Amazwe alikhulu elinamashumi amabini anesithandathu avotele ukuqhubela phambili uthethathethwano lokuthintela izixhobo zenyukliya-kanye njengokuba ihlabathi sele lenzile kwizixhobo zebhayoloji nezekhemikhali.
NguAlice Slater, Wesizwe
Ivoti yembali ngo-Okthobha we-27 kwiKomiti yeZizwe eziManyeneyo yokuXhobisa izixhobo, into ekudala ibonakala ngathi ivaliwe ngokungenathemba koomatshini bokuphelisa izixhobo zenyukliya yaphakanyiswa xa amazwe e-126 avotela ukuba aqhubele phambili nothethathethwano ngo-2017 ukunqanda kunye nokuvalwa kwezixhobo zenyukliya. ihlabathi sele lenze izixhobo zebhayoloji nezekhemikhali. Abathathi-nxaxheba kwimibutho yoluntu kwatsho imivuyo nemincilikwiiholo eziqhelekileyo zegumbi lenkomfa ye-UN, ekhatshwa luncumo oluqaqambileyo kunye nentswahla yezandla evela kwabanye babameli bakarhulumente abaphambili kwigumbi, eliquka iOstriya, iBrazil, iIreland, iMexico kunye neNigeria, kunye noMzantsi Afrika, ababeyila. yaza yazisa esi sigqibo, ngoko saxhaswa ngamazwe angama-57.
Esona siganeko simangalisayo emva kokuba kuthunyelwe ivoti yayilukwaphulwa kwemithetho eyayisoloko iluqilima, inengqondo enye yolawulo lwezixhobo zenyukliya ezivunyiweyo kwiSivumelwano Sokungaphumeleli (i-NPT), esasayinwa kwiminyaka engama-46 eyadlulayo ngo-1970—i-United States. Amazwe, iRashiya, iUnited Kingdom, iFransi kunye neChina. Okwesihlandlo sokuqala, iTshayina yaqhekeka ngokuvota kunye neqela lezizwe ezili-16 ukuba zingayifuni, kunye neIndiya nePakistan, amazwe angeyiyo i-NPT yezixhobo zenyukliya. INorth Korea iye yavotela u-ewe ekuxhaseni uthethathethwano oluya phambili lokuwisa izixhobo zenyukliya. Ilizwe lesithoba elinezixhobo zenyukliya, i-Israel, ivotele ngokuchasene nesigqibo namanye amazwe angama-38, kubandakanywa nalawo akumanyano lwenyukliya ne-United States njengamazwe e-NATO kunye ne-Australia, uMzantsi Korea, kwaye, okothusayo, iJapan, ilizwe elikuphela kwalo. ekhe yahlaselwa ngeebhombu zenyukliya. Kuphela yiNetherlands eyaphule amanqanaba kunye nenkcaso emanyeneyo ye-NATO yokuvala iingxoxo zesivumelwano, njengelona lungu le-NATO kuphela lokuyeka ukuvota, emva koxinzelelo oluphantsi kwiPalamente yayo.
Onke amazwe alithoba anezixhobo zenyukliya aqhankqalaze iQela eliSebenzayo eliVulekileyo leSixhobo seNyukliya kwihlobo elidlulileyo, elasekwa kwiNdibano yeZizwe eziManyeneyo yowama-2015 emva kweenkomfa ezintathu eNorway, eMexico, naseOstriya kunye noluntu kunye nabameli bakarhulumente ukuba bavavanye le ntlekele. iziphumo zobuntu kwimfazwe yenyukliya, ukuvula indlela entsha yendlela esicinga ngayo nesithetha ngayo ngebhombu. Iphulo loluntu elisandul' ukuphehlelelwa liyisusile incoko ukusuka kuvavanyo lwesiqhelo lomkhosi kunye neengcaciso zothintelo, umgaqo-nkqubo, kunye nokhuseleko olucwangcisiweyo ukuya ekuqondeni ukufa okugqithisileyo kunye nentshabalalo abantu abanokuthi babandezeleke kusetyenziso lwezixhobo zenyukliya.
