Ukutyhila izithunzi: Ukutyhila iinyani zeziseko zoMkhosi zase-US zaphesheya ngo-2023

Ngu-Mohammed Abunahel, World BEYOND War, NgoMeyi 30, 2023

Ubukho beziseko zomkhosi wase-US phesheya kolwandle kuye kwaba ngumbandela oxhalabisayo kunye nengxoxo kangangamashumi eminyaka. I-United States izama ukuthethelela ezi ziseko njengoko ziyimfuneko kukhuseleko lwesizwe kunye nozinzo lwehlabathi; nangona kunjalo, ezi mpikiswano zidla ngokungaqinisekanga. Kwaye ezi ziseko zineempembelelo ezimbi ezingabalekiyo eziye zacaca ngakumbi. Ingozi ebangelwa zezi ziseko iqhagamshelwe ngokusondeleyo kwinani lazo, njengoko iUnited States ngoku inobukhosi beziseko zomkhosi apho ilanga lingatshoni khona, lithatha amazwe angaphezu kwe-100 kwaye liqikelelwa ukuba lijikeleze iziseko ze-900, ngokutsho Isixhobo seVisual Database zidalwe World BEYOND War (WBW). Ke, ziphi ezi ziseko? Basebenza phi abasebenzi base-US? Ingakanani i-United States echithayo kwimfazwe?

Ndixela ukuba inani elichanekileyo lezi ziseko alaziwa kwaye azicacanga, ekubeni uvimba oyintloko, iingxelo zeSebe elibizwa ngokuba yi-Defence (DoD) ziphathwa, kwaye azikho elubala kunye nokuthembeka. I-DoD ijolise ngenjongo yokubonelela ngeenkcukacha ezingaphelelanga ngenxa yezizathu ezininzi ezaziwayo nezingaziwayo.

Ngaphambi kokutsibela kwiinkcukacha, kufanelekile ukuchaza: zeziphi iziseko zase-US zaphesheya? Iziseko zaphesheya ziindawo ezahlukileyo ezibekwe ngaphandle komda wase-US, ezinokuba zezakhe, ziqeshiselwe, okanye ziphantsi kolawulo lwe-DoD ngohlobo lwemihlaba, iziqithi, izakhiwo, amaziko, imiyalelo kunye nezixhobo zolawulo, amaziko olungiselelo, iindawo izikhululo zeenqwelo moya, okanye amazibuko asemanzini. Ezi ndawo ziqhelekile ziindawo zomkhosi esekwe kwaye ziqhutywa yimikhosi yase-US kumazwe angaphandle ukuthumela imikhosi, ukuqhuba imisebenzi yomkhosi, kunye neprojekthi yamandla omkhosi wase-US kwimimandla ephambili kwihlabathi liphela okanye ukugcina izixhobo zenyukliya.

Imbali ebanzi ye-United States yokwenza imfazwe rhoqo inxibelelene ngokusondeleyo kuthungelwano olukhulu lweziseko zomkhosi zaphesheya kweelwandle. Ngokumalunga neziseko ezingama-900 ezisasazeke kumazwe angaphezu kwe-100, i-US iseke ubukho behlabathi obungenakulinganiswa nalo naliphi na elinye ilizwe, kubandakanya iRussia okanye iTshayina.

Indibaniselwano yembali ebanzi ye-United States yokudala imfazwe kunye nothungelwano lwayo olukhulu lweziseko zaphesheya kolwandle zoba umfanekiso ontsokothileyo wendima yayo ekwenzeni ihlabathi lingazinzi. Ingxelo ende yokwenza imfazwe yi-United States igxininisa ngakumbi ukubaluleka kwezi ziseko zaphesheya kweelwandle. Ubukho bezi ziseko bubonisa ukulungela kwe-US ukuqalisa imfazwe entsha. Umkhosi wase-US uthembele kolu fakelo ukuxhasa amaphulo awo omkhosi awahlukeneyo kunye nokungenelela kwimbali. Ukusuka elunxwemeni lwaseYurophu ukuya kwindawo enkulu yeAsia-Pacific, ezi ziseko zidlale indima ebalulekileyo ekuzinziseni imisebenzi yomkhosi wase-US kunye nokuqinisekisa ukongamela kwe-US kwimicimbi yehlabathi.

Ngokutsho Iindleko zeprojekthi yeMfazwe kwiYunivesithi yaseBrown, iminyaka engama-20 emva kwesiganeko se-9/11, i-US ichithe i-8 yezigidi zezigidi zeedola kwinto ebizwa ngokuba "yimfazwe yehlabathi jikelele." Olu phononongo luqikelela ixabiso le-300 yezigidi zeerandi ngosuku kwiminyaka engama-20. Ezi mfazwe ziye zabulala ngokuthe ngqo uqikelelo million 6 abantu.

