Abantwana eAfghanistan-Ityala lemifanekiso: cdn.pixabay.com
NguMedea Benjamin noNicolas JS Davies, World BEYOND War, Matshi 25, 2021
Ngomhla we-18 kuMatshi, umhlaba wanyangwa mboniso UNobhala welizwe lase-United States u-Antony Blinken efundisa amagosa aphezulu ase-China malunga nemfuneko yokuba i-China ihloniphe “umgaqo osekwe kwimithetho.” Enye indlela, Blinken lumkisa, lihlabathi elinokuthi lenze izinto ngendlela eyiyo, kwaye “elo iya kuba lihlabathi elinogonyamelo ngakumbi nelingazinzanga kuthi sonke.”
UBlinken ngokucacileyo wayethetha ngamava. Ukusukela oko i-United States yahambisa nge Charter UN kunye nomthetho wamazwe aphesheya ukuhlasela iKosovo, Afghanistan neIraq, kwaye usebenzise umkhosi kunye nomanyano zohlwayo zo qoqosho ngokuchasene namanye amazwe amaninzi, ngenene lenze umhlaba wabulala ngakumbi, unobundlobongela kunye nesiphithiphithi.
Xa iBhunga lezoKhuseleko le-UN lala ukunika intsikelelo kwi-US ngokuchasene ne-Iraq ngo-2003, uMongameli Bush wayisongela esidlangalaleni i-UN Ukungabaluleki. Kamva wonyula uJohn Bolton njengeNxusa le-UN, indoda eyayikhe yaziwa wathi ukuba, ukuba isakhiwo se-UN eNew York "siphulukene namabali ali-10, ngekhe senze mahluko."
Kodwa emva kweminyaka engamashumi amabini yomgaqo-nkqubo wezangaphandle wase-US apho i-United States iye yawutyeshela kwaye yaphula umthetho wamazwe aphesheya, ishiya ukufa, ubundlobongela kunye nesiphithiphithi emva kwayo, umgaqo-nkqubo wezangaphandle wase-US unokugqibela ukuza kwisangqa esipheleleyo, ubuncinci kwimeko ye-Afghanistan .
Unobhala uBlinken uthathe inyathelo langaphambili elingenakucingwa lokubiza iZizwe eziManyeneyo ukuba khokela iingxoxo Ukupheliswa komlilo kunye notshintsho kwezopolitiko eAfghanistan, ukuyeka igunya laseMelika lokuba ngumlamli phakathi kukarhulumente waseKabul kunye neTaliban.
Ke, emva kweminyaka engama-20 yemfazwe nokuchasana nomthetho, ngaba i-United States ekugqibeleni ilungele ukunika "umgaqo osekwe kwimithetho" ithuba lokuphumelela kwi-unilateralism yase-US kwaye "inokwenza okulungileyo," endaweni yokuyisebenzisa nje njenge-cudgel yomlomo ukubetha iintshaba zayo?
U-Biden kunye no-Blinken babonakala ngathi bakhethe imfazwe engapheliyo yaseMelika e-Afghanistan njengemeko yovavanyo, nanjengoko bengavumi ukuphinda bajoyine isivumelwano se-nyukliya sika-Obama ne-Iran, balinda ngomona indima yase-US yokuba ngumlamli phakathi kuka-Israyeli nePalestine, bagcine isohlwayo esibi sikaTrump. kwaye uqhubeke nokwaphula umthetho ngokwaseMelika komthetho wamanye amazwe ngokuchasene namanye amazwe amaninzi.
Kuqhubeka ntoni eAfghanistan?
NgoFebruwari 2020, ulawulo lukaTrump lusayiniwe isivumelwano kunye neTaliban ukurhoxisa ngokupheleleyo imikhosi yase-US kunye ne-NATO e-Afghanistan ngoMeyi 1, 2021.
