NguDavid Swanson, Oktobha 5, 2020
Excerpted kusuka Ukushiya iMfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi
Ngokucacileyo uHitler wayelungiselela imfazwe kwakude kudala ngaphambi kokuba ayiqalise. UHitler wayivuselela iRhineland, eyayithimbe iOstriya, waza wayisongela iCzechoslovakia. Amagosa aphakamileyo kumkhosi waseJamani kunye “nezobuntlola” zaqulunqa iyelenqe lokubhukuqa. Kodwa uHitler wazuza udumo kuwo onke amanyathelo awathathayo, kwaye ukungabikho kwayo nayiphi na inkcaso evela eBritani okanye eFransi yamangalisa kwaye yabadimaza abaqulunqi bombuso. Urhulumente wase-Bhritane wayewazi amayelenqe obhukuqo-mbuso kwaye wayezazi izicwangciso zemfazwe, kodwa wakhetha ukungabaxhasi abachasi bezopolitiko bamaNazi, ukuba angabaxhasi abacebi bobuqhophololo, angangeni emfazweni, angagrogrisi ngokungena emfazweni. Ukungayivaleli iJamani, ukuba ingabi nzulu malunga nokuyeka ukubonelela ngengalo kunye nokubonelela ngeJamani, ukungasixhasi iSivumelwano seKellogg-Briand ngokusebenzisa iinkqubo zenkundla ezifana nezo zaziza kwenzeka emva kwemfazwe eNuremberg kodwa zazinokwenzeka ngaphambi kwemfazwe (ubuncinci nabamangalelwa. engekho) phezu kokuhlaselwa kwe-Italiya kwi-Ethiopia okanye ukuhlaselwa kweJamani eCzechoslovakia, kungekhona ukufuna ukuba i-United States ijoyine i-League of Nations, kungekhona ukufuna ukuba i-League of Nations isebenze, kungekhona ukusasaza uluntu lwaseJamani ukuxhasa ukuchasana ngokungenalunya, kungekhona ukubaleka. abo bagrogriswa ngokubulawa kwabantu, bengacebisi inkomfa yoxolo yehlabathi lonke okanye ukusekwa kweZizwe Ezimanyeneyo, nokunganikeli ngqalelo koko kuthethwa yiSoviet Union.
ISoviet Union yayiceba isivumelwano esichasene neJamani, isivumelwano kunye neNgilani neFransi ukuba zisebenze kunye xa zihlaselwa. INgilani neFransi zazingenamdla nakancinane. ISoviet Union yazama le ndlela kangangeminyaka yada yangenela uManyano Lwezizwe. KwanePoland yayingenamdla. ISoviet Union yayikuphela kwesizwe esacetywayo ukuba singene kwaye silwele iCzechoslovakia ukuba iJamani yahlasela, kodwa iPoland - eyayifanele ukuba yazi ukuba yayilandela uhlaselo lwamaNazi-yayikhanyela indlela yeSoviets ukuba ifike eCzechoslovakia. IPoland, eyathi kamva yahlaselwa yiSoviet Union, isenokuba yayinoloyiko lokuba imikhosi yaseSoviet yayingayi kudlula kuyo kodwa yayithimba. Ngelixa uWinston Churchill ebonakala enomdla wokulwa imfazwe neJamani, uNeville Chamberlain akazange avume nje ukusebenzisana neSoviet Union okanye athathe naliphi na inyathelo elinobundlobongela okanye elingenabundlobongela egameni leCzechoslovakia, kodwa ngokwenene wayefuna ukuba iCzechoslovakia ingaxhathisi, kwaye inikezele ngokwenene. Impahla yaseCzechoslovakian eNgilani ukuya kumaNazi. U-Chamberlain ubonakala esecaleni lamaNazi ngaphaya kwento eya kuba nengqiqo kwisizathu soxolo, isizathu sokuba izinto ezinomdla zoshishino awayedla ngokuzenza egameni lakhe azizange zihlanganyele ngokupheleleyo. Kwelakhe icala, uChurchill wayeyithanda kakhulu i-fascism kangangokuba ababhali-mbali bamkrokrela ukuba kamva wayecinga ngokufaka i-Duke yaseWindsor enovelwano yamaNazi njengomlawuli wobuFasi eNgilani, kodwa utyekelo lukaChurchill lwamashumi eminyaka lubonakala luyimfazwe yoxolo.
