UMongameli oyiNtloko

By UDavid Swanson, UJuni 3, 2018.

NgoJanuwari 29 ileta Igqwetha likamongameli wase-US uMarc Kasowitz ubanga ukuba umongameli akanako ukuphazamisa ubulungisa, angakwazi ukwala i-subpoena ukuba anike ubungqina, kwaye akanakuvunyelwa. zichazwe ngelixa umongameli. Le leta ikwabonakala ngathi unokuzixolela ngolwaphulo-mthetho lwakhe. Ithemba lokuba olo fundo luyitolike ngendlela engeyiyo le leta laphazamiseka kakuhle xa igqwetha likamongameli omnye uRudy Giuliani. wathi kulempelaveki umgaqo siseko uthi umongameli angazixolela.

Nantsi into ethethwa nguMgaqo-siseko: “[U]yakuba negunya lokunika uxolo noxolelo kumatyala achasene ne-United States, ngaphandle kwamatyala okubekwa ityala.” Igeza lokuzixolela akuveli kuMgaqo-siseko. Kananjalo nombono wasebukhosini wokuba umongameli akanakuphazamisa ubulungisa. Ukuba oko kwakwamkelwa, u-Nixon wayengenakushenxiswa kwisikhundla ngokubekwa kwetyala okwakuza kuphepheka ngononophelo awona matyala mabi kakhulu eMzantsi-mpuma Asia; ingcamango yobudenge yokuba ukufihlakala kubi ngakumbi kunokuba ulwaphulo-mthetho lwalungenakuguqulwa lube yingqiqo eqhelekileyo; UNixon ngewayezixolele; kwaye nawuphi na umongameli uya kuba nakho ukuthintela kunye nokuthintela naluphi na uphando olufunekayo.

Kukho, ndicinga ukuba, iithiyori ezimbini ezisisiseko malunga nokuba sifikelele njani kweli nqanaba kuMongameli weTrumperial. Enye yingcinga eqhelekileyo eyamkelekileyo yokuba UVladimir Putin uyenzile kuthi. Olunye ngumphetho, ukuqonda okusekwe kwinyani ukuba ukutyibilika kancinci kweli cala kwiinkulungwane ezimbalwa ezidlulileyo kuthathe umtsi omkhulu ukuya phambili kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje. George W. Bush kuthintelwe ubulungisa kwimeko Valerie Plame Wilson kwaye akazange impeached okanye ngenye indlela uxanduva. Ulawulo lukaBush no-Obama aluzange luvume ukuthobela uthotho lwezikhalazo, ngaphandle kwesiphumo okanye ukubandakanyeka kakubi kweRussia. Phakathi kwabo balayo ukuthobela i-subpoenas yeCongressional, bangaze bacinge ngezicelo, ngelixa uGeorge W. Bush wayengumongameli: iSebe lezoBulungisa, uNobhala weLizwe ("akatyekelanga" yayiyinkcazo kaCondi), uSekela Mongameli (owabhengeza kwangaphambili ukuba ngekhe ihambelane nobu budenge obunjalo kwaye khange iyenze), uMcebisi weWhite House, uMphathi weWhite House waBasebenzi, uMlawuli wezoPolitiko weWhite House, uSekela Mlawuli waBasebenzi kuWhite House, uSekela Mlawuli wezoPolitiko eWhite House, kunye neWhite House. I-Ofisi yoLawulo kunye noHlahlo-lwabiwo-mali.

Njengezinye izinto ezininzi zobongameli basebukhosini, u-Obama uqhubeke nomgaqo-nkqubo wokuthobela iisamani kuphela njengoko efuna. Oku kuhambelana noqheliselo lwakhe lokubhala ngokutsha imithetho kunye neengxelo zokutyikitya ngendlela yamaBhusha, ukwala ukutshutshisa, ukubulala, ukuhlola ngokungenasiqinisekiso, okanye ukuvalelwa entolongweni ngokungekho mthethweni, ukwandisa iimfihlo, ukwandisa iingxoxo zomthetho kumagunya alawulayo, ukuphuhlisa inkqubo entsha epheleleyo yokuchas’ umthetho. ukubulala ngenqwelomoya yerobhothi, ukuqalisa imfazwe ngaphandle kogunyaziso lweCongressional, Njl.

