Amanqweno e-US: Ubuncwane boBuququzeleli boqoqosho obuyaKubulalayo, obungekho mthethweni, kunye nokungasebenzi

Nangona imfihlelo yokuba ngubani ojongene nokugxotha iityanki ezimbini kwiGulf of Oman ahlala engagqitywanga, kucacile ukuba ulawulo lweTrump luye lwasasaza i-iranian oil shipping since May 2, xa ivakalise injongo yayo "ukuzisa amafutha e-Iran ukuya ngaphandle, ukukhanyela ulawulo lwenkcazo yalo yintloko."Ukunyuka kwakujoliswe eChina, eIndiya, eJapan, eMzantsi Korea naseTurkey, zonke iintlanga ezithenga ioli ye-Iranian kwaye ngoku zijongene nosongelo lwe-US xa ziqhubeka zenza njalo. Umkhosi waseMelika ungenako ukutshabalalisa amathangi athwala i-Iranian, kodwa izenzo zawo zinomphumo ofanayo kwaye kufuneka ziqwalaselwe njengezenzo zamagosa ezoqoqosho.

Ulawulo lweTrump lwenza i-oil heist enkulu ngokubamba I-7 yeebhiliyoni kwixabiso leoli leVenezuela–Ukugcina urhulumente waseMaduro ukuba afikelele kwimali yakhe. NgokukaJohn Bolton, izohlwayo eVenezuela ziya kuchaphazela iidolaI-11 ibhiliyoni Ukuthumela ngaphandle ioyile ngo-2019. Ulawulo lukaTrump lusoyikisa neenkampani zokuhambisa ezithwala ioyile yaseVenezuela. Iinkampani ezimbini – enye ezinze eLiberia enye eGrisi – sele zibethwe ngezohlwayo zokuthumela ioyile yaseVenezuela eCuba. Akukho mingxunya ishiyekileyo kwiinqanawa zabo, kodwa ukonakaliswa kwezoqoqosho nangona kunjalo.

Ingaba e-Iran, eVenezuela, eCuba, eNyakatho Korea okanye enye yeyona Amazwe e-20 phantsi kwesibhambathiso sezohlwayo zase-US, ulawulo lweTrump lusetyenziswa ubunzima boqoqosho ukuze uzame ukutshintsha utshintsho lolawulo okanye utshintsho olukhulu lomgaqo-nkqubo kumazwe ehlabathini lonke.

Ukufa

Isohlwayo sase-US ngokuchasene ne-Iran sinoburhalarhume ngokukodwa. Ngelixa besilele ngokupheleleyo ukuqhubela phambili iinjongo zokutshintsha kolawulo lwase-US, bacaphukisile ukungavisisani okukhulayo nabarhwebi baseMelika kwihlabathi liphela kwaye babangela iintlungu kubantu abaqhelekileyo baseIran. Nangona ukutya kunye namayeza kubuchwephesha ngaphandle kwezohlwayo, Izigwebo zase-US ezinxamnye neebhanki zase-Iranian NjengeParsian Bank, ibhanki enkulu ye-Iranian engekho karhulumente, yenza ukuba kube nzima ukuqhuba iintlawulo zeemveliso zangaphandle, kwaye kubandakanya ukutya kunye namayeza. Ukungabikho kwamachiza ngokuqinisekileyo kuya kubangela amawaka okufa okuthintelwe e-Iran, kwaye amaxhoba aya kuba ngabantu abasebenza ngokuqhelekileyo, kungekhona i-Ayatollah okanye abaphathiswa bakaRhulumente.

Amajelo aseburhulumenteni ase-US baye baqikelela ukuba izigwebo zase-US zixhobo ezingenokrexela ukunyusa uxinzelelo kuburhulumenteni abajoliswe kuzo ukuze banyanzise uhlobo oluthile urhulumente wentando yesininzi utshintsho. Iingxelo ze-US zivame ukuba zichaze igalelo labo ezibulalayo kubantu abaqhelekileyo, kunokuba zigwebe iingxaki zezoqoqosho ezibangelwa kuphela koorhulumente ekujoliswe kuwo.

Iimpembelelo ezibulalayo zezohlwayo zicacile kwiVenezuela, apho izigwebo zezoqoqosho ezonakalisayo ziye zanciphisa uqoqosho oluye lwasuka kwixabiso lokunyuka kwamaxabiso eoli, ukuchithwa koxhatshazo, inkohlakalo kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo kaRhulumente. Ingxelo yonyaka ehlangeneyo malunga nokufa eVenezuela ngo-2018 ngu-tiiYunivesithi zeVenezuela ifumanise ukuba isohlwayo sase-US ikakhulu sinoxanduva lokufa okungenani ama-40,000 ngaloo nyaka. Umbutho wamayeza waseVenezuela uxele ngokunqongophala kwama-85% amayeza abalulekileyo ngo-2018.