Isikhundla soninzi lorhulumente wase-Bhritane ukusuka ngo-1919 kwada kwaphakama kukaHitler nangaphaya yayiyinkxaso engaguqukiyo yokuphuhliswa korhulumente ofanelekileyo eJamani. Nantoni na eyayinokwenziwa ukuze kugcinwe amakomanisi kunye nabashiyekileyo bephuma emandleni eJamani yaxhaswa. Owayesakuba yiNkulumbuso yaseBritani neNkokeli yeLiberal Party uDavid Lloyd George ngoSeptemba 22, 1933, wathi: “Ndiyazi ukuba kuye kwakho inkohlakalo emanyumnyezi eJamani yaye sonke siyayigxeka yaye siyayigxeka. Kodwa ilizwe elidlula kuhlaziyo lihlala linetyala lezehlo ezimanyumnyezi ngenxa yolawulo lobulungisa olubanjwa apha naphaya ngumvukeli onomsindo. ” Ukuba amagunya aManyeneyo abhukuqa ubuNazi, uLloyd George walumkisa ngelithi, “ubukomanisi obugqithiseleyo” babuya kuthabatha indawo yabo. “Ngokuqinisekileyo ayinakuba yinjongo yethu leyo,” watsho njalo.[i]
Ke, yayiyingxaki ngeNazi: amaapile ambalwa amabi! Umntu kufuneka abe nokuqonda ngexesha lenguquko. Kwaye, ngaphandle koko, amaBritane ayediniwe yimfazwe emva kweWWI. Kodwa into ehlekisayo kukuba ngokukhawuleza ekuqukunjelweni kweWWI, xa kungekho mntu wayenokudinwa ngakumbi yimfazwe ngenxa yeWWI, uguquko lwenzeka-enye kunye nesabelo sayo samaapile amabi anokuthi anyanyezelwe ngokumangalisayo: uguquko eRashiya. Xa uguquko lwaseRashiya lwenzeka, iUnited States, iBritani, iFransi, kunye namahlakani athumela imali yokuqala ngo-1917, emva koko amajoni ngo-1918, aye eRashiya ukuxhasa icala elichasene nemfazwe. Ngowe-1920 la mazwe aqondayo nathanda uxolo alwa eRashiya kumgudu ongaphumelelanga wokubhukuqa urhulumente wemvukelo waseRashiya. Ngelixa le mfazwe ingafane iyenze ibe ziincwadi ezibhaliweyo zase-US, abantu baseRussia bathambekele ekuyikhumbuleni njengesiqalo senkulungwane yenkcaso kunye nokunyanzeliswa kobutshaba obuvela e-United States naseNtshona Yurophu, umanyano ngexesha leWWII nangona kunjalo.