Kukho amagunya amabini iCongress enawo phezu komongameli. Enye yindelelo yendalo. Enye kukubekwa ityala.

Xa abantu benqaba ukuthobela i-Congressional subpoenas kule mihla, iCongress ngamanye amaxesha "ibabamba ngokudelela." Kodwa ngokwenene ayibabambeli. Enyanisweni ilindele ukuba iSebe lezoBulungisa lenze ukunyanzeliswa kwee-subpoenas - kunye nezo zibhekiswe kwiSebe lezoBulungisa. Akufuneki ukuthetha, oku akusebenzi.

Kumashumi eminyaka edluleyo, iCongress yayisebenzisa amandla abizwa ngokuba yindelelo yendalo, nto leyo eyayithetha amandla okugcina ubukho bayo ngokunyanzela amangqina ukuba asebenzisane kunye nokubagcina entolongweni eCapitol Hill de babone kufanelekile. Hayi kwakhona. Ngoku "indelelo yendalo" yimvakalelo nje ephuma esiswini somndilili waseMelika xa kudlula ilungu leCongress. Indlu okanye iNdlu yeeNgwevu okanye, eneneni, nayiphi na ikomiti yayo, inegunya, ngokwesithethe kunye nezigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-US, ukuyalela iSajini kwiArms yeNdlu okanye iSenethi ukuba avalelwe entolongweni nabani na otyholwa ngokudelela iCongress. okanye ngokohlwaywa ngenxa yokudelela iCongress. Ubunzima bokufumana indawo yokuvalela entolongweni buye basonjululwa ngokulula ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo kwaye bunokuphinda bukhawuleze.

Ngexesha lokugqibela leNkulungwane ye-19 kunye nenxalenye yokuqala ye-20, intolongo eqhelekileyo yeSithili sase-Columbia yayisetyenziswa rhoqo ngamaSeji kwi-Arms yeNdlu kunye ne-Senate. Ngelixa intolongo yayingeyoyeNkongolo, kwenziwa ilungiselelo lokuyisebenzisa, ukuze kuhlaliswe “amangqina akhohlisayo” kwisakhiwo esinye kunye nabemi bentolongo yeDC. Intolongo yeSithili ichazwe kule nto 1897 Inqaku leNew York Times. Le 1934 inqaku elivela kwi-Time Magazine ixoxa ngokusetyenziswa kweSeneti yeJail yeSithili ukohlwaya indelelo ngo-1860 no-1934. Ngo-1872 ikomiti yeCongress yaxoxa ngengxaki yentolongo ye-DC engalawulwa yiNkongolo, kodwa kuyabonakala ukuba yagqiba kwelokuba iSajini kwiArms inokugcina ulawulo lwebanjwa. loo ntolongo. Kwezinye iimeko, kuquka nelo tyala linye, ibanjwa leNkongolo labizwa ukuba livele yinkundla, kwaye iCongress yayalela iSajini kwiArms ukuba ahambise ibanjwa enkundleni ukuze achaze imeko kodwa angalikhululi ibanjwa kulawulo lwakhe.

ICongress ayisoloko isebenzisa iintolongo zangaphandle. Ngo-1868 lo mgaqo wamkelwa: “Kusonjululwe, Ukuba amagumbi A no-B, ajongene negumbi legqwetha leNkundla yamaBango, eCapitol, abe, kwaye ngale ndlela, abelwe njengegumbi lokugada kunye neofisi yamapolisa aseCapitol kwaye alungiselelwe. loo njongo ibekwe phantsi kolawulo lweSajini-engalo zeNdlu enegunya lokulinganisa okufanayo kwinjongo echaziweyo…. Isonjululwe, utshilo uWooley, ngenxa yokudelela kwakhe ngokuphindaphindiweyo igunya leNdlu, agcinwe de ayalelwe ngenye indlela yiNdlu evalelwe kwigumbi lokulinda lamapolisa aseCapitol nguSajini-at-Arms de wathi uWooley uyakuphendula imibuzo ngokupheleleyo. ngasentla ecengiweyo, kunye nayo yonke imibuzo ebuzwe kuye yikomiti ekhankanyiweyo ngokunxulumene nomba wophando ikomiti emangalelwe ngalo, kwaye okwangoku akukho mntu uyakunxibelelana noWooley, ngokubhala okanye ngomlomo, ngaphandle komyalelo kaSomlomo. .”

