NguGeorge Lakey, Ukuguquka kobuNtu, Februwari 28, 2022
Ukutyhubela imbali, abantu abajongene nomsebenzi baye bangena kumandla omzabalazo ongenabundlobongela ukuze bathintele abahlaseli babo.
Njengabaninzi kwihlabathi liphela, kubandakanywa amawaka ama-Russian akhaliphileyo ngokuchasene nohlaselo olukhohlakeleyo lwelizwe labo kwi-Ukraine engummelwane, ndiyazazi izixhobo ezingonelanga zokukhusela ukuzimela kwe-Ukraine kwaye ndinqwenela idemokhrasi. I-Biden, amazwe e-NATO, kunye nabanye badibanisa amandla ezoqoqosho, kodwa kubonakala ngathi akwanelanga.
Kuyavunywa ukuba, ukuthumela amajoni kwakuya kuyenza ibe mbi ngakumbi. Kodwa kuthekani ukuba kukho isixhobo esingasetyenziswanga sokusebenzisa amandla esingaqwalaselwa kwaphela? Kuthekani ukuba imeko yobutyebi ifana nale: Kukho ilali ekudala ixhomekeke kumsinga, kwaye ngenxa yokutshintsha kwemozulu ngoku iyoma. Ngenxa yobutyebi bemali obukhoyo, le lali ikude kakhulu nomlambo ukuba ingakha umbhobho, kwaye ilali ijonge esiphelweni. Into engazange iqatshelwe bani yaba ngumthombo omncinane kumwonyo osemva kwamangcwaba, owawunokuthi-unezixhobo zokugrumba kakuhle - ube ngumthombo wamanzi amaninzi kwaye usindise ilali?
Ekuqaleni, yayiyimeko yaseCzechoslovakia ngo-Agasti 20, 1968, xa iSoviet Union yafudukela ukuphinda iqinisekise ulawulo lwayo - amandla omkhosi waseCzech akakwazanga ukuyisindisa. Inkokeli yelizwe, u-Alexander Dubcek, wawavalela amajoni akhe kwizisele zawo ukuze athintele imilo ephuthileyo enokuthi iphumele ekubeni ingxwelerhekile okanye ibulawe. Njengoko imikhosi yeSivumelwano saseWarsaw yayingena kwilizwe lakhe, wabhala imiyalelo koonozakuzaku bakhe kwiZizwe Ezimanyeneyo ukuba bachophele ityala apho, kwaye wasebenzisa iiyure zasezinzulwini zobusuku ukuzilungiselela ukubanjwa kunye nesiphelo esasimlindele eMoscow.
Nangona kunjalo, bengakhange baphawulwe yiDubcek, okanye abacholacholi bamanye amazwe okanye abahlaseli, kwakukho into elingana nomthombo wamanzi kwintlambo esemva kwamangcwaba. Eyona nto yayenzayo yayiziinyanga ezidlulileyo zokubonakaliswa kwezopolitiko ngeqela elikhulayo labaphikisayo elizimisele ukudala uhlobo olutsha lwentlalontle: “ubusoshiyali obunobuso bomntu.” Amanani amakhulu amaCzechs kunye namaSlovak ayesele eshukuma phambi kohlaselo, esebenza kunye njengoko babephuhlisa ngovuyo umbono omtsha.
Umdla wabo wabanceda xa kwakuqalisa uhlaselo, yaye baphucuka ngokugqwesileyo. Ngomhla wama-21 ka-Agasti, kwabakho ukuma nje kancinci ePrague ekuxelwe ukuba kwabonwa ngamakhulu amawaka. Amagosa eSikhululo seenqwelomoya eRuzyno ala ukunika amafutha kwiinqwelomoya zaseSoviet. Kwiindawo ezininzi, izihlwele zazihlala kwindlela yamatanki azayo; kwilali enye, abemi benza ityathanga lomntu ngaphesheya kwebhulorho phezu komlambo Upa iiyure ezisithoba, besenza iitanki Russian ekugqibeleni ukuba ajike umsila.
IiSwastikas zapeyintwa kwiitanki. Kwasasazwa amaphecana ngesiRashiya, ngesiJamani nangesiPolish echazela abahlaseli ukuba babephazama, yaye kwabakho iingxoxo ezininzi phakathi kwamajoni awayedidekile nazikhuselayo nolutsha lwaseCzech olunomsindo. Amaqela omkhosi anikwa ulwalathiso oluphosakeleyo, iimpawu zesitrato kwaneempawu zelali zatshintshwa, yaye kwalalwa intsebenziswano nokutya. Izikhululo zikanomathotholo zaseClandestine zisasaza iingcebiso kunye neendaba zokuchasa kubemi.
Ngosuku lwesibini lohlaselo, abantu abaxelwayo abangama-20,000 10 benza umboniso eWenceslas Square ePrague; ngosuku lwesithathu ukumiswa komsebenzi weyure enye kwashiya isikwere ngokumangalisayo. Ngosuku lwesine abafundi abancinci kunye nabasebenzi bachasa i-curfew yeSoviet ngokuhlala-i-clock-clock-down-down-down umfanekiso we-St. Abantu abasithoba kwabalishumi kwizitrato zasePrague babenxibe iiflegi zaseCzech kwiibheji zabo. Nanini na amaRashiya ezama ukubhengeza into ethile abantu babephakamisa loo ngxolo kangangokuba amaRashiya angaviwa.