Ngowe-1932, uKhadinali Pacelli, owaba nguPopu Pius XII ngowe-1939, wabhala ileta eya iziko okanye iCentre Party, iqela lesithathu elikhulu lezopolitiko eJamani. UKhadinali wayenexhala malunga nokunyuka okunokwenzeka kobukhomanisi eJamani, kwaye yacebisa iCentre Party ukuba incede yenze uHitler ingqonyela. Ukususela ngoko ukuya phambili iziko waxhasa uHitler.[ii]
UMongameli uHerbert Hoover, owaphulukana neoli yaseRashiya ngenxa yemvukelo yaseRashiya, wayekholelwa ukuba iSoviet Union ifanele ichithwe.[iii]
I-Duke yaseWindsor, eyayinguKumkani waseNgilani ngo-1936 de yalandula ukutshata noWallis Simpson owayetshate ngaphambili noWallis Simpson waseBaltimore, wafumana iti noHitler kwindawo yokurhoxa kwentaba kaHitler yaseBavaria ngo-1937. ukulungiselela iWWII, kwaye "yahlola" imikhosi yamaNazi. Batya kunye noGoebbels, uGöring, uSpeer, kunye noMphathiswa Wezangaphandle uJoachim von Ribbentrop. Ngowe-1966, iTshawe lakhumbula ukuba, “[uHitler] wandenza ndaqonda ukuba iRed Russia yayikuphela kotshaba, nokuba iBritani enkulu nayo yonke iYurophu yayinomdla ekukhuthazeni iJamani ukuba imatshise isiya empuma ize ibutshabalalise ngokupheleleyo ubukomanisi. . . . . Ndandicinga ukuba nathi siya kukwazi ukubukela njengoko amaNazi neeReds zazisilwa.”[iv]
Ngaba “ukuthomalalisa” sisigwebo esifanelekileyo kubantu abakulangazelela kangaka ukubukela ukubulawa kwabantu abaninzi?[v]
Kukho imfihlo encinci efihliweyo kwiWWII, imfazwe emdaka kangangokuba ungacingi ukuba inokuba nemfihlo encinci, kodwa yile: utshaba oluphezulu lwaseNtshona ngaphambili, ngexesha, kwaye emva kwemfazwe yayiyimfazwe yamakomanisi aseRussia. . Yintoni uChamberlain awayeyilandela eMunich yayingeloxolo nje phakathi kweJamani neNgilani, kodwa nemfazwe phakathi kweJamani neSoviet Union. Yayilusukelo oluhlala ixesha elide, injongo ebambekayo, kunye nenjongo eyathi ekugqibeleni yaphunyezwa. ISoviet Union yazama ukwenza isivumelwano neBritani neFransi kodwa yajikiswa. UStalin wayefuna imikhosi yaseSoviet ePoland, nto leyo eyayingayi kuyamkela iBritani neFransi (nePoland). Ngoko ke, iSoviet Union yatyikitya isivumelwano sokungalwi neJamani, hayi umanyano lokuzimanya nayo nayiphi na imfazwe neJamani, kodwa isivumelwano sokungahlaselani, kunye nesivumelwano sokwahlulahlula iMpuma Yurophu. Kodwa, ewe, iJamani yayingathethi loo nto. UHitler wayefuna ukushiywa yedwa ukuze ahlasele iPoland. Waba njalo ke. Ngeli xesha, iiSoviets zafuna ukwenza i-buffer kwaye zandise ubukhosi bazo ngokuhlasela amazwe aseBaltic, eFinland nasePoland.
Iphupha laseNtshona lokuwisa amakomanisi aseRashiya, nokusebenzisa ubomi baseJamani ukulenza, lalibonakala lisondele ngakumbi. Ukususela ngoSeptemba we-1939 ukuya kuMeyi we-1940, iFransi neNgilani zazisilwa ngokusemthethweni neJamani, kodwa zingekho imfazwe enkulu. Ixesha laziwa kubabhali-mbali njenge "Imfazwe yePhoney." Enyanisweni, iBritani neFransi zazilindele ukuba iJamani ihlasele iSoviet Union, ibe yenjenjalo, kodwa emva kokuhlasela iDenmark, iNorway, iHolland, iBelgium, iFransi neNgilani. IJamani yalwa iWWII kumacala amabini, entshona nasempuma, kodwa ubukhulu becala empuma. Abanye abantu abangama-80% abonzakeleyo baseJamani bebekwicala elingasempuma. AmaRashiya alahlekelwa, ngokwezibalo zaseRashiya, izigidi ezingama-27 zaphila.[vi] Noko ke, uloyiko lwamakomanisi lwasinda.