I-US Capitol kunye neNdlu kunye nezakhiwo zeeofisi zeSenethi zizele ngamagumbi anokuthi aguqulwe ngokulula abe ngamagumbi okulinda, kwaye eneneni sele egcwele amagumbi okulinda. I-DC igcwele iintolongo, ezininzi zazo zisondele kakhulu kwiCapitol. Enyanisweni, amapolisa aseCapitol awasebenzisa ngokubanzi kwaye awasebenzisa rhoqo phantsi kokuqonda okuqhubekayo kunye nabagcini beentolongo. Amapolisa aseCapitol aphinde abambe abantu, ubuncinci okwethutyana, kwisakhiwo esikufutshane nezakhiwo zeeofisi zeSenate.

Ukuphonononga imbali yokuqala ye-Congressional yokudelela ityhila umxube wezono, kubandakanywa nokwala ukuphendula imibuzo (kwizihloko ezahlukeneyo), ukwala ukuvelisa amaxwebhu, ukungaveli, njl., kodwa nokukhulula iCongress, ukubetha ilungu leCongress, ukubetha ngoswazi, namalungu eNkongolo ngokwawo abetha iSenator, kunye netyala lommi onxilileyo eqhwaba izandla ngendlela engafanelekanga. Ngelixa ukusetyenziswa komkhosi wamapolisa kuye kwanyamalala njengempendulo kumangqina akhanyelayo, usasetyenziswa rhoqo kubantu abaqhwaba izandla ngendlela engafanelekanga.

Kwiminyaka yokuqala yeli lizwe, indelelo yendalo ayizange yahlulwe "njengendalo". Kwakuthiwa kukudelela. Kodwa yanyanzeliswa kuphela yiNkongolo, kanye njengokuba ukudelelwa kwenkundla kwakunyanzeliswa yinkundla, kanye njengokuba ukudelelwa kwendlu yowiso-mthetho yelizwe okanye indlu yowiso mthetho yangaphambili okanye iPalamente yaseBritane kwanyanzeliswa kwalelo qumrhu. Ngelixa uMgaqo-siseko ungakhange ukhankanye ukudelela, yayikukuvumelana kweCongress, kamva kwaxhaswa zizigwebo ezininzi zeNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-US, ukuba iCongress yayinelungelo lemvelo kolu hlobo "lokuzikhusela." Oku kwakuqondwa ngokuqhelekileyo njengokukhuselwa kokuphazamiseka kunye nokuhlaselwa, kodwa kwakhona njengokukhusela ekuthunjweni nasekukhukulweni kwamandla e-Congressional ngokungafuni ukuthobela izicelo okanye ii-subpoenas. Ingxelo ibonisa ukuba ukucatshulwa kokudelelwa yiCongress, okanye kunoko iwaranti yokubamba umntu otyholwa ngokudelela ukuze ambeke ematyaleni, akufuneki ukuba ilandelwe yi-subpoena.

