakhona kwaye ibuyiselwe kubantu bayo. Ezo, nangona kunjalo, zikwayinjongo zentshukumo ebanzi yoxolo.
Kuthekani ngempumelelo okanye ukusilela ekupheliseni iimfazwe? Kukwakho nesihloko ubuncinci esifanelwe yingxoxo. Ngexesha lokugqiba kukaLevinson ibali lakhe, kodwa engachazwanga, uMongameli uBush kunye noMaliki batyikitye isivumelwano esasifuna ukuba imfazwe yase-US e-Iraq iphele kwiminyaka emithathu. Ukuphela kwayo loo minyaka mithathu, kwaye uMongameli u-Obama akakwazanga ukufumana isivumelwano se-Iraq sokuzikhusela kulwaphulo-mthetho kwimikhosi yase-US esele ixesha elide, imfazwe yaphela ngokufutshane. I-Iraq yahlala isihogo emhlabeni, ewe, kwaye kwithuba lokuqala u-Obama wathumela imikhosi. Kodwa ke wakwenza oko ngezinga elincinci, ngokuchasene nokuthandabuza okukhulu, kwaye engalindelanga kangako ukuba angakwazi ukurhuqa imfazwe okanye ayinyuse. Ukuphakamisa inkcaso yoluntu kukuba kwi-2013, unyaka ngaphambi kokuba u-Obama akwazi ukuqala kwakhona umlo, kwaye kwiminyaka emibini emva kokuba enyanzelwe ukuba ayiphelise, isindululo sakhe sokuthumela imijukujelwa eSyria- umlo opheleleyo ngokuka Izicwangciso ezivunjululwe nguSeymour Hersh- wasweleka eswelekile. Inkcaso yoluntu, eyakhelwe ngaphezulu kweminyaka elishumi yobutshantliziyo, yayiyeyona nto iphambili ukwala umlo omtsha, njengoko amalungu eCongress aviwayo evakalisa uloyiko lokuba "yindoda evotele enye i-Iraq." Ukuba ukuvotela i-Iraq ibheji yimbeko, ingxoxo-mpikiswano yase-Syria ibiya kujongeka yahluke ngokupheleleyo. Ukuvotela i-Iraq kwaba yibheji yehlazo, kungekuphela ngenxa yezibakala ezingaguqukiyo, kodwa ngenxa yobundlobongela obunamandla kunye nemfundo- ebiyekelela njengenkxaso yokubuyela umva kuloo mfazwe yoyikekayo ibuyela emva phezulu.
Inyani yile yokuba i-IVAW kunye nalo lonke elinye iqela kunye nomntu obizwe ngegama kule ncwadi benze kwaye benza okuhle kakhulu. Kodwa i-IVAW ayizalanga okanye iguqule intshukumo yoxolo, okanye iyilinganise ngokukhawuleza ngexesha nje apho i-IVAW, ngokwembono kaLevinson, ifikelela kwi-zenith yayo. Ubuhlakani obuyimfama kunye nobukumkani benza ezo zinto. Yayiyintshukumo yokulwa iimfazwe zikaGeorge W. Bush ezathi zancipha njengentshukumo yokulwa iimfazwe zikaBarack Obama. Kwakungekho nto i-IVAW inokuyenza malunga nophuhliso. Kodwa yongeze ngokumangalisayo intshukumo eyayikho, kwaye yongeza ngokumangalisayo kumbutho wanamhlanje.
Akuqhelekanga kum ukuba ndiqondise ama-veteran kwi-IVAW okanye kwi-VFP, njengoko kubonakala ngathi ayizange ive loo maqela. Umsebenzi wabo usafuneka ngoku kakhulu kunangaphambili. Kodwa kunjalo kufuneka ijolise kuyo yonke imfazwe, kwaye nangakumbi ngokuchasene noomatshini bemfazwe. U-Levinson uphawula ngexesha apho ikota yesigidi ngomzuzu yayiphoswa emfazweni e-Iraq. Kodwa inkcitho yesiqhelo yemikhosi yaseMelika e-United States yi- $ 1.9 yezigidi / ngomzuzu, kwaye ivelisa iimfazwe njengoko u-Eisenhower watshoyo. Idrone "abaqhubi beenqwelomoya" abaphuma bethetha ngokuchasene noko bebeyinxalenye yesidingo sokuba yinxalenye yombutho woxolo. Imikhosi esebenzayo kufuneka yazi ukuba kukho amaqela axhasa ukunganyaniseki kwabo nangayiphi na indlela engenabundlobongela.
"Inani lezinto ezenziwa ngabaphembeleli abanovelwano omnye nomnye abanokulwa ngazo ziyamangalisa," u-Levinson ubhala ngobulumko obungaphezulu kobendikucinga ekuqaleni, njengokuba ndigqibile ukufumana amanqaku endingavumelani nawo kwi incwadi enexabiso. Kodwa ndithetha ukuba iimpikiswano zam njengokugxeka okwakhayo kunye nendumiso, kwaye njengemizekelo yokucinga le ncwadi inokukhuthaza. Kule ncwadi kukho imiqondiso yamandla amakhulu. Khawufane ucinge ukuba besinenkqubo yonxibelelwano ukuze sihambelane ngalo mzuzu apho uthungelwano lukamabonwakude luthathe isigqibo sokugubungela uCindy kwifama kaBush:
"Awuzange wazi ukuba ngubani oza kuza," watsho u-Ann] Wright, ethetha ngeenkampu zakhe kwiminyaka emihlanu kamva. 'Ezinzulwini zobusuku, besizakubona izibane zangaphambili zisiza kule ndlela inde, ishiywe ngabantu. Nantsi imoto egcwele oomakhulu abavela eSan Diego. Ungabuza ukuba kutheni bekhona kwaye bathi, “Sivile kunomathotholo okanye kumabonakude ukuba uCindy ulapha. Kwaye bekufuneka silapha. ”'” Loo nkampu nayo yonke enye into ngekhe ifane ngaphandle kweIraq neAfghan namanye amagqala. Bazisa ubulumko, ukuzinikela, isibindi kunye nokuhlekisa kumbutho esiwudingayo ngoku kunakuqala. Ndijonge phambili ekuboneni lo Ntlakohlaza embindini wobukhosi.
