By TNI, Oktobha 25, 2021
Le ngxelo ifumanisa ukuba awona manzi aphumayo ehlabathini achitha umyinge ophindwe kayi-2.3 kunalowo kwimida yokuxhobisa ngemali yemozulu, yaye uphinda uli-15 kunabo abona bonileyo. Olu "Donga lweMozulu yeMozulu" lujolise ekutywineni amazwe anamandla kubafuduki, kunokujongana nezizathu zokufuduka.
Isishwankathelo sebhunga
Awona mazwe atyebileyo ehlabathi akhethe indlela ajongana ngayo nemeko yemozulu yehlabathi – ngokuxhobisa imida yawo. Njengoko le ngxelo ibonisa ngokucacileyo, la mazwe - ngokwembali ngawona anoxanduva lwengxaki yemozulu - achitha ngaphezulu ekuxhobiseni imida yawo ukugcina abafuduki bengaphandle kunokujongana nengxaki enyanzela abantu ukuba baphume kumakhaya abo kwasekuqaleni.
Lo ngumkhwa wehlabathi jikelele, kodwa amazwe asixhenxe ngokukodwa – anoxanduva lokukhupha igesi eyimbali yehlabathi (GHG) – ngokudibeneyo achithe ubuncinane ngokuphindwe kabini kwimida kunye nonyanzeliso lokufudukela kwamanye amazwe (ngaphezu kweebhiliyoni ezingama-48 zeerandi) njengemali yemozulu. I-33.1 yeebhiliyoni zeedola) phakathi kwe-14.4 kunye ne-2013.
La mazwe akhe 'uDonga lweMozulu' ukugcina iziphumo zokutshintsha kwemozulu, apho izitena zivela kwizinto ezimbini ezihlukeneyo kodwa ezihambelanayo: okokuqala, ukusilela ukubonelela ngenkxaso-mali ethenjisiweyo yemozulu enokunceda amazwe athobe kwaye aqhelane nokutshintsha kwemozulu. ; okwesibini, impendulo yomkhosi kwimfuduko eyandisa umda kunye neziseko zokucupha. Oku kubonelela ngengeniso ekhulayo kwishishini lokhuseleko lomda kodwa ukubandezeleka okungachazwanga kwiimbacu kunye nabafuduki abenza ingozi enkulu - kwaye ibulala rhoqo - uhambo lokufuna ukhuseleko kwihlabathi eliguquguqukayo lwemozulu.
Iziphumo eziphambili:
Ukufuduka okubangelwa yimozulu ngoku kuyinyani
- Ukutshintsha kwemozulu kuya kusiba ngumba obangela ukufuduka nokufuduka. Oku kusenokuba kungenxa yesiganeko esithile esiyintlekele, esifana nenkanyamba okanye izandyondyo zemvula, kodwa naxa iimpembelelo ezongezelekayo zembalela okanye ukunyuka komphakamo wolwandle, umzekelo, ngokuthe ngcembe zenza ummandla ungahlali kwaye unyanzelise uluntu luphela ukuba lufudukele kwenye indawo.
- Uninzi lwabantu abafudukayo, nokuba lubangelwa yimozulu okanye akunjalo, bahlala kwilizwe labo, kodwa inani liya kunqumla imida yamazwe ngamazwe kwaye oku kunokwenzeka ukuba kunyuke njengeempembelelo zokutshintsha kwemozulu kuyo yonke imimandla kunye ne-ecosystem.
- Ukufuduka okubangelwa yimozulu kwenzeka ngokungafaniyo kumazwe anengeniso ephantsi kwaye anqumlana kwaye akhawulezise nezinye izizathu ezininzi zokufuduka. Ibunjwa bubugwenxa benkqubo obudala iimeko zokuba sesichengeni, ubundlobongela, ukungakhathali kunye neziseko zentlalo ezibuthathaka ezinyanzela abantu ukuba bashiye amakhaya abo.
Amazwe atyebileyo achitha imali eninzi ekulweni imida yawo kunokubonelela ngemali yemozulu ukuze amazwe ahlwempuzekileyo ancede abafuduki.