Kwiminyaka ethile emva, i-Common Cause yakhuthaza indelelo engokwemvelo ngala mazwi: “Ngaphantsi kwamandla emvelo endelelo, iSajini-at-Arms yeNdlu inegunya lokumvalela uKarl Rove aze amzise kwiNdlu apho ityala lakhe lokudelela linokuxoxwa khona. mhlawumbi, yikomiti emileyo okanye ekhethiweyo. Ukuba ufunyenwe yiNdlu ukuba udelele iNkongolo, unokuvalelwa ixesha elide eligqitywe yiNdlu (ungadluli ixesha le-110 yeCongress ephela ekuqaleni kukaJanuwari 2009) okanye ade avume. ngqina. INkundla ePhakamileyo iye yaqaphela amandla eNdlu ukunyanzelisa i-subpoenas ngokusebenzisa ilungiselelo lokwedelela, echaza ukuba ngaphandle kwayo, iCongress 'iya kuboniswa kuso sonke isidima kunye nokuphazamiseka ukuba ubukrwada, i-caprice okanye iyelenqe linokulamla.' Phambi kokuba iNkongolo icele iSebe lezoBulungisa ukuba lizame amatyala okudelela egameni lalo, amandla okudelela asetyenziswa ngaphezulu kwamaxesha angama-85 phakathi ko-1795 no-1934, ubukhulu becala ukunyanzela ubungqina namaxwebhu.

Njalo Washington Post iyavuma: “Omabini la maqela akwanawo amandla 'okwemvelo okudelela,' avumela nokuba liliphi na iqumrhu ukuba lizibambele amatyala alo lide libavalele entolongweni abo bafunyaniswa bechasene neCongress. Nangona lalisetyenziswa ngokubanzi ngenkulungwane ye-19, eli gunya alizange lisetyenziswe ukususela ngowe-1934 yaye abenzi bomthetho beDemokhrasi abakhange babonakalise umdla wokuvuselela olu qheliselo.”

Ngelixa iNdlu kufuneka ikhulule onke amabanjwa ekupheleni kweNkongolo yeminyaka emibini (kwaye yenze njalo), i-Senate - okanye ikomiti yayo - ayifuni kwaye ingababamba kwiNkongolo elandelayo. Ukujikela kwiNdlu epheleleyo okanye iSenethi yinxalenye yesiko lokudelela okusemthethweni, hayi indelelo engokwemvelo. Kuye kwaqinisekiswa ukuba indelelo yendalo ihlala kwindlu epheleleyo okanye ikomiti.

Ke, yintoni indelelo esemthethweni? Ewe, ngo-1857 iCongress yawisa umthetho wokuba kube lulwaphulo-mthetho ukudelela iCongress (kwaye elona xesha liphezulu lokuvalelwa ziinyanga ezili-12). Ikwenze oko ubukhulu becala kanye ngenxa yesidingo sokukhulula amabanjwa ekupheleni kweNkongolo nganye, kodwa nangenxa yokutya ixesha lokubeka abantu ematyaleni ngenxa yokudelela, into eyayiqhele ukwenziwa yikomiti, kunye nomtyholwa rhoqo. igqwetha elivumelekileyo kunye namangqina. Njengoko iCongress ichitha ixesha layo elixabisekileyo kwezi ntsuku, ngubani onganqweneli ukuba ibuyise amandla ayo okudelela? Ewe, umnqweno wethu ufezekisiwe. ICongress ayizange iphulukane naloo mandla, kwaye eneneni iqhubekile nokuyisebenzisa ngo-1934 ukusukela xa ikhethe ukungakwenzi. Indelelo engokwemvelo ligunya elihlala kwinto eyadalwa nguMgaqo-siseko wase-US ukuba ibe lelona sebe linamandla kurhulumente. Ayinakugqithwa enkundleni, kwaye ayinakuvinjwa okanye ixolelwe. Kananjalo ayinako ukulibaziseka ngokungenasiphelo zizibheno zenkundla.

Ngomhla we-15 ku-Epreli, i-2008, i-Congressional Research Service (CRS) yabeka ukuqonda kwayo amandla okudelela kuhlaziyo. umbiko. Le ngxelo ichaza ukusetyenziswa okokuqala kwendelelo yeCongress ngo-1795. Ngokungaqhelekanga, ngokwembono yanamhlanje, lo mbandela wavela xa iqela laMalungu eNkongolo aqhankqalazela ukuba kukho umntu ozame ukuwanyoba. Ngelixa amalungu anamhlanje eNkongolo engenakunqwenela ukuthetha naye nabani na ongakhange abanyobe ngokufanelekileyo ngenkqubo “yenkxaso-mali yephulo,” ngelo xesha esi senzo sasijongwa njengesithuko kwisidima seNkongolo. Ewe, iCongress yayikholelwa ukuba isidima.

