ukusuka TomDispatch, UJuni 13, 2019
Sekuyiminyaka eyi-18 "nga pheleli"Imfazwe, i-carnage, i ukufuduka kwamanzi of zizwana, i ukutshatyalaliswa yezixeko… uyalazi ibali. Sonke senza… kinda… kodwa amaxesha amaninzi libali ngaphandle kubo. Awuvumi ukuva zabo amazwi. bona azinakwenzeka kwiindawo zethu kwihlabathi. Ndicinga ngabantu base-Afghani, iIraq, amaSiriya, iYemenis, amaSomalia, amaLibya, njalonjalo abaye baxhatshazwa kweemfazwe zethu ezingapheliyo. Ewe, yonke into ngoku kwaye kukho inkqutyana ebethayo kumajelo aseMerika, njengoko kwakutshanje kuphando oluhlanganyelweyo I-Bureau of Journalism yophando kwaye i ENew York Times yokubulawa komama kunye nabantwana bakhe abasixhenxe (umncinci wayeneminyaka emine ubudala) kwidolophana lase-Afghan elibangelwa ngumkhosi we-American JDAM (kwaye ekuqaleni waphikiswa yimpi yase-US). Kwakuyinye ye kwinani ephakama Iimfazwe zomoya zase-US kulo lonke ilizwe. Kuzo ziqwenga, unako ukuva ilizwi elibi lomyeni, uMasih Ur-Rahman Mubarez, owayengekhoyo apho ibhomu ibetha kwaye wahlala efuna ubulungisa kwintsapho yakhe. ("Sinelizwi: ukuthula ngokuchasene nokungalungi, ngoko ke ndiza kusasaza ilizwi lam emhlabeni jikelele." Ndiya kuthetha nabo bonke abantu, naphandle. hayi, siya kuphakamisa ilizwi lethu. ")
Ngokuqhelekileyo, nangona kunjalo, ixesha thina baseMerika esichithayo kwiimpilo zalawo mazwe, kule nkulungwane, siye safumana isandla esinjalo ekuphenduleleni kwiimeko ezidlulileyo okanye ezingaphumeleli kuncinci. Ndidla ngokucinga ngento ethile TomDispatch Unayo i gu bungelwe phantse yedwa kule minyaka: indlela, phakathi kwe-2001 kunye ne-2013, amandla omoya ase-US aphelile amaqela omtshato emazweni amathathu kuMmandla oPhambili Omkhulu: i-Afghanistan, i-Iraq ne-Yemen. (Ukusebenzisa iindiza ze-US nezixhobo, i-Saudis inayo qhubeka abahlaselayo abathandekayo kwiminyaka yamuva eYemen.)
Ngokuqinisekileyo awukhumbuli nokuba elinye ipati lomtshato licinywe ngesitrayikhi somoya e-US-elona nani lincinci ubuncinci Sibhozo -Andikubeki tyala kuba khange bafumane ngqalelo ingako apha. Inye kuphela: i-tabloid ene-Murdoch, i Post New York, phambi kwesigxina se-drone kwinqanawa yezithuthi eziza kutshata umtshato eYemen kwi-2013 kunye nale ngqungquthela ethi "Mtshakazi noBomi!"