Namhlanje kusekho izixhobo zenyukliya ze-16,000 emhlabeni, i-15,000 yazo e-United States naseRashiya, ngoku kubudlelwane obandayo, kunye nemikhosi ye-NATO ejikeleza kwimida yaseRashiya, kwaye i-Russian Emergency Ministry isungula ukhuselo loluntu kwilizwe lonke. uqheliselo olubandakanya abantu abazizigidi ezingama-40. E-United States, uMongameli u-Obama ubhengeze inkqubo ye-1 yetriliyoni yeedola kwiifektri ezintsha zebhombu yenyukliya, iintloko zemfazwe, kunye neenkqubo zokuhambisa, kwaye iRussia kunye namanye amazwe anezixhobo zenyukliya nawo abandakanyeka ekuphuculeni izixhobo zabo zenyukliya. Nangona kunjalo umba unyamalele kakhulu kwingxoxo-mpikiswano yoluntu kwihlabathi elithotywe kukuwa koDonga lwaseBerlin kunye nokuchithwa kweSoviet Union.
Emuva ngeminyaka yee-1980s, ngexesha leMfazwe ebandayo, xa bekukho iibhombu zenyukliya ezingama-80,000 kwiplanethi yethu, uninzi lwazo zagcinwa eUnited States naseRussia, i-International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War (IPPNW) yabamba uthotho lwezixhobo ezininzi. bakhuthaza ii-symposiums zenzululwazi, ezisekelwe kubungqina malunga nemiphumo eyintlekele yemfazwe yenyukliya kwaye bawongwa ngeBhaso leNobel Peace Prize ngo-1985 ngenxa yemigudu yabo. IKomiti kaNobel yaphawula ukuba i-IPPNW “iphumeze inkonzo enkulu eluntwini ngokusasaza inkcazelo enegunya nangokwazisa ngemiphumo eyintlekele yemfazwe yeathom.” Yaphinda yaqaphela:
Ikomiti ikholelwa ukuba oku kunegalelo ekwandeni koxinzelelo lwenkcaso yoluntu ekwandeni kwezixhobo zeathom kunye nokuchazwa ngokutsha kwezinto eziphambili, ingqwalasela enkulu ihlawulwe kwimpilo kunye neminye imiba yobuntu. Ukuvuswa kwezimvo zoluntu njengoko kubonakala ngoku eMpuma naseNtshona, kuMantla naseMzantsi, kunokunika uthethathethwano olukhoyo lothintelo lwezixhobo iimbono ezintsha kunye nobunzulu obutsha. Ngokuphathelele oku, le komiti igxininisa ngokukhethekileyo kwisibakala sokuba lo mbutho wasekwa ngenxa yenyathelo elidityanelweyo ngoogqirha baseSoviet naseMelika nokuba ngoku ifumana inkxaso koogqirha kumazwe angaphezu kwama-40 ehlabathini lonke.
Ngo-Oktobha 15, kwiYunivesithi yaseTufts eBoston, kwiiveki nje ezimbini ngaphambi kokuba i-UN yembali ivoti iqalise iingxoxo kwi-2017 yokukhupha izixhobo zenyukliya, i-US edibeneyo ye-IPPNW, i-Physicians for Social Responsibility (PSR), kunye nenkxaso yezobuchwephesha zonke zedolophu. Izikolo kunye nezikolo zabongikazi kunye namaziko ezempilo karhulumente kunye nasekhaya asekuhlaleni, avuselele ilifa elikhethekileyo le-PSR kwi-symposium elandelwa emva kweyangaphambili eyayibeke ukutshatyalaliswa kwezixhobo zenyukliya ngaphambili kunye neziko kwingqondo yoluntu kwaye ikhokelele kumboniso omkhulu kwimbali xa ingaphezulu kwe-1. abantu abazizigidi babonakala eCentral Park ngo-1982 e-NY kwaye babiza umkhenkce wenyukliya. Kweli waka leminyaka litsha, olu ngcelele lwalungiselelwa ukuhlangabezana namakhonkco kunye nezinto ezifanayo phakathi kwemfazwe yenyukliya nokutshintsha kwemozulu okuyintlekele.
