NguBenjamin Naimark-Rowse, www.politicalviolenceataglance.org
Julayi 2, 2017. Ukuthunyelwa kwakhona Ukuxhatshazwa Okudumile, Julayi 3, 2017.
Ngasentla: Iikholoni Zilahla I-Statue ye-King George.
Qaphela: Kuninzi kakhulu kwibali lephulo lokuzimela kwe-United States kunabantu abangama-56 abasayina iSibhengezo senkululeko. Kwakukho ishumi leminyaka lokukhankasela ngaphambi kwe-1776 ebandakanya abantu abaqhelekileyo abangazange babelane ngokwamkelwa kwimbali. Ngeli xesha, abafazi babezinkokheli eziphambili kodwa emva koko imfazwe yazisa amadoda asemkhosini ngaphambili. Ngapha koko, abanye bathi inkululeko yaphumelela kule minyaka ilishumi kwaye imfazwe yayililinge leBritane lokuphinda lithathe amakholoni ngenkani. Iikholoni zisebenzise oko namhlanje kuthathwa njengezixhobo zakudala zomzabalazo ongenabundlobongela.
Amakholoni abhikisha uMthetho weSitampu
Njengoko kuchazwe ngezantsi kukho imzabalazo emininzi engaphumelelanga. Ibiyi kwiminyaka elishumi okanye ngaphezulu kokunyanzelana kokungabikho kokunyanzela oko kwakudala ukuqonda kwenkululeko. Iqeshe iindlela ezingenabundlobongela njengezikhalazo, imatshi yoqhankqalazo, imiboniso, amakhwenkwe, kunye nokwala ukusebenza. Ngapha koko, ukuba abarhwebi bamakoloniyoni bophule uluvo oluqhelekileyo ngokuqhubeka nokungenisa iimpahla ezilahliweyo, abantu abafuni nje kuphela ukuthenga kubo kodwa nokuthetha nabo, ukuhlala nabo ecaweni, okanye ukubathengisela iimpahla zalo naluphi na uhlobo. Amashishini amaKoloniyali akawuhoyanga umthetho neenkundla zase-Bhritane, “amatshantliziyo e-colonial aqhuba ishishini rhoqo esaphula umthetho wase-Bhritane ngokusebenzisa amaxwebhu ngaphandle kwezitampu zerhafu ezifunekayo, ngokusombulula iingxabano zomthetho ngaphandle kweenkundla.” Ngo-1774 nango-1775, uninzi lwala maqumrhu obukoloniyali ayethatha amagunya orhulumente ngokwabo kwaye enamagunya amakhulu kunentsalela yorhulumente wobukoloniyali. Ngethuba i-Continental Congress yokuqala yabizwa ngo-1774 iikholoni zazizenzela urhulumente wazo ofanayo. Le yindawo apho sifuna uphando olungaphezulu lwembali kodwa Nazi ezinye zezinto esiziwayo:
Kwi-1773-74 inani elikhulayo lamabhunga kunye needolophu bezizimelela ngokwazo ngokuzimela kweBrithani, zongezelela ukungavumi ukuthumela impahla yaseMelika eBrithani kunye nokwenyanwa kwanda ukungenisa iimpahla zaseBrithani. Ukuzithemba kwakhula ukuba ukunyanzeliswa kwezorhwebo kungasebenza. Ezinye iindibano ezisemthethweni zivalile ukungabi noshishino ngenxa yokuba iikholoni zenze ezinye iindlela zabo; abanye baba nzima.
Iinkokheli zokulwa nekoloni zaseMelika zivunyelwene ukudibana kwiContinental Continental Congress ekwindla, i-1774.
Amandla aseBrithani kuma-coloni ayengqubana ngokukhawuleza. Igosa laseMassachusetts Bay libike kwi-1774 yokuqala ukuba onke amandla aseburhulumenteni asisigxina kunye nokulawula. Ngo-Okthobha i-1774 urhulumente wezomthetho waseMaldan ulandelele. ENingizimu Carolina abantu babemthobela uMbutho we-Continental esikhundleni seBrithani. I-Virginia Governor Governor Dunmore wabhalela eLondon ngoDisemba 1774 ukuba kwakungenakuvelisa ukuvelisa imiyalelo kuba yenze ukuba abantu bavelele ngokungafuni ukuthobela.
Ngethuba le ntla nganiso iContinental Continental Congress yamkela isicwangciso somzabalazo ongaphelelanga; Umphandi uGene Sharp ukholelwa ukuba isicwangciso saye salandelwa esikhundleni somzabalazo olwaxhobileyo owaba ngumtshintshi wakhe, iikholoni zinokuthi zikhulule ngokukhawuleza kwaye zingaphantsi kwegazi.