Ndihlala ndicinga ukuba kwakuya kwenzeka ntoni ukuba i-bombardi yokuzibulala e-al-Qaeda okanye i-ISIS yenze umtshato waseMerika apha, ibulala umtshakazi okanye umyeni, iindwendwe, kunye nabaculi (njengaloo-Marine Major General UJames Mattisnemikhosi wenza e-Iraq kwi-2004). Uyazi impendulo: bekuya kuba neentsuku zokubanjelwa kweendaba ze-24 / 7, ezibandakanya udliwano-ndlebe nabasindayo belililo, iimbali zemixholo yazo zonke izinto, iikhumbuzo, imikhosi, njalo njalo. Kodwa xa thina thina singabonakalisi, singabhujiswa, iindaba ziya kudlula ngokukhawuleza (ukuba kukho konke), kwaye ubomi (apha) buya phambili, kungenxa yoko TomDispatch njalo Isithuba sikaLaura Gottesdiener namhlanje, engqondweni yam, sibaluleke kakhulu. Wenza kanye le nto amanye amajelo wethu eendaba engafane ayenze: ebonelela ngamazwi angacaciswanga wabaphembeleli boxolo baseIraq- ubusazi ukuba bekukho amatsha ntliziyo oxolo eIraq? -Exoxa ngobomi obuchaphazeleke kakhulu kukuhlasela kweMelika kunye nokuhlala kwabo kwilizwe labo ngo-2003. Tom
Amalungu amabini ase-Iraq aXolo lokuThumela iNkundla yamaThishini
Njengoko ulawulo lweTrump Ulwabalalisa iMfazwe, i-Iraqyi Lungiselela iCarnival yoxolo
By Laura GottesdienerKukho uhlazo olumnyama olujikeleza eBaghdad kule mihla. Noof Assi, umlindi woxolo wase-Iraq oneminyaka eyi-30 kunye nomsebenzi wabasebenzi, wandixelela ngefowuni. Incoko yethu yenzeka ngasekupheleni kukaMeyi nje emva kokuba ulawulo lweTrump luchaze ukuba luya kwandisa i-1,500 eyongezelelweyo imikhosi yase-United States kwii-campus zayo zaseMpuma-mpuma.
"I-Iran ifuna ukulwa ukuze i-United States ne-Saudi Arabia ziphume e-Iraq," waqala. "Kwaye iUnited States ifuna ukulwa ukuze iphume i-Iran e-Iraq." Wabeka ngokukhawuleza. "Kuthe kuthi sonke thina base-Iraq sisuka eIraq ukuze bakwazi ukulwa apha ngokwabo?"
U-Assi uphakathi kwesizukulwana se-Iraqis esasisaphila ubomi babo ngaphantsi kolawulo lwase-United States ezweni labo kwaye emva kokugqithisa kwintlupheko evezayo, kubandakanywa ukunyuka kwe-ISIS, kwaye ngoku ngubani owangqongqoza i-Washington-sabell-steatting e-Tehran. Akwazanga ukuqonda ngokucacileyo ukuba, xa kuxabana, iIraq iyakuthi iphinde ithole kwakhona ibanjwe phakathi kwayo.
NgoFebruwari, uMongameli uTrump waqalisa ukubanga ukuba i-United States izakugcina ubukho bayo emkhosini- Amasosha e-5,200 Kunye ne-al-Asad airbase e-Iraq ukuze “ubukele i-Iran. "NgoMeyi, iSebe likaRhulumente ke ngokukhawuleza bonke abasebenzi baseburhulumenteni abangengxamisekileyo ukuba bashiye iIraq, bachaze ingqiqo engaqondakaliyo malunga nokusongela "umsebenzi we-Iranian." (Oku kuthiwa yingqondo ngokukhawuleza kwangoko phi kisana ngumphathi weBrithani we-US-led ledal union coalition e-ISIS othe "akukho nto isisongelo esivela kwi-Iranian ne-Syria." Emva kweentsuku ezimbalwa, i-rocket kungenakonakala Indawo yaseBaghdad eQinisekile kakhulu, enezindlu zaseMelika. UNdunankulu wase-Iraq u-Adel Abdul Mahdi wachaza ukuba uya kuthumela iindwendwe eWashington naseTehran ukuba azame "ukunqanda uxhaso, "Ngelixa amawaka e-Iraqy aqhelekileyo zilungelelaniswa e-Baghdad ukukhankanya ngokubhekiselele kwimeko yokuba ilizwe labo liphinde liqhutywe kwiingxabano.