- Ezisixhenxe kwezona zikhuphayo zinkulu ze-GHGs - eUnited States, eJamani, eJapan, eUnited Kingdom, eCanada, eFransi nase-Australia - ngokudibeneyo bachithe ubuncinane ngokuphindwe kabini kumda kunye nonyanzeliso lokufudukela kwelinye ilizwe (ngaphezu kweedola ezingama-33.1 eebhiliyoni) njengemali yemozulu (i-$14.4 yeedola) ibhiliyoni) phakathi kuka-2013 kunye no-2018.1
- IKhanada ichithe ngokuphindwe kali-15 ngaphezulu (i-1.5 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi xa kuthelekiswa ne-100 lezigidi zeerandi); EOstreliya ngokuphindwe kali-13 ngaphezulu (ii-$2.7 zamawaka ezigidi xa kuthelekiswa nezigidi ezingama-200 zeerandi); i-US phantse 11 amaxesha ngaphezulu ($ 19.6 billion xa kuthelekiswa $ 1.8 billion); kunye ne-UK phantse kabini ngaphezulu (i-2.7 yeebhiliyoni zeedola xa kuthelekiswa ne-1.4 yeebhiliyoni zeedola).
- Inkcitho yemida ngezona zisixhenxe zikhulu ze-GHG ezikhuphayo inyuke nge-29% phakathi kowama-2013 no-2018. E-US, inkcitho kumda kunye nokunyanzeliswa kwemfuduko kuphindwe kathathu phakathi kowama-2003 no-2021. EYurophu, uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lwe-arhente yomda ye-European Union (EU), i-Frontex, inyuke nge-2763% ukususela ekusekweni kwayo ngo-2006 ukuya kutsho ngo-2021.
- Oku kuhlaselwa kwemida ngokuyinxenye kusekelwe kwizicwangciso zokhuseleko lwemozulu yesizwe ukusukela ekuqaleni koo-2000 bapeyinta kakhulu abafuduki 'njengezoyikiso' kunokuba bangamaxhoba okungekho sikweni. Ishishini lokhuseleko lomda lincedise ekukhuthazeni le nkqubo ngokuphembelela ipolitiki eneoli eninzi, okukhokelela kwiikontraka ezithe kratya kushishino lwemida kunye nemekobume echasayo yeembacu kunye nabafuduki.
- Inkxaso-mali yemozulu inokunceda ukunciphisa iimpembelelo zokutshintsha kwemozulu kwaye incede amazwe aqhelane nale nyaniso, kuquka nokuxhasa abantu abafuna ukufuduka okanye bafudukele phesheya. Ukanti awona mazwe atyebileyo aye asilela nokugcina izithembiso zawo ze-100 lamawaka ezigidi zeerandi ngonyaka kwimali yemozulu. Amanani amva nje asuka kuMbutho weNtsebenziswano yezoQoqosho kunye noPhuhliso (OECD) anike ingxelo ye-79.6 yeebhiliyoni zeedola kwimali yemozulu epheleleyo ngo-2019, kodwa ngokophando olupapashwe yi-Oxfam International, kanye xa kunikwa ingxelo engaphezulu, kunye nemali-mboleko kunokuba izibonelelo zithathelwa ingqalelo, umthamo wokwenyani wemali yemozulu unokuba ngaphantsi kwesiqingatha soko kuxelwe ngamazwe aphuhlileyo.
- Amazwe aneyona ndawo ikhutshwayo yimbali yomeleza imida yawo, ngelixa lawo aphantsi ingawona athwaxwa kakhulu kukufuduswa kwabantu. ISomalia, umzekelo, inoxanduva lwe-0.00027% yokukhutshwa okupheleleyo ukusukela kwi-1850 kodwa inabantu abangaphezu kwesigidi esinye (i-6% yabemi) abafuduswa yintlekele enxulumene nemozulu ngo-2020.