I-Taliban yenqabile ukuxoxisana norhulumente oxhaswe yi-US e-Kabul de kwatyikitywa isivumelwano sokurhoxa e-US nase-NATO, kodwa nje ukuba kwenziwe oko, amacala e-Afghan aqala iingxoxo zoxolo ngo-Matshi 2020. Endaweni yokuvuma ukupheliswa komlilo ngokupheleleyo ngexesha leentetho. , njengoko urhulumente wase-US wayefuna, iTaliban yavuma kuphela "ukunciphisa ubundlobongela" iveki enye.
Kwiintsuku ezilishumi elinanye kamva, njengoko kwakuqhubeka umlo phakathi kweTaliban kunye norhulumente waseKabul, eUnited States ibango elingalunganga ukuba iTaliban yayophula isivumelwano esayisayine ne-United States kwaye saphinda sayivula iphulo lokuqhushumisa.
Ngaphandle kokulwa, urhulumente waseKabul kunye neTaliban bakwazile ukutshintshiselana ngamabanjwa kwaye baqhubeke nothethathethwano eQatar, waylamla ngumthunywa wase-US uZalmay Khalilzad, owayethethathethane ngesivumelwano sokurhoxa e-US neTaliban. Kodwa iintetho zenze inkqubela kancinci, kwaye ngoku kubonakala ngathi zifikelele kwincopho.
Ukuza kwentwasahlobo eAfghanistan kuhlala kuzisa ukunyuka emfazweni. Ngaphandle kokupheliswa komlilo okutsha, intwasahlobo ehlaselayo inokuthi ikhokelele ekuzuzeni indawo ngakumbi kweTaliban-esele ikho lawulo ubuncinci isiqingatha seAfghanistan.
Eli themba, elidityaniswe nomhla wokugqibela wokurhoxa kaMeyi wokugqibela 3,500 I-US kunye namanye amajoni angama-7,000 e-NATO, aqhubela isimemo sikaBlinken kwiZizwe eziManyeneyo ukuba akhokele inkqubo yoxolo ebandakanya amazwe onke eya kuthi ibandakanye ne-India, Pakistan kunye neentshaba zemveli zase-United States, i-China, i-Russia kunye ne-Iran.
Le nkqubo iqale nge- Nkomfa e-Afghanistan eMoscow ngo-Matshi 18-19, eyadibanisa abathunywa abali-16 abavela kurhulumente wase-Afghanistan oxhaswe e-Kabul kunye nabathethathethwano abavela kwiTaliban, kunye nommeli wase-US u-Khalilzad kunye nabameli abavela kwamanye amazwe.
Inkomfa yaseMoscow wabeka isiseko enkulu Inkomfa ekhokelwa yi-UN izakubanjelwa eIstanbul ngo-Epreli ukwenza isakhelo sokupheliswa komlilo, inguqu kwezopolitiko kunye nesivumelwano sokwabelana ngamandla phakathi kukarhulumente oxhaswe yi-US kunye neTaliban.
UNobhala-Jikelele we-UN u-Antonio Guterres uqeshe UJean Arnault ukukhokela iingxoxo ze-UN. I-Arnault ngaphambili yathetha-thethana ngesiphelo EGuatemalan Imfazwe yamakhaya ngo-1990 kunye isivumelwano soxolo phakathi kukarhulumente kunye ne-FARC e-Colombia, kwaye wayengummeli ka-Nobhala-Jikelele e-Bolivia ukusukela ngo-2019 de kwabanjwa unyulo olutsha ngo-2020. .
Ukuba inkomfa ye-Istanbul ikhokelela kwisivumelwano phakathi korhulumente waseKabul kunye neTaliban, imikhosi yase-US inokuba sekhaya ngamanye amaxesha kwiinyanga ezizayo.
UMongameli uTrump-ngokuzama ukuzama ukwenza isithembiso sakhe sokuphelisa loo mfazwe ingapheliyo- kufanele ukuba azukiswe ngokuqala ngokurhoxa ngokupheleleyo kwemikhosi yase-US eAfghanistan. Kodwa ukurhoxiswa ngaphandle kwesicwangciso esibanzi soxolo ngekhe kuyiphelise imfazwe. Inkqubo yoxolo ekhokelwa yi-UN kufuneka inike abantu base-Afghanistan ithuba elingcono kakhulu lekamva elinoxolo kunokuba imikhosi yase-US ishiye amacala omabini asemfazweni, kwaye anciphise amathuba okuba uzuza ezenziwe ngabafazi kule minyaka izakulahleka.