Amandla amaninzi okumelana achithwa buthathaka intando kunye nokwandisa ukudideka kwemikhosi ehlaselayo. Ngosuku lwesithathu, amagunya omkhosi waseSoviet ayekhuphela imikhosi yawo amaphecana aneempikiswano ezichasene nalawo aseCzechs. Ngosuku olulandelayo kwaqala ukujikeleziswa, kunye neeyunithi ezintsha eziza ezixekweni ukuze zithathe indawo yemikhosi yaseRashiya. Imikhosi, eyayisoloko ijamelene nayo kodwa ngaphandle koloyiko lokwenzakala, yanyibilika ngokukhawuleza.
KwiKremlin, kunye nakumaCzechs naseSlovak, iingxaki zaziphezulu. Ukuze iphumeze injongo yayo yokushenxisa urhulumente, kuthiwa iSoviet Union yayikulungele ukuguqula iSlovakia ibe yiriphabliki yaseSoviet ize iBohemia neMoravia zibe yimimandla ezimele phantsi kolawulo lweSoviet. Noko ke, oko iiSoviets zazingahoywanga, kukuba ulawulo olunjalo luxhomekeke ekuzimiseleni kwabantu ukulawulwa—kwaye loo mnqweno wawungabonakali.
I-Kremlin kwanyanzeleka ukuba ilalanise. Kunokuba ibambe iDubcek kwaye yenze isicwangciso sayo, iKremlin yasamkela isivumelwano ekuvunyelwene ngaso. Omabini amacala alalanisa.
Kwicala labo, amaCzechs kunye namaSlovaks ayengabaphuculi abakrelekrele abangenalugonyamelo, kodwa babengenasicwangciso-qhinga-isicwangciso esinokuzisa izixhobo zabo ezinamandla nangakumbi zokungasebenzisani kwezoqoqosho, kunye nokucofa amanye amaqhinga angenabundlobongela akhoyo. Nakuba kunjalo, baye bafikelela eyona nto babeyikholelwa eyona njongo yabo ibalulekileyo: ukuqhubeka norhulumente waseCzech kunokulawula ngokuthe ngqo iiSoviet Union. Ngenxa yeemeko, kwakulo mzuzu uloyiso olumangalisayo.
Kwabaninzi ababukeleyo kwamanye amazwe abaye bazibuza malunga nokubanakho ukucofa amandla angenabugorha okuzikhusela, u-Agasti 1968 wawuvula amehlo. Nangona kunjalo, iCzechoslovakia, yayingesosihlandlo sokuqala soyikiso sobomi bokwenyani sivuselela ukucinga okutsha malunga namandla angahoywayo omzabalazo ongenabundlobongela.
IDenmark kunye neqhinga lomkhosi elidumileyo
Njengokukhangela okuqhubekayo kwamanzi okusela anokugcina ubomi, ukukhangela amandla angenabugorha anokukhusela idemokhrasi kukhanga iteknoloji: abantu abathanda ukucinga ngobuchule. Umntu onjalo yayinguBH Liddell Hart, igcisa lomkhosi laseBritani elaziwayo endadibana nalo ngowe-1964 kwiNkomfa yeYunivesithi yaseOxford yoKhuselo Olusekelwe Kuluntu. (Ndaxelelwa ukuba ndimbize “Mhlekazi Basil.”)
U-Liddell Hart wasixelela ukuba umenywe ngurhulumente waseDenmark kungekudala emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II ukuze abonisane nabo malunga neqhinga lokhuselo lomkhosi. Wenjenjalo, kwaye wabacebisa ukuba batshintshe umkhosi wabo ngokhuselo olungenabundlobongela olunyuswe luluntu oluqeqeshiweyo.
Icebiso lakhe landishukumisela ukuba ndihlolisise ngakumbi oko kwenziwa ngokwenene abemi baseDenmark xa babethimba umkhosi wamaNazi eJamani ebudeni beMfazwe Yehlabathi II. Urhulumente waseDenmark wayesazi ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba ukuxhathisa ngogonyamelo kulilize kwaye kuya kubangela kuphela abantu baseDenmark abafileyo nabaphelelwe lithemba. Endaweni yoko, umoya wokuchasa wakhula ngaphezulu nangaphantsi komhlaba. Ukumkani waseDanish waxhathisa ngezenzo ezifuziselayo, ekhwele ihashe lakhe kwizitrato zaseCopenhagen ukuze agcine isimilo kwaye enxibe inkwenkwezi yamaYuda xa urhulumente wamaNazi wonyusa intshutshiso yawo kumaYuda. Baninzi abantu abasaziyo namhlanje yimpumelelo enkulu yokusinda kwamaYuda ukuya eSweden engathathi hlangothi ephuculwe yiDanish ephantsi komhlaba.
