Amadabi okulwa noMlilo onobuthi: Ukufuna izicombululo esele zikho

NguPat Mdala, ngoDisemba 3, 2019

Uphando lwezomkhosi ulungelelene nokusingqongileyo amagwebu okucima umlilo ngelixa ezinye iindlela ezikhoyo zikhona- kwaye zisetyenziswa kwihlabathi liphela.

Isixhobo sokusasaza ubuxoki beSebe lezoKhuselo Iingcali zeLebhu yoPhando ngeNqanawa yokuKhangela iFo-Fire -ighting Fire Foam Iyaqhubeka ukuqhubekisa ingxelo engeyonyani yePentagon yokuba amagwebu angenantshebe ngoku athengiswayo ayindawo engafanelekanga kumagwebu asemzimbeni abawasebenzisayo ngoku kwimisebenzi yokuziqhelanisa nokuxakeka.

Umkhosi wase-US usebenzisa amagwebu amanzi angenayo ifilimu (i-AFFF) ukucima imililo yamafutha, ngakumbi ezo zibandakanya inqwelomoya. Ingxelo ye-DOD ngoNovemba, inqaku le-2019:

“Isithako esiyintloko esenza ukuba amagwebu asebenze kakuhle yibhlorocarbon uKatherine Hinnty, injineli yeekhemikhali kwi-Naval Ilabhoratri yophando eWashington. Ingxaki ye-fluorocarbons yile abayithobeli isidima xa sele besetyenzisiwe. Kwaye ayilunganga ebantwini, yena uthe. "

Oku kuvakala kuyinyani, kodwa yingxelo eyoyikisayo evela kwiziko elaziyo ukuba la machiza ayityhefu kwizizukulwana ezibini, angcolise umhlaba omkhulu kunye nawo, kwaye uzimisele ukuqhubeka nokuzisebenzisa. Kuyothusa ukuba uninzi lwehlabathi luye lwadlula ngaphaya kwamagwebu abangela umhlaza kwaye sele iqale ukusebenzisa ngokungaqhelekanga Ayinamgubo amagwebu ngelixa umkhosi wase-US uqinile malunga nokuqhubeka nokusebenzisa i-carcinogens. 

Kuya kufuneka ukuba siyiqonde inkqubo yePentagon. Emva kwengxelo yenjineli yemichiza apha ngasentla, i-DOD ibhekisa 'kwi-EPA ubomi' bokucebisa ngobomi bamanzi kwizinto ezimbini kusapho lwePFAS: i-perfluorooctane sulfonate, okanye i-PFOS, kunye ne-perfluorooctanoic acid, okanye i-PFOA.  

Umkhosi kunye nabakhuseli abakhuselayo bokusetyenziswa kwefluorina, amagwebu okulwa nomlilo anetyhefu angena emhlabeni kwaye angcolise ubonelelo lwamanzi aselwayo ahlala egxila ekusetyenzisweni kwePFOS kunye nePFOA. Ezi zimbini zezona ntlobo zitshabalalisayo kusapho luphela olungaphaya kwe-5,000 ekrokrelwayo i-carcinogenic PFAS (nganye-kunye ne-poly fluoroalkyl) izinto.) Abo basityhefu banqwenela ukuba singaze sazi ukuba zingaphi iibhiliyoni zamalitha amanzi kwiindawo zethu zamanzi - okanye ii-cubic yards zomhlaba wethu zingcoliswe zezi khemikhali zimbini, kunye nolunye uluhlu lweekhemikhali zePFAS ezibulalayo.

Ke, bawudaka umyalezo kwaye bathi bayayeka ukusebenzisa ezi ntlobo zimbini zePFAS ngelixa beqhubeka nokusebenzisa ezinye izibambiso ezifakelwe isidumbu. Nantsi indlela abayibeka ngayo:  

“Kulonyaka, umkhosi wamanzi uhlaziye ukucaciswa koMkhosi we-AFFF ukuze usete Imida ye-PFOS ne-PFOA kumanqanaba aphantsi kakhulu anokubonakala kwaye asuse i imfuno yokuhambisa amanzi. ILebhu yoPhando ngeNqanawa izama ukufumana a Ukutshintshwa kwe-AFFF kusebenza ngokufanelekileyo ekucimeni imililo yamafutha kodwa ayinayo nayiphi na iPFAS. "

Utshintsho lwamva nje olususa imfuneko ye-fluorine itshintsha indlela ebisoloko isetyenziswa ukususela nge-1967. Umkhosi wokuqala wamanzi wasungulwa I-Milpec -F-24385,  le Ukuchazwa ngokuthe ngqo kwezomkhosi wefilimu eyenziwe ngumbala wamanzi i-Foam, eyalela ukuba kusetyenziswe amagwebu abangela umhlaza. Oku kunokubonwa njengenkqubela phambili, nangona umkhosi ungekude ukushenxisa amagwebu omzimba asetyenziswa kwihlabathi liphela.

