Ngaba i-US ngoyena Mkhuseli mkhulu wokuGwathwa kohlanga kwiPlanethi?

Sekuyiminyaka ephantse ibe yi-70 ukususela ekubeni iNgqungquthela yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo yamkela iNgqungquthela Yokubulawa Kwabantu NgoDisemba 9, 1948. Okuphawulekayo kukuba, iUnited States isenokuba noxanduva lwelinye lamatyala okuqala okubulala emva kokwamkelwa kweso sivumelwano. Ukuqala ngo-1950, njengoko uBruce Cumings eyibeka kwimbali yakhe yeMfazwe yaseKorea, i-US "yabhobhoza ibhombu" yaseNyakatho Korea "iminyaka emithathu ngaphandle kokukhathalela abantu ababulawa ngabantu."

I-US yawisa iibhombu ezininzi kwaye yasebenzisa i-napalm kwiPeninsula yaseKorea kunokuba yayisetyenziswa ngokuchasene neJapan ngexesha leMfazwe yesibini yeHlabathi. Bangaphezu kwezigidi ezithathu abantu ababulawayo, uninzi lwabo luhlala emantla. UCurtis LeMay, intloko ye-Strategic Air Command ngexesha lemfazwe, ukhumbula ukuba, "Kwithuba leminyaka emithathu okanye ngaphezulu, sabulala-yintoni-i-20 pesenti yabemi baseKorea njengeengxwelerha zemfazwe, okanye yindlala kunye nokuvezwa?"

Kwinyanga ephelileyo, uMongameli uTrump woyikisa iNorth Korea ngokubulawa kwabantu ngokupheleleyo, echaza ukuba ukuba i-US inyanzeliswa ukuba "ikhusele" ngokwayo, "ayiyi kukhetha ngaphandle kokutshabalalisa iNorth Korea."

Phakathi kokufezekiswa kunye nosoyikiso lwemfazwe yokutshabalalisa uhlanga, i-US izibophelele kwaye yabelane ngoxanduva lwembubhiso kaninzi. Nangona kunjalo, kukho ibali elibalaseleyo elichaza ubudlelwane base-US kunye nokubulawa kohlanga ngoko i-US iye yasilela ukuyenza ukunqanda ukubulawa kohlanga-okt ukungenelela ngomkhosi. Njengoko uGreg Grandin echaza ngokufanelekileyo, ngokutsho kukaSamantha Power nabanye, “ingxaki asiyonto eyenziwa yiUnited States…kodwa eyona nto ingayenziyo; inyathelo lokunqanda ukubulawa kwabantu.”

Kwingxelo yombukeli obukeleyo, i-US ixhamla kakhulu kwindima eyidlalileyo ekuqinisekiseni ukuba ulwaphulo-mthetho lwembubhiso yenkcubeko lususiwe kwiNgqungquthela ye-Genocide. Nangona imbubhiso yenkcubeko yayingundoqo kwingcamango yokuqala kaRaphael Lemkin yokubulawa kohlanga-uLemkin engumntu owaqamba igama elithi genocide-i-US yasongela ngokujongela phantsi ukwamkelwa kweNgqungquthela ye-Genocide ukuba ibandakanyiwe.

Ngelixa i-US yayixoxisana ngokushiywa kwembubhiso yenkcubeko, yayinyanzelisa imigaqo-nkqubo eyayinokuthi ibandakanyeke kwimbubhiso yobuhlanga ukuba igcinwe. Ulutsha lwemveli lwasuswa kwiintsapho zalo lwafakwa kwizikolo ezihlala abantu. Babengavunyelwa ukuba baqhelisele unqulo lwabo nokuthetha ulwimi lwabo. Kananjalo banyanzelwa ukuba bawayeke amagama abo; wafundisa isiNgesi; kwaye benziwe banxibe okwabantwana abamhlophe. Njengoko uMphathi uRichard Henry Pratt esitsho, injongo yemigaqo enjalo “yayikukubulala umIndiya, kusindise indoda.” Ukutshabalalisa iqela elinjalo ngaphandle kokubulala amalungu kungundoqo kwingcamango yokutshatyalaliswa kwenkcubeko, apho i-US yayiqhuba njengomthetho de kube uMthetho we-Indian Child Welfare Act wapasiswa ngo-1978, kwaye uye waqhubeka de facto ukususela ngoko.