UGqr. Susan Solomon, we-MIT, wanikezela umboniso okhohlakeleyo weentlekele ezicetywayo zokusingqongileyo kwimiphumo yokukhula kwe-carbon emissions-ungcoliseko lomoya, ukunyuka kwamaqondo olwandle, ukunyuka rhoqo kunye nembalela enzima, ukutshatyalaliswa kokuchuma komhlaba wethu ... -uphawula ukuba ngo-2003 abantu abangaphezu kwe-10,000 bafa eYurophu ngenxa yobushushu obuthatha ixesha elide kwaye obungazange bubonwe ngaphambili. Ubonise ukungalingani phakathi kwabanezinto nabangenazo ngobungqina bokuba abantu abazibhiliyoni ezi-6 kumazwe asakhasayo bavelisa i-CO engaphantsi ngokuphindwe kane.2 kunabantu abazibhiliyoni ezisi-1 kumazwe ahambele phambili kwezoqoqosho, abathi, ngobuncwane obumbalwa, ngokungekho sikweni bangakwazi ukuzikhusela kumonakalo obangelwa kukutshintsha kwemozulu—izikhukula ezininzi, imililo yamadlelo, ukukhukuliseka komhlaba, nobushushu obunganyamezelekiyo.
UGqr. Barry Levy, weYunivesithi yaseTufts, wabonisa umonakalo obuya kubangelwa kukutya namanzi ethu, kukwanda kwezifo ezosulelayo, ukufuduka kwabantu abaninzi, ugonyamelo nemfazwe. UGqr. Jennifer Leaning, kwiYunivesithi yaseHarvard, wachaza indlela imfazwe kunye nobundlobongela eSyria okwabangelwa ngayo yimbalela kwi-2006 ekhokelela ekungaphumeleli kwezityalo okukhulu okuye kwabangela ukufuduka kwabantu abangaphezu kwe-1 yezigidi zamafama aseSyria asenyakatho ukuya kumaziko asezidolophini ahlala e-Alawite naseShia. AmaSilamsi, edala uqhushululu kunye nempembelelo yokuqala yemfazwe etshabalalisayo ngoku egquba apho.
UBill McKibben, umseki we 350.org eyayirhangqe i-White House ikhalazela ukufudumala kwehlabathi kunye nohambo olulungelelanisiweyo kunye nezigidi zabantu kwihlabathi jikelele ukunqanda utshintsho lwemozulu, lubonakaliswe, nge-Skype, ukuba ngokuza kwebhombu, ubudlelwane boluntu emhlabeni butshintshile ukusuka kumbono weTestamente eNdala. Incwadi kaYobhi—indlela awayebuthathaka ngayo umntu xa ethelekiswa noThixo. Okokuqala, uluntu lufumene amandla amakhulu okutshabalalisa umhlaba. Imfazwe yenyukliya kunye nokutshintsha kwemozulu zezona zoyikiso zimbini zikhoyo, kuba zombini ezi ntlekele zenziwe ngabantu, okokuqala ezimbalini, zinokutshabalalisa uhlobo lomntu.
UGqr. Zia Mian, kwiYunivesithi yasePrinceton, wachaza amathemba othusayo emfazwe yenyukliya phakathi kweIndiya nePakistan, ekunokwenzeka ukuba ngoku utshintsho lwemozulu sele luchaphazela ukufikelela kwabo kumanzi acocekileyo. ISivumelwano saManzi se-1960 sase-Indus salawula imilambo emithathu ephuma eKashmir phakathi kwamazwe amabini. I-Indiya nePakistan ziye zaba nongcelele lweemfazwe nokruthakruthwano ukususela ngowe-1947, yaye emva kohlaselo lwakutshanje lwaseIndiya ngabanqolobi basePakistan, urhulumente waseIndiya walumkisa ngelithi “igazi namanzi akanakuqukuqela ndawonye,” esoyikisa ngokuvala iPakistan ingangeni emilanjeni.
UGqr. Ira Helfand, umphathi weKomiti yoKhuseleko yePSR, uye wanikela ingxelo eyothusayo yezibakala ebonisa ukuba nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zenyukliya ezili-100 kuphela ezinokubangela ukwehla kwamaqondo obushushu, nto leyo ebangela ukuba izityalo zisilele kwaye zivelise indlala emhlabeni wonke, mhlawumbi nokufa kwabantu. Abantu abazibhiliyoni ezi-2. UHelfand unikezele ngezi nyaniso zothusayo koorhulumente abaphonononga iziphumo zobuntu kwimfazwe yenyukliya kuthotho lweenkomfa zamazwe ngamazwe ezikhokelele kuvoti lwe-UN kule veki ukubamba uthethathethwano lokuvalwa kwebhombu.