Uninzi lwehlabathi lilandela isikhokelo se-International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) yokulawula kunye nolawulo lokuhamba emoyeni kwangaphandle. I-ICAO ivume ii-foams ezingenamlilo zokucima umlilo (ezaziwa njenge F3) ezifanise ukusebenza kwe-AFFF esetyenziswa ngumkhosi wase-US. I-fox ze-F3 zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwizikhululo zeenqwelomoya ezinkulu kwihlabathi liphela, kubandakanya iihabhu ezinkulu zamanye amazwe afana neDubai, Dortmund, Stuttgart, London Heathrow, eManchester, Copenhagen, naseAuckland Koln, naseBonn. Zonke izikhululo zeenqwelo moya ze-27 ezinkulu e-Australia zitshintshele kwi-F3 foams. Iinkampani ezizimeleyo ezisebenzisa i-F3 foams zibandakanya i-BP kunye ne-ExxonMobil.

AbaseYurophu kunye nee-goliaths zorhwebo zixhalabele kakhulu impilo kunye nokhuseleko lwehlabathi labo kune-Pentagon. 

Abantu baseYurophu abasebenza ne-ICAO babonisa ubuntu ngasese kwinkqubo yaseMelika ebeka ngokucacileyo inzuzo yezorhwebo ngaphezulu kwempilo yoluntu. Iphaneli yengcali ehlanganiswe yiNtsebenzo yeHlabathi yokuNcitshiswa kweNkunkuma, (IPEN), bahlanganisene eRoma e2018. I-IPEN uthungelwano lwehlabathi lwee-NGO ezinomdla eluntwini zisebenza kunye kwihlabathi apho iikhemikhali eziyityhefu zingasasebenziyo okanye zisetyenziswe ngeendlela ezenzakalisa impilo yabantu kunye nokusingqongileyo. Iphaneli inike ingxelo ngemipu engenamlilo yokulwa nomlilo. Ingxelo yabo ithatha ukungakhathali kwaseMelika kolu bhubhane lwempilo yabantu. 

"Kukho ukuxhathisa okubonakalayo okuvela kwimidla enikezelweyo kunye namaqela okuphembelela ukumela amashishini e-US amakhemikhali kolu tshintsho, kunye nokuninzi Ukuthetha okungafunekiyo okanye okungeyonyani kunye neentsomi, kukujongela phantsi ukusebenza kunye nokusebenza ngokukuko okanye kukhuselekile amagwebu angenantwala. ”

Kukho imfazwe yamagama phakathi kwabaseYurophu naseMelika malunga nokusetyenziswa kwezi carcinogen, icinywe ngokupheleleyo kwi-radar yemithombo yeendaba yase-US. Iziphumo zobomi bomhlaba jikelele ziyamangalisa. 

Kuhlala kukho i-zinger kwezi zinto zityiwa ngu-DOD kwaye nantsi le kwiichiza zeNavy ndikhangela igwebu elingenalo ulwelo: 

“Nangona i-EPA ichonge iPFOS nePFOA njengezinokuba yingozi kuyo Iingcebiso zabo kwezempilo, uHinnty uthe, ezinye i-PFAS zinokuthi zithathwe njengezinobungozi kwilixa elizayo. Ke, oochwephesha kwiLebhu yoPhando ngeNqanawa bayakhangela igwebu elingena-fluorine-free, okanye i-F3, ukutshintshwa okungenabungozi empilweni kwaye Ungacima imililo ngokukhawuleza, utshilo. "

"Ezinye i-PFAS zinokuthi zithathwe njengezinobungozi kwixesha elizayo?" Le yenye ingxelo egwenxa kuba uninzi lwamaziko emfundo aphambili kwizazinzulu kunye noososayensi, kunye noorhulumente basekhaya nababumbeneyo, batshintshele kwiindawo ezinobuchule ezingezizo izidumbu, ezingena-fluorine-free. Kungenxa yokuba banikela ingqalelo kwisayensi kwaye bayashukuma bakhusele abantu babo. 

