Kwakhe uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali olucetywayo ityhilwe ngoLwesine, uMongameli uTrump ucele ukucuthwa okumangalisayo kumanyathelo ajolise ekulweni utshintsho lwemozulu, kunye neenkqubo ezininzi zentlalo, ukwenza indlela yokunyuka kweedola ezingama-54 ezigidigidi kwinkcitho yasemkhosini. Phantsi kwesicwangciso sakhe, i-Arhente yoKhuseleko lokuSingqongileyo iya kucuthwa. ngeepesenti ezingama-31, okanye i-2.6 yeebhiliyoni zeedola. Ngokutsho kolwandlalo, uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali "Liphelisa iNyathelo loTshintsho lweMozulu yeHlabathi kwaye lizalisekisa isibhambathiso sikaMongameli sokuyeka iintlawulo kwiinkqubo zokutshintsha kwemozulu yeZizwe eziManyeneyo (UN) ngokuphelisa inkxaso-mali yase-US enxulumene neNgxowa-mali yeMozulu yeMozulu kunye neeNgxowa-mali zoTyalo-mali lweMozulu ezimbini ezandulelayo. .” Isicwangciso kwakhona "Yeka inkxaso-mali yeSicwangciso saMandla acocekileyo, iinkqubo zokutshintsha kwemozulu yamazwe ngamazwe, uphando lokutshintsha kwemozulu kunye neenkqubo zentsebenziswano, kunye neenzame ezinxulumene nazo."
Eli nyathelo alisothusi umongameli owakha waphila zifunyenwe ukuba utshintsho lwemozulu yinkohliso eyenziwe yi-China, yaqhubela phambili kwiqonga lokukhanyela imozulu kwaye yamisela u-Exxon Mobil oyile oyile uRex Tillerson njengoNobhala kaRhulumente. Nangona kuqikelelwa kwangaphambili, ukunqunyulwa kuza ngexesha eliyingozi, njenge-NASA kunye noLawulo lweSizwe lweOceanic kunye ne-Atmospheric lumkisa ukuba u-2016 ibingowona nyaka ushushu kwirekhodi kwihlabathi jikelele, kwi unyaka wesithathu othe ngqo yobushushu bokwephula irekhodi. Kubantu baphesheya emazantsi ehlabathi, ukutshintsha kwemozulu sele kuhlwayela intlekele. Ukuba mandundu komba ziye zabeka esichengeni ukutya kwabantu abazizigidi ezingama-36 kumazantsi nakwiMpuma Afrika kuphela.
Kodwa isindululo sikaTrump sikwayingozi ngesizathu esingavavanywanga: umkhosi wase-US yeyona nto ingcolisa imozulu, mhlawumbi "ngoyena msebenzisi mkhulu wepetroleum emhlabeni," ngokutsho ingxelo yenkongolo ikhutshwe ngoDisemba 2012. Ngaphandle kwekhabhoni ekhoyo ngokukhawuleza-ekunzima ukuyilinganisa-umkhosi wase-US ubeke amazwe amaninzi phantsi kobhontsi bama-oyile asentshona. Iintshukumo zentlalo kudala zakhalisa i-alarm malunga nekhonkco phakathi komkhosi okhokelwa yi-US kunye nokutshintsha kwemozulu, kodwa iPentagon iyaqhubeka nokuphepha ukuphendula.