Xa iJamani yahlasela iSoviet Union ngowe-1941, uSenator waseUnited States uRobert Taft wachaza imbono eyayikho phakathi kwezopolitiko nabemi namagosa omkhosi waseUnited States xa wathi uJoseph Stalin “ngoyena zwilakhe ukhohlakeleyo ehlabathini,” waza wathi uJoseph Stalin wayengoyena zwilakhe ukhohlakeleyo ehlabathini. “uloyiso lobukomanisi . . . bekuya kuba yingozi ngakumbi kunoloyiso lobuFasi.”[vii]
USenator uHarry S Truman uthathe oko kunokubizwa ngokuba yimbono elungeleleneyo, nangona ingalungelelananga kangako phakathi kobomi nokufa: “Ukuba sibona ukuba iJamani iyaphumelela kufuneka sincede iRussia kwaye ukuba iRussia iyaphumelela kufuneka siyincede iJamani, kwaye ngaloo ndlela babulala abaninzi kangangoko ndinako, nangona ndingafuni ukubona uHitler esoyisa phantsi kwazo naziphi na iimeko.”[viii]
Ngokuhambelana nombono kaTruman, xa iJamani yangena ngokukhawuleza kwiSoviet Union, uMongameli Roosevelt wenza isiphakamiso sokuba kuthunyelwe uncedo kwiSoviet Union, ngesindululo eso wafumana isigwebo esiqatha kwabo basekunene kwezopolitiko zase-US, kunye nokuchaswa kurhulumente wase-US.[ix] I-United States yathembisa uncedo kwiiSoviets, kodwa ikota yesithathu - ubuncinci kweli nqanaba - ayizange ifike.[X] IiSoviet Union zazisenza umonakalo omkhulu kumkhosi wamaNazi ngaphezu kwazo zonke ezinye izizwe zidityanisiwe, kodwa zazitsala nzima. Endaweni yoncedo oluthenjisiweyo, iSoviet Union yacela imvume yokugcina, emva kwemfazwe, imimandla eyayiyihluthile eMpuma Yurophu. IBritane yabongoza iUnited States ukuba ivume, kodwa iUnited States, okwangoku, yala.[xi]
Endaweni yoncedo oluthenjisiweyo okanye imvume yommandla, uStalin wenza isicelo sesithathu kumaBritane ngoSeptemba 1941. Yaba yile: yilwa imfazwe enkulu! U-Stalin wayefuna ukuba isibini sivulwe phambi kwamaNazi entshonalanga, ukuhlasela kweBrithani eFransi, okanye enye imikhosi yaseBrithani ithunyelwe ukuncedisa empuma. Amagunya eSoviet ayengavunyelwa ukuba afumane uncedo olunjalo, yaye oku akuchaza njengomnqweno wokubabona bebuthathaka. Kwaye baba buthathaka baba buthathaka; kodwa boyisa. Ekwindla lowe-1941 nangobusika obulandelayo, uMkhosi waseSoviet waphethulela amaNazi ngaphandle kwaseMoscow. Ukoyiswa kweJamani kwaqala ngaphambi kokuba iUnited States ingene emfazweni, nangaphambi kokuba kuhlaselwe eFransi.[xii]
Olo hlaselo lwathabatha ixesha elide. NgoMeyi ka-1942 uMphathiswa weSebe lezaNgaphandle kweSoviet uVyacheslav Molotov wadibana noRoosevelt eWashington, kwaye babhengeza izicwangciso zokuvulwa komphambili wasentshona ngelo hlobo. Kodwa akuzange kube njalo. UChurchill wacenga uRoosevelt ukuba endaweni yoko ahlasele uMntla Afrika kunye noMbindi Mpuma apho amaNazi ayesongela i-colonial yaseBritani kunye ne-oyile.