IPentagon inxibelelana nenye into apha. Xa bebhala, "Enye iPFAS inokuthi ithathwe njengeyingozi kwixesha elizayo," ababhekiseli kwisayensi. Bayayazi inzululwazi yesayensi iminyaka engama-50. Endaweni yoko, babhekisa kwi-EPA okanye kwiCongress nakwimimoya engalindelekanga yotshintsho kwezopolitiko. Ukubandezeleka komntu kunye nokutshatyalaliswa kwendalo ayizukuthintela isenzo sePentagon, kodwa i-EPA okanye iCongress ngenye imini zinokuthi ngenye imini.  

Umkhosi uyaqonda ukuba ukuvumela amagwebu kwindlela yokucima umlilo umlilo ukuba aqubhe emhlabeni kubeka isoyikiso enkulu kwimpilo yoluntu kwizizukulwana ezizayo. Bayazi ukuba i-carcinogens ihamba ngaphantsi komhlaba ukuya kungcolisa amaqula okusela kamasipala nawabucala, ibonelela ngendlela ethe ngqo yokuntywila kwabantu. Baqonda ukuba ukudlula kwe-PFAS kusuka kubisi lukamama kuye kumntwana wakhe osandul 'ukuzalwa. Bayayazi ukuba ibangela izintso, isibindi kunye nomhlaza wamanqindi nokuba ibangela ukubandezeleka okoyikekayo kunye nezifo ezininzi zabantwana. Bayazi kwaye abakhathali. 

Isiphelo sesi siqwenga se-DOD esinxulumene ne-PFAS sithi umkhosi uza kuqhubeka nophando lwawo amagwebu angenashushu, “uSpencer Giles, ugqirha weLebhu yoPhando lwelabhoratri ese-Washington, wathi ukuba into ibonisa ukuba izithembiso ziyahanjiswa. ilebhu yomkhosi wamanzi eMaryland, apho kuvavanywa khona ukutshiswa okukhulu. "

Ilabhoratri yoPhando ngeNqanawa, eChesapeake Bay Detachment (NRL-CBD)

Ezo labhoratri yiNalal Research Laborator, Chesapeake Bay Detachment (NRL-CBD) eChesapeake Beach, eMaryland, indawo enokungcoliseka kakhulu malunga ne-35 yeekhilomitha kumazantsi mpuma eWashington. I-NRL-CBD ibonelela ngamancedo kwi-NRL eWashington kuphando lokunyanzela umlilo.

Imbali yezomkhosi yale ndawo, inembono entle ngaphezulu kweChesapeake, ibuyela emva ngo-1941. Ukusukela ngoko, uMkhosi wamanzi wasebenzisa isiza kulingo oluninzi lokutshabalalisa okusingqongileyo, kubandakanya nokusetyenziswa kwe-uranium yendalo, i-uranium ephelileyo (DU) , kunye nethorium. Umkhosi wamanzi uqhube i-DU kwizifundo eziphezulu zefuthe lesantya kwi Ukwakha i-218C kunye ne-227 yokwakha.  Ukusetyenziswa kokugqibela kwe-DU eChesapeake Beach kwakusekwindla ka-1992. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-PFAS kuvavanyo lokulwa nomlilo, nangona kunjalo, lolona lwaphulo-mthetho luhle kakhulu loMkhosi wamanzi kule ndawo intle yaseMaryland. 

Ukusukela kwi1968, indawo yoQeqeshiso loMlilo isetyenziselwe ukuvavanya iiarhente zokucima imililo zaqala ngemithombo eyahlukeneyo yamafutha. Oluvavanyo lwenziwe ngokudalwa komlilo kwi-pad yokuvavanya ikhonkrithi ngokutsha okuvulekileyo kwezinto ze-petroleum ezibandakanya ipetroli, idizili, kunye ne-jet-propulsion ipetroli. Ngokwengxelo yePFAS ka CH2M Hill e2017:

Le misebenzi isebenzisa iindawo ezimbini ezivulekileyo zokutsha kunye nendawo yokutshisa ezimbini. Umlilo Abavavanyi abavavanyiweyo babandakanya i-AFFF [umanzi wamanzi owenza ifilimu], i-PKP (i-potassium bicarbonate), i-halons, kunye ne-protein foam ("isobho sembotyi"). Ngokwesiqhelo, Amanzi amdaka aqukethe ezi zizisombululo angena kumngxunya wokubamba kwaye kuvunyelwe ukuba ungene kancinci emhlabeni.  

