Ngomhla we-11 ku-Novemba e-United States kwaphawulwa kwaye konakaliswa yiholide esandula kutshintshwa igama layo kwathiwa "Usuku lwamaVeterans" kunye nenjongo yayo yaguqulwa yagqwethwa yaba kukubhiyozela imfazwe. Kulo nyaka “Ikhontrakthi yeValor”Izakubanjelwa kwiNational Mall eWashington, DC
Kwibhokisi esekunene sisicatshulwa esivela kwiwebhusayithi yekonsathi. "Enkosi ngenkonzo yakho" kwaye "Inkxaso yemikhosi" ngamabinzana asetyenziselwa ukwenza abantu baxhase iimfazwe ngaphandle kokucinga malunga nokuba bafanele ukuxhasa iimfazwe. Qaphela ukuba kufanelekile ukuba ubulele amagqala kuqala kwaye ubabuze ukuba yeyiphi na loo mfazwe bayenzayo kwaye benze ntoni kuyo emva koko. Kuthekani ukuba uyayichasa imfazwe? Okanye uza kuthini xa uchasa iimfazwe ezithile namaqhinga athile?
Nantsi le impendulo egxekayo Kwikonsathi yeValor yegqala eligulayo lokubulelwa ngenxa yenkonzo ebizwa ngokuba yiyo:
“Akuthandabuzeki ukuba kufuneka sibahloniphe abantu abalwela ubulungisa nenkululeko. Uninzi lwabadlali bezilwanyana babhaliswa emkhosini becinga ukuba ngenene bakhonza injongo elungileyo, kwaye ayisiyonyani into yokuba balwa ngobukroti kubazalwana noodade babo ngasekhohlo nasekunene. Ngelishwa, iinjongo ezintle kweli nqanaba azithathi ndawo kwezopolitiko ezilungileyo. Imfazwe yoloyiko iya kunyaka wayo we-14. Ukuba ngenene ufuna ukuthetha malunga "nokwazisa," yiminyaka edlulileyo ngexesha apho nabani na apha anokukwazi ukwenza ngathi abantwana bethu abaneminyaka eli-18 baya kubulala kwaye bafe ngesizathu esivakalayo. Ungathini malunga neekonsathi ezimbalwa ukwenza loo nto? ”
Ndizophinda apha into endiyithethileyo Imfazwe Lixoki:
I-Random House ichaza iqhawe ngale ndlela ilandelayo (kwaye ichaza i heroine ngendlela efanayo, ngokufaka "umfazi" "indoda"):
"1. Indoda enesibindi okanye ikhono elikhethekileyo, elimangalisayo ngenxa yezenzo zakhe ezinesibindi kunye neempawu ezintle.
"2. umntu, ngokombono wabanye, unempawu zobuqhawe okanye uyenze isenzo sobuqhawe kwaye uthathwa njengomzekelo okanye ulungelelaniso: Wayeyindoda yendawo xa egcina umntwana odilikayo. . . .
"4. I-Mythology yamaClass.
"A. ukuba ngumntu onobunono bobuthixo kunye nobutyebi abahlala bezukiswa njengobuthixo. "
Inkalipho okanye amandla. Izenzo zobungqina kunye neempawu ezintle. Kukho into apha apha kunokuba nje isibindi nesibindi, ngokubhekiselele kwimoyiko kunye nobungozi. Kodwa ntoni? Iqhawe libhekwa njengomzekelo okanye lifanelekileyo. Kucacile ukuba umntu okhutheleyo wakhupha i-window ye-20 yefestile ayengeke adibane nale nkcazo, nokuba ngaba ubukroti bebukroti njengokuba nesibindi. Ukuqhafaza ngokucacileyo kufuneka kufuneke ubulumko bohlobo oluthathwa ngabantu njengemodeli ngokwabo nakwabanye. Kumele kufake ukuxhamla nokuzuza. Okokuthi, ububungqina abukwazi nje ukuba bubungqina; Kufuneka nokuba kuhle kwaye kube nomusa. Ukuphuma ngefestile akufaneleki. Umbuzo, ngoko ke, ukuba ukubulala nokufa kwiimfazwe kufuneka kufaneleke ukulungeleka nokuba nomusa. Akukho mntu unokungabaza ukuba unesibindi kwaye unesibindi. Kodwa ngaba imodeli enhle njengoko loo mntu ubanjwe kule veki ngenxa yolwaphulo-mthetho kunika abalambileyo ukutya?