Ukubekwa ityala kuphantse kujongelwe phantsi njengendelelo yendalo.

“NgeNgcali yokuTshintsha: Unyango lwabaseki bobukhosi,” uJohn Nichols wavelisa iminyaka edlulileyo umsebenzi ogqwesileyo ekufuneka ufundwe kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo nakwikholeji yaseUnited States. U-Nichols wenza ityala elikhulu lokuba ukusetyenziswa rhoqo kokubekwa kwetyala kuyimfuneko ukuze kuqhubeke urhulumente wethu womgaqo-siseko, ukuba iinkqubo zokubekwa ityala zihlala zineziphumo eziluncedo nokuba aziphumelelanga, ukuba ukunyuswa kokubekwa ityala akuphantse kube yingozi kwezopolitiko njengoko kusilela ukwenza njalo xa kufanelekile, ukuba inyathelo lokumangalela uBush kwiNdlu yase-US bekuya kubuliswa ngenkxaso yoluntu enenzondelelo, kwaye ukusilela ukugxeka uBush kuya kuba negalelo ekwandeni okuyingozi okuqhubekayo kwamandla olawulo apho inkqubo yethu yorhulumente inokuthi ingaphindi ibuye. oko kungqineke kuyinyani ngeminyaka ka-Obama, xa u-Nichols (i-Democratic party) wayethanda ukuyihoya, nakwiminyaka ye-Trump, xa u-Nichols ephinda engumthetheleli onamandla wokubekwa ityala.

Ngaba ubusazi ukuba amanqaku okutyholwa afakwe ngokuchasene nabasithoba (yenza ukuba i-11) abongameli base-US? Ubusazi na ukuba kumatyala asixhenxe (yenza ukuba i-8), iiRiphabhlikhi okanye ii-Whigs zingabaxhasi abaziintloko okanye abaxhasi abakhulu bokubekwa ityala? Ngaba uyazi ukuba amaRiphabhlikhi, abambalwa, abaxhalabileyo malunga nomthetho kunye nokuhluthwa komongameli wamagunya emfazwe, baqalise umzamo omkhulu wokugxeka uMongameli Truman, inzame eyaphela kuphela xa iNkundla ePhakamileyo yathatha inkxalabo efanayo kwaye yagweba ngokuchaseneyo. Truman (kunye neCongress kunye noMongameli bathobela iNkundla ePhakamileyo)? Ngaba ubusazi ukuba lo mzamo uzuze amaRiphabhlikhi kunyulo olulandelayo?

Ngaba ubusazi ukuba amaRiphabhlikhi abeka uMgaqo-siseko ngaphezulu komongameli waseRiphabhlikhi afaka iivoti ezitywine ikamva likaMongameli uNixon? Ewe kunjalo, bakwenza oko kuphela emva kokuba iiDemokhrasi zenze.

Ngelixa uNichols egubungela imbali yokubekwa ityala ukusukela ngeminyaka yoo-1300s ukuya phambili, kubandakanya neenzame zokubeka iNkulumbuso iNkulumbuso uTony Blair, ethe phithi ngoku ndinje, ndifuna ukukhupha amagqabaza kaNichols ngembali yamva nje yeDemocratic Party Eunited States. Ezi aziyi kuthetha kakhulu ukuba wedwa; kufuneka uyifunde ngokwenene incwadi. Kodwa nantsi incasa yayo:

"Xa i-Democrats ye-congressional ihlulekile ukuqhubela phambili ukukhutshwa njengempendulo efunekayo kwi-Iran-Contra ukutyhilwa kokungekho mthethweni okuxhaphakileyo kwi-Reagan White House - ukugatya isiluleko sikaHenry B. Gonzalez, i-congressman yaseTexas enobuqili eyazisa kuphela amanqaku afanelekileyo kwi-1987 - babecinga ukuba babeka iqela ukuze liphumelele kunyulo oluzayo lukamongameli. Endaweni yoko, uSekela Mongameli uGeorge Herbert Walker Bush, emva kokuba ebuyile kwimpama ethambileyo esihlahleni awayifumana kwiNkongolo ngokubandakanyeka kwakhe kwesi sityholo, wonyulwa kumongameli ngo-1988 ngokudilika komhlaba, kwaye kulindeleke ukuba idemokhrasi iqhubele phambili kwiCongress ayiphumelelanga. .

