By Iphulo Lamazwe ngamazwe lokuSusa iinqwelo zeNyukliya (ICAN)
IZizwe eziManyeneyo namhlanje zamkele imbalasane Isisombululo ukuqalisa uthethathethwano ngo-2017 ngesivumelwano esivala izixhobo zenyukliya. Esi sigqibo siyimbali sivakalisa isiphelo kumashumi amabini eminyaka yokukhubazeka kwiinzame zamazwe ngamazwe zokuthotywa kwezixhobo zenyukliya.
Kwintlanganiso yeKomiti yokuQala yeNdibano Jikelele yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo, ejongene nokuthotywa kwezixhobo nemibandela yokhuseleko lwezizwe ngezizwe, amazwe ali-123 avotela ukusixhasa eso sigqibo, aza angama-38 asichasa aza ali-16 akavuma.
Esi sigqibo siza kuseka inkomfa ye-UN eqala ngoMatshi kulo nyaka uzayo, evuleleke kuwo onke amazwe angamalungu, ukuba athethathethane “ngesixhobo esibophelela ngokusemthethweni ukuthintela izixhobo zenyukliya, okukhokelela ekuphelisweni kwazo ngokupheleleyo”. Uthetha-thethwano luza kuqhubeka ngoJuni nangoJulayi.
IPhulo laMazwe ngaMazwe lokuPhelisa iziXhobo zeNyukliya (i-ICAN), imbumba yoluntu esebenza kumazwe ali-100, likuncome ukwamkelwa kwesi sigqibo njengenyathelo elikhulu eliya phambili, eliphawula utshintsho olusisiseko kwindlela ihlabathi elijongana ngayo nesi soyikiso siphambili.
“Kangangamashumi asixhenxe eminyaka, i-UN iye yalumkisa ngeengozi zezixhobo zenyukliya, kwaye abantu kwihlabathi jikelele baye bakhankasela ukupheliswa kwazo. Namhlanje uninzi lwamazwe ekugqibeleni lugqibe ekubeni ezi zixhobo zibe semthethweni,” utshilo uBeatrice Fihn, umlawuli olawulayo we-ICAN.
Ngaphandle kokujijwa ingalo ngamazwe amaninzi axhobe ngenyukliya, isigqibo samkelwe ngokudilika komhlaba. Izizwe ezingama-57 bezixhasa ngemali kunye ne-Austria, iBrazil, iIreland, iMexico, iNigeria kunye noMzantsi Afrika okhokele ekuyilweni kwesindululo.
Ivoti ye-UN yeza kwiiyure nje ezimbalwa emva kokuba iPalamente yaseYurophu yamkele eyayo Isisombululo kulo mba - ama-415 axhasa kwaye i-124 echasene, kunye nama-74 awazange avume - imema amazwe angamalungu e-European Union ukuba "athathe inxaxheba eyakhayo" kwiingxoxo zonyaka ozayo.
Izixhobo zenyukliya zihlala zikuphela kwezixhobo ezitshabalalisayo ezingekabikho mthethweni ngokuphangaleleyo nangendlela yehlabathi jikelele, nangona zibhalwe kakuhle iimpembelelo zobuntu nezendalo ezingqongileyo.
"Isivumelwano esithintela izixhobo zenyukliya siyakomeleza isiqhelo sehlabathi ngokuchasene nokusetyenziswa nokuba nazo ezi zixhobo, sivale izithuba ezinkulu kulawulo olukhoyo lwezomthetho lwamazwe ngamazwe kunye nokuthatha amanyathelo akudala enziwe malunga nokuthotywa kwezixhobo," utshilo uFihn.
“Uvoto lwanamhlanje lubonisa ngokucace gca ukuba uninzi lwamazwe ehlabathi lukubona ukwalelwa kwezixhobo zenyukliya njengento eyimfuneko, enokwenzeka nengxamisekileyo. Bayijonga njengeyona ndlela isebenzayo yokufumana inkqubela phambili yokwenyani kuthotywa kwezixhobo,” utshilo.
Izixhobo zebhayoloji, izixhobo zekhemikhali, izigcayiseli ezichasene nabasebenzi kunye neqela lezixhobo zokudubula zonke azivumelekanga phantsi komthetho wamazwe ngamazwe. Kodwa zithintelo ezithile kuphela ezikhoyo ngoku kwizixhobo zenyukliya.
Ukuthotywa kwezixhobo zenyukliya bekuphezulu kwi-ajenda ye-UN ukususela ekusekweni kwalo mbutho ngo-1945. Iinzame zokuqhubela phambili le njongo ziye zanqumama kwiminyaka yakutshanje, amazwe axhobe ngenyukliya etyala imali eninzi ekuphuculeni amandla awo enyukliya.
Iminyaka engamashumi amabini sele idlulile okoko kwagqitywa uthethathethwano lwesixhobo sokuthotywa kwezixhobo zenyukliya samazwe ngamazwe: iSivumelwano soVavanyo esiBanzi seNyukliya sowama-1996, esingekangeni kunyanzeliso lomthetho ngenxa yenkcaso yezizwe ezimbalwa.
