Ngu: Andrew deGrandpre kunye noShawn Snow, Maxesha oMkhosi.
Umkhosi waseMelika awuphumelelanga ukubhengeza esidlangalaleni amawaka eenqwelomoya eziyingozi eziqhutywe kwiminyaka emininzi e-Iraq, eSiriya nase-Afghanistan, uphando lwe-Military Times lubonise. Umsantsa omkhulu wedatha uphakamisa amathandabuzo anzulu malunga nokungafihli kwinkqubela phambili echaziweyo ngokuchasene ne-Islamic State, al-Qaida kunye neTaliban, kwaye ibuza imibuzo malunga nokuchaneka kolunye udizo lweSebe lezoKhuselo olubhala yonke into ukusuka kwiindleko ukuya kwizibalo zokwenzakala.
Ngo-2016 kuphela, iinqwelomoya zokulwa zase-US zaqhuba ubuncinci i-456 airstrikes e-Afghanistan engazange ibhalwe njengenxalenye isiseko sedatha esivulelekileyo igcinwe nguMkhosi woMoya wase-US, ulwazi oluxhomekeke kwiCongress, amahlakani aseMelika, abahlalutyi bezomkhosi, abaphandi bezemfundo, abeendaba kunye namaqela abagadi abazimeleyo ukuba bahlole iindleko zemfazwe nganye, iimfuno zabasebenzi kunye nokuhlawuliswa kwabantu. Ezo moya ziqhutywa ziihelikopta zohlaselo kunye needrones ezixhobileyo eziqhutywa nguMkhosi wase-US, iimethrikhi zikhutshiwe ngaphandle koshwankathelo olubanzi lwenyanga, olupapashwe kwi-Intanethi iminyaka, luchaza imisebenzi yasemkhosini yaseMelika kuzo zontathu iithiyetha.
Eyona nto iyothusayo kukuba le datha ayiphelelanga ukusukela oko kwaqala imfazwe yobugrogrisi ngo-Oktobha 2001. Ukuba kunjalo, kuya kunciphisa ukuzithemba kwizinto ezininzi ezivezwe yiPentagon malunga nokutshutshiswa kwezi mfazwe, abagxeki ngokukhawuleza ukuba babize. kumbuzo wokuba ingaba umkhosi ubufuna ukulahlekisa uluntu lwaseMelika, kwaye uphose amathandabuzo kubuchule ekwenziwa kunye nokupapashwa kolunye uqokelelo lwedatha. Ezo ezinye iimethrikhi eziphambili zibandakanya amaxhoba okulwa aseMelika, iindleko zabarhafi kunye nenkqubela phambili yomkhosi ngokubanzi ekuthobeni amandla otshaba.
I-US Central Command, eyongamela imisebenzi yasemkhosini kuzo zontathu iindawo zemfazwe, ibonise ukuba ayikwazi ukumisela ukuba kude kangakanani na amanani omkhosi akhutshiweyo kwezi zishwankathelo zomoya. Amagosa ayengayi kujongana nemibuzo emininzi eneenkcukacha engeniswe yiMilitary Times, kwaye abakwazanga ukunika uluhlu olupheleleyo lohlaselo lwenqwelomoya lonyaka oluqhutywa yinkonzo nganye yezomkhosi ezine zeSebe lezoKhuselo.
“Kuyamangalisa ngokwenene. Asilandeli inani logwayimbo oluvela kwi-Apaches, umzekelo, ”utshilo igosa lomkhosi laseMelika elinolwazi lokuqokelelwa kwedatha yangaphakathi kunye nengxelo yeCENTCOM. Eli gosa, ebethetha neMilitary Times ngemeko yokungaziwa ukuba baxoxe ngokukhululekileyo ngeenkqubo zangaphakathi, belibhekisa kwiihelikopta zokuhlasela ze-AH-64 zeApache, ezisetyenziswe kakhulu nguMkhosi ekulweni kule minyaka ili-15 idlulileyo, kutsha nje ukuxhasa amahlakani aseMelika. ukulwa noMbuso wamaSilamsi.
“Ndingakuxelela ngokungathandabuzekiyo, asizami ukufihla inani logwayimbo,” latsho eli gosa. “Leyo yindlela ebekulandelwa ngayo ngaphambili. Nantso into ebisoloko iyiyo.”
