Amaxhoba angafanelekanga: iWestern Wars ibulale amaSmillion amane amaSulumane ukususela kwi-1990

Uphando oluphawulekayo lubonisa ukuba imfazwe ekhokelwa yi-US ekhokela ukwesabisa 'yabulala abaninzi abantu abayizigidi ezili-2.

Nafeez Ahmed | 16 Juni 2017.
Ukuthunyelwa kwakhona Misa iMbutho yoMbutho weMfazwe.

'E-Iraq kuphela, umlo okhokelwa yi-US ukusukela ngo-1991 ukuya ku-2003 wabulala i-1.9 yezigidi ze-Iraq'

Kunyaka odlulileyo, ii-Physicians based-based DDCs (Social Responsibility) (PRS) zakhupha ummandla isifundo ekugqibeleni ukuba inani lokufa ukusuka kwi-10 iminyaka "yeMfazwe esebhodlweni" ukususela kuhlaselo lwe-9 / 11 ubuncinane ubuninzi be-1.3 yezigidi, kwaye ingaba liphakamileyo njenge-2 yezigidi.

Ingxelo yephepha le-97 yeqela le-Nobel Peace Prize-winning group liyilo lokuqala lokuzalisa inani elipheleleyo labantu ababulawe ngabantu abavela e-US, e-Afghanistan nase-Pakistan.

Ingxelo ye-PSR ibhalwe liqela lezemfundo elingaqhelekanga leengcali zezempilo zentlalo, kuquka noDkt. Robert Gould, umlawuli wezempilo kunye nokufundisa kwiYunivesithi yaseCalifornia yaseSan Francisco Medical Centre, kunye noNjingalwazi uTimaro we-Faculty of Health Sciences eSimon. KwiYunivesithi yaseFraser.

Sekunjalo kuye kwacinywa ngokugqithiswa ngokupheleleyo yi-media yolwimi lwesiNgesi, nangona iyinzame yokuqala ngumbutho wenkululeko kawonke-wonke welizwe ukuvelisa ukubala ngokuchanekileyo kwezesayensi kwenani labantu ababulawa yi-US-UK "imfazwe" koyika ".

Cinga i ikhefu

Ingxelo ye-PSR ichazwe nguDkt. Hans von Sponeck, owayengunobhala-jikelele wonguncedisi we-UN, "njengengxenye ebalulekileyo ekunciphiseni iqondo phakathi kwamaxhoba emfazwe, ikakhulukazi abantu base-Iraq, e-Afghanistan nasePakistan kwaye banomdla, akhawunti ".

Ingxelo ibonisa ukuhlaziywa okubalulekileyo kwezixa-mali zokufa ezidlulileyo ze "imfazwe ngokusongela". Kuxhomekeke kakhulu kumfanekiso okhankanywe ngokubanzi ngamajelo asemthethweni njengegunya, oko kukuthi, i-Iraq Body Count (IBC) ukuqikelelwa kwe-110,000 efile. Loo mfanekiso uvela kwiingxelo zeendaba zokuxhatshazwa kwabantu, kodwa ingxelo ye-PSR ibonakalisa izikhewu ezinzulu kunye neengxaki zendlela yokwenza ngale ndlela.

Ngokomzekelo, nangona izidumbu ze-40,000 zingcwatyelwe eNajaf ukususela ekuqalisweni kwemfazwe, i-IBC ibhalele ukufa kwe-1,354 kuphela eNajaf ngexesha elifanayo. Loo mzekelo ubonisa indlela ulwahlula ngayo phakathi kwe-IBC ne-Najaf umfanekiso kunye neyona mali yokufa-kule ngxaki, ngento engaphezu kwe-30.

Ezi zikhethi zizaliswe kwi-database ye-IBC. Kwesinye isihlandlo, i-IBC ibhalele i-airstrikes ezintathu kuphela ngexesha le-2005, xa inani lokuhlaselwa komoya liye landa ngakumbi ukusuka kwi-25 ukuya kwi-120 ngaloo nyaka. Kwakhona, ikhefu apha liyi-40.

Ngokomsebenzi we-PSR, uvavanyo lwe-Lancet oluphikisana kakhulu olulinganisa i-655,000 i-Iraq yokufa ukuya kwi-2006 (nangaphezulu kweyigidi ukuya namhlanje ngokugqithiswa kwempahla) kungenzeka ukuba ichaneke ngakumbi kunezibalo ze-IBC. Enyanisweni, le ngxelo iqinisekisa ukuvumelana ngokuthe ngqo phakathi kweengxaki ze-epidemiologists ngokuthembeka kovavanyo lweLancet.