Ukulandela iimfazwe zeLexington kunye ne-Concord kwi-1775 ukunyuka kwaba ngumzabalazo wokulwa. Iminyaka eyi-10 yeminyaka yee-boycotts kunye nezinye iindlela ezininzi zazikhulula kakhulu izibophelelo ezazibophelele iikholoni kwilizwe lalo mama. Umzabalazo ongeyomthetho ukhuthaze uqoqosho oluzimeleyo, imibutho engekho yolawulo, kunye nengqiqo yolwazi lwaseMelika olukwabelwana ngalo.
Naliphi na i-future scholarship engayibonisa ngethuba lamakoloni ekufezekeni kwabo ngokuzimela, abavakalisi abaninzi bekholelwa ukuba umkhankaso wexesha eliyiminyaka uvumele amaMelika ukuba akhe amaziko afanayo aqinisekisa ukulungelelaniswa kunye nentando yesininzi kwi-Independent Warfare.
Ubundlobongela babuchaswa ngabakholoni abaninzi. USamuel Adams ubhalele uJames Warren, nge-21 kaMeyi ngo-1774 “Akukho nto inokusonakalisa ngaphandle kogonyamelo lwethu. Isizathu siyakufundisa oku. Ndinobukrelekrele obungenakuthintelwa, eyoyikisayo, njengaseYilo ngokuchasene nathi; ngokuzithemba, ukuba silumkile. ” Kwakukho kuphela iimeko ezimbalwa zetela kunye neentsiba, ngokuqinisekileyo isenzo sobundlobongela, kwaye iikholoni zabakhuthaza ukuba bazibone njengokujongela phantsi ukunganyaniseki njengoko abantu beshiya intshukumo okanye bengayi kujoyina nolo dushe. Kwileta eya kuGqirha Jedediah Morse ngo-1815, UJohn Adams wabonakalisa ngenguqulelo ukubhala "Imbali yokusebenza komkhosi ukusukela nge-19 Epreli, 1775 ukuya kwi-3d kaSeptemba, 1783, ayiyombali yoHlaziyo lwaseMelika. . . Inguquko yayisezingqondweni nasezintliziyweni zabantu, nakwimanyano yeekoloni; Zombini ezi zinto zenzeke kakhulu phambi kokuba kuqalwe umlo. ”
Ukufumana okungakumbi kwiingcebiso ezingekho mthethweni ezisetyenziselwa ukuvukela iBrithani, yabona Imbali Yokwenene yaseUnited States Yakha Amandla Athu, kunye nolwazi malunga nendlela esibhiyozela ngayo kwiSuku loBu Independence yimicimbi eyaqala ngaphambi kweJulayi 4, i-1776 kwaye yaqhubeka iminyaka emininzi emva kwayo, kude kube namhlanje, Imbali engabonakaliyo yoSuku loBu Independent.
Xa kuziwa ebukhosini, ukuzimela kwakunzima kakhulu kwaye kwashiya amanxeba aphantsi (kusekhona nathi namhlanje, ngeendlela ezininzi). UProfesa uGerald Horne Ubhala ukuba ukuzimela kwaxhaswa ngabanini abaninzi bezityalo kunye nabashishini abaxhamla ebukhosini kuba babone ubukhoboka beza ekupheleni eNgilani. Inkundla yaseBrithani yawulawula ukuba akukho mthethweni osemthethweni wobukhoboka, ngoko ubukhoboka buya kupheliswa nakwiikoloni zaseBrithani.
Emva kokuzimela, i-US iphelile ekubhaliseni umgaqo-siseko womgaqo-propati oqhubela phambili ubugqila, kungekhona umgaqo-siseko womalungelo abantu, ukuze ukhusele ipropati eyona nto ibalulekileyo kwilizwe - abantu abagqilaziwe. Ezininzi abasunguli, ezinye zezona zikhulu zikhoboka kwilizwe, zithathe iinyathelo zokukhusela zabo iimpahla-abantu.