Kukwahluka okubalulekileyo, nangona kunjalo, kwaye enye apho umda opheleleyo uhlala ungacacanga. Ukuhlasela kweenqwelomoya, ngokweenkcazelo esekwe kwaye ilandelwe ngamalungu emibutho ekhokelwa yi-US, inokubandakanya abalwi kunye nezinye iijethi, iihelikopta zokuhlasela kunye needrones, kwaye zinokubandakanya nayiphi na indibaniselwano yezixhobo.
I-airstrike enye inokuqhutywa ngeenqwelomoya ezininzi kwiithagethi ezininzi, kwaye isebenzise iibhombu ezininzi, imijukujelwa, imijukujelwa kunye nemijikelo yemipu yomatshini. Inokubandakanya iindlela zokulwa kunye neethagethi ezichazwe kwangaphambili kunye nohlaselo olwenziwe ngexesha lemisebenzi yenkxaso yomoya.
Umkhosi ujonga izinto ngokwahlukileyo, nangona kunjalo.
"Kum kubonakala ngathi ukuqokelelwa okanye ukuhanjiswa kwedatha ye-airstrike ayiloxanduva lomkhosi we-10," igosa eliphezulu lomkhosi lixelele i-Military Times kwimeko yokungaziwa. Isihloko se-10 seKhowudi yase-US simisela imithetho eyalela iindima zeenkonzo zomkhosi, uxanduva kunye nemisebenzi. “Olu xanduva lufanele ukuba luxhomekeke kumphathi okanye umlo. Ukongeza, umzekelo, ama-Apache, aqhuba uhlaselo lokulwa olusondeleyo njengesixhobo esixhasa umkhosi wasemhlabeni xa udibana notshaba. Andiyi kukuqwalasela oku kudidi 'lwe-airstrike.' ”
Kutshanje nje ngoDisemba, igosa loMkhosi woMoya lixelele i-Military Times ukuba isishwankathelo saso senyanga somoya e-Iraq naseSyria simele ngokukodwa umanyano olukhokelwa yi-US “ngokupheleleyo, ezizizizwe ezingama-20 kunye namasebe ase-US.” Akukacaci ukuba le nkcazo yayilahlekisa ngabom na, okanye ibonakalisa ukungazi, ukubhideka okanye ukungakhathali malunga noko kuqulethwe kule datha. Nokuba kunjalo, ibandakanya ii-airstrikes eziqhutywa nguMkhosi woMoya wase-US, uMkhosi wasemanzini kunye neMarine Corps - kodwa hayi uMkhosi.
Iimpembelelo zemali, ukuba zikhona, azicacanga. I-Pentagon ibhengeza inkcitho yayo ephezulu kuluhlu ngalunye lwemisebenzi yasemkhosini eqhubekayo, kodwa loo datha ayicalulwanga ngokulula ngenani leenqwelomoya eziqhutywa ziinqwelomoya ezithile zase-US kunye nesixa sezixhobo abazisebenzisayo. Nangona kunjalo, cinga ukuba ii-helicopter ze-Apache zinokuthwala izixhobo ezahlukeneyo, kuquka imijukujelwa ye-Hellfire kunye nexabiso leyunithi nganye ye-99,600 yeeyunithi, ngokuhambelana namanani agcinwe yi-AeroWeb, i-intelligence marketing intelligence firm elandelela ngokusondeleyo ukufunyanwa kokhuselo lwamazwe ngamazwe.
Ukugcinwa kwengxelo ngolo hlobo akuyonto nje ingenamsebenzi. Nditsho neearhente zomdibaniso zihlala zibhekisa la manani omoya kwiingxelo ezenzelwe ukuphembelela iCongress. Uphando lweMilitary Times lufumene iimeko ezininzi apho umhloli jikelele wafikelela kwizigqibo ezibalulekileyo, wachazela amagosa karhulumente akwinqanaba eliphezulu asebenza kwiSebe likaRhulumente kunye namalungu aphambili eNkongolo, ukusuka kwidatha evulelekileyo yokuhlasela emoyeni.
Ukushiywa kwedatha yoqhankqalazo loMkhosi yenye yeempazamo ezininzi, ukungangqinelani kunye neziphene, kuphakamisa imibuzo malunga nokuba semthethweni kwemigaqo-nkqubo kunye neendlela ezisetyenziswa ngumkhosi wase-US ukuqokelela nokusasaza ulwazi malunga nokusebenza kwawo kwihlabathi liphela.