Okumangalisayo kukuba, nangona kunjalo, ngehlobo lowe-1942, umzabalazo weSoviet ngokuchasene namaNazi wafumana iindaba ezilungileyo eUnited States, kangangokuba uninzi olunamandla lwathanda ukuvulwa kwe-US kunye neBhritane kwinqanaba lesibini kwangoko. Iimoto zase-US zaziphethe izincamathelisi ezibhalwe “Okwesibini Ngaphambili ngoku.” Kodwa oorhulumente base-US nabaseBritane basihoya eso mfuno. Kwangaxeshanye, iiSoviet Union zaqhubeka ziwabuyisela umva amaNazi.[xiii]
Ukuba ufunde malunga ne-WWII kwiifilimu zaseHollywood kunye nenkcubeko eyaziwayo yase-US, awuyi kuba nombono wokuba ubuninzi bokulwa namaNazi benziwa ngamaSoviet, ukuba imfazwe inomnqobi ophezulu ngokuqinisekileyo yiSoviet Union. Kwaye awukwazi ukuba inani elikhulu lamaYuda asinda ngenxa yokuba afudukela empuma ngaphakathi kweSoviet Union ngaphambi kweWWII okanye abalekela empuma ngaphakathi kweSoviet Union njengoko amaNazi ahlasela. Ngo-1943, ngeendleko ezinkulu kumacala omabini, amaRashiya atyhala amaJamani abuyela eJamani, ngaphandle koncedo olunzima oluvela entshona. NgoNovemba wowe-1943, eTehran, uRoosevelt noChurchill bathembisa uStalin ngokuhlasela iFransi kwintwasahlobo elandelayo, yaye uStalin wathembisa ukulwa neJapan kamsinya nje yakuba iJamani yoyisiwe. Ukanti, kwaba nguJuni 6, 1944, awathi imikhosi eManyeneyo yafika eNormandy. Ngelo xesha, iSoviet Union yayisele ibambe inxalenye enkulu yoMbindi Yurophu. IUnited States neBritani zazivuyile ukuba iiSoviets zenze uninzi lokubulala nokufa kangangeminyaka, kodwa zazingafuni ukuba iiSoviets zifike eBerlin zize zivakalise uloyiso lodwa.
Ezi zizwe zintathu zavumelana ukuba bonke abanikezelayo kufuneka baphelele kwaye kufuneka benziwe kuzo zontathu kunye. Nangona kunjalo, e-Italiya, eGrisi, eFransi, nakwezinye iindawo i-United States ne-Bhritane bayinqumle iRashiya phantse ngokupheleleyo, bavala amaKomanisi, bavala abaxhathisi abangasekhohlo kumaNazi, kwaye bamisela oorhulumente abalungileyo abathi amaTaliyane, ngokomzekelo, ababiza ngokuba "yi-fascism ngaphandle kwe-fascism. Mussolini.”[xiv] Emva kwemfazwe, ukuya kutsho ngeminyaka yee-1950, iUnited States, “kwi-Operation Gladio,” yayiza “kuzishiya ngasemva” iintlola nabanqolobi nababhuqi kumazwe ahlukahlukeneyo aseYurophu ukuze bakhusele nayiphi na impembelelo yobukomanisi.
Ekuqaleni yayicwangciselwe usuku lokuqala lwentlanganiso kaRoosevelt kunye neChurchill kunye noStalin eYalta, i-US kunye neBhritane yaqhushumbisa isixeko saseDresden flat, itshabalalisa izakhiwo zayo kunye nomsebenzi wayo wobugcisa kunye nabemi bayo, ngokucacileyo njengendlela yokusongela iRashiya.[xv] IUnited States yandula ke yaphuhlisa yaza yasetyenziswa kwizixeko zaseJapan iibhombu zenyukliya, isigqibo esiqhutywa, ngokuyinxenye, ngumnqweno wokubona iJapan inikezela kwiUnited States iyodwa, ngaphandle kweSoviet Union, nangomnqweno wokusongela iSoviet Union.[xvi]