"I-Pentagon ibekwe njengomtshabalalisi wokusingqongileyo, imfazwe isetyenziswa njengesixhobo sokulwela iinkampani ezikhuphayo kwaye ngoku sinesebe likarhulumente eliqhutywa ngokuvulelekileyo ngumongi we-oyile," uReece Chenault, umququzeleli kazwelonke we-US Labor Against. iMfazwe, uxelele i-AlterNet. “Ngoku kunanini na ngaphambili, kufuneka siyazi ngenene indima edlalwa ngumkhosi kutshintsho lwemozulu. Siza kubona ngakumbi oko. ”
Ubume bemozulu obungahoywanga bomkhosi wase-US
Umkhosi wase-US unendawo enkulu yekhabhoni. A umbiko eyakhutshwa ngo-2009 yiBrookings Institute yafumanisa ukuba “iSebe lezoKhuselo laseUnited States lelona qela lisebenza ngamandla ehlabathini lonke, lisebenzisa amandla angakumbi ebudeni bemisebenzi yalo yemihla ngemihla kunawo nawuphi na umbutho wabucala okanye kawonke-wonke, kwakunye nezizwe ezingaphezu kwe-100. ” Ezo ziphumo zilandelwe yingxelo yenkongolo kaDisemba 2012, ethi “ixabiso le-DOD lamafutha linyuke kakhulu kule minyaka ilishumi idlulileyo, ukuya kutsho malunga ne-17 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi ngo-FY2011.” Ngeli xesha, iSebe lezoKhuselo umbiko ukuba ngo-2014, umkhosi wakhupha iitoni ezingaphezu kwe-70m ze-carbon dioxide elinganayo. Kwaye ngoku ka umcholacholi weendaba uArthur Neslen, elo nani “alizishiyi izakhiwo eziquka amakhulukhulu eendawo zomkhosi eziphesheya kweelwandle, izixhobo neenqwelo-mafutha.”
Ngaphandle kwendima yomkhosi wase-US njengomngcolisi omkhulu wekhabhoni, amazwe avumelekile ukuba angaquki ukukhutshwa kwemikhosi evela kwiZizwe eziManyeneyo-ezigunyazisiweyo zokucutha ukukhutshwa kwegesi yegreenhouse, ngenxa yothethwano olususela kwiingxoxo zemozulu zaseKyoto zika-1997. Njengoko uNick Buxton weTransnational Institute waphawulayo. ngo-2015 inqaku, “Phantsi koxinzelelo oluvela kwiinjengele zomkhosi kunye nookhetshe kumgaqo-nkqubo wamazwe angaphandle ngokuchasene nayo nayiphi na imiqobo enokubakho kumandla omkhosi wase-US, iqela lothethwano lase-US liphumelele ekuqinisekiseni ukukhululwa emkhosini kulo nakuphi na ukuncitshiswa okufunekayo kwirhasi yegreenhouse. Nangona i-US emva koko ayizange ivume iProtocol yaseKyoto, ukukhululwa emkhosini kubambelele kulo lonke elinye ilizwe elisayinileyo. "
Buxton, umhleli wencwadi AbaKhuselekileyo nabaLahliweyo: Indlela uMkhosi kunye neeNkampani eziLibumba ngayo iLizwe eliTshintshwa yiMozulu., uxelele i-AlterNet ukuba olu khululo alutshintshanga. "Akukho bungqina bokuba ukukhutshwa komkhosi ngoku kufakwe kwizikhokelo ze-IPCC ngenxa yeSivumelwano saseParis," watsho. “IsiVumelwano saseParis asithethi nto malunga nokukhutshwa komkhosi, kwaye nezikhokelo azitshintshanga. Ukukhutshwa komkhosi kwakungekho kwi-ajenda ye-COP21. Izinto ezikhutshwayo ezivela kwimisebenzi yasemkhosini phesheya azifakwanga kuluhlu lwegesi yegreenhouse yesizwe, kwaye ayiqukwanga kwizicwangciso zeendlela zelizwe ezinzulu ze-decarbonization.
Ukusasaza ukonakaliswa kokusingqongileyo kwihlabathi liphela
Ubukhosi bomkhosi waseMelika, kunye nomonakalo wokusingqongileyo osasazekayo, uyanda ngaphaya kwemida yase-US. UDavid Vine, umbhali we Isizwe soLwazi: Indlela i-US Bas Bas Military External Harm America and World, wabhala Ngo-2015, iUnited States “mhlawumbi ineendawo ezininzi zomkhosi wamazwe angaphandle kunabo nabaphi na abanye abantu, isizwe okanye ubukhosi embalini”—abamalunga nama-800. Ngoku ka Ingxelo evela kuNick Turse, ngo-2015, imikhosi ekhethekileyo yayisele ithunyelwe kumazwe ayi-135, okanye i-70 pesenti yazo zonke iintlanga ezisemhlabeni.