Kwakukho enye into ebalulekileyo eyayishiyiwe kwiNgqungquthela yokuBulawa Kwabantu—ukungabandakanywa kwamaqela ezobupolitika ekukhuselweni kwesivumelwano. Okubangela umdla kukuba, ngelixa iSoviet Union yayikuchasa ngokukhutheleyo ukubandakanywa kwamaqela ezopolitiko kwaye yazuza kakhulu ekukhutshelweni kwabo ngaphandle, i-US iya kuvuna izibonelelo zoku kushiywa. Ngexesha lemfazwe yokuhlaselwa kweVietnam, i-US yenza iphulo lomkhosi elitshabalalisayo nelibanzi lokutshabalalisa iqela lezopolitiko lobuKomanisi.

Kwangelo xesha linye i-US yayisenza ubutshaba nxamnye namakomanisi eVietnam, i-US yayisenza iyelenqe noMkhosi wase-Indonesia. Phakathi ekupheleni kuka-1965 nasekuqaleni kowe-1966, i-Indonesia yagweba iqela lezopolitiko ngokutshabalalisa uhlanga. Kwisithuba seenyanga ezintandathu, ngaphezulu kwama-500,000 amalungu okwenene nacingelwa ukuba eQela lamaKomanisi e-Indonesia abulawa.

Ngaphambi nangexesha lembubhiso yamakomanisi e-Indonesia, i-US yabonelela i-Indonesia ngezinto eziphathekayo kunye nenkxaso yozakuzo. I-US iphinde yaqulunqa ngokucwangcisiweyo uluhlu lwamagama amaninzi njenge-5,000 yeenkokeli ezityholwa ngokuba yi-Indonesian Communist, eyanikezela kumagosa ase-Indonesia. Amaxwebhu Declassified abonisa ukuba US wenza oko nje ngolwazi Indonesia ngenjongo ukubulala amakomanisi, kodwa ngokukodwa ngenxa yeenjongo Indonesia kaThixo. Itelegram eyabhalwa ngo-Oktobha 20, 1965, yaza yatyobelwa nguNozakuzaku uGreen, ithi uMkhosi waseIndonesia “usebenza nzima ukuze utshabalalise iPKI yaye mna, ngenxa yoko, ndikuhlonela ngakumbi ukuzimisela nokulungelelana kwayo ekuphumezeni esi sabelo sibalulekileyo.”

Uxanduva lwase-US lwembubhiso alupheleli nje kumatyala angangeni kakuhle kwingcaciso esemthethweni yembubhiso. Ngowe-1971, emva konyulo olwalunoqhushululu kunyaka ongaphambi kwalowo, iPakistan yenza imbubhiso eMpuma Pakistan (Bangladesh). Kwisithuba seenyanga ezisithoba, kwabulawa abantu abamalunga nesigidi, yaye amakhulu amawaka amabhinqa namantombazana adlwengulwa. Ukususela ngowe-1981, umkhosi waseGuatemala wabulala abantu baseMayan baseGuatemala. Kwincopho yayo, abantu abangama-80,000 babulawa kwisithuba seenyanga ezili-18. Ukususela ngowe-1987 ukuya kowe-1988, i-Iraq iye yabulala abantu abangamaKurd. Uninzi lwamaxhoba angama-50,000 100,000-1988 XNUMX abulawa phakathi kukaFebruwari noAgasti XNUMX.

Ngaphambi nangexesha lamatyala angasentla okubulalana kohlanga, i-US yanika iPakistan, iGuatemala ne-Iraq inkxaso yezinto eziphathekayo kunye nezozakuzo ngolwazi lweenjongo zabo zokubulala uhlanga. Ubonelelo oluqhubekayo loncedo oluququzelela ikhomishini yokubulawa kwabantu lubandakanya ukubandakanyeka kuyo.