Kuthathe iminyaka eyi-17 yemfazwe ukuzisa i-United States kwitafile yothethathethwano kunye neminye iminyaka emibini enesiqingatha ngaphambi kokuba ikulungele ukubuyela umva kwaye i-UN ikhokele kuthethathethwano loxolo.
Ngalo lonke eli xesha, i-US izamile ukugcina inkohliso yokuba ekugqibeleni ingoyisa iTaliban kwaye "iphumelele" emfazweni. Kodwa amaxwebhu angaphakathi ase-US apapashwe ngu WikiLeaks kunye nomsinga we Iingxelo kwaye uphando Utyhile ukuba iinkokheli zomkhosi nezopolitiko zase-US kudala bazi ukuba abanakuphumelela. Njengoko u-General Stanley McChrystal ebeka, eyona nto ibalulekileyo enokuyenza e-Afghanistan yayikukuya "Dibanisa kunye."
Oko kwakuthetha ukuba kusenziwa yayikukuyeka amashumi amawaka iibhombu, usuku emva kosuku, unyaka emva konyaka, kunye nokuqhuba amawaka ohlaselo ebusuku oluthi, amaxesha ngamaxesha kunokuba, babulawa, bakhubazekile okanye bavalelwa ngokungekho sikweni abahlali abamsulwa.
Inani lokufa e-Afghanistan Ngaziwa. Uninzi lwe-US airstrikes kwaye ukuhlasela ebusuku zenzeka kwiindawo ezikude, ezineentaba apho abantu bengaqhakamshelani ne-ofisi yamalungelo oluntu ye-UN eKabul ephanda iingxelo zokufa kwabantu.
UFiona FrazerIntloko yamalungelo oluntu ye-UN e-Afghanistan, yamkelwe kwi-BBC ngo-2019 ukuba "... abantu abaninzi bayabulawa okanye bonzakale e-Afghanistan ngenxa yomlo oxhotyiweyo kunakuyo nayiphi na enye indawo eMhlabeni .... Amanani apapashiweyo ngokuqinisekileyo awabonisi ubungakanani bokwenyani . ”
Akukho sifundo sibi sokufa esithe senziwa ukusukela oko i-US yahlasela ngo-2001. Ukuqalisa ingxelo egcweleyo yeendleko zoluntu kule mfazwe kufanele ukuba kube yinxalenye yomsebenzi we-UN umthunywa u-Arnault, kwaye akufuneki simangaliswe ukuba, Ikhomishini yeNyaniso wayejongile eGuatemala, ityhila inani lokufa eliphindwe kalishumi okanye amashumi amabini kwinto esiyixelelweyo.
Ukuba inyathelo lika-Blinken lokuzimela liyaphumelela ekophuleni lo mjikelo ubulalayo “wokududuzela,” kwaye uzise noxolo olungephi e-Afghanistan, oko kuyakumisela umzekelo kunye nomzekelo ongomnye kubundlobongela obubonakala ngathi abunasiphelo kunye nesiphithiphithi semfazwe yasemva kwe-9/11 yaseMelika kwezinye amazwe.
I-United States isebenzise amandla omkhosi kunye nezohlwayo zoqoqosho ukutshabalalisa, ukwahlula okanye ukohlwaya uluhlu olukhulayo lwamazwe kwihlabathi liphela, kodwa ayisenamandla okoyisa, ukuphinda uzinzise kwaye udibanise la mazwe kubukhosi bawo be-neocolonial. iyenzile ekuphakameni kwamandla ayo emva kweMfazwe yesibini yeHlabathi. Ukoyiswa kweMelika eVietnam yaba kukutshintsha kwembali: ukuphela kweminyaka yobukhosi bezomkhosi baseNtshona.