Ukuba ubheka phezulu "ubulumko" kwisichazamazwi, ngendlela, uya kufumana "isibindi" kunye "nesibindi." U-Ambrose Bierce Devil's Dictionary ichaza "ubugorha"
"Inxalenye yejoni engamampunge, umsebenzi, kunye nethemba lokugembula.
'Kutheni unqamle?' bhongeza umlawuli wecandelo laseChickamauga, oye wayala umyalelo: 'qhubela phambili, mnumzane, kanyekanye.'
'Ngokuqhelekileyo,' kutsho umlawuli wegqwetha elincinci, 'Ndiyakholwa ukuba nayiphi na indlela ebonisa ngayo ubugorha yimikhosi yam iya kubangela ukuba badibanise notshaba.' "
Kodwa ngaba ubugorha obunjalo buya kuba luhle kwaye bube bubele okanye buyingozi kwaye buyingozi? UByerce wayeyindoda yaseYunyan eChickamauga kwaye wayesezihlasele. Kwiminyaka emininzi kamva, xa kwakunokwenzeka ukushicilela amabali malunga neMfazwe Yombango engazange ikhanyise ubungcwele bobukhosi, uByerce wapapasha ibali elithi "Chickamauga" kwi-1889 kule ISan Francisco Examiner okwenza inxaxheba kule mpi ibonakale yinto enobungqina obubi kunye neyoyikrakrayo onokuyenza. Amajoni amaninzi sele exelele iindaba ezifanayo.
Inqwenela ukuba imfazwe, into ehlala ihlelwa njengento embi kwaye iyingozi, kufuneka iphumelele ukuba bathathe inxaxheba kwizuko. Ewe, uzuko aluhlali. Abadlali bezilwanyana eziphazamiseka ngamagama bathatyathwa bucala kuluntu lwethu. Enyanisweni, kwiimeko ezininzi ezibhalwe phakathi kwe-2007 kunye ne-2010, amasosha ayebanjwe ngokomzimba nangokwengqondo aze afumaneke emkhosini, enza "ngokuhloniphekileyo," kwaye ayengayibhali imbali yengxaki yengqondo. Emva koko, xa bexhatshazwe, amasosha afanayo ayenempilo afunyaniswa ukuba anesifo sengqondo esasikhona ngaphambili, akhutshwe, kwaye aphika unyango ngamanxeba abo. Elinye ijoni lalivalelwe kwikhamera kwaze kwaba yilapho evumile ukutyikitya ingxelo yokuba wayenesifo esasikhona ngaphambili - inkqubo eyenziwa nguSihlalo weKomiti yezoLwaphulo lweeNdlu ebizwa ngokuthi "ukuhlushwa."
Imikhosi yomsebenzi osebenzayo, okwenene, ayiphathwa ngumkhosi okanye uluntu ngokuhlonela okanye ukuhlonipha. Kodwa ingqungquthela, "isiqalo" esiyingqungquthela yinto engcwele yehlabathi ngenxa yokuzimisela kwakhe ukukhawuleza nokufa ngohlobo olufanayo lokubulala okungenangqiqo oluthandayo. Lezo zinambuzane ezincinci ezinobumba obukhulu. . . kakuhle, ubukhulu bento encinci kunobundwane: balwa imfazwe. Kwaye bangcono kunalo.