Uninzi lwamajelo eendaba aseMerika okwenyuka kwama-US-Iranian tensions kulezi iveki, ziqhubana ne "intel" ezixhaswe ngamagosa olawulo lweTrump, zibhekise ngokufana nokukhokela kwi-2003 yase-Iraq ehlasela i-Iraq. Njengoko kutshanje Al Jazeera Isiqwenga-esithi "Ngaba amajelo eendaba aseMelika abetha imigqomo yemfazwe e-Iran?" - ukubeka ngokucacileyo: “Ngo-2003, yayiyi-Iraq. Ngo-2019, yi-Iran. ”
Ngelishwa, kwiminyaka eyi-16, ukungena kwe-America yase-Iraq ayizange iphucule kakhulu. Ngokuqinisekileyo, iArajis ngokwabo ilahlekile kakhulu kwisenzo. Xa, umzekelo, uluntu lwaseMelika luva malunga nendlela abafundi besifazane kwisixeko esikhulu sesibini se-Iraq, uMosul, bombhoxela kakhulu kwaye babuyiselwa kwi-ISIS kwi-2017, zi cwangcise ukuhlaziya iithala zeelayibrari eyaziwayo eYunivesithi yaseMosul, apho i-ISIS izihlabane zibeka umlilo xa zihlala kulo mzi; okanye abathengisi nabathengisi zivuselelaImakethe yeBathdad eyaziwayo yehlabathi kwiMetanabbi Street, ibhujiswe yibhomu yonakalo e-2007; okanye njani, ngoSeptemba ngamnye, amashumi amawaka Abantu abancinci ngoku bahlanganisene eIraq ukubhiyozela uSuku loXolo -umnyhadala owaqala kwiminyaka esibhozo eyadlulayo eBaghdad njengengqondo kaNoof Assi kunye nogxa wakhe, uZain Mohammed, umgqugquzeli woxolo oneminyaka engama-31 nongumnini wendawo yokutyela kunye nendawo yokusebenza?
Ngamanye amazwi, akunqabile ukuba uluntu lwase-US oluvunyelwe ukuba luvumeleke ukulwa nemfazwe yase-Iraq lubonakala lukhuni.
UAssi noMahammad abajwayele ukubonakaliswa kwelo lizwe lethu kwilizwe lethu, kodwa ukuba iAraj enjengeyo i-Iraq ayifanele kwizenzo kwi-American consciousness. Bahlala bemangale, enyanisweni, ukuba amaMelika ayenokubangela ukutshatyalaliswa kunye neentlungu kwilizwe abaqhubeka bezazi kangako.
"Kwiminyaka edluleyo, ndaya eUnited States kwinkqubo yokutshintshana kwaye ndafumanisa abantu ababengazi nto ngathi. Omnye wandibuza ukuba ndasebenzisa ikamela ukuhamba, "uAssi wandixelela. "Ngoko ndabuyela e-Iraq kwaye ndacinga ukuba: Hamba! Simele sixelele ihlabathi ngathi. "
Ekupheleni kukaMeyi, ndathetha kunye no-Assi noMahammad ngokwahlukileyo ngomnxeba ngesiNgesi malunga nokusongela kweminye imfazwe yase-Amerika eMbindi-Mpuma kunye neminyaka emibini yomsebenzi woxolo ekujoliswe ekunciphiseni ubundlobongela obuqhutywe yimfazwe emibili yokugqibela e-United States. . Ngezantsi, ndiye ndahlela kwaye ndadlulisa indlebe ngodliwano-ndlebe kwalaba bahlobo bababini ukuze abantu baseMerika bangayiva iimbali ezivela e-Iraq, bathetha ibali lobomi babo nokuzibophezela kwabo uxolo kwiminyaka emva kokuhlasela kwelizwe labo kwi-2003.
Laura Gottesdiener:Yintoni ephefumlelweyo kuqala ukuba uqale ukwenza uxolo?
