Xa i-US ingena kwixesha le nyukliya, yenza njalo. Uphando olutsha lubonisa ukuba iindleko ezifihlakeleyo zokuphuhlisa izixhobo zenyukliya zazingaphezulu kunokuba ziqikelele kwangaphambili, kunye nokuwa kwee-radioactive ezixanduva lwe-340,000 kwi-690,000 yaseMelika ngokufa kwe-1951 ukuya kwi-1973.
Uphononongo olwenziwe nguwe Ummeli weYunivesithi yaseArizona uKeith Meyers, usebenzisa indlela entsha (pdf) ukulandelelana nemiphumo ebulalayo yalo mlilo, owawudla ngokusetyenziswa ngabantu baseMerika ukusela ubisi kude neendawo zokuhlola i-athomu.
Ukusuka kwi-1951 ukuya kwi-1963, i-US ihlolwe izixhobo zenukliya ngaphantsi komhlaba kwi-Nevada. Izixhobo zabaphandi, abangaziqondi ingozi-okanye ngokungazihoxisi-zityhila amawaka abasebenzi ukuba baye kwi-radioactive fallout. Ukukhutshwa kweziphumo zenyukliya kubhubhisa abantu kumanani aphakamileyo, kwaye kunokudala umhlaza ngisho nakwizinga eliphantsi. Ngesinye isikhathi, abaphandi babezivolontiya bemi phantsi kwesixhobo senyukliya se-airburst ukubonakalisa indlela ekhuselekile ngayo:
Kodwa, ukukhutshwa, kodwa, akuzange nje uhlale kwindawo yokuvavanya, kwaye uqhubekile emoyeni. Iirhafu zeCarcer zahlulwa kwiindawo ezikufuphi, kwaye urhulumente waseUnited States wayengasenakuzenza nje ukuba ukuwa kwayo kwakungekho umbulali ongenalwazi.
Iindleko kwiidola kunye nobomi
Congress ekugqibeleni hlawulwa ngaphezu kwe-2 billion kubahlali beendawo ezikufuphi eziye zaboniswa ngokukhawuleza kwimizi, kunye nabavukuzi base-uranium. Kodwa ukuzama ukulinganisa ubungakanani obupheleleyo bokungqubuzana kokuvavanya kwakungaqinisekanga kakhulu, kuba bexhomekeke kwimiphumo eyongezelelweyo esuka kummandla onzima kunzima ukuya kwizinga likazwelonke. Nye qi kelelo kazwelonke ukuvavanywa kwabangela ukufa kwe-49,000 yomhlaza.
Lezo zilinganiso, nangona kunjalo, azizange zifake uluhlu olupheleleyo lweempembelelo ngexesha kunye nejografi. U-Meyers wadala umfanekiso obanzi ngendlela ecacileyo: Xa iinkomo zidla ukuwa kwe-radioactive zisasazeka yimimoya yomoya, ubisi lwabo lwaba yindlela yokubaluleka yokudlulisa ukugula kwe-radiation kubantu. Ubuninzi bemveliso yebisi ngeli xesha kwakukho indawo, kunye neenkomo zidla kwidlelo kunye nobisi lwabo lunikezelwa kwiindawo ezikufuphi, ukunika uMeyers ithuba lokulandelela i-radioactivity kulo lonke ilizwe.
I-National Cancer Institute ineengxelo ze-Iodine 131-i-isotope eyingozi ekhutshwe kwiimvavanyo ze-Nevada-ebisi, kunye nolwazi olubanzi malunga nokuchithwa kwe-radiation. Ngokuthelekisa le nkcukacha kunye neengxelo zokufa kwezinga lokufa, uMeyers wafumana ukufumana okubalulekileyo: "Ukuboniswa kokuwa ngobisi kubangela ukunyuka okukhawulezileyo kunye nokuqhubekayo kwinqanaba lokufa elibi." Kutheni, ezi ziphumo zigcinwe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Iimvavanyo zenyukliya zase-US ziye zabulala ezili-7 kwizihlandlo ze-14 ngaphezu kwabantu esasizicingayo, ikakhulukazi kwimida-ntshona nakuma-mpuma-ntshona.
Isixhobo esichasene nabantu bayo
Xa i-US isebenzisa izixhobo zenukliya ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi II, ukuqhubhisa ibhomu yaseJapan yaseHiroshima neNagasaki, ukuqikelelwa kweengqungquthela kubonisa ukuba abantu be-250,000 bafa emva kwangoko. Kwaye abo babethuswa yi-bhomu babengazi ukuba ii-US ziza kuhambisa izixhobo ezifanayo kunye nabantu bazo, ngengozi, kunye nesikali esifanekayo.
Kwaye ukupheliswa kovavanyo lwe nyukliya kwandinceda ubomi base-US- "I-Treatment Ban Treaty Ban Treaty yodwa ingasindisa phakathi kwe-11.7 kunye ne-24.0 yezigidi zaseMerika," u-Meyers uyaqikelela. Kwakukho neenhlanhla ezingaboniyo ezibandakanyekayo ekunciphiseni inani labantu abanetyhefu: I-Site ye-Nevada Test Site, xa kuthelekiswa namanye amaziko okuvavanya ukuba urhulumente wase-United States ucinge ngelo xesha, wavelisa i-dispersal ephezulu.
Imiphumo eqhubekayo yale mvavanyo ihlala, ingathi iyathula kwaye inzima njengoko i-isotopi ngokwayo. Izigidi zabantu baseMelika eziye zahlulwa ukuhlaselwa zingaba nezifo ezinxulumene nale mvavanyo kwanamhlanje, njengoko zihlala phantsi kwaye zithembele kuRhulumente wase-US ukuxhaswa ngempilo yabo.
"Eli phepha libonisa ukuba kukho iintlungu ezininzi kwiNtsholongwane yeHlabathi kunokuba kwakucatshangwe ngaphambili, kodwa umlinganiselo apho uluntu lube neendleko zeMfazwe Yomswaba ngumbuzo ovulekile," u-Meyers uphetha.