Obu bukho basemkhosini buzisa ukonakaliswa okukhulu kokusingqongileyo emhlabeni kunye nabantu kwihlabathi liphela ngokulahla, ukuvuza, ukuvavanywa kwezixhobo, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kunye nenkcitho. Lo monakalo wagxininiswa ngo-2013 xa inqanawa yemfazwe yasemanzini yase-US lonakaliswe uninzi lweTubbataha Reef kuLwandle lweSulu kunxweme lweePhilippines.
"Ukutshatyalaliswa kokusingqongileyo kweTubbataha kubukho bomkhosi wase-US, kunye nokungabikho koxanduva lomkhosi wamanzi wase-US ngezenzo zabo, kugxininisa kuphela indlela ubukho bemikhosi yase-US buyityhefu kwiiPhilippines," uBernadette Ellorin, usihlalo we-BAYAN USA, wathi ngelo xesha. Ukusuka kinawa ukuba Diego Garcia, le ntshabalalo ihamba kunye nokufuduka kwabantu abaninzi kunye nobundlobongela kubantu bendawo, kuquka dlwengulo.
Iimfazwe ezikhokelwa yi-US zizisa uloyiko lwazo lokusingqongileyo, njengoko imbali yase-Iraq ibonisa. Utshintsho lwe-Oyile lwamazwe ngamazwe luzimisele kwi-2008 ukuba phakathi kuka-Matshi 2003 kunye noDisemba 2007, imfazwe yase-Iraq yayinoxanduva "ubuncinci i-141 yezigidi zeetoni ze-carbon dioxide ezilinganayo." Ngoku ka umbiko ababhali uNikki Reisch kunye noSteve Kretzmann, "Ukuba imfazwe ibibekwe njengelizwe ngokwemiqathango yokukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo, iya kukhupha i-CO2 engaphezulu ngonyaka kune-139 yezizwe zehlabathi eziyenzayo ngonyaka. Ukuwa phakathi kweNew Zealand neCuba, imfazwe nyaka ngamnye ikhupha ngaphezu kwama-60 ekhulwini awo onke amazwe.”
Oku kutshatyalaliswa kwendalo kuyaqhubeka ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, njengoko iibhombu zase-US ziqhubeka nokuwa e-Iraq nakwiSyria engummelwane. Ngokutsho kophando ishicilelwe ngo-2016 kwijenali ye-Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, ungcoliseko lomoya olubotshelelwe ngokuthe ngqo emfazweni lusaqhubeka lutyhefa abantwana e-Iraq, njengoko kungqinwa ngamanqanaba aphezulu elothe afunyanwa emazinyweni abo. Imibutho yoluntu yase-Iraq, kuquka noMbutho weNkululeko yabaseTyhini e-Iraq kunye ne-Federation of Workers Councils and Unions e-Iraq, kudala ivakalisa i-alamu ngokonakala kwendalo okubangela iziphene zokuzalwa.
Ndithatha kwiNgxoxo yaBantu ngo-2014, uYanar Mohammed, umongameli kunye nomseki woMbutho weNkululeko yaManina eIraq, wathi: “Kukho abanye oomama abanabantwana abathathu okanye abane abangenawo amalungu asebenzayo, abafe umzimba ngokupheleleyo. , iminwe yabo yadibana.” Uqhube wathi, “Kufuneka kubekho imbuyekezo kwiintsapho ezijongene nesiphene kunye neendawo ezosulelekileyo. Kufuneka kucocwe.”
Ikhonkco phakathi kwemfazwe kunye neoli enkulu
Ishishini leoli libotshelelwe kwiimfazwe kunye neengxabano kwihlabathi jikelele. Ngoku ka I-Oil Change International, “Kuqikelelwa ukuba phakathi kwekota nesiqingatha yazo zonke iimfazwe zamazwe ukususela ngowe-1973 ziye zanxulunyaniswa neoli, yaye amazwe avelisa ioli anamathuba angama-50 ekhulwini okuba neemfazwe zamakhaya.”