Zain Mohammed:Ekupheleni kwe2006, ngoDisemba 6th, i-al-Qaeda- [e-Iraq, umlandeli we-ISIS] wambulala uyise. Sincinane intsapho: mna nomama kunye noodadewethu ababini. Amathuba am ayenamathuba amabini. Ndandineminyaka eyi-19 ubudala. Ndandisanda kuqeda isikolo esiphakeme. Ngoko isigqibo sasikuthi: Kwafuneka ndifuduke okanye ndibe yinxalenye yenkqubo yemikhosi kwaye ndiphinde ndiphinde ndiphinde ndiphinde ndiphinde ndibuyisele. Yayiyindlela yokuphila eBaghdad ngelo xesha. Sathuthela eDamasko [iSiriya]. Emva koko, emva kweenyanga ezintandathu, xa iphepha lethu lilungele ukuba siye eKhanada, ndatsho kum mama, "Ndifuna ukubuyela eBaghdad. Andifuni ukubaleka. "
Ndabuyela eBaghdad ekupheleni kwe2007. Kwakukho imoto enkulu ebhokra eKarda, inxalenye yeso sixeko apho ndahlala khona. Mna kunye nabahlobo bam senza isigqibo sokwenza into yokubaxelela abahlobo bethu ukuba kufuneka sisebenze kunye ukuze sikhuthaze uxolo. Ngaloo ndlela, ngoDisemba 21st, kwiSuku loKhuseleko lwaMazwe ngamazwe, sasiba nesiganeko esincinane kwindawo efanayo kunye nokuqhuma. Kwi-2009, ndafumana i-scholarship kwiYunivesithi yaseMerika e-Sulaymaniyah ukuze ndifundise ngoxolo kwaye sasibukela ibhayisikobho ngoSuku lweXolo. Ekupheleni kwe-movie, kwakukho ukukhanya kwamabonakude amaninzi avela kwihlabathi kwaye, okwesibini nje, kukho imicimbi yethu eKarrada. Le movie yayimangalisa kum. Kwakuyimyalezo. Ndabuyela eBaghdad ndaza ndathetha omnye wabahlobo bam obabulewe nguyise. Ndimxelele ukuba ichanekile: Ukuba ungumShiite, uya kubhalwa ngabahlali baseShiyhi ngokuphindisela; ukuba unguSunni, uya kuqashwa ngumbutho wamaSunni okanye u-al-Qaeda ukuphindezela. Ndamxelela: kufuneka senze into yesithathu. Ngokhetho lwesithathu, ndathetha nayiphi na indlela ngaphandle kokulwa okanye ukufuduka.
Ndathetha kwiNobunzima kwaye wathi kufuneka siqokelele ulutsha size siququzelele intlanganiso. "Kodwa yintoni na into?" Ndambuza. Yonke into esinayo yayiyiyo ngcamango yesithathu. Wathi: "Sifanele siqokelele ulutsha kwaye sibe nentlanganiso yokugqiba ukuba senze ntoni."
Noof Assi: Xa iBaghdad yayakhiwa kuqala, yayibizwa ngokuba yiSixeko soxolo. Xa saqala ukuthetha nabantu, bonke bahleka kuthi. Isikhumbuzo seSixeko soxolo kwiBaghdad? Ngeke kwenzeke, bathi. Ngelo xesha, akukho ziganeko, akukho nto eyenzekayo kwiipaki zikawonkewonke.
Zain:Wonke umntu uthe: uyaphambana, sisemfazweni…
Noof:Sasingenayo nayiphi na imali, ngoko sinqume ukukhanyisa amakhandlela, simele esitrato, sitsho abantu ukuba iBaghdad ibizwa ngokuba yiSixeko soxolo. Kodwa ke sakhula saba liqela labantu abali-50, ngoko ke sakha umthendeleko omncinci. Sinebhajethi yesantya. Sasiba izinto zokubhala ezivela kwiofisi yethu kwaye sisebenzisa umshicileli apho.
Emva koko sathi: "Ewe, senze iphuzu, kodwa andicinga ukuba abantu baya kufuna ukuqhubeka. Kodwa ulutsha lubuyele kuthi kwaye lathi, "Siyayivuyela. Masenze kwakhona. "
Laura:Umthendeleko ukhule njani ukususela emva koko?
Noof:Unyaka wokuqala, malunga ne-500 abantu beza kwaye ininzi yabo yayiyiintsapho zethu okanye izalamane zethu. Ngoku, abantu be-20,000 baya kulo mthendeleko. Kodwa ingcamango yethu ayikho nje ngomthendeleko, malunga nehlabathi esiyidala ngalo mthendeleko. Senza yonke into ukususela ekuqaleni. Nokuba imihlobiso: kukho iqela elenza ukuhlobisa ngesandla.
Zain: Kwi-2014, saziva ukuba iziphumo zokuqala xa i-ISIS kwaye le nto yenzekile kwakhona, kodwa ngeli xesha, kwinqanaba leqela, amaqela amaninzi aqala ukusebenza kunye, ukuqoqa imali kunye neengubo zabantu abafudukela ngaphandle. Wonke umntu wayesebenza kunye. Kwakunjengokukhanya.
Noof:Ngoku, umthendeleko kwenzeka eBasra, eSamawah, Diwaniyah naseBaghdad. Kwaye sinethemba lokwandisa ukuya eNajaf naseSulaymaniyah.Okuphela kweminyaka emibili edlulileyo, sisebenze ukudala i-hub yokuqala yolutsha eBaghdad, i-IQ Peace Centre, ehlala kwiklabhu eyahlukeneyo: i-jazz club, i-chess iqela, iklabhu yezilwanyana, ibhola yokubhala. Sasineklabhu yeentombi kunye namantombazana ukuxoxa ngemiba yabo ngaphakathi kwesi sixeko.