Ngokukhawuleza emva kokunikezelwa kweJamani, uWinston Churchill wacebisa ukusebenzisa imikhosi yamaNazi kunye nemikhosi ehlangeneyo ukuhlasela iSoviet Union, isizwe esasisandula ukwenza umsebenzi omkhulu wokoyisa amaNazi.[xvii] Esi ibingesiso isindululo esiphuma ecaleni. I-US kunye neBritane yayifuna kwaye yafumana ukuzinikela kweJamani ngokuyinxenye, yayigcine imikhosi yaseJamani ixhobile kwaye ilungile, kwaye yayixubusha abalawuli baseJamani malunga nezifundo ezifundwe ekungaphumeleli kwabo kumaRashiya. Ukuhlasela amaRashiya kwakamsinyane kwaba ngumbono owakhuthazwa nguNjengele uGeorge Patton, kwanokungena kukaHitler uAdmiral Karl Donitz, singasathethi ke ngoAllen Dulles kunye neOSS. UDulles wenza uxolo olwahlukileyo kunye neJamani e-Italiya ukunqumla amaRussia, kwaye waqala ukonakalisa idemokhrasi eYurophu kwangoko kwaye waxhobisa amaNazi angaphambili eJamani, kunye nokubangenisa emkhosini wase-US ukuba agxile kwimfazwe echasene neRussia.[xviii]
Xa imikhosi yase-US kunye neSoviet yadibana okokuqala eJamani, babengazange baxelelwe ukuba basemfazweni. Kodwa engqondweni kaWinston Churchill babenjalo. Ayikwazanga ukuqalisa imfazwe eshushu, yena noTruman nabanye baqalisa ebandayo. I-United States yasebenza ukuqinisekisa ukuba iinkampani zaseNtshona Jamani ziya kwakha kwakhona ngokukhawuleza kodwa zingabhatali iimbuyekezo zemfazwe ezityalwa iSoviet Union. Ngelixa iiSoviets zazizimisele ukurhoxa kumazwe afana neFinland, imfuno yazo yesithintelo phakathi kweRussia neYurophu yaba nzima njengoko iMfazwe Yomlomo yayikhula kwaye yabandakanya "idiplomacy yenyukliya" ye-oxymoronic. IMfazwe Yomlomo yayiluphuhliso olulusizi, kodwa lwalunokuba lubi kakhulu. Ngelixa yayinguye yedwa owayenezixhobo zenyukliya, urhulumente wase-US, ekhokelwa nguTruman, wayila izicwangciso zemfazwe yenyukliya enobundlongondlongo kwiSoviet Union, waqala ukuvelisa ngobuninzi kunye nokugcina izixhobo zenyukliya kunye nee-B-29s ukuze zihanjiswe. Phambi kokuba iibhombu zenyukliya ezinqwenelekayo ezingama-300 zilungile, izazinzulu zase-US zanika ngokufihlakeleyo iimfihlo zebhombu kwiSoviet Union-intshukumo enokuthi ifezekise kanye oko izazinzulu zathi zinenjongo, ukutshintshwa kokubulawa kwabantu abaninzi ngokuma.[xix] Izazinzulu namhlanje zazi ngakumbi ngemiphumo enokubakho yokuwisa iibhombu zenyukliya ezingama-300, eziquka ubusika benyukliya ehlabathini lonke kunye nendlala enkulu eluntwini.
Ubutshaba, izixhobo zenyukliya, amalungiselelo emfazwe, imikhosi yaseJamani, zonke zisekho, yaye ngoku zinezixhobo eMpuma Yurophu ukuya kuthi ga kumda waseRashiya. IMfazwe Yehlabathi II yayingamandla atshabalalisayo, kodwa ngaphandle kwendima edlalwe kuyo yiSoviet Union yenze umonakalo omncinci okanye akukho nto ihleliyo kwimvakalelo echasene neSoviet eWashington. Ukutshatyalaliswa kamva kweSoviet Union nokuphela kobukomanisi kwaba nefuthe elingenamsebenzi ngendlela efanayo kubutshaba obuzinzile kunye nenzuzo ngakuRashiya.
Excerpted kusuka Ukushiya iMfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi.
Ikhosi ye-intanethi yeeveki ezintandathu kwesi sihloko iqala namhlanje.
AMAZISO:
[i] FRASER, “Umbhalo ogcweleyo we-Commerce and Financial Chronicle: Septemba 30, 1933, Umqu. 137, No. 3562,” https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/title/commercial-financial-chronicle-1339/september-30-1933-518572/fulltext
[ii] UNicholson Baker, Umsi womntu: Ukuqala kokuphela kwempucuko. ENew York: USimon & Schuster, 2008, iphe. 32.
[iii] UCharles Higham, Ukurhweba kunye notshaba: Ukubhengezwa kwePlot yeMali yamaNazi-American 1933-1949 (Dell Publishing Co., 1983) p. 152.