Umzekelo, ingxelo ye2015 ukuya kwiNkongolo ngabahloli jikelele beSebe lezoKhuselo, iSebe leSizwe kunye ne-Arhente yase-US yoPhuhliso lwaMazwe ngaMazwe yaqaqambisa izibonelelo zomoya ezivulelekileyo zokusebenza ngokuchasene ne-Islamic State. Ngexesha elithile emva kokuba ingxelo ipapashwe kwaye yaziswa kubenzi bomthetho kwiCapitol Hill, i-Air Force ihlaziye idatha apho umsebenzi we-IGs wawusekelwe khona, kwezinye iimeko zongeza ngaphezu kwe-100 izixhobo zokukhutshwa kwinyanga enikiweyo. Kwaye ngelixa uMkhosi woMoya uphawula ukuba uhlaziyo lwenzeka ngamaxesha athile, kulo mzekelo lwalubalulekile-kwaye lwenzeka emva kokuba ulwazi lunikezelwe kwiCongress.
Okunye ukungangqinelani: Nangona ibanga ukusebenzisa idatha ye-Air Force airstrike, isishwankathelo sikawonke-wonke seSebe lezoKhuselo yemisebenzi e-Iraq naseSyria, okwangoku ngoJan. 31, iyasilela ukuphendula malunga noqhankqalazo oluphantse lube yi-6,000 ukusuka kwi-2014, xa iphulo lomoya elichasene ne-ISIS laqala.
Isishwankathelo samva nje se-Air Force sibala i-23,740 i-airstrikes ye-coalition ngokusebenzisa i-2016. Okwangoku, i-website yeSebe lezoKhuseleko idwelisa i-17,861 nge-Jan 31. I-Pentagon ihlala ikhankanya la manani xa ihlaziya imidiya kwimisebenzi yayo ngokuchasene ne-Islamic State kunye ne-al-Qaida affiliates e-Iraq. kunye neSiriya.
Kolu hlaselo lwekhusi kwiwebhusayithi yeSebe lezoKhuselo, ethathwe ngoMgqibelo, ngoFebruwari 4, amagosa aye adibanisa i-17,861 ye-airstrikes ye-coalition ngoJan. 31. Oko phantse i-5,900 ngaphantsi kwe-Air Force's tally ekupheleni kukaDisemba 2016.
Kukwabonakala kukho imigaqo-nkqubo eyahlukileyo elawula ukuchaneka kolwazi olunokuthi lubhengezwe esidlangalaleni. Ukucaphula umgaqo-nkqubo, amagosa omkhosi e-US nase-Baghdad ala ukuchonga uhlobo lweenqwelomoya zemfazwe zaseMelika eziqhuba i-airstrikes e-Iraq naseSiriya, kwaye aziyi kubonelela ngokuchithwa komsebenzi ngamacandelo enkonzo.
Lelinye ibali ngokupheleleyo e-Afghanistan, apho amagosa omkhosi wase-US, ekuphenduleni imibuzo evela kwiMilitary Times, ivolontiya kwidatha ye-airstrike yoMkhosi engazange ichazwe ngaphambili ye-2016, nokuba uchonga iintlobo ezine zeenqwelomoya zomkhosi ezinikezela ngenkxaso yomoya obulalayo apho. UCaptain Navy uWilliam Salvin, isithethi semikhosi yase-US e-Afghanistan, wathi ukongeza kwi-Apaches, kukho ii-helicopter ezixhobileyo ze-UH-60 Blackhawk kunye ne-MQ-1 Grey Eagles, eziyi-drones. Ekuqaleni, uSalvin wabonisa ukuba i-RQ-7 Shadow drones nayo ixhobile, kodwa kamva wayilungisa loo ngxelo.
I-MQ-1C Grey Eagle iqhuba uqeqesho lomlilo ophilayo e-Fort Stewart, eGeorgia. Umkhosi usebenzisa le drone e-Afghanistan nakwezinye iithiyetha ukuqhuba uhlaselo lomoya ukongeza kwingqokelela yobuntlola.Ikhredithi yefoto: Sgt. UWilliam Begley / uMkhosi
U-Salvin uphinde wachaza ukuba i-airstrikes eqhutywe apho-i-1,071 iyonke kulo nyaka uphelileyo, kungekhona i-615 njengoko i-Air Force ibika kwi-database yayo yemithombo evulekileyo - iphinda ihlelwe ngamacandelo amathathu: ukuzikhusela, ukulwa noloyiko kunye neziphumo zeqhinga, ezinokufuneka xa Abaphathi abaphezulu bakholelwa ukuba i-firepower yase-US inokunceda ukuguqula umoya kwimimandla ethathwa njengebalulekile kuzinzo olubanzi lwase-Afghanistan.