Isohlwayo esingekhoyo e-US, isaphulelo kumaxabiso eoyile kwihlabathi liphela nge-2018 bekufanele ukuba kukhokelele ubuncinci kwisaphulelo esincinci kuqoqosho lwaseVenezuela kunye nokungenisa ukutya okwaneleyo kunye namayeza. Endaweni yoko, isohlwayo semali sase-US sithintele iVenezuela ekuqhubekeni nokuhlawulwa kwamatyala ayo kwaye yahlutha ishishini leoyile lemali yenxalenye, yokulungisa kunye notyalo-mali olutsha, okukhokelela ekuweni okuthe kratya nangakumbi kwimveliso yeoyile kunakwiminyaka edlulileyo yamaxabiso asezantsi eoyile kunye nokudakumba kwezoqoqosho. Umzi mveliso weoyile ubonelela ngama-95% emivuzo yelizwe langaphandle eVenezuela, ke ngokukrwitshwa kwemizi-mveliso yayo yeoyile kunye nokusika iVenezuela ekubolekeni kwamazwe aphesheya, izohlwayo ziye zaxela kwangaphambili - kwaye ngabom - babambisa abantu baseVenezuela kuqoqosho olubi olwehlelayo.

Uphononongo lukaJeffrey Sachs noMarko Weisbrot kwiziko loPhando loPhuhliso loPhuhliso lwezoQoqosho, elibizwe "Izigwebo njengeSigwebo sokuBambisana: iNtyala yaseVenezuela," ingxelo yokuba i-2017 kunye ne-2019 US izigwebo zenzelwe ukukhohla kwi-37.4% yokuncipha kwe-GDP ye-GDP yangempela kwi-2019, kwizithende ze-16.7% ukwehla kwe-2018 kunye ngaphezu kwe-60% yehla kumaxabiso eoli phakathi kwe-2012 ne-2016.

KwiNyakatho Korea, abaninzi amashumi eminyaka, kunye nexesha elongezelelweyo lesomiso, bashiye izigidi zabantu abayi-25 yezizwe ezingondlekiyo kwaye zihlwempuzekile. Iindawo zasemaphandleni ngokukodwa ukungabi namachiza kunye namanzi acocekileyo. Izigwebo ezingqongqo ezithintekayo kwi-2018 zivinjelwe ezininzi kwilizwe langaphandle, ukunciphisa amandla karhulumente ukuhlawula ukutya okungenisiwe ukunciphisa ukusilela.

Engekho mthethweni 

Esinye seziganeko ezihlaselayo zezigwebo zase-US zifikelele ekupheleni kwazo. I-US ibetha amabhishini e-third-country ngeentlawulo "zokuphula" izigwebo zase-US. Xa ama-United States ayishiya unilaterally inkonkcola yenyukliya kunye nezohlwayo, iSebe leNondyebo le-US ziqhayisa ukuba ngosuku olulodwa nje, ngoNovemba 5, i-2018, ityala abantu abangaphezulu kwe-700, amabutho, iinqwelo-moya, kunye neempahla ezenza ishishini kunye ne-Iran. Ngokuphathelele iVenezuela, Ingxelo zeReuters ukuba ngo-Matshi i-2019 iSebe likaRhulumente "lalele izindlu zokurhweba kweoli kunye nokucocisa emhlabeni jikelele ukugqithisa ukusebenzisana neVenezuela okanye ukujamelana nezohlwayo ngokwayo, nokuba ngaba umsebenzi owenziwe awunqatshelwe yimimiselo ye-USA."

Umthombo woshishino lweoli ukhononda kuReuters, "Yile ndlela i-United States isebenza ngayo le mihla. Baye babhala imithetho, kwaye ke bakubiza ukuba uchaze ukuba kukho imithetho engayibhalwanga ayifunayo ukuba uyilandele. "

Amagosa ase-US athi izigwebo ziya kunceda abantu baseVenezuela nase-Iran ngokubakhuthaza ukuba bavuke baze bachithe oorhulumente babo. Ukususela ekusebenziseni imikhosi yamagosa, ukubethelwa kunye nokusebenza ngokugqithiseleyo ukutshabalalisa oorhulumente bamazwe angaphandle ebonakalayo inhlekelele e-Afghanistan, e-Iraq, eHaiti, eSomalia, eHonduras, eLibya, eSiriya, eUkraine naseYemen, imbono yokusebenzisa isikhundla esiphambili se-US kunye nedola kwiimarike zezemali zangaphandle njengendlela "yamandla athe tye" ukufezekisa "utshintsho lolawulo" unokwenza abenzi bomgaqo-nkqubo base-US njengendlela elula yokunyanzelisa ukuba bathengise kwiimbambano ezidityanisiweyo zemfazwe zika-US kunye nezilungelelaniso.