Yonke i-United States ingafezekisa kula mazwe ihlala kuwo okanye iyingqingile namhlanje kukubagcina bekwimimandla eyahlukeneyo yendlala, ubundlobongela kunye nesiphithiphithi-ezaphukileyo iziqwenga zobukumkani obabusasazeke kwihlabathi lenkulungwane yamashumi amabini ananye.
Amandla omkhosi wase-US kunye nezohlwayo zoqoqosho zinokuthintela okwethutyana amazwe aqhushumbe okanye ahlwempuzekileyo ekufumaneni ngokupheleleyo ubukhosi babo okanye baxhamle kwiiprojekthi zophuhliso olukhokelwa yi-China I-Belt kunye neNkqubo yeNdlela, kodwa iinkokheli zaseMelika azinayo enye indlela yophuhliso abanokubanika yona.
Abantu baseIran, eCuba, North Korea naseVenezuela kufuneka bajonge eAfghanistan, Iraq, Haiti, Libya okanye Somalia ukuze babone ukuba utshintshi wolawulo lwaseMelika uzakubakhokelela phi.
Ithetha ntoni le nto?
Ubuntu bujamelene nemingeni enzima kule nkulungwane, ukusuka Ukuphela kobunzima yendalo yelizwe ukuya ukutshatyalaliswa yemozulu eqinisekisa ubomi ebingumbandela obalulekileyo kwimbali yoluntu, ngelixa amafu enyukliya eqhubeka sisongele sonke ngempucuko-ephelisa intshabalalo.
Luphawu lwethemba lokuba uBiden kunye noBlinken baguqukela kwidiplomacy yamazwe amaninzi, ngokusemthethweni e-Afghanistan, nokuba kungenxa yokuba, emva kweminyaka engama-20 yemfazwe, ekugqibeleni babona ukudibana njengendawo yokugqibela.
Kodwa uxolo, idiploma kunye nomthetho wamazwe aphesheya akufuneki ube sisigqibo sokugqibela, ukuba sizame kuphela xa amaDemokhrasi kunye namaRiphabhlikhi ngokufanayo enyanzelisiwe ukuba avume ukuba akukho ndlela intsha yokunyanzelwa okanye yokunyanzelwa. Kananjalo akufuneki babeyindlela yokugxeka iinkokheli zaseMelika zokuhlamba izandla zabo kwingxaki enameva kwaye bayinikeze njengechalice enetyhefu ukuze abanye bayisele.
Ukuba uNobhala we-UN okhokelwa yinkqubo yoxolo uqalile ukuphumelela kwaye amajoni ase-US ekugqibeleni abuyela ekhaya, amaMelika akufuneki alibale malunga ne-Afghanistan kwiinyanga nakwiminyaka ezayo. Kuya kufuneka sinikele ingqalelo kwinto eyenzekayo apho kwaye sifunde kuyo. Kwaye kufuneka sixhase iminikelo yesisa yase-US kuncedo loluntu kunye nophuhliso oluza kufuneka ngabantu base-Afghanistan iminyaka emininzi ezayo.
Yiyo ke le ndlela "inkqubo esekwe kwimithetho," ethi iinkokheli zase-US zithande ukuthetha ngayo kodwa ziqhele ukwaphula umthetho, kufanele ukuba zisebenze, kunye ne-UN izalisekise uxanduva lwayo lokudala uxolo kunye namazwe ngamanye awoyisa ukwahluka kwawo ukuyixhasa.
Mhlawumbi intsebenziswano e-Afghanistan inokuba linyathelo lokuqala elibhekisa kwintsebenziswano ebanzi ye-US ne-China, i-Russia ne-Iran eziya kubaluleka ukuba siza kusombulula imiceli-mngeni efanayo esijamelene nayo sonke.
UMedea uBenjamin ungumcebisi CODEPINK yoxolo, kunye nombhali weencwadi ezininzi, kubandakanya Ngaphakathi kwe-Iran: Imbali Yembali kunye nezopolitiko zeRiphabhliki yase-Iran.
UNicolas JS Davies yintatheli ezimeleyo, umphandi nge-CODEPINK kunye nombhali we Igazi Ngezandla Zethu: Ukumenywa kweMelika kunye nokubhujiswa kweIraq.