“Ukutsalela amanqindi kwidabi lezopolitiko kudla ngokukhokelela ekubetheni, iqela elizibambayo liwele kwimethi kwaye lizabalaza, ixesha elide kakhulu, ukuba liphinde livuke. Kwaye iQela leDemokhrasi likaGeorge Herbert Walker Bush iminyaka, kunye ne-penchant yayo engaqondakaliyo yokutsala amanqindi, iqhuba umngcipheko wokwenyani wokubethelwa kanye kodwa ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukuba iyasilela ukujongana nomba wobubi obuxhaphakileyo kwicala lolawulo lukaBush. ”

"'Ndicinga ukuba kufuneka siwusombulule lo mbandela ngonyulo," uPelosi waphinda waxoxa, ekuphepha ngokulula ukuyikhankanya into yokuba - njengo-Andrew Johnson xa wayetshutshiswa ngo-1868, njengoHarry Truman xa amaRiphabhlikhi ayexoxa ngokumbek' ityala ngo-1952, njengoRichard Nixon IKomiti yezoBulungisa yeNdlu ivotele ukumtyhola ngo-1974, kwaye njengoBill Clinton xa wayegxothwa ngo-1998 - uGeorge Bush kunye noDick Cheney kwakungenakwenzeka ukuba baphinde bajongane nabavoti baseMelika.

“'Singammangalela njani lo mfo?' [Umbhali wemihlathi uHarold] impendulo kaMeyerson yaba 'asikwazi' - hayi ngenxa yokuba uBush engaphaya kwesingcikivo kodwa ngenxa yokuba 'ukuhlala etyholweni ngoku kuya kuba kukukhupha amandla kwiinzame zonyulo ezifuna ukuphumelela ukuba ukubekwa ityala kuya kuhlala kunjalo ngokwenene. iajenda.' Ke ingcebiso evela kuMeyerson, omnye wababhali bezopolitiko abakrelekrele ngasekhohlo, yayikukuzama isithiyelo kunye nokutshintsha. Baleka kukhathalelo lwempilo kunye nemfundo, uphumelele iCongress kwaye, mhlawumbi, uqale ukonwabisa imibuzo yokubekwa ityala. Ingxaki ngobuchule obunjalo intlu-mbini: Okokuqala, bayifunda phosakeleyo ipolitiki yokutyholwa. Okwesibini, abenzi nto ngaphandle kwesenzo sezopolitiko esithatha inxaxheba-kanye kanye oko uMbhexeshi weNdlu eNcinci u-Leslie Arends, wase-Illinois Republican, wayibiza ngo-1974 xa, ngobusuku beKomiti yezoBulungisa yeNdlu ivota kumanqaku okubekwa ityala ngakuRichard Nixon, wabhengeza. 'Ukubekwa ityala linyathelo ledemokhrasi. Sifanele siqonde ukuba injalo kwaye kufuneka siphakame njengamaRiphabhlikhi kwaye sichase lonke inkqubo.' Ngeentsuku nje ezimbalwa, u-Arends wabonakala esisidenge kakhulu, njengoko ngaphezulu kwesithathu samalungu eRiphabhlikhi yeKomiti yezoBulungisa, kubandakanywa nabagcini abaphambili abaliqela, bavotela ukubekwa ityala. Kwiiveki nje ezimbalwa, u-Arends wayengasajongi kodwa eneneni wayesisidenge, njengoko abavoti batshayela kwiofisi yabantu abaninzi baseRiphabhlikhi ababechasile ukutshutshiswa….