Olu lwaphulo mthetho ngokuchasene noluntu nomhlaba. 

Kwi-2018 i-DOD ibandakanya ukufunyanwa kweChesapeake Bay Uluhlu lweendawo zomkhosi ezingcoliswe kakhulu yiPFAS.  Amanzi angaphantsi komhlaba aboniswe ukuba aqukethe iinxalenye ze-241,010 ngesigidi esinye seetriliyoni (ppt) zePFOS / PFOA.

I-EPA kunye nelizwe laseMaryland azinayo imigaqo enyanzelekileyo yokulawula ukungafuneki komkhosi, indlela yokuziphatha etshabalalisayo. Okwangoku, amanye amazwe anciphisa iichemicals emanzini aphantsi komhlaba ukuya kwinqanaba phantsi kwe-20 ppt. Amanqanaba aphezulu e-NRL-CBD ngokumangalisayo ngokumangalisayo, ikakhulu kwisiseko ngaphandle komgaqo. Kwizukulwana ezibini, ubugcisa beemayile zohambo busuka eWashington ukuya “elunxwemeni” ukuya kwenza uvavanyo olunamandla. 

Umkhosi weenqanawa ugcine iphrofayili esezantsi kulosulelo. Uninzi lwabantu abakwi-Chesapeake Beach abayazi le ngxaki, ngelixa umatshini weendaba wase-South Maryland uwugqibile lo mbandela. Akukhange kubekho nto ibonwayo esidlangalaleni yenkqubo yovavanyo lomkhosi wamanzi wase-Navy wamanzi abucala kuluntu olujikelezileyo.  

Kwilizwe liphela, umkhosi wamanzi uvavanye ngokukhethekileyo amaqula kwiindawo zokuhlala ezikufuphi neziseko zazo. KwiChesapeake Beach Umkhosi wamanzi awuzange uvavanye amaqula abamelwane bawo abasondeleyo abahlala ngeenyawo ze1,000 ukusuka kumngxunya wokutsha osetyenziselwe amashumi eminyaka.

Kule Utshintshiselwano lwe2017Abameli beMaryland Dept. yeNdalo esingqongileyo kunye ne Naval command baxoxa ukuba ingaba ungcoliseko oluvela kumanzi angaphezulu komhlaba, oko kukuthi, amanzi aphantsi komhlaba asondeleyo kumphezulu, ukusukela kwi-3 ukuya kwi-10 'ngaphantsi komhlaba, angafikelela kwi-aquifer enzulu, apho imithombo emininzi kuloo ndawo ikha amanzi khona. Umkhosi wamanzi uthi amaqula asekhaya emantla eChesapeake Beach base "kukholelwa ukuba ahlolwe kwiPiney Point Aquifer," kwaye oku kungaphantsi kweyunithi yokuvalela, "ekukholelwa ukuba iyaqhubeka kamva kwaye ivaleleke ngokupheleleyo."

Kucace gca ukuba, umkhosi wamanzi uyaxoxa ukuba akukho ndlela le ungcoliseko lunokufikelela ngayo kumanzi asezantsi ngelixa iSebe lezendalo laseMaryland lisitsho "alinakuchazwa ngokucacileyo ukuba lo mmandla uphantsi kolawulo olupheleleyo kunye nolunye oluqhubekayo." amagama, urhulumente uyatsho ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba i-carcinogen evela kuqeqesho lomlilo ukufikelela kubantu abasele amanzi.

Lilonke, isampulu yomkhosi wamanzi isampulu yamaqula angama-40 akufutshane. Imithombo emithathu kuma-40 iyonke yafunyanwa iqulethe i-PFAS, nangona uMkhosi wamanzi ungachazi amanqanaba afanelekileyo. Ngokucacileyo, imithombo yamanzi ayihlukaniswa “yiyunithi eqhubekayo nevalelweyo ngokupheleleyo,” Kungenjalo ngekhe kufumaneke ungcoliseko. 

Kubekho ukuvuka ngesiquphe eMelika ngaphezulu kwezi khemikhali kweziinyanga zimbalwa zidlulileyo, nangona umkhosi ubusindile kwinqanaba elikhulu lokuhlolwa. 

Imithombo yeendaba iyacotha ukukhetha kuyo, ngelixa iPentagon iphosa iwebhusayithi enenkohliso.