Umlawuli olawulayo we-PSR, uGqr. Catherine Thomassen, uye wanikezela ngolwazi malunga noxanduva lwezonyango ukwenza. Uphawule uvoto olubonise ukuba kuluhlu lwemisebenzi abantu baseMelika bakhethe abongikazi, oosokhemesti kunye noogqirha njengabo babahlonipha kakhulu. Ubongoze abathathi-nxaxheba ukuba esi sesona sizathu sokuba benjenjalo Thatha amanyathelo.
UJohn Loretz we-IPPNW, iqabane lakhe lase-Australia liqalise iphulo lokukhupha ibhombu ngo-2007, www.icanw.org, iphonononge “inkqubela phambili” emisiweyo yokuthotywa kwezixhobo zenyukliya kwiminyaka ekhokelela kwivoti eyimbali yale veki. Ukwamkela isisombululo sokuvalwa kwezixhobo zenyukliya, njengoko siye savala izixhobo zekhemikhali kunye nebhayoloji kunye nezigcayiseli kunye neebhombu zeqela, inokuba lolona phuhliso lubalulekileyo ukusukela ekupheleni kweMfazwe yoMlomo. Iza kubekela ibala ibhombu ngendlela entsha kwaye ibeke uxinzelelo olusuka kwiipalamente zabo kwamanye amazwe kumanyano lwenyukliya lwase-US abanyanzelwa kakhulu yi-United States ukuba baxhathise eli nyathelo-amalungu e-NATO kunye neJapan, iSouth Korea, ne-Australia. -ukuphuma ukuxhasa ukuvalwa komsebenzi, njengoko kwenzekile kule nyanga neSweden, eyanyanzelwa ukuba ivotele ukuqalisa iingxoxo zokuvalwa umlomo, okanye ukungavoti ngokuchasene nokuvalwa, njengoko iNetherlands yenzayo, nangona iyinxalenye. yomanyano lweNATO oluxhomekeke kwizixhobo zenyukliya kumgaqo-nkqubo wayo wokhuseleko.
Enye indlela abemi abakumazwe anezixhobo zenyukliya abanokuxhasa ukuvalwa komsebenzi kukujonga iphulo elitsha lokugxothwa kumaziko axhomekeke kubenzi bezixhobo zenyukliya, Musa iBhanki kwiBhomu. Kwabo base-United States, u-Loretz ubongoze ukuba siqale ingxoxo malunga nohlahlo lwabiwo-mali lomkhosi kunye nokuqikelelwa kwe-trillion-dollar yezigidigidi zezixhobo zenyukliya kule minyaka ingama-30 izayo. Kusacaca ukuba ukuba iphulo le-ICAN lizalisekisa injongo yalo yokupheliswa ngempumelelo kwezixhobo zenyukliya, sifuna utshintsho kubudlelwane bangoku base-US-Russian obuwohloke kakhulu kwikota yesibini ka-Obama. Esinye isizathu sokuba i-Nobel Prize yawongwe ngoogqirha be-IPPNW ngo-1985, njengoko kuchaziwe kwisicatshulwa, “yinyani yokuba lo mbutho wasekwa ngenxa yenyathelo elidityanelweyo ngoogqirha baseSoviet naseMelika kwaye ngoku ufumene inkxaso oogqirha kumazwe angaphezu kwama-40 ehlabathini lonke.” Ngelixa i-IPPNW isenayo indibaniselwano eRussia, oogqirha baseRussia abakhange basebenze kulo mba. Kanye njengokuba i-US esebenzisana nayo, i-PSR, isandula ukugxila kwimiba yenyukliya ngephulo lokuvalwa umlomo kunye nenyathelo elitsha lokunceda abantu, iinzame ziya kwenziwa ukuvuselela ubudlelwane kunye noogqirha baseRashiya, kunye nokuphuhlisa amathuba okuhlanganisana noogqirha kwi-nuclear yase-Asia- Izixhobo zamazwe abambe umhlaba ngomothuko xa abane kubo besaphula isivumelwano senyukliya samandla amakhulu, ukuthintela iingxoxo malunga nokuvalwa kwezixhobo zenyukliya, ngokuvota ukungasifumani isisombululo okanye ngokuvotela ukuqhubela phambili iintetho.
Inqaku elafunyanwa okokuqala kwiSizwe: https://www.thenation.com/article/united-nations-votes-to-start-negotiations-to-ban-the-bomb/