Kwi-1852, kwizinto abanye ababizayo Inkulu yesine yenkulumo kaJulayi yexesha lonke, UFrederick Douglas uthe “Lo wesine kaJulayi ngowakho, hayi owam. Ungonwaba, kufuneka ndizile. ”Uvule intetho yakhe echaza umhla wesine kaJulayi“ njengesigqubuthelo esifihlakeleyo sokugubungela ulwaphulo-mthetho oluya kuhlazisa isizwe sabangcungcuthekisi. ” Luluphi ulwaphulo-mthetho lwemfazwe, ukungabikho kokusesikweni, urhwaphilizo olunzulu kunye nokungalingani okufihlwe yi-United States namhlanje? KZ
Inkolelo-siseko e-United States yaseMelika
Leveki yeeveki, izixeko kunye needolophu ezisuka kunxweme ukuya kunxweme yomlilo, Ikonsathi, yaye iimfesane ukubhiyozela ukuzimela kwethu eBrithani. Le mibhiyozo ngokukhawuleza ukugqamisa amajoni owasusa iBrithani ukusuka kumanxweme ethu. Kodwa isifundo esiyifunayo ngentando yesininzi eyenziwe kwi-crucible yemfazwe yintsholongwane iyalulawula ukuba iminyaka elishumi engekho nto ukumelana phambi kokuba i-shot----world yakha ukusekwa kwe-United States, yaqinisa ingqondo yethu yobume bezopolitiko, kwaye yabeka isiseko senkululeko yethu.
Sifundiswa ukuba siphumelele ukuzimela kwethu kwiBritani ngokusebenzisa iimfazwe ezigazini. Siyicoca imbongo malunga nohambo lukaPaul Revere owalumkisa ngokuhlasela kweBrithani. Kwaye siboniswa ukubonakaliswa kweMinutemen ekulweni namaRockcoats eLexington naseConstord.
Ndakhulela eBoston apho ukuhlonela kwethu ukuguqulwa kwamabutho aseBrithani kufikelela kude ngaphaya kwe-4 kaJulayi. Si bhiyozela Usuku lweePatrioti ukukhumbula isiganeko sokuqala kwemfazwe ye-Revolution kunye Usuku Lokuphucula ukukhumbula umhla wamaBritani ekugqibeleni wabaleka eBoston. Kwaye ekuqaleni kwawo wonke umdlalo obomvu weSox simi, sithinte iinqwelo zethu, kwaye sihlabelele - amashumi amathathu anesithathu esomeleleyo - malunga nokulwa okubuhlungu, ii-roketi ezibomvu, kunye neibhobho eziqhaqhazelayo emoyeni ezinike ubungqina ngobusuku ifulegi yethu yayisekho.
Amakholoni avukela uMthetho weTampu.
Sekunjalo, uBawo oQalayo, uJohn Adams wabhala ukuba, "Imbali yemisebenzi yezempi ... ayiyona imbali ye-Revolution yaseMerika."
Abaguqukeli baseMelika abazange bakhokhe, kodwa Ntathu iimikhankaso zokungaxhatshazwayo ezingapheliyo kwiminyaka elishumi ngaphambi kweMfazwe yeSiguqulelo. Ezi phulo ziye lanisa. Babenjalo ngokukodwa engekho. Ba ncedisa upolitiko kwintlalo yaseMerika. Kwaye bavumela ukuba amakholoni atshintshe amaziko ezopolitiko ngamapolisa ngamaziko afana ne-self-government kunceda ukuseka isiseko sedemokhrasi esithembele namhlanje.
Umkhankaso wokuqala wokukhuseleka kwakukho kwi-1765 malunga neStamp Act. Amashumi amawaka abathwali bethu abenqaba ukuhlawula irhafu yaseBrithani irhafu nje ukunyathelisa amaphepha omthetho kunye namaphephandaba, ngokubambisana ngokuzimisela ukuyeka ukusetyenziswa kwempahla yaseBrithani. Amachweba aseBoston, eNew York, naseFiladelphia asayina ama-pacts ngokungenisa iimveliso zaseBrithani; Abasetyhini benza i-homepun indwangu yokufaka iingubo zaseBrithani; kunye ne-bachelorettes ezifanelekileyo kwiRhode Island zange zange zamkele iadesi kwanoma yimuphi umntu oxhasa iStamp Act.
AmaColonists ahlele iStamp Act Act. Yadlulisela inkcazo yamalungelo ekoloniyali kunye nemida kwiBritish igunya, kwaye yathumela ikopi kuyo yonke ikoloni kunye nekopi enye eBritani ngaloo ndlela ibonisa ubumbano ngaphambili. Ukuxhotyiswa kwezopolitiko kunye nokwehliswa kwezoqoqosho kuthetha ukuba uMthetho weTampu wawuza kuhlawula imali yaseBrithani imali ngaphezu kokuba kulungele ukunyusa ukushiya ifile xa ifika. Olu nqoba lwalubonakalisa amandla okungabikho kwentsebenziswano: abantu baxhaswa ngokunyaniseka kokungalungi kwezentlalo, ezopolitiko, okanye ezoqoqosho.