Zain:Sineengxaki ezininzi zezemali kuba sasinobutsha bolutsha. Sasingabhaliswa kwi-NGO [engekho urhulumente] kwaye sasingafuni ukusebenza njenge-ONG.
Laura:Kuthiwani ngeminye imizamo yoxolo kwisixeko?
Noof:Kwiimbalwa ezimbalwa zeminyaka edlulileyo, siqale ukubona ezininzi iintlobo ezahlukahlukeneyo ezijikeleze iBaghdad. Emva kweminyaka emininzi ebona abadlali abaxhobileyo kuphela, iimfazwe, kunye namajoni, abantu abatsha babefuna ukwakha umfanekiso omnye wesixeko. Ngoko, ngoku, sinokuhamba amaninzi malunga nemfundo, impilo, ukuzizonwabisa, ezemidlalo, i-marathons, iiklabhu zeencwadi. Kukho intambo ebizwa ngokuthi "NdingumAraq, Ndiyakwazi UkuFunda." Yona mkhosi omkhulu kwiincwadi. Ukutshintshwa okanye ukuthatha iincwadi kukhululekile kumntu wonke kwaye bazisa ababhali nabalobi ukuba batyikitye iincwadi.
Laura:Oku akusiyo loo mfanekiso endikrokrela ukuba abaninzi baseMerika bakhumbula xa bacinga ngeBaghdad.
Noof: Ngenye imini, mna noZain sakruquka eofisini, ke saqala ukujonga imifanekiso eyahlukeneyo. Sithe, "Masibe yiGoogle Iraq." Kwaye zonke iifoto zemfazwe. Sigodukile eBaghdad: Inye into. Emva koko sajonga into - yaziwa kwihlabathi liphela - Ingonyama yaseBhabheli [umfanekiso wasendulo], kwaye into esiyifumeneyo ngumfanekiso wetanki laseRussia elaqalwa yi-Iraq ngexesha lolawulo lukaSaddam [Hussein] abathi balibiza ngokuba yiNgonyama yaseBhabheli.
NdingumIrabhi kwaye ndiyindoda yaseMesopotamiya ngalelo gama elide. Sakhulile siphila kwisixeko esasidala kwaye apho yonke indawo, zonke izitalato ezidlulayo, unembali kuyo, kodwa amajelo asasazwe ngamazwe akathethi malunga noko kwenzeke kwezo zitrato. Bajolise kwizinto abapolitiki abazithethayo baze bashiye abanye. Ababonisi umfanekiso wangempela welizwe.
Laura:Ndifuna ukukubuza malunga nokunyuka kwempixano phakathi kwe-United States ne-Iran, nendlela abantu base-Iraq abaphendula ngayo. Ndiyazi ukuba uneengxaki zakho zangaphakathi, ke nantoni na iTrump tweets ngosuku olunikiweyo isenokungabi zezona ndaba zinkulu kuwe…
Noof:Ngelishwa, kunjalo.
Ngokukodwa ukusukela nge2003, i-Iraqis khange ilawule ilizwe lethu. Nditsho norhulumente ngoku, asimfuni, kodwa akukho namnye umntu owakha wasibuza. Sisahlawula ngegazi lethu ngelixa ndandifunda inqaku malunga noku kwiinyanga ezimbalwa ezidlulileyo - uPaul Bremer ngoku ufundisa ukushushuluza kwaye uphila ubomi obulula emva kokonakalisa ilizwe lethu. [Ngo-2003, ulawulo luka-Bush lonyula u-Bremer ukuba abeyintloko ye-Coalition Provisional Authority, eyayihlala e-Iraq emva kohlaselo lwase-US kwaye yayijongene nesigqibo esibuhlungu sokuchitha umkhosi wama-Iraqi wase-Iraq u-Saddam Hussein.]
Laura:Ucinga ntoni ngeendaba ukuba i-US iceba ukuhambisa i-1,500 eminye ibutho eMiddle East?