Ishishini lokhuseleko lomda lifumana inzuzo kutshintsho lwemozulu
- Ishishini lokhuseleko lomda sele lifumana inzuzo kwinkcitho eyongeziweyo kwimida kunye nonyanzeliso lokufudukela kwelinye ilizwe kwaye lilindele inzuzo engakumbi ngenxa yokungazinzi okulindelekileyo ngenxa yokutshintsha kwemozulu. Uqikelelo luka-2019 nguResearchAndMarkets.com luqikelele ukuba iMarike yeHlabathi yoKhuseleko lweLizwe kunye noKhuseleko loLuntu iya kukhula ukusuka kwi-431 yeebhiliyoni zeedola ngo-2018 ukuya kwi-606 yeebhiliyoni zeedola ngo-2024, kunye ne-5.8% yokukhula ngonyaka. Ngokutsho kwengxelo, enye into eqhuba oku 'kukukhula kweentlekele zendalo ezinxulumene nokufudumala kwemozulu'.
- Iikontraka eziphezulu zemida ziqhayisa ngokukwazi ukwandisa ingeniso yazo kukutshintsha kwemozulu. URaytheon uthi 'imfuno yeemveliso zayo zomkhosi kunye neenkonzo njengoko iinkxalabo zokhuseleko zinokuvela njengeziphumo zembalela, izikhukula, kunye neziganeko zesiphango ngenxa yokutshintsha kwemozulu'. I-Cobham, inkampani yase-Bhritane ethengisa iinkqubo zokucupha kwaye yenye yeekontraka eziphambili zokhuseleko lwemida yase-Australia, ithi 'utshintsho kumazwe [sic] imithombo kunye nokuhlala kunokunyusa imfuno yokucupha umda ngenxa yokufuduka kwabantu'.
- Njengoko i-TNI inenkcukacha kwezinye iingxelo ezininzi kuthotho lweeMfazwe zeBorder, i-2 ishishini lokhuseleko lomda liyaphembelela kwaye lithethelele ukulwa nemida kunye nengeniso evela ekwandeni kwalo.
Ishishini lokhuseleko lomda likwabonelela ngokhuseleko kwishishini le-oyile eliye lanegalelo eliphambili kwingxaki yemozulu kwaye lide lihlale kwiibhodi ezilawulayo zomnye.
- Iifemu ezili-10 ezinkulu zehlabathi zamafutha efosili nazo zikontraka kwiinkonzo zeefemu ezifanayo ezilawula izivumelwano zokhuseleko kwimida. I-Chevron (ibeka inombolo yehlabathi ye-2) izivumelwano kunye neCobham, G4S, Indra, Leonardo, Thales; I-Exxon Mobil (inqanaba le-4) kunye ne-Airbus, i-Damen, i-General Dynamics, i-L3Harris, uLeonardo, i-Lockheed Martin; I-BP (6) kunye ne-Airbus, i-G4S, i-Indra, i-Lockheed Martin, i-Palantir, i-Thales; kunye neRoyal Dutch Shell (7) kunye ne-Airbus, Boeing, Damen, Leonardo, Lockheed Martin, Thales, G4S.
- Ngokomzekelo, i-Exxon Mobil, yenza ikhontrakthi ye-L3Harris (enye yeekontraka eziphezulu ezili-14 zase-US) ukuba ibonelele 'ngolwazi lwendawo yaselwandle' ngokugrumba kwayo kwi-Niger Delta eNigeria, ummandla oye wafumana ubunzima bokufuduka kwabantu ngenxa yokungcoliswa kwendalo. I-BP inekhontrakthi kunye nePalantir, inkampani enikezela nge-software yokucupha kwii-arhente ezifana ne-US Immigration kunye ne-Customs Enforcement (ICE), ukuphuhlisa 'uvimba wemithombo yonke esebenzayo yedatha yembali kunye nexesha langempela lokomba'. I-Border contractor G4S inembali ende yokukhusela imibhobho yeoli, kuquka iDakota Access pipeline e-US.