Isisombululo sanamhlanje, esaziwa ngokuba yi-L.41, sisebenza ngokwengcebiso engundoqo ye-UN iqela elisebenzayo malunga nokupheliswa kwezixhobo zenyukliya ezidibene e-Geneva kulo nyaka ukuvavanya ukufaneleka kwezindululo ezahlukeneyo zokuphumeza ihlabathi elingenazixhobo zenyukliya.
Ikwalandela iinkomfa ezintathu ezinkulu zangaphakathi koorhulumente eziphonononga ifuthe lobuntu lezixhobo zenyukliya, ezibanjelwe eNorway, eMexico nase-Austria ngo-2013 nango-2014. Ezi ndibano zanceda ukuhlengahlengisa ingxoxo-mpikiswano ngezixhobo zenyukliya ukuze kugxilwe kumonakalo owenziwa zizixhobo ezinjalo ebantwini.
Ezi nkomfa zikwancede amazwe angasebenzisi zixhobo zenyukliya ukuba adlale indima eqinisekileyo kwibala lokuthotywa kwezixhobo. Ngenkomfa yesithathu neyokugqibela, eyayiseVienna ngoDisemba ka-2014, oorhulumente abaninzi babewubonisile umnqweno wabo wokuphelisa izixhobo zenyukliya.
Emva kwenkomfa yaseVienna, i-ICAN yaba negalelo ekufumaneni inkxaso yesibhambathiso sozakuzo sezizwe ezili-127, esaziwa ngokuba isibhambathiso sobuntu, ukubophelela oorhulumente ukuba basebenzisane kwiinzame “zokubeka amabala, ukuthintela nokuphelisa izixhobo zenyukliya”.
Kuyo yonke le nkqubo, amaxhoba kunye nabasinde ekudutyulweni kwezixhobo zenyukliya, kuqukwa novavanyo lwenyukliya, baye banegalelo elibonakalayo. Setsuko Thurlow, owasinda kwibhomu yaseHiroshima kunye nomxhasi we-ICAN, uye waba ngumxhasi ohamba phambili wokuvalwa.
“Eli lixesha eliyimbali ngokwenene kwihlabathi liphela,” utshilo emva kwevoti yanamhlanje. “Kuthi thina basindayo kwibhombu yeathom yaseHiroshima naseNagasaki, sisihlandlo esivuyisayo kakhulu. Kudala siyilindile le mini ukuba ifike.”
“Izixhobo zenyukliya zilisikizi ngokupheleleyo. Zonke izizwe kufuneka zithathe inxaxheba kwiingxoxo kunyaka ozayo ukuze zingabikho mthethweni. Ndiyathemba ukuba ndiza kuba lapho ukuze ndikhumbuze abathunywa ngokubandezeleka okungathethekiyo okubangelwa zizixhobo zenyukliya. Kuluxanduva lwethu ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukubandezeleka okunjalo akuphindi kwenzeke.”
Kusekho ngaphezulu 15,000 izixhobo zenyukliya ehlabathini namhlanje, ubukhulu becala kwiindawo zomkhosi wezizwe ezimbini: iUnited States neRussia. Amanye amazwe asixhenxe anezixhobo zenyukliya: iBritane, iFransi, iChina, i-Israel, i-India, iPakistan kunye noMntla Korea.
Uninzi lwamazwe alithoba axhobe ngenyukliya avotele ngokuchasene nesigqibo seUN. Uninzi lwamahlakani abo, kubandakanya lawo aseYurophu abamba izixhobo zenyukliya kumhlaba wabo njengenxalenye yelungiselelo le-NATO, nabo basilela ukuxhasa isisombululo.
Kodwa izizwe zaseAfrika, eLatin America, eCaribbean, Southeast Asia kunye nePasifiki ivotele kakhulu kwisigqibo, kwaye kusenokwenzeka ukuba bangabadlali abaphambili kwinkomfa yothethathethwano eNew York kulo nyaka uzayo.
NgoMvulo, abali-15 abaphumelele iBhaso loXolo lweNobel bongozwa amazwe ukuxhasa uthethathethwano kunye nokuzizisa "kwisigqibo esifike ngexesha nangempumelelo ukuze siqhubele phambili ngokukhawuleza ekupheliseni esi sisongelo sikhoyo eluntwini".
IKomiti yaMazwe ngaMazwe yoMnqamlezo oBomvu nayo bhenela koorhulumente ukuba baxhase le nkqubo, bechaza ngomhla we-12 kweyeDwarha ukuba uluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe “lunethuba elikhethekileyo” lokuphumeza ukuvalwa “kwesona sixhobo sitshabalalisayo esakha sayilwa”.
UFihn waqukumbela ngelithi: “Esi sivumelwano asisayi kuziphelisa ngokukhawuleza izixhobo zenyukliya. "Kodwa iya kuseka umgangatho omtsha onamandla wezomthetho wezizwe ngezizwe, ibeka ibala izixhobo zenyukliya kwaye inyanzelise amazwe ukuba athathe inyathelo elingxamisekileyo malunga nokuthotywa kwezixhobo."
Ngokukodwa, esi sivumelwano siya kubeka uxinzelelo olukhulu kumazwe afuna ukukhuselwa kwizixhobo zenyukliya zamahlakani ukuze aphelise lo mkhwa, nto leyo eya kuthi emva koko idale uxinzelelo lokuthotywa kwezixhobo ngamazwe axhobe ngenyukliya.