Njengomhlaba wokuhlala, abantu baseDenmark baye baqonda ngakumbi ukuba ilizwe labo lalibalulekile kuHitler ngemveliso yalo yezoqoqosho. UHitler wayebala ngokukhethekileyo kwiiDanes ukuba amakhele iinqanawa zokulwa, inxalenye yesicwangciso sakhe sokuhlasela iNgilani.
AmaDanes aqonda (akunjalo sonke?) ukuba xa umntu exhomekeke kuwe ngento ethile, oko kukunika amandla! Ke abasebenzi baseDanish ngobusuku obunye baphuma ekubeni ngabona bakhi beenqanawa bakrelekrele bexesha labo baya kwabona baxakileyo nabangenamveliso. Izixhobo zawela "ngengozi" kwizibuko, ukuvuza kwaphuma "kodwa" kwiindawo zokugcina iinqanawa, njalo njalo. AmaJamani awayephelelwe lithemba maxa wambi aye aqhutywa ukuba arhuqe iinqanawa ezazingekagqitywa ukusuka eDenmark ukuya eHamburg ukuze zigqibezele.
Njengoko uqhankqalazo lwalukhula, uqhanqalazo lwalusiya luqatsela, kunye nabasebenzi bemka kwangethuba kwimizi-mveliso kuba “kufuneka ndibuyele ekunyamekeleni isitiya sam ngoxa kusekho ukukhanya, kuba usapho lwam luya kulamba ngaphandle kwemifuno yethu.”
IiDanes zafumana iindlela eziliwaka kunye nenye zokuthintela ukusetyenziswa kwazo kumaJamani. Olu buchule buxhaphakileyo, obunamandla bume ngokwahlukileyo kwindlela yomkhosi yokubeka inkcaso enobundlobongela - eyenziwa yipesenti yabemi kuphela - eyayiza konakalisa kwaye ibulale abaninzi kwaye izise ubuhlwempu phantse kubo bonke.
Ukujonga indima yoqeqesho
Ezinye iimeko zembali zokuchasa okuqaqambileyo okuphuculweyo okungenabundlobongela ekuhlaselweni ziye zavavanywa. Abantu baseNorway, abamele boyiswe ngamaDanes, basebenzisa ixesha labo phantsi kolawulo lwamaNazi ukuthintela ngokungenabundlobongela ukuthatha kwamaNazi yenkqubo yesikolo sabo. Oku kwenzeka phezu kwayo nje imiyalelo engqalileyo evela kumaNazi aseNorway awayebekwe ukuba alawule ilizwe, uVidkun Quisling, owayexhaswa ngumkhosi wamaJamani owawujongisisa abantu baseNorway abali-10.
Omnye umthathi-nxaxheba endadibana naye kwinkomfa yaseOxford, uWolfgang Sternstein, wenza dissertation yakhe kwiRuhrkampf - the Ngo-1923 ukuchaswa ngokungenabugorha kwabasebenzi baseJamani ukuya ekuhlaselweni kweziko lokuvelisa amalahle kunye nentsimbi ye-Ruhr Valley yimikhosi yaseFransi neyaseBelgium, eyayizama ukubamba imveliso yentsimbi yembuyekezo yaseJamani. UWolfgang undixelele ukuba ngumzabalazo osebenza kakhulu, owawubizwe ngurhulumente wedemokhrasi waseJamani welo xesha, iRiphabhlikhi yaseWeimar. Ngokwenene yayisebenza kakuhle kangangokuba oorhulumente baseFransi nabaseBelgium bakhumbula imikhosi yabo kuba yonke i-Ruhr Valley yabetha. “Mabembe amalahle ngeentsiba zabo,” batsho abasebenzi.
Into endibetha njengengaqhelekanga malunga nala matyala kunye namanye aphumeleleyo kukuba amajoni angenabundlobongela aye abandakanyeka kumzabalazo wawo ngaphandle kokuzuza uqeqesho. Nguwuphi umphathi-mkhosi onokuyalela amajoni ukuba aye edabini engakhange awaqeqeshe kuqala?
Ndabona kuqala-isandla umahluko wenza ukuba abafundi Northern e US ukuba uqeqeshelwe ukuya eMzantsi ukuya eMississippi kunye nomngcipheko wokuhlushwa kunye nokufa ezandleni zabacalucalulo. Ngowe-1964 iHlobo leNkululeko lakubona kubalulekile ukuqeqeshwa.
Ke, njengetshantliziyo elijolise kubuchule, ndicinga ngokuhlanganisa okusebenzayo kokhuselo olufuna isicwangciso-qhinga kunye noqeqesho oluluqilima. Abantu basemkhosini bebeya kuvumelana nam. Kwaye ke into ephazamisa ingqondo yam linqanaba eliphezulu lokusebenza kokhuselo olungenabugorha kule mizekelo ngaphandle kokufumana inzuzo! Cinga ngento ebebenokuyifeza ukuba bebexhaswe ngokukhuselekileyo licebo noqeqesho.
Kutheni, ke, engafuni nawuphi na urhulumente wedemokhrasi-engekho kwi-hock kwindawo yezomkhosi-kwimizi-mveliso-afune ukuphonononga nzulu amathuba okhuseleko olusekwe eluntwini?