- Intsebenziswano phakathi kweenkampani zamafutha efosili kunye neekontraka eziphezulu zokhuseleko kwimida ibonwa nayinto yokuba abaphathi kwicandelo ngalinye bahlala kwiibhodi zomnye. E-Chevron, umzekelo, owayesakuba yi-CEO kunye noSihlalo we-Northrop Grumman, uRonald D. Sugar kunye no-Lockheed Martin owayesakuba yi-CEO uMarilyn Hewson bakwibhodi yayo. Inkampani ye-oyile kunye negesi yase-Italiya i-ENI ine-Nathalie Tocci kwibhodi yayo, ngaphambili uMcebisi oKhethekileyo kwi-EU High Representative Mogherini ukusuka kwi-2015 ukuya ku-2019, owanceda ukuyila i-EU Global Strategy eyakhokelela ekwandiseni ukukhutshwa kwangaphandle kwemida ye-EU kumazwe wesithathu.
Oku kudityaniswa kwamandla, ubutyebi kunye nentsebenziswano phakathi kweefemu zamafutha efosili kunye neshishini lokhuseleko lomda libonisa indlela ukungasebenzi kwemozulu kunye neempendulo zomkhosi kwiziphumo zayo zisebenza ngokubambisana. Omabini amashishini enza ingeniso njengoko izibonelelo ezininzi ziphambukiswa ekujonganeni neziphumo zokutshintsha kwemozulu endaweni yokujongana noonobangela bazo. Oku kuza ngexabiso elibi lomntu. Inokubonwa kwinani elinyukayo lokufa kweembacu, iimeko ezimanyumnyezi kwiinkampu ezininzi zeembacu kunye namaziko okuvalelwa, ukutyhala ngobundlobongela kumazwe aseYurophu, ngakumbi lawo akwimida yeMeditera, kunye ne-US, kwiimeko ezininzi zokubandezeleka ngokungeyomfuneko kunye nenkohlakalo. I-International Organisation for Migration (IOM) ibala ukuba abafuduki abangama-41,000 bafa phakathi kwe-2014 kunye ne-2020, nangona oku kwamkelwe ngokubanzi njengento ephantsi kakhulu kuba ubomi obuninzi bulahlekile elwandle nakwiintlango ezikude njengoko abafuduki kunye neembacu zithatha iindlela ezinobungozi eziya kukhuseleko. .
Ukubekwa phambili kwemida yomkhosi ngaphezulu kwezimali zemozulu ekugqibeleni kusongela ukwenza mandundu imeko yemozulu eluntwini. Ngaphandle kotyalo-mali olwaneleyo lokunceda amazwe athomalalise kwaye aqhelane nokutshintsha kwemozulu, le ngxaki iza konakalisa ngakumbi intshabalalo yabantu kwaye incothule ubomi obuninzi. Kodwa, njengoko le ngxelo iqukumbela, inkcitho karhulumente lukhetho lwezopolitiko, okuthetha ukuba ukhetho olwahlukileyo lunokwenzeka. Utyalo-mali ekuthomalaliseni imozulu kumazwe ahlwempuzekileyo nawona asemngciphekweni kunokuxhasa inguqu kumandla acocekileyo- kwaye, ecaleni kokuncitshiswa kokukhutshwa kwezinto ezinzulu zezona zizwe zikhulu zingcolisekileyo- zinike ilizwe ithuba lokugcina amaqondo obushushu angaphantsi kwe-1.5 ° C ukusuka ngo-1850, okanye kwangaphambili amanqanaba emveliso. Ukuxhasa abantu abanyanzelekileyo ukuba bashiye amakhaya abo kunye nezibonelelo kunye neziseko zokuvuselela ubomi babo kwiindawo ezintsha kunokubanceda ukuba baziqhelanise nokutshintsha kwemozulu kunye nokuhlala ngesidima. Ukufuduka, ukuba kuxhaswe ngokwaneleyo, kunokuba yindlela ebalulekileyo yokulungelelanisa imozulu.
Ukuphatha imfuduko ngokufanelekileyo kufuna utshintsho lwendlela kunye nokwandisa kakhulu imali yemozulu, umgaqo-nkqubo omhle woluntu kunye nentsebenziswano yamazwe ngamazwe, kodwa okona kubaluleke kakhulu yindlela kuphela yokuziphatha enobulungisa yokuxhasa abo babandezeleka kwintlekele abangadlalanga nxaxheba ekudaleni.