Nangona kukho ukugxekwa okusemthethweni, indlela yokulinganisa isetyenziselwa umgangatho osemgangathweni wokuqinisekisa ukufa kwabantu kwiinkalo zengxabano, ezisetyenziswe ngamaarhente ngamazwe kunye noorhulumente.

Ukunyanyeka kwezombusazwe

I-PSR iphinde iphinde iphinde iphinde ihlaziywe indlela kunye nokuyila kwezinye iiphando ezibonisa ukufa kwezantsi, ezifana nephepha kwi-New England Journal of Medicine, eyayinomlinganiselo omkhulu wokunciphisa.

Eli phepha lalihoya indawo eziphantsi kobundlobongela obunamandla, ezithi yiBaghdad, Anbar kunye neNineve, exhomekeke kwidatha ye-IBC ephosakeleyo ukukhupha loo mimandla. Ikwabeka "izithintelo ezikhuthazayo kwezopolitiko" ekuqokeleleni nasekuhlalutyeni idatha-udliwanondlebe lwenziwa yi-Ofisi yoMphathiswa Wezempilo eIraq, "eyayithembele ngokupheleleyo kumandla okuhlala" kwaye yenqabile ukukhupha idatha malunga nokufa kwabantu ababhalisiweyo e-Iraq phantsi koxinzelelo lwase-US. .

Ngokukodwa, i-PSR yavavanya amabango kaMichael Spaget, uJohn Sloboda kunye nabanye ababuza imibuzo ye-Lancet yokuqokelela idatha yolwazi njengokwenza ubuqhetseba. Zonke ezi zibango, i-PSR ifunyenwe, yayingenangqondo.

Abambalwa "ukugxekwa okufanelekileyo," i-PSR iphetha, "musa ukubuza imibuzo yeziphumo zeeLancet ngokubanzi. La manani awakhona amanani alinganisiweyo akhoyo okwangoku ". Iziphumo zeLancet nazo zixhaswa ngedatha ukusuka kuphando olutsha kwi-PLOS Medicine, ukufumana ukufa kwe-500,000 yase-Iraq kwimfazwe. Ngokubanzi, i-PSR iphetha ukuba inani elininzi kakhulu lokufa kwabantu base-Iraq ukusuka kwi-2003 ukuya kutsho malunga ne-1 yezigidi.

Kule nto, uphando lwe-PSR longeza ubuncinane i-220,000 e-Afghanistan kunye ne-80,000 ePakistan, yabulawa njengesiphumo esicacileyo okanye esingathanga ngqo se-US ekhokelwa yimfazwe: i-"million" eyi-1.3 yezigidi. Umntu wangempela unokuba lula "ngaphezu kwe-2 million".

Nangona kunjalo isifundo se-PSR sinemida. Okokuqala, i-post-9 / 11 "imfazwe yenkxalabo" yayingeyintsha, kodwa yandisa nje imigaqo-nkqubo yangaphambili yangaphambili e-Iraq nase-Afghanistan.

Okwesibini, ubuhlwempu obuninzi beenkcukacha kwi-Afghanistan kwakuthetha ukuba isifundo se-PSR sancinci ukufa kwe-Afghan.

Irakh

Imfazwe yase-Iraq ayizange iqale kwi-2003, kodwa kwi-1991 kunye neMfazwe yokuqala yeGulf, eyalandelwa yi-UN.

Ukufundwa kwe-PSR kwangaphambili nguBhete Daponte, ngoko-demographer kaRhulumente wase-US Census Bureau, wafumanisa ukuba ukufa kwe-Iraq okubangelwa yimpembelelo ngqo okanye engathanga ngqo ye-First Gulf War yaba malunga 200,000 IIraq, ngokubanzi ngabantu. Okwangoku, uvavanyo lwangaphakathi lukaRhulumente luye lwacinywa.

Emva kwemikhosi eholwa ngu-US, imfazwe yase-Iraq yaqhubeka ngendlela eqoqosho nge-US-UK yabeka i-UN imirhumo yezohlwayo, ngenxa yokukhanyela uSaddam Hussein izinto eziyimfuneko zokwenza izixhobo zokutshabalalisa. Izinto ezivaliwe ukusuka e-Iraq phantsi kwesi sizathu zaziquka inani elikhulu lezinto ezifunekayo kwimihla ngemihla.