Iintsholongwane iimali ezide kunye neenkimbinkimbi zemfazwe kunye nenhlangano enkulu kunye nokuzimisela okungalinganiyo, okanye into esiyibiza ngokuthi "ubugorha." Bayathembeka ngokupheleleyo kwimbangela ngendlela abantu abangabonakaliyo belizwe abanokufanisana ngayo: "Kuya kuba ngathi unobumba be-flag yaseMerika kuwe ekuzalweni, "u-Mark Moffett wathi ku-ecologicalist and photojournalist Wired phephancwadi. Izintuthwane ziya kubulala ezinye iintuthane ngaphandle kokuqhaqha. Izilwanyana ziya kwenza "umbingelelo wokugqibela" ngokunganqikazi. Izintuthwane ziza kuqhubeka kunye nomsebenzi wazo kunokuba ziyeke ukunceda umkhosi olimele.
Izintuthwane eziya phambili, apho zibulala khona zize zife kuqala, zincinci kwaye zibuthathaka. Zibingelelwa njengenxalenye yesicwangciso esiphumelelayo. "Kweminye imikhosi yemingcipheko, kukho izigidi zemikhosi ezisebenzisayo ezihamba phambili kwiindawo ezinobunzima be-100 inyawo." Kwesinye seefoto zikaMoffett, ezibonisa "intlanzi yokuphanga eMalaysia, ininzi yezilwanyana ezinobuthakathaka zixutywe ngesigxina ngokutsha kweentshaba ezimnyama, ezinjengomhlathi omnyama. "Yintoni eya kuthiwa ngamaPericle emngcwabeni?
"NgokukaMoffett, singafunda into okanye ezimbini kwindlela iimbovane eziyilwa ngayo. Komnye, imikhosi yeembovane isebenza ngocwangco nangona ingahambi kakuhle. ” Kwaye akukho zimfazwe ziya kugqitywa ngaphandle kokuxoka: "Njengabantu, iimbovane zingazama ukoyikisa iintshaba ngokukhohlisa nangobuxoki." Kwesinye ifoto, “iimbovane ezimbini zijongane kumzamo wokungqina ukongama kwazo - ethi, kolu hlobo lweembovane, ichongwe ngobude bomzimba. Kodwa imbovane engasekunene imi phezu kwelitye ukuze ifumane inkcenkceshela. ” Ngaba u-Abe onyanisekileyo angavuma?
Ngapha koko, iimbovane ngamagorha azinikeleyo ukuba angade alwe iimfazwe zamakhaya ezenza ukuba loo mbambano incinci phakathi koMntla noMzantsi ibonakale njengebhola ekhatywayo. Unomeva ofunxa ezinye, Ichneumon eumerus, unokufaka isidleke sembovane ngemfihlo yemichiza ebangela ukuba iimbovane zilwe imfazwe yamakhaya, isiqingatha sendlwane ngokuchasene nesiqingatha. Khawufane ucinge ukuba sineli chiza elinje ebantwini, uhlobo lwamandla-amiselweyo eFox News. Ukuba silubekile uhlanga, ngaba onke amajoni aza kuba ngamagorha okanye nje isiqingatha sabo? Ngaba ngamaqhawe eembovane? Kwaye ukuba azinjalo, ngaba kungenxa yoko bakwenzayo okanye kungenxa yento abacinga ngayo ngento abayenzayo? Kwaye kuya kuthini ukuba iyeza libenza bacinge ukuba babeka ubomi babo emngciphekweni ukuze bafumane ubomi obuzayo emhlabeni okanye ukugcina i-anthill ikhuselekile kwidemokhrasi?
Yaphela apha Imfazwe Lixoki Isicatshulwa. Ngaba iimbovane kunzima ukuzazi? Uthini ngabantwana. Ungathini xa utitshala ecenga iqela leminyaka eli-8 ubudala, endaweni yokuba abeneminyaka eyi-18 ukuba balwe kwaye babulale kwaye babe semngciphekweni wokufela into ebaluleke kakhulu nefanelekileyo? Ngaba umfundisi-ntsapho ebengayi kuba lityala lokubulala abantu abaninzi? Kwaye kuthiwani ngaye wonke umntu obambeleyo kwinkqubo yokulungiselela abantwana emfazweni- kubandakanya nokuba banxibe iyunifom kwaye babekwa kumagosa abaza kungena kwii-Kindergartens, njengoko eneneni kusenzeka ngokwenyani? Ngaba awukho umahluko kubantwana abaneminyaka eli-18 ubudala ukuba sinotyekelo lokubabamba benoxanduva, ubuncinci kwinxalenye, kunye nabani na ophembelela ukubulala? Nokuba kufanelekile okanye akufuneki kugqitywe, kuthi sithathe isigqibo sokuphatha amagqala emfazwe kunye noluntu ngelixa siyala ngokupheleleyo nayiphi na into abayenzileyo.