“Sizama nje ukubeka elubala apha,” watsho uBrigadier woMkhosi. UGen. Charles Cleveland, isithethi esiphezulu se-Operation Resolute Support, ebandakanya umzamo oqhubekayo womkhosi waseMelika wokuqeqesha nokucebisa umkhosi wase-Afghan kunye nomkhosi womoya. Umsebenzi owahlukileyo, omncinci e-Afghanistan, obizwa ngokuba yiNkululeko's Sentinel, ubandakanya iinzame zokulwa nobunqolobi ezikhokelwa yi-US ngokuchasene ne-al-Qaida kunye namahlakani ayo amaninzi kulo mmandla.
“Le nto uthetha ngayo sisigqibo esikhulu somgaqo-nkqubo esinokuqala kwi-OSD,” utshilo uCleveland xa ebuzwa ukuba ezi ngxelo kufuneka zibandakanywe na. I-OSD imele iOfisi kaNobhala wezoKhuselo. “Mhlawumbi inkulu kunesigqibo somgaqo-nkqubo we-CENTCOM. Le nto uthetha ngayo kukwehla kwehlabathi kuba kukho ugwayimbo kwiAFRICOM.”
I-US Africa Command yongamela uninzi lwemisebenzi yomkhosi eyimfihlo yokulwa nobunqolobi kwilizwekazi lonke, ukubandakanya iSomalia neLibya. Ezo zibalo azixelwa rhoqo.
UCleveland wagxininisa kwakhona, ukuba iphulo lomoya lase-United States e-Afghanistan liyinxalenye yomzamo omkhulu, ngoku kunyaka walo we-16, ukucebisa, ukuxhasa kunye nokukhusela umkhosi wase-Afghan ngethemba lokuba uya kukwazi ukubonelela ngokhuseleko lwelizwe ngokuzimeleyo. "Umbono opheleleyo wohlaselo lwasemoyeni," watsho jikelele, "kuye nabani na, yinxalenye encinci yemishini enkulu."
Akukacaci ukuba kutheni uMkhosi wodwa ekungabandakanyi amanani awo okubetha emoyeni kwezi zishwankathelo kunye neengxelo. Kufike uMgqibelo, isithethi sekomkhulu loMkhosi eWashington sinqabile ukuphawula, sisithi khange sikwazi ukuphanda ngalo mbandela ngesaziso esifutshane.
Igosa lasemkhosini lase-US elithetha ngemeko yokungaziwa lithe kungenxa yokuba iinqwelomoya zomkhosi ezibhabha kwiindawo zemfazwe aziweli phantsi komyalelo womkhosi womoya onoxanduva lokupapasha ezi zishwankathelo zenyanga.
Nangona kunjalo, loo nto ayiphenduli ukuba kutheni uMkhosi ungabhengezi idatha yawo ye-airstrike.
UKenneth Roth, umlawuli olawulayo weHuman Rights Watch, umbutho wophando kunye nobhengezo, ubize ukungafihli kubalulekile ekuphenduleni emkhosini. Oko kufuna "ingxelo enyanisekileyo eluntwini," utshilo uRoth.
Wongeze ngelithi: “Ukhuseleko ngamanye amaxesha lusenokufuna imfihlo, kodwa iintloni okanye ubuntununtunu bezopolitiko akumele. Izibakala eziphathelele inani lohlaselo lwasemoyeni kunye nokubulawa kwabantu ekuhlaleni zifanele zisoloko zichazwa ngokukhawuleza nangokuthembeka ukuze uluntu, luncediswa ngabasebenzi bamalungelo oluntu neentatheli, lukwazi ukuhlolisisa izenzo zomkhosi ezenziwa egameni labo.”
U-Andrew deGrandpre ngumhleli omkhulu weMilitary Times kunye nentloko ye-Pentagon Bureau. KuTwitter: @adegrandpre. UShawn Snow ngumbhali wabasebenzi kunye nomhleli weEarly Bird Times. KuTwitter: @SnowSox184. Ngengxelo eyongezelelweyo ngumbhali ophezulu we-Air Force Times 'uStephen Losey. KuTwitter: @StephenLosey.