Amanani angama-UN angamangalelwa I-1.7 yezigidi zabantu base-Iraqi bafa ngenxa yolawulo lwezonyanzeliso zeNtshonalanga ze-West, isiqingatha sazo zazingabantwana.

Ukufa kwebunzima kwakubonakala kuhloswe. Phakathi kwezinto ezinqatshelwe izigwebo ze-UN zaziyimichiza kunye nezixhobo ezibalulekileyo kwiinkqubo zonyango kazwelonke zaseNigeria. Uxwebhu olufihliweyo lwe-US Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) olwalufunyenwe nguNjingalwazi uThomas Nagy weSikolo soShishino kwiYunivesithi yaseGeorge Washington, wathi, "kwinqanaba lokuqala lokubulala abantu base-Iraq".

Kwakhe iphepha uMbutho weNyuvesi yaseManitoba, uNjingalwazi uNagi wachaza ukuba uxwebhu lwe-DIA lubonakalise "iinkcukacha zenkcazo yendlela esebenzayo ngokupheleleyo 'yokuhlaziya ngokupheleleyo inkqubo yokunyangwa kwamanzi' kwisizwe sonke 'kwisithuba seminyaka elishumi. Umgaqo-nkqubo wezohlwayo uza kudala "iimeko zokusasazeka kwezifo, kubandakanywa nezifo ezipheleleyo," ngokunjalo "ukucima inxalenye enkulu yabantu base-Iraq".

Oku kuthetha ukuba e-Iraq yodwa, imfazwe ekhokelwa yi-US esuka ku-1991 ukuya kwi-2003 yabulala i-1.9 yezigidi zase-Iraq; ke ukusuka kwi-2003 ukuya phambili malunga ne-1 yezigidi: ukuphela kwama-3 yezigidi zase-Iraq zifile ngaphezu kwemashumi mabini.

Afghanistani

E-Afghanistan, uqikelelo lwe-PSR yentlekele yonke ingaba luncedo kakhulu. Iinyanga ezili-6 emva kwephulo lokuhlaselwa kwe-2001, i-Guardian kaJonathan Steele phendla ukuba naphi phakathi kwe-1,300 kunye ne-8,000 yase-Afghans babulawa ngqo, kwaye abaninzi abantu abaxhamlayo be-50,000 bafa ngokungahambiyo njengemiphumo engachangekanga yemfazwe.

Kwincwadi yakhe, Ukubala komzimba: Ukufa kweMhlabeni jikelele ku-1950 (2007), uNjingalwazi uGidion Polya wasebenzisa indlela efanayo eyasetyenziswa yi-Guardian kwi-UN Population Division yedatha yokufa yonyaka ukwenzela ukubala amanani afanelekileyo okufa. I-biochemist yase-La Trobe e-Melbourne, i-Polya iphetha ukuba ukufa okuphephekileyo kwe-Afghan ukususela ngo-2001 phantsi kwexesha eliqhubekayo imfazwe kunye nokuxhomekeka kwabasebenzi abaxhomekeke kwi-3 yabantu abayizigidi, malunga ne-900,000 kubo abantwana abangaphantsi kwamahlanu.

Nangona uphando lukaProfesa Polya alupapashwa kwincwadi yokufunda, i-2007 yakhe Ukubala kweBhunga Ucwaningo luye lwacetyiswa nguNkululwazi waseYunivesithi yaseYunivesithi yaseYunivesithi uJacqueline Carrigan "njengengxelo ecebileyo yeenkcukacha zeemeko zokufa emhlabeni jikelele" kwakhona eshicilelwe ngubhala beRoutledge, iNzululwazi kunye nentando yeninzi.

Njengoko i-Iraq, ukungenelela kwe-US e-Afghanistan kwaqala ixesha elide ngaphambi kokuba i-9 / 11 ibe yinkxaso yempi, i-logistics kunye nezemali kwiTaliban ukusuka kwi-1992 ukuya phambili. Oku Uncedo lwaseMelika iqhube i-Taliban yokulwa nobudlova malunga neepesenti ze-90 zelizwe lase-Afghan.