Ngo-2022, i-US yachitha i-876.94 yezigidigidi zeedola emkhosini wayo, nto leyo eyenza i-US ibe yeyona ichitha imali enkulu kwezomkhosi ehlabathini. Le nkcitho iphantse ilingane nenkcitho yamazwe alishumi elinanye emkhosini wawo, angala: iTshayina, iRashiya, iIndiya, iSaudi Arabia, iGreat Britain, iJamani, iFransi, iKorea (iRiphabliki), iJapan, iUkraine, neKhanada; inkcitho yabo iyonke yi-875.82 yeebhiliyoni zeedola. Umzobo 1 ubonisa amazwe asebenzisa imali ephezulu kwihlabathi. (Ukufumana iinkcukacha ezithe vetshe, nceda ujonge iWBW's Imephu yeMilitarism).

Enye ingozi isekuthunyelwe kwe-US kwabasebenzi bayo basemkhosini kwihlabathi liphela. Oku kuthunyelwa kubandakanya izenzo eziyimfuneko zokudlulisa abasebenzi basemkhosini kunye nezibonelelo ukusuka kwisiseko sasekhaya ukuya kwindawo echongiweyo. Ukususela ngo-2023, inani labasebenzi base-US abafakwe kwiziseko zangaphandle yi-150,851 (Eli nani alibandakanyi ubukhulu becala abasebenzi baseNavy kwi-Armed Forces eYurophu okanye kwi-Army Forces Pacific okanye yonke imikhosi "ekhethekileyo", i-CIA, i-mercenaries, iikontraka, abathathi-nxaxheba kwiimfazwe ezithile. (eSyria, eUkraine, njl. njl.) IJapan inelona nani liphezulu labasebenzi basemkhosini base-US kwihlabathi liphela lilandelwa yiKorea (iRiphabhlikhi) kunye ne-Italiya, kunye ne-69,340, 14,765 kunye ne-13,395, ngokulandelelana, njengoko kunokubonwa kuMfanekiso 2. iinkcukacha, nceda ubone Imephu yeMilitarism).

Ubukho babasebenzi basemkhosini base-US kwiziseko zangaphandle buye banxulunyaniswa neempembelelo ezininzi ezimbi. Naphi na apho kukho isiseko, kukho iimeko apho amajoni ase-US atyholwa ngokwenza ulwaphulo-mthetho, kubandakanywa namatyala okubetha, ukudlwengula, kunye namanye amatyala.

Ngaphezu koko, ubukho beziseko zomkhosi kunye nemisebenzi kunokuba nemiphumo yokusingqongileyo. Imisebenzi yasemkhosini, kuquka noqeqesho, inokuba negalelo kungcoliseko nokonakala kwemekobume. Ukuphathwa kwezinto ezinobungozi kunye nempembelelo yeziseko zomkhosi kwi-ecosystems yendawo ingabangela ingozi kwindalo kunye nempilo yoluntu.

Ngokutsho Isixhobo seVisual Database zidalwe World BEYOND War, IJamani inenani eliphezulu leziseko zase-US kwihlabathi elilandelwa yiJapan kunye neSouth Korea, kunye ne-172, i-99 kunye ne-62, ngokulandelanayo, njengoko kunokubonwa kwi-Figure 3.

Ngokusekwe kwiingxelo ze-DoD, iindawo zomkhosi wase-US zinokuhlelwa ngokubanzi zibe ziindidi ezimbini eziphambili:

• Iziseko ezikhulu: isiseko / ufakelo lomkhosi ibekwe kwilizwe langaphandle, ukuba mkhulu kuneehektare 10 (4 hektare) okanye ixabiso ngaphezu $10 million. Ezi ziseko zibandakanyiwe kwiingxelo ze-DoD, kwaye kukholelwa ukuba isiseko ngasinye sinabasebenzi basemkhosini base-US abangaphezu kwama-200. Ngaphezu kwesiqingatha seziseko zase-US phesheya zidweliswe phantsi kolu didi.
• Iziseko ezincinci: isiseko / ukufakwa komkhosi ebekwe kwilizwe langaphandle, elincinane kuneehektare ezili-10 (iihektare ezi-4) okanye linexabiso elingaphantsi kwe-10 yezigidi zeedola. Ezi ndawo azifakwanga kwiingxelo zeDoD.