Ezinye zezi ngxwabangxwaba zisiliwa ngokomyalelo weenkampani zeoli zasentshona, zibambisene nemikhosi yasekuhlaleni, ukunqanda ukungaboni ngasonye. Ngexesha leminyaka yoo-1990, uShell, umkhosi waseNigeria kunye namapolisa asekuhlaleni adibana ukuze abulale abantu baseOgani ababechasa ukombiwa kweoli. Oku kubandakanya ukuhlaliswa komkhosi waseNigeria e-Oganiland, apho iyunithi yomkhosi waseNigeria iyazi njengoMsebenzi woKhuseleko lwaNgaphakathi. krokrelwa yokubulala abangama-2,000 XNUMX.
Kutshanje, i-US unogada welizwe idibanise imikhosi kunye namasebe amapolisa kunye ne-Energy Transfer Partners phelisa ngobundlobongela inkcaso yemveli kwi-Dakota Access Pipeline, uqhankqalazo lwabakhuseli bamanzi abaninzi olubizwa ngokuba yimeko yemfazwe. “Eli lizwe linembali ende nelusizi yokusebenzisa umkhosi ngokuchasene nabantu bomthonyama, kuquka neSizwe saseSioux,” batsho abakhuseli bamanzi kwingxelo yemfazwe. ileta ithunyelwe kuGqwetha Jikelele ngoko uLoretta Lynch ngo-Okthobha wama-2016.
Ngeli xesha, ishishini lokrwelo lidlale indima ephambili ekuphangeni amasimi e-oyile e-Iraq emva kohlaselo olwalukhokelwa yi-US ngo-2003. Omnye umntu oxhamle ngokwezimali nguTillerson, obesebenza e-Exxon Mobil iminyaka engama-41, esebenza ishumi leminyaka edlulileyo njenge-CEO ngaphambi kokuthatha umhlala-phantsi ekuqaleni kwalo nyaka. Phantsi komlindi wakhe, inkampani yazuza ngokuthe ngqo kuhlaselo lwase-US kunye nokuhlala kwelizwe, ukwandisa indawo yayo kunye neendawo zeoli. Kutshanje ngo-2013, amafama aseBasra, eIraq, qhankqalaza inkampani ngokuhlutha kunye nokonakaliswa komhlaba wabo. I-Exxon Mobil iyaqhubeka nokusebenza kumazwe angama-200 kwaye ngoku ijongene nophando lobuqhetseba lokuxhasa ngemali kunye nokuxhasa uphando olungenamsebenzi olukhuthaza ukukhanyelwa kokutshintsha kwemozulu kumashumi eminyaka.
Utshintsho lwemozulu lubonakala ludlala indima ekwandiseni ungquzulwano lwezixhobo. Research epapashwe ngo-2016 kwi-Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences yafumanisa ubungqina bokuba "umngcipheko wokuqhambuka kongquzulwano oluxhobileyo uyanda ngenxa yeentlekele ezinxulumene nemozulu kumazwe acazululelekileyo." Xa kujongwa unyaka we-1980 ukuya kowama-2010, abaphandi bafumanisa ukuba “malunga nama-23 ekhulwini okuqhambuka kwemfazwe kumazwe acalu-calulwa kakhulu ahambisana neentlekele zemozulu.”
Kwaye okokugqibela, ubutyebi be-oyile bungundoqo kurhwebo lwezixhobo zehlabathi, njengoko kungqinwa kukungeniswa kweoli eninzi kurhulumente waseSaudi oneoli. Ngoku ka I-Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, “I-Saudi Arabia ibiyeyesibini ngobukhulu emhlabeni ekuthengisweni kwezixhobo izixhobo ngo-2012-16, ngokunyuka ngama-212 epesenti xa kuthelekiswa nowama-2007–11.” Ngeli xesha, i-US yayiyeyona ndawo iphambili yokuthumela izixhobo ngaphandle kwehlabathi, ibalelwa kwi-33 yeepesenti yazo zonke izinto ezithunyelwa ngaphandle, i-SIPRI. sizimisele.