[iv] UJacques R. Pauwels, Intsomi yeMfazwe elungileyo: iMelika kwiLizwe lesiBini Imfazwe (James Lorimer & Company Ltd. 2015, 2002) iphe. 45.
[v] The ENew York Times unephepha malunga neSicelo samaNazi kunye namazwana omfundi aboniswe ngokusisigxina ngaphantsi kwayo (akukho mazwana angaphezulu avunyelwe) ebanga ukuba isifundo asizange sifundwe ngenxa yokuba uVladimir Putin waXoliswa eCrimea ngo-2014. , ngokuyinxenye ngenxa yokuba babesongelwa ngamaNazi, ayikhankanywa naphi na: https://learning.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/09/30/sept-30-1938-hitler-granted-the-sudentenland-by-britain-france-and-italy
[vi] I-Wikipedia, "iMfazwe yesibini yeHlabathi yaBantu abaPhucukileyo," https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II_casualties
[vii] UJohn Moser, i-Ashbrook, iYunivesithi yase-Ashland, "Imigaqo ngaphandle kweNkqubo: uSenator uRobert A. Taft kunye noMgaqo-nkqubo waseMelika wamazwe angaphandle," ngoSeptemba 1, 2001, https://ashbrook.org/publications/dialogue-moser/#12
[viii] Ixesha lexesha, “IMicimbi Yesizwe: Isikhumbuzo SeSikhumbuzo,” ngoMvulo, Julayi 02, 1951, http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,815031,00.html
[ix] U-Oliver Stone kunye noPeter Kuznick, Imbali engaziwayo yeUnited States (USimon & Schuster, 2012), iphe. 96.
[X] U-Oliver Stone kunye noPeter Kuznick, Imbali engaziwayo yeUnited States (uSimon & Schuster, 2012), iphepha 97, 102.
[xi] U-Oliver Stone kunye noPeter Kuznick, Imbali engaziwayo yeUnited States (USimon & Schuster, 2012), iphe. 102.
[xii] U-Oliver Stone kunye noPeter Kuznick, Imbali engaziwayo yeUnited States (USimon & Schuster, 2012), iphe. 103.
[xiii] U-Oliver Stone kunye noPeter Kuznick, Imbali engaziwayo yeUnited States (USimon & Schuster, 2012), iphe. 104-108.
[xiv] UGaetano Salvamini kunye noGiorgio La Piana, La sorte dell'Italia (1945).
[xv] UBrett Wilkins, Amaphupha aqhelekileyo, "Amarhamncwa kunye nokuqhushumba: Ukucinga ngeDresden, ngoFebruwari 1945," ngoFebruwari 10, 2020, https://www.commondreams.org/views/2020/02/10/beasts-and-bombings-reflecting-dresden-february- 1945
[xvi] Jonga iSahluko 14 se Ukushiya iMfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi.
[xvii] UMax Hastings, Mail Daily, "Ukusebenza ngokungenakucingelwa: Indlela uChurchill ayefuna ngayo ukufumana imikhosi yamaNazi eyoyisiweyo kwaye akhuphe iRashiya eMpuma Yurophu," ngo-Agasti 26, 2009, https://www.dailymail.co.uk/debate/article-1209041/Operation-unthinkable-How- I-Churchill-wanted-recruit-yoyiswa-imikhosi-yamaNazi-drive-Russia-Eastern-Europe.html
[xviii] UDavid Talbot, IBhodi kaMtyholi ye-Chess: U-Allen Dulles, i-CIA, kunye noRhulumente waseMelika oPhezulu, (ENew York: IHarperCollins, 2015).
[xix] UDave Lindorff, "Ukucinga kwakhona ngeeNtlola zeProjekthi yeManhattan kunye neMfazwe ebandayo, i-MAD - kunye neminyaka engama-75 yemfazwe yenyukliya - ukuba iinzame zabo zasinika isipho," ngo-Agasti 1, 2020, https://thiscantbehappening.net/rethinking-manhattan-project- iintlola-nemfazwe-yabanda-negeza-neminyaka engama-75-yemfazwe-yenyukliya-abathe-imizamo-yabo-basinike yona.