Zain: Ukuba baya kugcina beza eIraq, apho sinobuninzi beempi zakwa-Iranian, ndiyesaba ukuba kunokubambisana. Andifuni ukudibana. Kwimfazwe phakathi kweUnited States ne-Iran, mhlawumbi amanye amajoni aya kubulawa, kodwa abantu abaninzi base-Iraq baza kuba, ngokunjalo, ngokuthe ngqo nangokungaqondile. Ngokunyanisekileyo, konke okwenzekile ukususela ngo-2003 kumangalisa kum. Kutheni iUnited States yahlasela i-Iraq? Kwaye bathi bafuna ukuhamba kwaye ngoku bafuna ukubuyela? Andikwazi ukuqonda into eyenziwa yi-United States.
Noof:I-Trump ngumntu oshishino, ngoko unenkxalabo ngemali nendlela aza kuchitha ngayo. Akayi kwenza into ngaphandle kokuba enesiqinisekiso sokuthi uya kuzuza into ethile ngokubuyisela.
Laura:Oko kungikhumbuza indlela iTrump esetyenziselwa ukunyuka kwamaqela kwiphondo ukuze kuqhutywe iCongress kunye ukunyuka Iingxowa ze-8 zeebhiliyoni zeengxowa-mali zisebenzisana ne-Saudi Arabia kunye ne-United Arab Emirates.
Noof:Ngokuchanekileyo. Ndiyathetha, wayecela i-Iraq ukuba ihlawule i-United States emva kweendleko zemisebenzi yaseMelika e-Iraq! Ngaba unokucinga? Ngoko ke indlela acinga ngayo.
Laura:Phakathi kwezi ngxabano zikhulayo, uthini umyalezo wakho kulawulo lukaTrump- nakuluntu lwaseMelika?
Zain:Urhulumente wase-US, ndingathi, kuyo yonke imfazwe, nokuba uphumelele, ulahlekelwe yinto: imali, abantu, abahlali, amabali… Kufuneka silibone elinye icala lemfazwe. Kwaye ndiqinisekile ukuba singenza into esiyifunayo ngaphandle kwemfazwe. Kuluntu lwase-US: Ndicinga ukuba umyalezo wam kukutyhala ngokuchasene nemfazwe, nakumlo wezoqoqosho.
Noof:Kuba urhulumente waseUnited States ndiya kubaxelela: nceda ucingisise lakho ishishini. Shiya lonke ihlabathi yedwa. Kubantu baseMerika ndiza kubaxelela: Ndiyaxolisa, ndiyazi indlela oziva ngayo kwilizwe eliqhutywa yiTrump. Ndihlala phantsi kolawulo lukaSaddam. Ndiyakhumbula. Ndinomntu osebenza naye, ungumMelika, kwaye iTump yaphumelela ukhetho, wangena eofisi ekhala. Kwaye umSiriya kunye nathi sasiseofisini kunye naye kwaye sathi kuye: "Sisekho ngaphambili. Uya kuphila. "
NgoSeptemba 21st, Noof Assi, Zain Mohammed, kunye namanye amawaka ase-Iraqi aya kubangelwa ipaki kunye noMlambo iTigris ukugubha isiganeko sesibhozo ngonyaka weBaghdad City of Peace Carnival. E-United States, okwangoku, ngokuqinisekileyo siya kuba siphila phantsi kolawulo lweTrump malunga nosongelo lweemfazwe (ukuba kungabikho imfazwe ngokwayo) kunye ne-Iran, iVenezuela, iNorth Korea kunye noThixo uyazi apho. I-polls ye-Reuters ye-Reuters / Ipsos yakutshanje ibonisa Abantu baseMelika baya beyibona enye imfazwe eMbindi Mpuma njengengaphephekiyo, ngaphezulu kwesiqingatha sabo bavotelweyo besithi "kusenokwenzeka" okanye "kunokwenzeka" ukuba ilizwe labo liye emfazweni ne-Iran "kwiminyaka embalwa ezayo." Kodwa njengokuba iNoof kunye neZain zisazi kakuhle, kuhlala kunokwenzeka ukufumana enye indlela…
Laura Gottesdiener, a TomDispatch njalo, ngumlobi wezentengiselwano kunye nomntu wangaphambili Intando yeninzi Ngoku! umlimi okwamanje usekelwe enyakatho yeLebhanon.