Ingxelo ye-2001 yeSizwe yeSizwe yeSayensi, ukuFundiswa kweMigudu yokuFundiswa kunye nokuPhila, i-epidemiologist uSteven Hansch, umlawuli we-Relief International, wathi ukuphela kokufa kwabantu e-Afghanistan ngenxa yempembelelo engachangekanga yemfazwe nge-1990 ingaba naphi phakathi kwe-200,000 ne-2 yezigidi . I-Soviet Union, ngokuqinisekileyo, yayijongene nendima yayo kwipropathi yoluntu esonakalisayo, ngaloo ndlela ivula indlela yokufa.

Konke, oku kuphakamisa ukuba inani elipheleleyo lokufa kwe-Afghan ngenxa yeempembelelo ezichanekileyo kunye ngqo nekhompyutheni ekhokelwa yi-US ukususela ngo-90 ukuya kwangoko kuya kuba njenge-3-5 yezigidi eziphezulu.

Ukulahlwa

Ngokwamanani aphononongwe apha, ukusweleka okupheleleyo kungenelelo lwaseNtshona eIraq naseAfghanistan ukusukela kwiminyaka yoo-1990s - ukusuka ekubulaweni ngokungqalileyo kunye nefuthe lexesha elide lokunyanzelwa yimfazwe- kusenokwenzeka ukuba zizigidi ezi-4 (2 yezigidi e-Iraq ukusukela ngo-1991-2003, kunye nezigidi ezi-2 ukusuka "kwimfazwe yoloyiko"), kwaye zingaphakama njenge-6-8 yezigidi zabantu xa kubalwa ingqikelelo yokufa ephezulu enokuphepheka e-Afghanistan.

Amanani anjalo anokuphakama kakhulu, kodwa ngekhe azi ngokuqinisekileyo. Imikhosi yase-US nase-UK, njengomgaqo-nkqubo, iyala ukugcina umkhondo wabantu ababulawa ngumkhosi- zizinto eziphazamisayo ezingafanelekanga.

Ngenxa yokungabi nkulu kweenkcukacha e-Iraq, phantse ukungaphelelwanga kweengxelo e-Afghanistan, kunye nokungabandakanyeki koorhulumente baseNtshona ekufeni kwabantu, akunakwenzeka ukuba bakwazi ukuqonda ubungakanani bokuba balahlekelwa ubomi.

Ngaphandle kokungabikho kwanokubambisana, la manani anika iziqikelelo ezicacileyo ezisekelwe ekusebenziseni indlela efanelekileyo yokulinganisa, ukuba kunqongophala, ubungqina obukhoyo. Banikeza isibonakaliso sesixa sokutshatyalaliswa, ukuba asikho ingcaciso echanekileyo.

Uninzi lwale kufa luye lwachaneka kwimeko yokulwa nobutshaba nobutshaba. Nangona kunjalo ngenxa yokuthuliswa kwimidiya ebanzi, abaninzi abantu abanalo ingcamango yecandelo lokwenene lokwesaba okwenziwa ngegama labo nge-US ne-UK tyranny e-Iraq nase-Afghanistan.

Umthombo: Iso laseMpumalanga Ephakathi

Iimbono ezichazwe kweli nqaku zivela kumbhali kwaye akubonakali ukuba umgaqo-nkqubo wokumisa we-Stop War Coalition.

Nafeez Ahmed I-PhD yintatheli yophando, umfundi wezokhuseleko kwilizwe liphela kunye nombhali othengisa kakhulu olandelela into ayibiza ngokuba 'yingxaki yempucuko.' Uphumelele imbasa yeProjekthi yeCensored Award yoBuntatheli obuPhangaleleyo kwiNgxelo yakhe yoLondolozo kunqumlo lwezinto eziphilayo, amandla kunye nezoqoqosho kunye ne-geopolitics yengingqi kunye neengxabano. Ukwabhalele i-Independent, iSydney Morning Herald, iThe Age, iScotsman, uMgaqo-nkqubo wezangaphandle, iAtlantic, iQuartz, iThemba, iNew Statesman, iLe Monde diplomatique, iNew Internationalist. Umsebenzi wakhe kwizizathu ezingunobangela kunye nemisebenzi efihlakeleyo enxulunyaniswa nobunqolobi bamazwe aphesheya unegalelo ngokusemthethweni kwiKhomishini ye-9/11 kunye ne-7/7 ye-Coroner's Enquest.