Kodwa ekutshintsheni "ukutshitshiswa kunye nokwesaba" kwebhomu kunye nomsebenzi wamajoni kubantu ababulalayo abafayo izifo, ukungafumaneki kwesondlo kunye nobumpofu obukhulu kunokuba lukhethwa ngumntu, kwaye akusayikusemthethweni kunokusetyenziswa kwebutho lempi ngaphantsi komthetho woncedo lwamazwe ngamazwe.

UDenis Halliday wayengumNobhala-jikelele oNcedisayo we-UN owakhonza njengoMququzeleli woLuntu e-Iraq waza wanyula kwi-UN ngokubhikisha kwizityholo ezinobungozi e-Iraq kwi-1998.

"Isohlwayo esibanzi, xa sibekwa liBhunga lezoKhuseleko le-UN okanye ngurhulumente kwilizwe elizimeleyo, luhlobo oluthile lomlo, isixhobo esibukhali nesohlwaya abemi abamsulwa," utshilo uDenis Halliday. "Ukuba bandisiwe ngabom xa kusaziwa iziphumo zabo ezibulalayo, isohlwayo singathathwa njengokubulala abantu. Xa uMmeli waseMelika uMadeleine Albright wathi kwi-CBS 'Amashumi Amathandathu Amzuzu' ngo-1996 ukuba ukubulala abantwana abangama-500,000 baseIraq ukuzama ukwehlisa uSaddam Hussein 'kwakuyimfuneko,' ukuqhubekeka kwezohlwayo ze-UN ngokuchasene ne-Iraq kwahlangabezana nenkcazo yohlanga. ”

Namhlanje, ii-Rapporteurs ezikhethekileyo ze-UN abatyunjwe liBhunga lamaLungelo oLuntu le-UN ngamagunya azimeleyo azimeleyo kwimpembelelo kunye nokungekho mthethweni kwezohlwayo zase-US eVenezuela, kwaye izigqibo zabo ngokubanzi zisebenza ngokulinganayo e-Iran. UAlfred De Zayas utyelele eVenezuela kwakamsinya emva kokuwiswa kwezezimali e-US e-2017 kwaye wabhala ingxelo ebanzi malunga noko akufumene apho. Ufumene iimpembelelo ezibalulekileyo ngenxa yokuxhomekeka kwexesha elide eVenezuela kwioyile, kulawulo olubi nakurhwaphilizo, kodwa ukwasigxekile isohlwayo saseMelika kunye "nemfazwe yezoqoqosho."

UDe Zayas ubhale wathi: "Isohlwayo sezoqoqosho sanamhlanje kunye neebhloko zokuthintela ukuthelekiswa ziyafana." "Inkulungwane yamashumi amabini ananye yezohlwayo zizama ukuzisa kungekuphela nje idolophu, kodwa amazwe azimeleyo aguqe ngamadolo." Ingxelo kaDe Zayas yacebisa ukuba iNkundla yamaLungelo oLwaphulo-mthetho yaMazwe ngaMazwe kufuneka iphande ngezohlwayo zase-US ngokuchasene neVenezuela njengolwaphulo-mthetho eluntwini.

I-UN i-Second Special Rapporteur, u-Idriss Jazairy, wakhutshwa ingxelo enamandla Ukuphendula kubumbano olwahlulekayo lwe-US eVenezuela ngoJanuwari. Ugwebe "ukunyanzelwa" ngamagunya angaphandle "njengokuphula yonke imigaqo yomthetho wamanye amazwe." "Isohlwayo esinokukhokelela kwindlala kunye nokunqongophala kwezonyango asiyompendulo kwingxaki eVenezuela," utshilo uJazairy, "… ukuthintela ingxaki yezoqoqosho nezoluntu… ayisosiseko sokuxazulula iingxabano ngoxolo."

Izigwebo zikwaphula iCandelo 19 Umqulu woMbutho weeMerika waseMelika, ophi ngokucacileyo iyakwalela ukungenelela "nangasiphi na isizathu, kwimicimbi yangaphakathi okanye yangaphandle yomnye uMbuso." Yongeza ukuba "ayivumeli kuphela umkhosi oxhobileyo kodwa nayo nayiphi na enye indlela yokungenelela okanye ukuzama ukusongela ngobuntu bukaRhulumente okanye ngokuchasene nezopolitiko, ezoqoqosho kunye neenkcubeko."