Ukuthatha inxaxheba kwe-US kwikomishini yokubulawa kwabantu akuzange kuphele ekupheleni koko kubizwa ngokuba yiMfazwe Yomlomo. Ukususela ngo-1990 ukuya ku-2003, i-US iyona nto yayijongene nesohlwayo sokufa kwabantu abangaphezu kwama-500,000 e-Iraq. Izohlwayo zibangele ukwehla okukhulu kwimpilo yoluntu, xa kuthelekiswa nempilo yoluntu e-Iraq ngexesha lemfazwe ekhohlakeleyo ne-Iran. Ukubhubha kweentsana kunye namazinga okusweleka kwabantwana abangaphantsi kweminyaka emihlanu ngaphezulu kokuphindwe kabini. I-International Child Health Group yaqukumbela ngelithi, “Izizathu zokufa kwabantu ngokugqith’ emgceni zicacile—ukuwohloka kwezoqoqosho ngenxa yokuwohloka kwemivuzo, ukunyuka kwamaxabiso okutya, inkqubo yogutyulo engekho mgangathweni, ukungabikho kwamanzi acocekileyo nokunqongophala koncedo lwezempilo.”

Injongo ye-US yokwenza ukubulawa kwabantu kuxhomekeke kwinto yokuba ibisazi kakuhle ukuba kuya kwenzeka ntoni xa iphumeza izohlwayo. Imemorandam ye-Arhente yoBuntlola boKhuselo evela kwi-1991 ibonisa ukuba i-US yayisazi ngokupheleleyo ukuba izohlwayo ziya kuba neziphumo ezibi kwi-Iraqis. Ngokwememo, ukuba i-Iraq ibithintelwe ekufumaneni izinto ebizifuna, abantu base-Iraqi bebeya kubandezeleka ngenxa yokunqongophala kwamanzi okusela, kwaye ukunqongophala kwamanzi acocekileyo kunokukhokelela kubhubhani wezifo. Ngaphandle kokubonakaliswa kwesiphumo esiqikelelweyo, i-US yalwa ukugcina izohlwayo ngokuthe ngqo ukuya ekuhlaselweni kwayo ngokungekho mthethweni kwe-Iraq ngo-2003.
Ingxelo yeNtengiso

Nangona uTrump engowamva nje ukoyikisa abantu ngembubhiso, le mizekelo ingasentla yenza kucace ukuba ubudlelwane base-US nembubhiso yi-bipartisan. Oku kubonakala ngakumbi kulawulo luka-Obama kunye noTrump ngenkxaso ekwabelwana ngayo kwiSaudi Arabia njengoko iqhushumba iYemen kwaye inyanzelise ukuvalwa komkhosi wamazibuko eYemeni, inegalelo kwintlekele yoluntu.

Umgaqo-nkqubo wase-US uneziphumo ezibalulekileyo, ezihlala zibulala abantu kwihlabathi liphela. Ekwaleni iNkundla yeHlabathi yoBulungisa kunye neNkundla yaMazwe ngaMazwe yoLwaphulo-mthetho, i-US iqinisekise ukuba inokusebenza ngokungohlwaywayo, kwaye amagosa ayo anokukwenza oko ngokungaziphathi kakuhle. Kufuneka sicele umngeni kwabo benza ulwaphulo-mthetho lwase-US lwangaphandle kunye nasekhaya, nokuba ngabapolitiki, abeendaba, okanye izifundiswa. Ukuba ukuphendula akunako kwaye akusayi kuvela naphi na kwenye indawo, kufuneka kuvele ebantwini.

UJeff Bachman unguMhlohli weNjingalwazi kumaLungelo oLuntu kunye noMphathi weNkqubo yoBulungisa, uXolo, kunye neMicimbi yeHlabathi ye-MA kwiSikolo seNkonzo yaMazwe ngaMazwe yeYunivesithi yaseMelika. Ukwangumbhali wencwadi ezayo ethi The United States and Genocide: (Re) Ukuchaza uBudlelwane. Mlandele kuTwitter @jeff_bachman.