Nantsi iCODEPINK cwangciso ingqungquthela yeKharityhulam yeValor. Ndiyanincenga ukuba ungene.
Ndiyakukhuthaza ukuba ugcine engqondweni kwaye usasaze ukuqonda kwembali ye-11 kaNovemba. Kwakhona, ndiza kuphinda, kwaye ndiyiguqule, into endiyithethileyo ngo-Novemba odlulileyo:
Kwiminyaka engama-11 eyadlulayo ngeyure le-11 yosuku lwe-11 lwenyanga ye-1918 yowe-XNUMX, kwaphela ukulwa “emfazweni yokuphelisa zonke iimfazwe.” Imfazwe yazisa isikali esitsha sokufa, umkhuhlane, isithintelo, umthetho wobuntlola, iziseko zeMfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi, ukutyunyuzwa kwemibutho yezopolitiko eqhubela phambili, iziko lokunqula iflegi, ukuqala kwesifungo sokunyaniseka ezikolweni kunye nomhobe wesizwe kwimidlalo. Yazisa yonke into ngaphandle koxolo.
Amajoni azizigidi ezingama-1920 abulawa okanye onzakele kwaye ezinye izigidi ezisixhenxe zithinjiwe ebudeni beMfazwe yeHlabathi yokuQala. Kwakungazange ngaphambili abantu babone ukubulawa kwabantu okunje, amashumi amawaka ewa ngosuku kwimipu yoomatshini kunye nerhasi yetyhefu. Emva kwemfazwe, inyani ngakumbi nangakumbi yaqala ukugqitha ubuxoki, kodwa nokuba abantu basakholelwa okanye ngoku bayayicaphukela ipropaganda yemfazwe, phantse wonke umntu eUnited States ebengafuni kuphinda abone mfazwe. Iiposta zikaYesu zokudubula kumaJamani zashiyeka ngasemva njengoko iicawe kunye nabo bonke abanye abantu ngoku bathi imfazwe yayingalunganga. U-Al Jolson wabhala ngo-XNUMX kuMongameli Harding:
Ihlabathi eliqinileyo lilindele
Uxolo ngonaphakade
Ngoko thabatha umpu
Ukusuka kwindodana yonina yonina
Ukuphelisa imfazwe. "
I-Congress yadlulisela isisombululo soSuku lwe-Armistice sokuthi "ukuzilolonga kulungiselelwe ukuqhubela uxolo ngokuthanda okuhle kunye nokuqonda ngokubanzi ... ukumema abantu baseUnited States ukuba bagcine usuku kwizikolo nakwimibhiyozo efanelekileyo yobudlelwano bobuhlobo nabo bonke abanye abantu." Kamva, I-Congress yongezelela ukuba ngoNovemba i-11th yayiza kuba "usuku olunikezelwe ngumbono woxolo lwehlabathi."
Ngoxa ukuphela kwemfazwe kwabhiyozelwa njalo ngoNovemba 11th, amagqala awaphathwanga ngcono kunanamhlanje. Xa amagqala angama-17,000 kunye neentsapho zawo kunye nabahlobo behamba eWashington ngo-1932 befuna iibhonasi zabo, uDouglas MacArthur, uGeorge Patton, uDwight Eisenhower, kunye namanye amaqhawe emfazwe enkulu elandelayo eza kuhlasela amagqala, kubandakanya nokuzibandakanya kweyona nto imbi kakhulu apho uSaddam Hussein angabekwa ityala ngokungapheliyo: "ukusebenzisa izixhobo zamachiza kubantu babo." Izixhobo abazisebenzisileyo, njengoHussein, zavela e-US ka-A.