I-20 ye-Charter ye-OAS ifanelekileyo ngokufanelekileyo: "Akukho Rhulumente angasebenzisa okanye akhuthaze ukusetyenziswa kwemilinganiselo yoxinzelelo lwezoqoqosho okanye ezopolitiko ukwenzela ukunyanzelisa inkululeko yombuso omnye kunye nokufumana kuyo inzuzo yaluphi uhlobo."

Ngokomthetho wase-US, zombini izohlwayo ze-2017 kunye ne-2019 eVenezuela zisekwe kwizibhengezo zika-Mongameli ezingenasiqinisekiso sokuba imeko eVenezuela idale into ebizwa ngokuba yi "ngxamiseko yesizwe" eMelika. Ukuba iinkundla zomdibaniso zase-US zazingoyiki ukubamba isebe elinoxanduva lokuphendula kwimicimbi yomgaqo-nkqubo wezangaphandle, oku kunokuba ngumceli mngeni kwaye kunokwenzeka ukuba kugxothwe yinkundla yomdibaniso ngokukhawuleza okukhulu nangokulula kunaleyo Ityala "likaxakeka lesizwe" emngceleni waseMexico, ubuncinane odibeneyo kwi-United States.

Nga sebenzi

Kukho esinye isizathu esivakalayo sokukhusela abantu base-Iran, iVenezuela kunye namanye amazwe ajoliswe kuyo kwimpembelelo engavumelekanga kunye nemthethweni yezohlwayo zoqoqosho zase-US: azisebenzi.

Iminyaka engamashumi amabini edlulileyo, njengoko izigwebo zezoqoqosho zonakalisa i-GDP ye-Iraq nge-48% kwiminyaka eyi-5 kunye neziphumo ezinzulu ezibhalwe ngeendleko zabo zokubulala abantu, zisahluli ukususa urhulumente waseSaddam Hussein kumandla. Jikelele weZizwe eziManyeneyo, uDenis Halliday kunye noHanson Von Sponeck, bayeka ukukhusela kwizikhundla eziphezulu kwi-UN kunokuba bagxininise le miqathango yokubulala.

Ngo-1997, uRobert Pape, owayengunjingalwazi kwiKholeji yaseDartmouth, wazama ukusombulula eyona mibuzo isisiseko malunga nokusetyenziswa kwezohlwayo kwezoqoqosho ukufezekisa utshintsho kwezopolitiko kwamanye amazwe ngokuqokelela kunye nokuhlalutya idatha yezembali yamatyala ali-115 apho eli lazanywa phakathi kuka-1914 1990. Kwisifundo sakhe, esithi "Kutheni iziNyathelo zezoQoqosho zingenzi luthok, "wagqiba ekubeni izigwebo zaphumelela kuphela kwi-5 kwiimeko ze-115.

Ipape nayo yayibangela umbuzo obalulekileyo kunye novuselelayo: "Ukuba izigwebo zezoqoqosho zisoloko zingasebenzi, kutheni ziqhubeka zizisebenzisa?"

Waphakamisa izimpendulo ezintathu:

• "Abacebisi abenza izigwebo baqhelise ngokuthe tye iinjongo zokuphumelela ngokunyanzeliswa kwezigwebo."
• "Iinkokeli ezicinga ngokuthethelela ngokugqithiseleyo zifuna ukuba izigwebo zokuqala ziza kukhulisa ukunyaniseka kwezinto ezisongela ezomkhosi."
• "Ukufakela izigwebo ngokuqhelekileyo kuvelisa iinkokeli ezinkulu zezopolitiko zasekhaya ngaphandle kokwenqaba izigwebo okanye ukunyanzelisa."

Sicinga ukuba impendulo ngumdibaniso wazo “zonke ezi zinto zingasentla.” Kodwa sikholelwa ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba akukho ntlanganisela yezi okanye nayiphi na enye into enokuthi ithethelele iindleko zohlaselo lwezoqoqosho e-Iraq, North Korea, Iran, Venezuela okanye naphina.

Ngelixa ihlabathi lilahla ukuhlaselwa kwangoko kwinqwelo elwandle kunye nokuzama ukuchonga umgwebi, ukugwetywa kwehlabathi kufuneka kugxile kwilizwe elinoxanduva lokubulala, ukungabikho komthetho kunye nokungaphumeleli kwemfazwe kwintlekele: i-United States.