"Uninzi lokuzibandakanya kwethu emkhosini kunye neemfazwe bezijikeleze umba wokufikelela kwioyile kunye nezinye izixhobo," uLeslie Cagan, umnxibelelanisi waseNew York wePeople's Climate Movement, uxelele iAlterNet. “Kwaye ke iimfazwe esiziqhubayo zinefuthe kubomi babantu, uluntu kunye nokusingqongileyo. Ngumjikelo okhohlakeleyo. Siya emfazweni ngenxa yokufikelela kwizixhobo zokusebenza okanye ukukhusela amaqumrhu, iimfazwe zinefuthe elibi, emva koko ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zasemkhosini kufunxa izixhobo ezingakumbi zefosili. ”
'Akukho mfazwe, akukho kufudumala'
Kwiindawo zokuhlangana zemfazwe kunye nesiphithiphithi semozulu, imibutho yemibutho yentlalo kudala idibanisa ezi ngxaki zimbini zenziwe ngabantu. Inethiwekhi esekwe e-US iGrassroots Global Justice Alliance ichithe iminyaka ilandela umnxeba othi "Akukho mfazwe, akukho kufudumala," catshulwa “inkqubo-sikhokelo yentanda-bulumko kaGqr. Martin Luther King yobungendawo obuphindwe kathathu obuyintlupheko, ubuhlanga nobumfazwe.”
2014 Matshi Matshi kwisiXeko saseNew York sasinomkhosi ochasene nemfazwe, umlo ochasene nomkhosi, kwaye uninzi ngoku luyahlanganisana ukuzisa uxolo kunye nomyalezo ochasene nomkhosi. matsha kwimozulu, imisebenzi kunye nobulungisa ngoAprili 29 eWashington, DC
“Isiseko sibekwe ukuze abantu benze unxibelelwano, kwaye sizama ukufumana iindlela zokudibanisa uxolo kunye neemvakalelo ezichasene nomkhosi kolo lwimi,” utshilo uCagan, obelungiselela uMatshi ka-Epreli. "Ndicinga ukuba abantu abakumanyano bavuleleke kakhulu kuloo nto, nangona eminye imibutho ingazange ithathe izikhundla ezichasene nemfazwe ngaphambili, lo ngummandla omtsha."
Eminye imibutho ifumana ikhonkrithi malunga nokuba kujongeka njani ukwenza "inguqu nje" kude noqoqosho lwasemkhosini kunye neefosili. UDiana Lopez ngumququzeleli kunye neManyano yabasebenzi baseMazantsi-ntshona eSan Antonio, eTexas. Ucacisele i-AlterNet, “Sisixeko somkhosi. Ukuza kuthi ga kwiminyaka emithandathu eyadlulayo, besineziseko zomkhosi ezisibhozo, kwaye enye yeendlela eziphambili zokuba abantu baphume kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo kukungenela umkhosi. ” Olunye ukhetho kukusebenza kwishishini le-oyile kunye ne-fracking eyingozi, utshilo u-Lopez, echaza ukuba kwiindawo ezihluphekayo zaseLatino kule ndawo, "Sibona uninzi lwabantu abancinci abaphuma emkhosini besiya ngqo kwishishini leoli."
I-Southwest Workers Union ibandakanyeka kwiinzame zokuququzelela utshintsho olufanelekileyo, oluchazwa nguLopez "njengenkqubo yokusuka kwisakhiwo okanye inkqubo engafanelekanga kwiindawo zethu zokuhlala, ezifana neziseko zomkhosi kunye noqoqosho lwe-extractive. [Oko kuthetha ukuba] ukuchonga amanyathelo alandelayo xa iziseko zomkhosi zivaliwe. Enye yezinto esisebenza kuzo kukwandisa iifama zelanga.”
“Xa sithetha ngomanyano, ihlala ifana nolwethu kwamanye amazwe oluxhatshazwayo, lubulawa kwaye lujolise kwimisebenzi yasemkhosini yase-US,” utshilo uLopez. "Sicinga ukuba kubalulekile ukucela umngeni kumkhosi kwaye sibambe abantu abakhusela la maqonga. Luluntu olungqonge iziseko zomkhosi ekufuneka lujongane nelifa longcoliseko kunye nokutshatyalaliswa kwendalo. ”