Umkhankaso wesibini wokungaxhasi iqalile kwi-1767 malunga neZenzo ze-Townshend. Ezi zenzo zihlawulisa iphepha, iglasi, itiye kunye nezinye izinto ezivela ngaphandle kweBritani. Xa iZenzo zeDolophu yaseKapa zisebenza ukusebenza, abathengisi baseBoston, eNew York, naseFiladelphia baphinde bayeka ukungenisa impahla yaseBrithani. Baxelele ukuba nabani na oqhubela phambili ukuthengisa kunye neBrithani kufuneka abhalwe "Iintshaba zelizwe labo." Ingqiqo yolwazi lwezopolitiko olutsha olususwe eBrithani lwalukhula ngaphesheya kwamakoloni.
Ngo-1770, iikholoni zaphuhlisa iiKomiti zoLwazi, iziko elitsha lezopolitiko elixhaswe kumandla eBrithani. Iikomiti zavumela ukuba iikholoni ziye ukwabelana ngolwazi kunye nokulungelelanisa inkcaso yabo. IPalamente yaseBritani yasabela ngokuphindwe kabini kwaye ityala lokukhipha itiye, eyabangela ukuba amalungu amabutho avulekileyo aphumelele ukuqhuba i-Boston Tea Party.
IPalamente yaseBritani yaxhamla neColiccive Act, eyayihamba ngokugqithiseleyo iMassachusetts. Ichweba laseBoston livaliwe kude kube yiNkampani yaseBritish East India ibuyiselwe i-Party yeTe ilahlekelwa. Inkululeko yendibano yayingqongqo ngokusemthethweni. Kwaye kwavela izilingo zenkundla ukusuka eMassachusetts.
Ngokuchasana nabaseBrithani, iikholoni zahlela iContinental Congress Congress. Abazange baveze kuphela izikhalazo zabo kwiBrithani, iikholoni zakha iindibano zephondo ukuba ziphoselele amalungelo abo azivakalisa zona. Iphephandaba ngexesha elibikiwe ukuba ezi ziko zomthetho ezifanayo zathatha ulawulo oluseburhulumenteni baseBrithani zaze zabeka ezandleni zamakholoni kangangokuba abanye abaphengululi bathi, "Ukuzimela kwiinkoloni ezininzi kwakuye kwafezwa ngaphambi kokuqala kwamabutho empi eLexington naseConstord."
UKumkani George III wayevakalelwa kukuba le nqanaba lepolitiko yintlangano iye yahamba kakhulu, ekuthiwa; "... I-New England Governments i-State of Rebellion; ukubetha kufuneka kuthathe isigqibo sokuba ngaba baya kulawulwa kweli lizwe okanye bazimeleyo. " Ekuphenduleni, iikholoni zalungiselela iNkcazo yesiBini yeSizwe, yaqokwa ngumGosa waseGeorge Washington kwiNtloko kwaye ke yaqala iminyaka eyisibhozo yobudlova.
Imfazwe yeNguquko inokuthi ibambe iBritish emanxweme ethu, kodwa leveki edlulileyo igxininise kwimfazwe igxininisa imirhumo yokunganyaniseki okwenzelwe ukusekwa kwelizwe lethu.
Kwiminyaka elishumi ekhokelela kwimfazwe, iikholoni zachazwa kwaye zixubusha izigqibo zezopolitiko kwimibutho kawonkewonke. Ngokwenza njalo, bahlala bezopolitiko kwaye baqinisa ulwazi lwabo olutsha lwezopolitiko ngaphandle koBrithani. Bona umgaqo-mthetho, amalungelo agxininisiweyo, kunye nokuhlawula irhafu. Ngokwenza njalo, baqhuba ukulawula ngokwabo ngaphandle kwexesha lemfazwe. Kwaye bafumana amandla okwenziwa kwezombusazwe ezingaphelelanga kwiindawo ezibanzi zomhlaba eza kufuneka zibe yi-United States of America.
Ngoko kwiintsuku ze-Independence Days, masibhiyozele ootata kunye noomama bokungabikho kokungabikho komthetho woburhulumente bamaBrithani. Yaye yonke imihla njengoko senza imingeni imingeni ebalulekileyo ejongene nentando yesininzi yethu, makhe sivelele kwiimbali zethu ezingenzi UJohn Adams, uBenjamin Franklin, uJohann Hancock, uPatrick Henry, uTomas Jefferson kunye noGeorge Washington wenza ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini ezedlulileyo.
UBenjamin Naimark-Rowse ungumhlobo weSizwe woKhuseleko weSizwe. Ufundisa kwaye ufundise ukunganyaniseki kweSikolo saseFletcher kwiYunivesithi yaseTufts.