KuMbindi Mpuma, i Isiseko soMoya esineAlde lolona fakelo lomkhosi wase-US lukhulu. I-United States igcina ubukho obubalulekileyo emkhosini kuMbindi Mpuma. Obu bukho buphawulwa ngokuthunyelwa kwemikhosi, iziseko, kunye neempahla ezahlukeneyo zomkhosi kulo mmandla wonke. Amazwe aphambili abambe ukufakwa komkhosi wase-US kulo mmandla abandakanya iQatar, iBahrain, iKuwait, iSaudi Arabia, kunye ne-United Arab Emirates. Ukongeza, uMkhosi waManzi wase-US usebenza ngempahla yaselwandle kwiPersian Gulf nakuLwandle lwaseArabia.

Omnye umzekelo yiYurophu. IYurophu likhaya ubuncinci iziseko ezingama-324, ubukhulu becala ezibekwe eJamani, eItali nase-United Kingdom. Eyona ndawo inkulu yemikhosi yase-US kunye nezixhobo zomkhosi eYurophu yiRamstein Air Base eJamani.

Ngapha koko, eYurophu ngokwayo, i-US inakho izixhobo zenukliya kwiziseko ezisixhenxe okanye ezisibhozo. Itheyibhile yoku-1 ibonelela ngombono wendawo yezixhobo zenyukliya zase-US eYurophu, igxile ngakumbi kwiziseko ezininzi kunye nokubalwa kweebhombu zazo kunye neenkcukacha. Ngokucacileyo, iRAF Lakenheath yaseUnited Kingdom yabanjwa Izixhobo zenyukliya ezili-110 zase-US de 2008, kunye US iphakamisa ukugcina izixhobo zenyukliya apho kwakhona, njengoko Russia ilandela imodeli US kwaye iphakamisa ukugcina nukes e Belarus. I-Incirlik Air Base yaseTurkey nayo ibalasele ngokubalwa kwebhombu engama-90, equka i-50 B61-3 kunye ne-40 B61-4.

Uluhlu loku-1: Izixhobo zeNyukliya zase-US eYurophu

Ukusekwa kwezi ziseko zomkhosi wase-US kwihlabathi liphela kunembali entsonkothileyo edityaniswe ne-geopolitical dynamics kunye nezicwangciso zomkhosi. Olunye kolu fakelo lwendalo lusuka kumhlaba ofunyenwe njengamaxhoba emfazwe, okubonisa iziphumo zongquzulwano lwembali kunye notshintsho lwemimandla. Ubukho obuqhubekayo kunye nokusebenza kwezi ziseko kuxhomekeke kwizivumelwano zentsebenziswano kunye noorhulumente abaphetheyo, abathi, kwiimeko ezithile, baye badibaniswa noorhulumente abanegunya okanye oorhulumente abacinezelayo abafumana inzuzo ethile kubukho bezi ziseko.

Ngelishwa, ukusekwa kunye nokugcinwa kwezi ziseko kudla ngokuza ngeendleko zabemi bengingqi kunye noluntu. Kwiimeko ezininzi, abantu baye bagxothwa kumakhaya abo nakwimihlaba yabo ukuze kulungiselelwe ukwakhiwa kwezixhobo zomkhosi. Oku kufuduswa kube neziphumo ezibalulekileyo zentlalo nezoqoqosho, ukuhlutha abantu ubomi babo, kuphazamisa iindlela zokuphila zemveli, kwaye kutshabalalisa isiseko soluntu lwasekuhlaleni.

Ngaphezu koko, ubukho bezi ziseko bube negalelo kwimingeni yokusingqongileyo. Ukusetyenziswa komhlaba ngokubanzi kunye nophuhliso lweziseko ezingundoqo olufunekayo kolu fakelo lukhokelele ekugxothweni kwemisebenzi yezolimo kunye nelahleko yomhlaba oxabisekileyo weefama. Ukongeza, ukusebenza kwezi ziseko kungenise ungcoliseko olukhulu kwiinkqubo zamanzi zasekhaya kunye nomoya, nto leyo ebeka imingcipheko kwimpilo nakwintlalontle yoluntu olukufutshane kunye ne-ecosystem. Ubukho obungamkelekanga kolu fakelo lwasemkhosini buhlala bucinezela ubudlelwane phakathi kwabantu abaza kubamba umkhosi kunye nemikhosi ehleliyo-i-United States - ibangela ukungavisisani kunye neenkxalabo malunga nolongamo kunye nokuzimela.

Kubalulekile ukuvuma iimpembelelo ezintsonkothileyo nezinamacala amaninzi ezinxulumene nezi ziseko zomkhosi. Indalo kunye nobukho obuqhubekayo khange bube ngaphandle kweziphumo ezibalulekileyo kwezentlalo, kokusingqongileyo, kunye nezopolitiko kumazwe abambeleyo kunye nabemi bawo. Le miba iya kuqhubeka logama nje ezi ziseko zikhona.