Kwakusemva kwemfazwe enye, eyona mfazwe imbi kakhulu, imfazwe engazange iphele ukuza kuthi ga kulo mhla, ukuba iCongress, ilandele enye imfazwe esele ilibalekile- le yaseKorea- itshintshe igama losuku lweArmistice luba lusuku lwamaVeterans NgoJuni 1, 1954. Kwaye kwakuyiminyaka emithandathu enesiqingatha kamva xa uEisenhower wasilumkisa ukuba indawo yemizi-mveliso yezomkhosi iza kulonakalisa ngokupheleleyo uluntu lwethu.
Usuku lwabaVeterli alusekho, ngenxa yabantu abaninzi, usuku lokuhlaziya imfazwe okanye okanye ukuba unqwenele ukupheliswa kwawo. Usuku lwamaVeterans alukho nangomhla wokulila okanye ukubuza ukuba kutheni ukuzibulala kungoyena mntu ungumbulali ophambili wamajoni ase-US okanye kutheni amagqala amaninzi engenazindlu kwaphela kwisizwe apho umntu othile ophanga ubuchwephesha obuphezulu egcina i-66 yezigidigidi zeedola, kunye nabahlobo bakhe abasondeleyo abangama-400 banemali engaphezulu kwesiqingatha selizwe. Akuyena nomhla wokunyaniseka, ukuba ngokudabukisayo, ukubhiyozela into yokuba phantse onke amaxhoba eemfazwe zase-US ayingabo baseMelika, ukuba iimfazwe zethu ekuthiwa ziimfazwe ziye zaba ngabaxheli bamacala amabini. Endaweni yoko, lusuku lokukholelwa ukuba imfazwe intle kwaye ilungile. Iidolophu nezixeko kunye neenkampani kunye nemidlalo yezemidlalo bayibiza ngokuba "lusuku lokuxabisa emkhosini" okanye "iveki yokuxabisa umkhosi" okanye "inyanga yokuzukisa uhlanga." Kulungile, ndiyenzile eyokugqibela. Ukujonga nje ukuba unakile na.
Iimfazwe zoxolo zidale isithethe esitsha kwiminyaka yamuva yokubuyela kumbhiyozo woSuku lwe-Armistice. Baya kunika itekiti yesoxhobo ukuze wenze okufanayo.
E-UK, amaVeteran For Peace aphawula oko kusabizwa ngokuba yiSuku lokukhunjulwa, kunye ICawa yokukhunjulwa nge-9 ka-Novemba, kunye neepapa ezimhlophe kunye neebhanile zoxolo ngokuchasene nomgaqo-nkqubo woburhulumente wase-Bhritane wokukhumbula iMfazwe yeHlabathi yokuQala.
KwiNyakatho Carolina, umlindi wenyuka indlela yakhe yokwenza yonke imihla yoSuku lokuKhumbula. Kodwa ngababhiyozeli bemfazwe ababonakala ngathi bakhokela inkcubeko. Nantsi imvamisa yokusetyenziswa kwegama "igorha" ngokweGoogle:
UBruce Springsteen uzakube esenza kwiKonsathi yeValor. Wakhe wabhala le ngoma: "Ubuso obubini ndinabo." Nantsi enye endizimisele ukubheja ayizukuboniswa: "Ukholo olungaboniyo kwiinkokheli zakho okanye kuyo nayiphi na into eza kukubulala," uSpringsteen ulumkisa kwividiyo engezantsi ngaphambi kokubhengeza imfazwe elungileyo.
Uya kudinga ulwazi oluninzi, u-Springsteen ucebisa malunga ne-draftees enokubakho okanye abaqeshiweyo. Ukuba awufumani lwazi luninzi kwiKonsathi yeValor, unokuzama oku kufundiswa kuyo Ngaloo busuku kwiziko laseWashington Peace Centre.
